CN101922412A - 风力发电系统及其控制方法 - Google Patents

风力发电系统及其控制方法 Download PDF

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CN101922412A
CN101922412A CN2010101999594A CN201010199959A CN101922412A CN 101922412 A CN101922412 A CN 101922412A CN 2010101999594 A CN2010101999594 A CN 2010101999594A CN 201010199959 A CN201010199959 A CN 201010199959A CN 101922412 A CN101922412 A CN 101922412A
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swivel assembly
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wind
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generating system
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京特·斯托克纳
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Willic SARL
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H02K7/1838—Generators mounted in a nacelle or similar structure of a horizontal axis wind turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K11/00—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection
    • H02K11/20—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection for measuring, monitoring, testing, protecting or switching
    • H02K11/21—Devices for sensing speed or position, or actuated thereby
    • H02K11/22—Optical devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7066—Application in combination with an electrical generator via a direct connection, i.e. a gearless transmission
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/327—Rotor or generator speeds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/80—Devices generating input signals, e.g. transducers, sensors, cameras or strain gauges
    • F05B2270/804—Optical devices
    • F05B2270/8041—Cameras
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种风力发电系统及其控制方法，该风力发电系统具有：机舱(3)；旋转组件(16)，相对于机舱(3)围绕一轴线(A2)旋转；以及角速度检测装置(7)，具有面向旋转组件(16)的表面(19)的至少一个图像传感器(18)。

Description

风力发电系统及其控制方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种风力发电系统及其控制方法。
更具体地，本发明涉及这样一种风力发电系统，包括：机舱(nacelle)；相对于机舱围绕一轴线旋转的旋转组件；以及用于检测旋转组件的角速度的角速度检测装置。
背景技术
风力发电系统包括：轮毂；装配于轮毂的多个叶片；以及包括定子和转子的电机。
在实际应用中，风吹到叶片上使得轮毂围绕轴线旋转，从而将风的动能传输给轮毂；进而轮毂的旋转被传输至电机，具体地，被传输至与轮毂连接并随轮毂围绕轴线旋转的转子。
轮毂、叶片和转子定义了旋转组件。
必须检测旋转组件的角速度以控制风力系统。更具体地，必须检测转子的角速度，以便控制连接至电机的变换器(inverter)，和/或控制叶片相对于风的浆距(pitch)，和/或计算系统的动力系数，和/或监控系统运转和效率，和/或保持在最大角速度范围内。
风力系统中最经常采用的角速度检测装置是各种类型的编码器。最经常使用的是增量编码器和绝对编码器，它们包括光电检测器或近程式传感器。
增量编码器和绝对编码器包括：圆盘，其侧面具有布置在至少一个圆上的至少一系列的孔；以及用于检测孔的装置。所述圆盘固定于旋转组件，并且该孔检测装置固定于机舱。
增量编码器的圆盘具有至少一系列等间距的孔，并且孔检测装置包括与所述圆盘并排的至少一个近程式传感器，或者包括位于所述圆盘的任一侧上的至少一个光源和至少一个光电检测器。
当所述圆盘旋转时，孔检测装置检测孔并生成信号，该信号指示所述圆盘行进的角距离和角速度，从而指示旋转组件行进的角距离和角速度。
某些增量编码器具有至少两个近程式传感器或至少两个光电检测器、以及布置在至少两个圆上的孔，并且检测所述圆盘的旋转方向。
另一方面，在绝对编码器中，孔以给定的配置形式非均匀地布置于至少两个圆上，并且孔检测装置包括至少两个光电检测器或至少两个近程式传感器。绝对编码器处理来自近程式传感器或光电检测器的信号，以确定相对于固定参照物的角位置。
在直接传输风力系统中使用编码器的一个问题在于，编码器需要固定于旋转组件的较大的圆盘。
在某些直接传输风力系统中，转子和轮毂是中空的，彼此直接连接，并且具有的内径容许作业者进入内部进行维修或检查。在此情形下，使用编码器要求固定于旋转组件的圆盘并且要足够大以容许轻易进入，这产生了两个问题：圆盘本身的重量以及形成孔的精度，该精度影响确定角速度的准确度。另外，编码器对叶片引起的震动敏感；并且孔易于被灰尘堵塞，从而削弱了孔检测装置的可靠性。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于提供一种装备有角速度检测装置的风力系统，设计成消除现有技术的缺陷。
根据本发明，提供一种风力发电系统，包括：机舱；旋转组件，相对于机舱围绕一轴线旋转；以及角速度检测装置，用于检测旋转组件的角速度；该风力系统的特征在于，角速度检测装置包括面向旋转组件的表面的至少一个图像传感器。
利用图像传感器，旋转组件不再需要装备具有至少一系列孔的圆盘。实际上，可利用旋转组件的任一现有表面与图像传感器结合来检测角速度，并且由于简化了图像传感器的安装，从而可以选择旋转组件的任一现有表面。
在优选实施例中，图像传感器固定于机舱，以捕获旋转组件的表面部分的图像；所述表面是环形或圆柱形表面。
在另一优选实施例中，旋转组件的表面具有不一致的光学特性。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种控制风力系统的方法，设计成消除现有技术的缺陷。
根据本发明，提供一种控制风力发电系统的方法；该风力系统包括机舱以及相对于机舱围绕一轴线旋转的旋转组件；并且该方法的特征在于，包括如下步骤：捕获旋转组件的表面的图像；以及基于所捕获的图像确定旋转组件的角速度。
附图说明
通过参考附图的实例的方式，将描述本发明的非限制性实施例，附图中：
图1示出了根据本发明的风力系统的部分断开侧视图，出于清楚目的去除了一部分；
图2示出了图1风力系统的细节的放大的部分断开侧视图，出于清楚目的去除了一部分；
图3示出了图1风力系统的细节的放大的部分断开立体视图，出于清楚目的去除了一部分。
具体实施方式
图1中标号1表示风力发电系统。
在示出的实例中，系统1是角速度可变的直接传输风力系统。
风力系统1包括塔柱2、机舱3、轮毂4、三个叶片5、电机6、角速度检测装置7(图2)、以及控制装置8(图2)。
三个叶片5装配于轮毂4，该轮毂进而装配于机舱3，进而装配于塔柱2。
机舱3安装成相对于塔柱2围绕轴线A1旋转，以便将叶片5定位成面向风；轮毂4安装成相对于机舱3围绕轴线A2旋转；并且每个叶片5安装成相对于轮毂4围绕各自的轴线A3旋转。
参见图2，轮毂4包括中空轴9和主体10，中空轴和主体彼此刚性连接并且具有的内径足够大以容许作业者进入内部进行维修或检查。
中空轴9在轴承11上装配于机舱3，并直接连接至电机6。
电机6包括定子12和转子13。定子12限定了机舱3的一部分并且包括定子绕组14；转子13是中空的，包括永磁体15，并且该转子直接装配于中空轴9。
在示出的实例中，电机6是同步电机。
风使轮毂4围绕轴线A2旋转；轮毂4的旋转被传输给转子13并由此使得转子围绕轴线A2旋转；永磁体15相对于定子绕组14的相对运动(以转子13以可变角速度旋转的形式)在定子绕组14的接线端产生电压。
轮毂4、叶片5以及转子13彼此为一体，并定义了相对于机舱3围绕轴线A2旋转的旋转组件16。
参见图1，通过使叶片5围绕各自轴线A3旋转来控制每个叶片5相对于风的浆距，从而调整相对于风的入射面。在示出的实例中，各轴线A3基本上垂直于轴线A2并相对于轴线A2为径向。基于风力系统1的效率参数来控制每个叶片5围绕各自轴线A3的旋转，以便使旋转组件16保持在最大角速度范围内。
角速度由角速度检测装置7(图2)检测。
参见图2和图3，角速度检测装置7包括：面向旋转组件16的表面19的图像传感器18；两个光源20；以及图像处理单元21(图2)。
在图3的实例中，图像传感器18是电视摄像机，安装至固定于机舱3(图2)的支架22，并且容纳于机舱3中，靠近电机6(图2)。
确定电视摄像机的位置，以便捕获转子13的表面19部分的图像。在图2和图3中，表面19是转子13的环形表面，位于永磁体15的端部。
在附图未示出的替换实施例中，表面19是圆柱形的(cylindrical)。
表面19是具有不一致的光学特性的表面，例如粗糙的非平坦表面。
在其他实施例中，表面19例如被涂覆，以增强表面19的粗糙度，或者具有不一致颜色的涂层。更具体地，该涂层可以是油漆。
光源20设置为邻近图像传感器18并面向表面19，而且每个光源可以是任一类型的，例如，白炽灯、荧光灯、卤素灯、一个或多个LED、或激光器。
更具体地，光源20位于图像传感器18的相对侧并被定位，从而发射的光束集中在表面19的被图像传感器18遮盖的区域上。更具体地，两个光源20距离图像传感器18相等距离。另外，两个光源20距离表面19的被图像传感器18遮盖的区域相等距离。
参见图2和图3，图像传感器18连接至图像处理单元21，以给定的捕获率(帧/秒)捕获图像，并将图像传输给图像处理单元21。更具体地，每个图像以数字方式捕获并由像素矩阵限定；并且捕获率基于转子13的最大角速度而确定，从而更具体地，当转子13以最大角速度旋转时，两个连续捕获的图像交叠(overlap)。
图像处理单元21利用图像处理算法处理图像。
在交叠图像中，图像处理算法确定对应于表面19同一部分的图像元素，即，确定交叠图像中表示表面19同一部分的不同的像素集。
然后，图像处理算法确定交叠图像中对应于表面19同一部分的图像元素的位移。
该位移分解成相对于轴线A2的径向分量以及垂直于径向分量的切向分量。
根据切向分量，图像处理单元21计算转子13在捕获包含相应图像元素的处理图像之间的时间间隔内行进的角距离，并基于捕获率，计算旋转组件16的角速度。
图像处理单元21还根据切向分量确定旋转组件16的旋转方向。
根据径向分量，图像处理单元21计算转子13相对于定子12的相对位移以及相对于轴线A2在径向方向的相对位移。
角速度检测装置7还包括标记器23，该标记器由固定于表面19的适当颜色(优选为一致颜色)的主体限定，或者由固定于表面19的小反射器限定，或者由表面19的适当涂饰的小区域限定。
标记器23指示转子13相对于假定参照物的角位置。
图像处理单元21包括存储器24，存储器中存储有由标记器23指示的转子13相对于假定参照物的角位置以及标记器23的图像。由图像传感器18捕获的图像与标记器23的图像对比，如果两个图像匹配，则图像处理单元21记录标记器23的通过(passage)，并基于转子13由于标记器23的通过而行进的角距离(如上所述确定)来确定旋转组件16相对于假定参照物的角位置。
因此，图像处理单元21提供了对旋转组件16的角速度、径向位移以及角位置的测量。
参照图2，角速度检测装置7连接至风力系统1的控制装置8。
控制装置8基于角速度检测装置7提供的旋转组件16的角速度和/或角位置来控制风力系统1。由控制装置8执行的控制功能包括：监控风力系统1的正确运转；控制叶片相对于风的浆距；计算风力系统1的动力系数；控制连接至电机6的变换器；控制风力系统1的效率；指示转子13相对于定子12的径向位移；以及将旋转组件16保持在最大角速度范围内。
控制装置8还通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)处理旋转组件16的角速度和/或角位置以便确定各种情况(events)。
优选地，其他的通信装置(图中未示出)与风力系统1的控制装置8相互关联，以将旋转组件16的角速度和/或角位置传输给通过电缆或无线电设备连接至风力系统1的远程控制中心(图中未示出)。
在本发明的不同实施例(未示出)中，转子的永磁体被围绕转子布置的、平行于转子轴线的、由两个导电材料环结合以形成所谓鼠笼的导电棒替换；并且电机是异步电机。
但是很显然，在不背离所附权利要求的保护范围的情形下，可以对文中描述的系统和方法进行改变。

Claims (19)

1.一种风力发电系统，包括：机舱(3)；旋转组件(16)，相对于所述机舱(3)围绕一轴线(A2)旋转；以及角速度检测装置(7)，用于检测所述旋转组件(16)的角速度；所述风力发电系统的特征在于，所述角速度检测装置(7)包括面向所述旋转组件(16)的表面(19)的至少一个图像传感器(18)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述图像传感器(18)固定于所述机舱(3)，以捕获所述旋转组件(16)的表面(19)部分的图像；所述表面(19)是环形或圆柱形表面。
3.根据权利要求1所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述旋转组件(16)的表面(19)具有不一致的光学特性。
4.根据权利要求1所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述角速度检测装置(7)包括面向所述表面(19)的至少一个光源(20)，以照亮所述表面(19)的被所述图像传感器(18)遮盖的区域。
5.根据权利要求4所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述光源(20)选自由白炽灯、荧光灯、卤素灯、LED和激光器构成的组。
6.根据权利要求1所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述图像传感器(18)以捕获率来捕获图像，并且所述角速度检测装置(7)包括连接至所述图像传感器(18)的图像处理单元(21)以处理至少两个交叠图像。
7.根据权利要求6所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述捕获率使得当所述旋转组件(16)以最大角速度旋转时，两个连续捕获的图像交叠。
8.根据权利要求6所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述图像处理单元(21)确定所述交叠图像中的匹配图像元素，并且确定所述旋转组件(16)在捕获所述交叠图像之间的时间间隔内行进的角距离。
9.根据权利要求8所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述图像处理单元(21)确定所述旋转组件(16)的旋转方向。
10.根据权利要求8所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述图像处理单元(21)基于所述角距离和所述捕获率来确定所述旋转组件(16)的角速度。
11.根据权利要求8所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述角速度检测装置(7)包括位于所述旋转组件(16)的表面(19)上的标记器(23)，并且所述图像处理单元(21)包括存储所述标记器(23)的至少一个图像的存储器(24)；所述图像处理单元(21)将所述图像传感器(18)捕获的图像与所述标记器(23)的图像对比来确定所述标记器(23)的通过，并且基于所述旋转组件(16)由于所述标记器(23)的通过而行进的角距离来确定所述旋转组件(16)的角位置。
12.根据权利要求6所述的风力发电系统，其中，所述图像处理单元(21)确定所述旋转组件(16)相对于所述轴线(A2)的径向位移。
13.一种控制风力发电系统的方法，所述风力发电系统(1)包括机舱(3)以及相对于所述机舱(3)围绕一轴线(A2)旋转的旋转组件(16)；并且所述方法的特征在于，包括如下步骤：捕获所述旋转组件(16)的表面(19)的图像；以及基于所捕获的图像确定所述旋转组件(16)的角速度。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，包括利用白炽灯、或者荧光灯、或者卤素灯、或者一个或多个LED、或者激光器照亮所述表面(19)的步骤。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法，包括涂覆所述表面(19)的步骤，从而所述表面(19)具有不一致的光学特性。
16.根据权利要求13所述的方法，包括确定所述旋转组件(16)行进的角距离的步骤。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法，包括如下步骤：在所述旋转组件(16)的表面(19)上安置标记器(23)；捕获并存储所述标记器(23)的图像；将所述图像传感器(18)捕获的图像与所述标记器(23)的图像对比；确定所述标记器(23)的通过；以及基于所述旋转组件(16)由于所述标记器(23)的通过而行进的角距离来确定所述旋转组件(16)的角位置。
18.根据权利要求13所述的方法，包括确定所述旋转组件(16)相对于所述轴线(A2)的径向位移的步骤。
19.根据权利要求13所述的方法，包括处理所捕获的图像以确定所述旋转组件(16)的旋转方向的步骤。
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IT1394723B1 (it) 2012-07-13

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