CN101711441B - 质子交换膜和包括这种膜的电池 - Google Patents

质子交换膜和包括这种膜的电池 Download PDF

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CN101711441B
CN101711441B CN200880017764.4A CN200880017764A CN101711441B CN 101711441 B CN101711441 B CN 101711441B CN 200880017764 A CN200880017764 A CN 200880017764A CN 101711441 B CN101711441 B CN 101711441B
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fuel cell
boron nitride
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storage battery
electrolysis tank
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阿拉舍·摩法卡米
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Abstract

本发明涉及燃料电池的电池(1),包括:阳极(3)、阴极(4)、阴极和阳极之间的包括活性氮化硼的陶瓷层(2)。

Description

质子交换膜和包括这种膜的电池
技术领域
本发明涉及质子交换膜并且更具体且非限定涉及应用于燃料电池的质子交换膜。
背景技术
WO 2006/003328公开了使用氮化硼陶瓷来获得H+和e-之间的碰撞以及储存氢。
专利申请US 2004/0140201披露了使用全氟磺酸树脂作为燃料电池中的质子交换膜是公知的,例如DUPONT DE NEMOURS以商标
Figure G2008800177644D00011
出售的那种。这种树脂具有某些缺点,尤其是有限的温度可操作性以及要求有水存在。该在先申请建议通过使用富勒烯分子来弥补这些缺点。
公开的US 6,864,011、EP 1 400 986、WO 02/41432描述了燃料电池用质子交换膜的其他方案。
专利US 5,270,126描述了包括结合有浸渍了磷酸的氟化树脂的氮化硼粉末的膜。浸渍了磷酸的氟化树脂参与质子交换。
发明内容
本发明尤其致力于提供一种新型的质子交换膜,所述质子交换膜能够在相对高的温度例如室温下运行,而不要求燃料或氧化剂的增湿。
根据本发明的一个方面,燃料电池、电解槽或蓄电池包括:
-阳极,
-阴极,
-阴极和阳极之间的包括活性氮化硼的材料层,例如陶瓷层。
优选地,这是六方晶系氮化硼层。该层可以包括包含在聚合物基体中的粉末状氮化硼。
这种电池具有能够在各种温度下运行的优点,而不具有如上所述的
Figure G2008800177644D00021
树脂的特定缺点。所述材料优选是不透氢的。该不透氢性例如通过使用非多孔材料而获得,所述非多孔材料的孔隙率是利用传统的测量孔隙率的仪器(例如汞多孔性测试仪)检测不到的。还可以使用具有相对高的表面孔隙率的材料,以增加交换表面积,但不具有完全贯通的内部孔隙,以形成一个屏障阻挡氢穿过所述膜。
阴极可以包括与氮化硼层接触的至少一个金属化合物层。
阳极可以包括与氮化硼层接触的至少一个金属化合物层。
所述电极中的一个或两个,即阳极和/或阴极,可以包括下列非限制性名单中的至少一种化合物:铂(例如纳米颗粒状的)、氮化硼(尤其是如下所述的活性氮化硼)、活性炭、粘合剂(例如乙醇)或聚合物(例如PVA或PTFE),或者这些成分的混合物。
阳极例如可以包括衬以多孔钛板(例如从30%到50%)的RuO2、IrO2或RuO2、IrO2和TiO2或RuO2、IrO2和SnO2的混合物薄层。所述薄层的厚度为5μm到20μm,例如约10μm。
电极中的任一个可以制成粉末状,喷洒在由上述氮化硼层形成的膜上。喷洒之后,该层可以在压机下,在15℃到200℃、例如25℃到150℃的温度下,以5~40kg/m2、例如约20kg/m2的压力下压缩,以提高电极与膜之间的粘合。所述温度取决于所述层的性质,例如取决于它是否包括对最大应用温度敏感的聚合物。
氮化硼层的厚度可以小于或等于2,500μm,最好是小于或等于1,000μm,更好是小于或等于500μm,优选小于或等于250μm,更优选小于或等于150μm,例如为80~120μm。
所述电池可以包括用于支撑所述膜的基材。该基材可以增强电池的机械强度,并使得可以使用相对薄的膜。
所述基材例如可以选自:多孔氧化铝、氧化锆和氮化硼及其混合物。
所述基材例如可以包括精细织物,例如由
Figure G2008800177644D00022
制造、聚乙基醚酮、乙烯-四氟乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚酯。
所述基材的材料可以是对电池中所发生的电化学反应而言呈惰性的。
所述基材对应当到达所述膜的化学物质而言,是可透过的,,该可透过性对于所使用的材料而言是便于实现的。
本发明根据其另一方面的目的是包括如上所定义的电池的燃料电池,以及在阴极侧的燃料供给回路和在阳极侧的氧化剂供给回路。
所述燃料可以是氢气或者其他气体或液体。
所述氧化剂可以是空气或氧。
所述燃料电池可以包括其中用于供给到电池的氢以氢化物的形式储存的物质。该物质例如选自金属间化合物,尤其是选自络合金属或填隙氢化物,例如选自下列名单:AB5型物质(A和B为金属)、例如LaNi5,拉弗斯相(Zr,Ti)(Mn,V,Cr,Ni)2、例如ZrMn2或TiMn2,Mg,TiFe,Mg2Ni,基于钒的中心立方固溶体、BaReH9(该式对应于氢化物态)、Mg2FeH6(该式对应于氢化物态)、NaAlH4(该式对应于氢化物态)、LiBH4(该式对应于氢化物态)和它们的所有化合物、衍生物或它们的合金。
所述材料层可以包括陶瓷,例如包括六方晶系氮化硼(优选在电场下通过酸溶液活化)、氮化锂、(Dupont de Nemours)、硼酸、离子传导聚合物(例如PVA)。它可以选自为PEMFC或PCFC燃料电池而开发的离子交换陶瓷。
所述材料层例如可以包括乱层氮化硼,也就是说,其结晶面可以相对于理论结晶位置稍有偏移,例如氮化硼的六方结晶,这导致它们之间的晶面并不是很好地保持,后者间隔更大一些。
所述材料层可以包括相互紧密布置的六方氮化硼颗粒,例如中值粒径大于1nm、乃至大于10nm、乃至大于5μm且小于20μm、乃至大约10μm的颗粒。所述颗粒本身可以由平均粒径为0.1~0.5μm的微晶构成。
氮化硼颗粒可以优选为不完全平行于所述层,而是例如垂直于所述层,以确保较好的机械强度,乃至多样化的,以确保较好的质子传导。
所述材料层可以包括渗滤的氮化硼颗粒,例如通过化合物而牢牢地保持相互附着。该化合物例如选自下列名单:镍、氧化硼、硼酸钙、乙基纤维素、硼酸、聚乙烯醇、乙烯基己内酰胺、PTFE磺化聚乙基砜。
所述材料层可以由插入到粘合剂中的氮化硼形成,所述粘合剂例如是硼酸或聚合物膜,它们可以为陶瓷层提供非常好的质子传导性。所述聚合物例如可以是PVA(聚乙烯醇)、乙烯基己内酰胺、PTFE
Figure G2008800177644D00041
磺化聚醚砜。
氮化硼可以作为颗粒出现,例如平均粒径约为7~11μm。氮化硼在所述材料中的质量比可以是5%~100%,例如一直到70%。所述层可以全部由高压烧结的氮化硼粉末制成。作为替代方案,它可以包括氮化硼和粘合剂,通过HIP(热等静压)法制得。
聚合物,例如PVA,可以用于封闭氮化硼中存在的孔隙。聚合物的添加例如可以真空进行,以便聚合物被吸入到氮化硼的孔隙中。
所述材料层可以尤其包括下列非限制性名单中的一种或多种化合物:无机化合物、例如二氧化硅(例如
Figure G2008800177644D00042
),热解法无定形二氧化硅,含有巯基的有机二氧化硅,含有膦酸官能团的二氧化硅,含有锚定于表面处的磺酸的二氧化硅,氧化铝,氧化锆,硫酸化氧化锆,氧化钛,磺化氧化钛,三氧化钨,水合三氧化钨,杂多酸、例如聚三乙炔(PTA)、聚甲基丙烯酸(PMA)、STA、SMA、钨磷酸(TMA)、钼磷酸(MBA)、钨磷酸二钠盐(NA-TPA)、磷钼酸(PMA)、陷窝杂多酸(lacunar heteropolyacid)H8SiW11O39、功能化磺酸杂多酸、PWA、硅钨酸、负载在SiO2、ZrO2和TiO2上的PTA、负载MCM-41的杂多酸、介孔硅酸钨物质SI-MCM-41、负载Y-沸石的杂多酸、硅钨酸、磷酸锆、磺苯基磷酸锆(ZRSPP)、氢化磷酸锆Zr(HPO4)2、三羧丁基膦酸锆、磺基亚苯基膦酸锆Zr(HPO4)10(O3PC6H4SO3H)10、膦酸磺基亚苯基酯磷酸锆、磺化磷酸锆、硅钨酸的铯盐,多层硅酸盐纳米颗粒、例如蒙脱石、锂皂石(laponite)、改性蒙脱石(例如磺化蒙脱石、MCM-41、有机蒙脱石(OMMT)、接枝有机磺内酯和全氟磺内酯的蒙脱石)、磷硅酸盐(P2O5-SiO2)、磷酸-锑酸、贵金属(例如铂、钌)、涂覆有
Figure G2008800177644D00043
的硅酸铂、银、沸石、菱沸石和斜发沸石(clinoptylolite),mordonite、磷酸盐、磷酸钙、羟基磷酸钙、磷酸硼、有机化合物、聚合物、
Figure G2008800177644D00044
全氟磺酸、磺化聚砜、PEO、PTFE、聚苯胺、聚偏二氟乙烯-氯四氟乙烯、PEG、DBSA、4-十二烷基苯磺酸、SEBSS(磺化苯乙烯、磺化苯乙烯-(乙烯-丁烯))、PVA、戊二醛、krytox、二苯基硅酸酯、二苯基二甲氧基硅酸酯、磺化聚醚砜、PVDF、
Figure G2008800177644D00051
NRE-212膜、Cs2,5H0,5PWO40、PVDF-G-PSSA、聚偏氟乙烯、聚丙烯腈、十二钨磷酸、磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)、PVA、PEO、磺化聚亚芳基醚砜、聚乙烯醇、PEEK(s-聚醚醚酮)、磺化酚酞基聚醚砜(sulfonated polyethersulfone cardo)、聚苯醚(PPO)、聚乙二醇、二氧化硅纳米颗粒、双空位钨硅酸盐[γ-SiW10O36]8-、PWA、PBI、PEG、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)、二磺酸化聚亚芳基醚砜、
Figure G2008800177644D00052
磺化二乙烯基苯(交联DVB)、接枝聚苯乙烯的乙烯-四氟乙烯交替共聚物、聚二氟乙烯、聚苯并咪唑、PVDF、磺化酚酞基聚醚醚酮、聚氟化亚芳基醚、
Figure G2008800177644D00053
115、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯弹性体(SEVS)、聚磺化二苯基醚砜、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、PBI。
所述氮化硼层可以通过下列方法获得。
将氮化硼颗粒与液体形式的聚合物粘合剂混合,将该混合物倒在基材上,然后加热到足够的温度,以引起粘合剂的煅烧,例如加热到大约600或700℃,使得氮化硼颗粒在基材上相互渗透。
在附加的步骤中,将所得结果在中性气氛例如氮气或氩气下加热到800~1,700℃、乃至1,000~1,500℃,引起颗粒的相互烧结。
最后,在附加的步骤中,移除所述基材并获得由烧结颗粒构成的刚性氮化硼膜。
在前述描述中,所述氮化硼可以被预先活化或者在制备陶瓷层工艺过程中或结束时活化。
氮化硼的活化是指可以提高氮化硼中的质子传导性的方法。
氮化硼例如可以在电场作用下,在酸溶液中活化。
氮化硼还可以在施加或不施加电场的情况下,在苏打溶液中活化。
在另一种方法中,氮化硼可以在施加电场的情况下,通过在溶液(例如水)中,在铁(例如铁网)的存在下急冷来活化。
使用粉末状氮化硼可以有助于活化。
氮化硼可以在将其插入到粘合剂例如聚合物中之前,或者还在将其插入到粘合剂中之后(例如,这取决于所使用的粘合剂),以其粉末状形式活化。
在如上所述的方法中,氮化硼颗粒可以在它们插入到聚合物粘合剂之前或在颗粒烧结之后活化。
在烧结的情况下,活化可以在该方法结束时进行,以避免其被烧结所破坏的风险。
本发明根据其另一方面的目的是制造如上所定义的电池的方法,包括以下步骤:
-通过暴露在酸中而活化例如陶瓷的、包括氮化硼的材料层。
在附加的步骤中:
-电极催化剂层可以沉积在氮化硼层的至少一面上。
所述催化剂可以是至少一种金属化合物例如铂、镍或铂-石墨或镍-石墨的层。
氮化硼层可以在活化之前金属化。
活化可以在电场的存在下进行。
本发明根据其另一方面的目的是制备用于燃料电池或其它应用(尤其是电解槽或蓄电池)的这种膜的方法,其中,将所述膜暴露于酸溶液中然后冲洗。
将所述膜暴露于酸中可以优先在电场下进行,这可以提高活化效率。所述电场例如可以为15~40,000V/m、乃至至少25V/m、乃至大约15,000V/m。15,000V/m的电场相当于在膜厚度为100μm的情况下施加1.5V,或者在厚度为1mm的情况下15V。
本发明的目的还有活化如前所定义的膜的方法,包括以下步骤:将氮化硼暴露在溶液中,其中所述溶液中可以有羟基-OH,B-OH键可以在氢化硼中产生,或者可以有与NH2键合的H3O+离子,B-OH键可以在氮化硼中产生。
本发明根据其另一方面的目的是用于电化学装置(尤其是燃料电池、电解槽或蓄电池)的质子交换膜,包括诸如陶瓷的材料、活化六方晶系氮化硼的层。
附图说明
阅读以下本发明的非限制性示例性实施方案的详细描述,以及对照附图,可以更好地理解本发明,其中:
图1为根据本发明制造的燃料电池的示意图,
图2为用于生产电解槽膜的质子交换膜的示意图,以及
图3为用于生产蓄电池的质子交换膜的示意图。
在附图中,为清楚起见,各部分的相对比例并不总是实测值。
具体实施方式
燃料电池1示于图1中,包括由活化六方晶系氮化硼(h-BN)陶瓷形成的质子交换膜2。
电池1包括在质子交换膜2一侧的阳极3和在质子交换膜2另一侧的阴极4.
所述阳极例如包括用于氧化反应的、金属化合物(例如铂或金)或者复合物(例如铂-石墨或镍-石墨)的层,所述阴极例如包括燃料催化剂层,例如铂、镍、镍-石墨或铂-石墨的层,每一层都能够与膜2接触。
质子交换膜2以及位于所述质子交换膜2任一侧的两个层可以由多孔惰性基材6支撑,例如氧化铝、氧化锆或氮化硼的多孔层。
电导体可以与阳极和阴极接触。
阳极3例如可以在用于氧化反应的层上包括金层,例如作为栅(screen)10,以收集电流。
质子交换膜2的厚度例如为100μm,用于氧化和催化反应的层的厚度例如为10~30μm。
在本发明的示例性实施方案中,质子交换膜2由来自SAINT-GOBAIN的参比HIP的h-BN氮化硼陶瓷制成,通过暴露于酸例如硫酸中而活化,例如用浓度为0.1M到5M、例如5M的硫酸活化几个小时。在该暴露过程中,如果需要的话,所述膜可以暴露于约30,000V/m的电场下,即当膜厚度为1μm时电压为30V,这可以提高活化质量。在暴露于酸中之后冲洗陶瓷。不受理论束缚,采用活化,可以修饰氮化硼颗粒的悬空键(pending bond)。
当所述膜在电场存在下活化时,该电场可以在两个电极之间产生。阳极可以与膜接触或者不接触,并且与酸和水电解液接触。阴极应当只与膜接触,而不与酸接触。
这些可以是只用于活化过程并且随后没有用的电极,例如不再出现在使用所述膜的系统中。这些还可以是至少其中一个又出现在最终的系统中的电极。
用于活化的至少一个电极乃至两个电极可以与所述膜接触,并且可以例如永久性地附着于所述膜上。用于活化的电极之一(例如铂阳极),可以使用的其他导电部件,需要不氧化也不快速退化。
如果多孔铂与膜接触的话,所述阳极还可以存在于该多孔铂中。另一个多孔的电极是阴极,存在于任意导电材料中。这些电极可以是扁平的,例如通过在膜上进行的薄层沉积法。
在替代方案中,导电层,例如多孔铂的层,沉积在氮化硼层的任一侧。然后将由此涂覆的膜暴露于酸中,以便在外加电场的存在下通过导电层活化它。
一旦完成在酸中的暴露,就可以冲洗并干燥所述膜。
当然,对上面给出的实施例进行变化也不会背离本发明的范围。
交换膜可以尤其是仅仅在阳极上涂覆有铂、镍或这两种金属的合金。对应于阴极的另一面例如通过沉积金属(例如铜或银)层而制成导电的。
质子交换膜可以具有各种形状,例如平面形状或圆柱状。
在图2的实施例中,在电解槽中使用质子交换膜2,所述电解槽包括金属阴极20(例如在铂中,或在其他电导体中)、阳极30(例如也是在铂中)。
在图3的实施例中,在蓄电池中使用质子交换膜2,阳极40例如在铂或镍中制备并且与含水酸电解液接触,例如硫酸溶液,而阴极50包括可氢化物质。
措辞“包括一个”应当理解为“包括至少一个”的同义词。

Claims (21)

1.一种燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,包含:
-阳极(3),
-阴极(4),
-所述阴极和所述阳极之间的包含含活性六方晶系氮化硼的材料层的质子交换膜(2),其中所述层包括包含在聚合物基体中的粉末状氮化硼。
2.根据权利要求1的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述材料是不透氢的。
3.根据权利要求1的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述材料是非多孔的。
4.根据权利要求1的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述材料具有非零表面孔隙率。
5.根据权利要求1的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述阴极(4)包括与所述氮化硼层接触的至少一个金属化合物层。
6.根据权利要求1的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述阳极包括与所述氮化硼层接触的至少一个金属化合物层。
7.根据权利要求5的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述金属化合物选自:铂、金、镍及其合金。
8.根据权利要求1的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述氮化硼层(2)的厚度小于或等于2,500μm。
9.根据权利要求8的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述层(2)的厚度小于或等于250μm。
10.根据权利要求1的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,包含用于支撑所述膜的基材(6)。
11.根据权利要求10的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池,其中,所述基材(6)选自:氧化铝、氧化锆、多孔氮化硼及其混合物。
12.一种燃料电池,所述燃料电池包括权利要求1所定义的燃料电池(1)以及在阴极侧的燃料供给回路和在阳极侧的氧化剂供给回路。
13.根据权利要求12的燃料电池,所述燃料是氢气。
14.根据权利要求12的燃料电池,所述氧化剂是空气或氧。
15.根据权利要求12的燃料电池,包括其中用于供给到电池的氢以氢化物的形式储存的物质。
16.一种制造权利要求1所定义的燃料电池(1)、电解槽或蓄电池的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-通过暴露在酸中而活化包含六方晶系氮化硼的材料层。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,还包括以下步骤:
-在所述包含六方晶系氮化硼的材料层的至少一面上沉积电极催化剂层。
18.根据权利要求16的方法,所述催化剂是至少一种金属化合物的层。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,所述包含六方晶系氮化硼的材料层在活化之前金属化。
20.根据权利要求16的方法,所述活化在电场存在下进行。
21.一种活化权利要求1所定义的膜的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:将氮化硼暴露在溶液中,其中所述溶液可以提供羟基-OH,并且,B-OH键可以在氮化硼中产生。
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