CN101454154B - 窗玻璃 - Google Patents

窗玻璃 Download PDF

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CN101454154B
CN101454154B CN2007800194560A CN200780019456A CN101454154B CN 101454154 B CN101454154 B CN 101454154B CN 2007800194560 A CN2007800194560 A CN 2007800194560A CN 200780019456 A CN200780019456 A CN 200780019456A CN 101454154 B CN101454154 B CN 101454154B
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sheet
interlayer material
laminated glazing
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layer
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CN101454154A (zh
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M·R·格里诺尔
A·C·托尔
J·P·沃斯
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Pilkington Group Ltd
Pilkington Automotive Ltd
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Pilkington Automotive Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B32B17/10045—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet
    • B32B17/10055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet with at least one intermediate air space
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
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    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10651—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising colorants, e.g. dyes or pigments
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/17—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-absorption elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169
    • G02F1/172—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-absorption elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169 based on a suspension of orientable dipolar particles, e.g. suspended particles displays
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31507—Of polycarbonate
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/31645—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

公开了夹层窗玻璃，其包含两个具有层压在其间的中间层结构的玻璃层。所述中间层结构包含将纳入其中的悬浮颗粒器件膜框住的第一中间层材料片。中间层材料经选择使中间层材料组分到悬浮颗粒器件膜内的迁移最小化。优选地，中间层材料不包含增塑剂或者包含不扩散到悬浮颗粒器件膜结构内的增塑剂。

Description

窗玻璃
技术领域
本发明涉及制造夹层窗玻璃的方法，特别涉及制造含有功能膜的窗玻璃的方法。 
背景技术
在最近几年中，具有若干形式的附加功能性的窗玻璃逐渐变得流行和广受欢迎。典型地，通过在夹层窗玻璃结构内使用至少一个涂覆或着色的玻璃层来提供附加功能性，从而提供热反射或紫外反射性能。然而，还可通过在夹层窗玻璃结构内纳入功能器件或膜来提供附加功能性。这些器件或膜可包括发光器件例如LED(发光二极管)、或者可切换膜例如LCD(液晶显示器)或SPD(悬浮颗粒器件)。 
SPD例如WO2005/102688中所描述且按许可证从ResearchFrontier可得到的那种是包含许多悬浮在液体悬浮介质内的颗粒的膜，所述液体悬浮介质容纳在聚合物介质内。该膜可在黑暗状态(当没有施加电压时)或高透明状态(当施加电压时)之间切换。颗粒间的相对对准程度(degree of relative alignment)由所施加的交流电压决定，使得SPD基器件在施加可变电压时表现出可变的光学透射率。 
DE 100 43 141公开了用作天窗的窗玻璃，其纳入有SPD层。将两个玻璃层制成为在所述层间的间隙中具有部分真空的双窗玻璃结构，SPD层沉积在下玻璃层的内侧上。SPD可在黑暗状态和明亮状态之间切换。 
与其使用部分抽真空的双窗玻璃结构，倒是如例如US2004/0257649中所描述的，优选能够将功能器件例如SPD膜作为全部或部分中间层纳入在夹层窗玻璃结构内。典型的夹层窗玻璃构造中 使用的中间层是PVB(聚乙烯醇缩丁醛)中间层。为了在中间层内保护SPD膜，膜的边缘优选不伸至玻璃边缘。已知使用“画框”设计，其中使用三个中间层而不是通常一个将功能膜层压在窗玻璃内。对大约与功能膜具有相同厚度的中心层进行切割，使得可将膜放置在中间层框内。然后将膜和中间层框放置在另外两个中间层之间，并层压在两个玻璃层之间。 
作为层压过程的一部分，可将SPD膜、中间层和玻璃层进行压热(autoclave)，并在升高的温度下使其经受压力。然而，当使用PVB中间层时，层压温度可导致SPD膜的光学性能的永久性劣化。另外，如果最终层压经受长期热暴露，则SPD膜的边缘区域变得受损并且切换功能受到削弱。图1显示了具有层压在其中的SPD膜2的窗玻璃1的示意性平面图。围绕SPD膜2的边缘出现厚度不均匀的边部区域3。该非功能性或受到削弱的区域的大小随压热温度和持续时间而增加，并且是不可逆转的。图1中的虚线说明了“画框”构造，并且显示了SPD膜2的实际边缘位置。 
明显地，从质量控制观点看，SPD膜内边部区域的存在是不可接受的，因为其影响窗玻璃的视觉外观。因此存在对这样的制造方法的需求，该方法能够使SPD膜能够纳入在夹层窗玻璃内，在窗玻璃制造期间任何时刻(point)使膜劣化的发生最小化或加以防止。 
发明内容
本发明的目的是，通过提供包含第一和第二玻璃层的夹层窗玻璃来解决这些问题，所述第一和第二玻璃层具有层压在其间的中间层结构，该中间层结构包含将纳入其中的悬浮颗粒器件膜框住的第一中间层材料片，第一中间层材料片层压在第二和第三中间层材料片之间，悬浮颗粒器件膜与第二和第三中间层材料片接触，所述第二和第三中间层材料片分别与第一和第二玻璃层之一接触并同延，或所述第二和第三中间层材料片与第一和第二玻璃层之一接触并同延，其中中间层材料组分不含有增塑剂。 
已认识到，中间层材料例如PVB内增塑剂的迁移和固溶行为至少部分地是导致含有SPD膜的夹层窗玻璃中所观测到的边部区域的原因。通过提供其中SPD膜与含有很少或不含增塑剂的材料相接触的结 构，可减少或甚至消除所观测到的损伤。 
第一、第二和第三中间层材料片中的至少一个是乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯或者乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物中的一种。 
优选地，夹层窗玻璃还包含第四中间层材料片和阻挡层，该阻挡层在第一和第三中间层材料片之间、或者在第三和第四中间层材料片之间。优选地，阻挡层是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。第四中间层材料片优选是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。第四中间层材料片可以是有色的和/或具有隔声性能。 
作为替代，悬浮颗粒器件膜可包含有色衬底。 
作为替代，夹层窗玻璃还可包含具有热反射阳光控制涂层的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯衬底，以及插在第四中间层材料片和第二玻璃层之间的第五中间层材料片。 
至少一个中间层材料片可具有阳光控制性能。 
夹层窗玻璃可包含阳光控制涂层、热反射涂层、低发射率涂层、疏水涂层或亲水涂层中的至少一个。 
作为替代，夹层窗玻璃可包含通过空气间隙与第二玻璃层隔开的第三玻璃层。 
附图说明
现将仅通过实施例并参考附图对本发明进行描述，其中： 
图1如上文所提及是具有层压在其中的SPD膜的夹层窗玻璃的示意性平面图； 
图2是显示具有层压在其中的SPD膜的夹层窗玻璃结构的示意性 横截面； 
图3是显示具有层压在其中的SPD膜的夹层窗玻璃的结构的示意性横截面，其显示了第二画框设计； 
图4是具有层压在其中的SPD膜的夹层窗玻璃的示意性平面图，其显示了第二画框设计； 
图5是根据本发明的另外夹层窗玻璃的示意性横截面图； 
图6是根据本发明的另外夹层窗玻璃的示意性横截面图；和 
图7是根据本发明的包括SPD膜的双窗玻璃结构的示意性横截面图。 
具体实施方式
已认识到，存在至少一种影响夹层窗玻璃中SPD膜内非功能性或受削弱边缘区域的形成的机理。通过确定这一机理，有可能开发出其中SPD膜内边部区域的存在被最小化或消除的夹层窗玻璃。 
PVB中间层材料通常含有增塑剂，该增塑剂决定中间层的刚性和柔韧性，以及影响机械强度和其它组分例如用以控制抗紫外线(紫外光)的添加剂。空缺区域可通过增塑剂和PVB中间层材料的其它组分迁移到SPD膜内而形成。单独地或者组合地，增塑剂和添加剂可破坏或干扰颗粒的分离和悬浮或者液体孔的稳定性。这些作用导致SPD膜功能的降低。边部区域的功能性是不均匀的，并且可引起外观黑暗且不切换的区域、或者外观明亮且切换更剧烈的区域。在各个情形中，边部区域似乎在膜的边缘渐弱。这种观测结果支持了边部形成机理是基于扩散这种观点。事实上，已知主体材料内可移动组分的扩散速率随温度而增加，并且观测结果显示边部在较高温度下生长更快。在SPD膜内而没有在中间层内膜的周围出现边部区域表示，增塑剂到SPD膜内的扩散似乎高出于(dominate)任何SPD颗粒从膜中出来进入到周围中间层材料的扩散。 
因此中间层材料内增塑剂的存在是SPD膜内产生边部区域的重要因素。通过使用低增塑剂含量或不含增塑剂的中间层材料，或者通过 使用不扩散到膜内的增塑剂，边部区域的尺寸可得以减小或甚至得以消除，这取决于其它中间层组分的作用。合适的中间层材料包括但不限于EVA(乙烯醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)、PU(聚氨酯)、PC(聚碳酸酯)以及乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物。如果使用含有很少增塑剂的中间层，则其中含有的增塑剂的量优选比标准汽车用的PVB小。 
为了将不含增塑剂的中间层材料与PVB中间层的作用进行对比，制备两组样品，一组具有PVB中间层结构，一组具有EVA(乙烯醋酸乙烯酯)中间层结构。所使用的PVB中间层是得自Sekisui ChemicalCo.Ltd的RZN-12中间层，所使用的EVA中间层是同样得自SekisuiChemical Co.Ltd的EN中间层。图2是显示具有层压在其中的SPD膜的窗玻璃结构的示意图。窗玻璃4具有层压在中间层结构6内的SPD膜2，所述中间层结构6本身层压在两个玻璃层7a、7b之间。层压结构6包含三个中间层材料层8a、8b、8c。第一中间层8a具有中心区域切去部分，SPD膜位于该切去部分中，使得第一中间层8a形成“画框”。优选地，SPD膜5的厚度与第三中间层8a具有相同的数量级。第一中间层8a层压在与玻璃层7a、7b同延的第二中间层8b和第三中间层8c之间。 
以下面方式制备样品。首先，制备连接器。样品中使用的SPD膜是聚合物分散SPD膜，得自Research Frontiers Incorporated，240Crossways Park Drive，Woodbury，New York 11797，USA。产生到SPD膜内各个ITO(铟锡氧化物)层的电连接，并同时维持ITO层之间的电隔离。 
其次，一旦完成焊接，搁置样品用于层压。将三个中间层材料片(对于PVB中间层材料分别为0.76mm、0.38mm和0.76mm厚，或者对于所有三个EVA中间层为0.40mm)放置在两个待用于形成样品的玻璃层之间，并修整至玻璃层的外部尺寸。然后使用SPD膜作为模板在0.38mm/0.40mm厚的中间层材料片中作出孔标记，并且切出比该标记大约1-2mm的孔，以使中间层材料和SPD膜的边缘之间的接触最小化。 这形成其中放置有SPD膜的“画框”。然后将中间层材料片和SPD膜搁置在玻璃上以产生图2中所示的结构。 
第三，将样品进行层压。将每个样品真空袋装并在105℃的烘箱中放置40分钟。一旦层压周期结束，然后将两个样品均在升高的温度于大气压下加热各种时间段，以便确定在极端条件下出现边部区域的程度。一旦完成该加热，对样品进行目视检查。 
在具有EVA中间层的样品中没有观测到边部区域，但在具有PVB中间层的样品中边部区域的宽度随逐渐提高的温度而增加。这些结果表示上文讨论的机理可能在其形成中占主导，同时未必是出现边部区域的全部原因。 
当使用根据本发明的窗玻璃作为汽车窗玻璃例如天窗、侧窗或后窗时，希望能够控制该窗玻璃的颜色。可以控制所述窗玻璃颜色的一种方法是使用至少一个着色玻璃层，该玻璃层例如在2.1mm下使用CIE光源A测量时具有小于87％的LT(透光率)。特别地，可以使用可得自Pilkington Group Limited的作为GALAXSEETM和SUNDYMTM而被知晓的那些玻璃。优选地，可在层压之前将所使用的玻璃层进行退火或半钢化。 
作为替代方法，当使用至少一个透明层(使用CIR光源A测得具有大于88％的LT)时，使其中放置有SPD膜的夹层结构内纳入至少一个着色PVB层。然而，如上文所讨论的，PVB内的任何增塑剂可影响SPD膜的结构和外观。为对此加以防止，需要排除SPD膜边缘和PVB中间层之间的任何接触。这可用许多方式来完成，例如通过使用有色的EVA中间层。作为替代，可向形成SPD膜5衬底的PET中间层添加颜色(例如用染料)。所使用的颜料的量从较低水平着色(以隐藏SPD膜5在不使用时的任何灰白色)到重度着色(以给窗玻璃提供一些热和/或光学控制)不等。 
作为替代，可通过第二“画框”结构纳入有色PVB中间层。图3是具有第二“画框”结构的窗玻璃9的结构的示意性横截面。中间层结构10层压在两个玻璃层11a、11b之间。中间层结构10包含四个层： 由有色PVB形成的上层12a，其与上玻璃层11a同延，由不含增塑剂或含有低增塑剂的材料例如PET形成的第二画框层12b，包含SPD膜5的第一画框层12c，和由不含增塑剂或含有低增塑剂的材料形成且与下玻璃层11b同延的下层12d。第二画框层12b防止SPD膜5的边缘与有色PVB中间层发生接触，因此防止SPD膜5的劣化。有色PVB中间层12a可在中心区域与SPD膜5接触，以确保中间层结构10内的附着。 
图4是具有包含SPD膜5的第一画框层12c(由虚线表示)的窗玻璃的示意性平面图，其显示了与第一画框层12c重叠的第二画框结构12b。提供母线13a、13b和电连接器14a、14b以使样品连接到电源。 
对于有待作为车辆中的一部分例如作为天窗的窗玻璃，SPD膜和车辆配线之间的母线和电连接器可以被阴暗带隐藏。该带是在上玻璃层周围烧制的黑色瓷墨带，其起到覆盖将窗玻璃装在车辆内的粘合剂和覆盖电连接件的作用。所述带的用途是双重的，首先是审美上的，其次防止粘合剂或其它组分受到紫外照射的损伤。该阴暗带还可隐藏SPD膜的边缘。 
当在窗玻璃结构中使用有色EVA中间层材料时，或者在SPD膜的制造中使用有色PET衬底时，可以使用具有隔声性能的透明PVB中间层材料。作为替代，可以使用有色隔声PVB中间层材料。 
图5是包含层压在两个玻璃层17a、17b之间的五层中间层结构16的窗玻璃15的示意性横截面图。优选地，上玻璃层17a是透明的，并且在其内表面提供有热反射阳光控制涂层。下玻璃层17b可以是透明或着色的。中间层结构16包含第一中间层18、具有纳入其中的SPD膜20的第二中间层19，第三中间层21，PET衬底22，和第四中间层23。优选地，如上文所讨论的，第一中间层18、第二中间层19和第三中间层21由EVA或其它合适的中间层材料形成。第四中间层优选是着色的PVB中间层。另外，PVB中间层可以具有隔声或阳光控制/热控制性能。通过使用五层中间层结构，在SPD膜19和PVB中间层之间提 供了阻挡层，从而排除由中间层组分迁移引起的任何问题。 
作为使用涂覆玻璃来提供阳光控制的替代方案，可能需要使用提供一定程度阳光控制的中间层材料。例如，已知诸如颜料或者包括LaB6或ITO(铟锡氧化物)的纳米颗粒系统的添加剂与PVB中间层一起使用，并且可用于本发明夹层窗玻璃结构内的EVA中间层。 
然而，与其使用阳光控制中间层或者在玻璃层之一上提供涂层，倒可能希望在夹层窗玻璃中的中间层结构内所包括的PET衬底上纳入阳光反射性的、特别是双层的银涂层。图6是根据本发明的另外夹层窗玻璃的示意性横截面图，并且显示了包含层压在两个玻璃层26a、26b之间的七层中间层结构25的窗玻璃24。优选地，上玻璃层26a是透明的，尽管下玻璃层26b可以是透明或着色的。中间层结构25包含第一中间层27、具有纳入其中的SPD膜29的第二中间层28，第三中间层30，第一PET衬底31，第四中间层32，具有双银层阳光控制涂层的第二PET衬底33，和第五中间层34。优选地，第四中间层132是着色的PVB中间层，以及第五中间层34是透明PVB或其它合适的中间层材料。通过使用涂覆的PET衬底来提供阳光控制和着色的PVB中间层，有可能产生颜色控制窗玻璃而不需要使用重度着色的玻璃。 
特别优选的窗玻璃结构仅使用EVA中间层。这些中间层可以与玻璃层上的涂层结合，或者与涂覆的PET衬底结合，以提供合适的阳光控制。 
优选地，当使用着色中间层材料时，其对于着色玻璃例如得自Pilkington Group Limited的GALAXSEETM或SUNDYMTM或者蓝色、灰色或绿色玻璃是颜色匹配的。 
与用作天窗时的这种窗玻璃结构一起使用的合适功能涂层包括低发射率涂层、导电涂层和阳光控制涂层。低发射率涂层是在施加到透明的3mm厚浮法玻璃时产生具有0.05-0.45范围发射率的涂覆玻璃的涂层，实际值根据EN12898(欧洲平板玻璃制造商协会公布的标准)测得。硬涂层通常具有0.15-0.2的发射率，而离线涂层(off-line)通常具有0.05-0.1的发射率。作为对比，未涂覆的3mm厚浮法玻璃具 有0.89的发射率。 
硬的(或热解的)低发射率涂层可包含金属氧化物、优选透明导电氧化物的单层。金属氧化物层中可存在金属例如锡、锌、铟、钨和钼的氧化物。典型地，该涂层包含另外的掺杂剂例如氟、氯、锑、锡、铝、钽、铌、铟或镓，例如可以使用掺氟氧化锡或掺锡氧化铟。这些涂层通常提供有下层例如硅或氧氮化硅。所述下层充当阻挡层，以控制碱金属离子从玻璃迁移和/或抑制由低发射率层的厚度变化引起的彩虹反射色。 
离线的(通常是溅射的)低发射率涂层典型地包含多层涂层叠层，通常包括至少一个金属层或导电金属化合物层，和电介质层。银、金、铜、镍或铬可用作金属层，而氧化铟、氧化锑等可用作导电化合物。典型的多层叠层包含一个或两个沉积在电介质(例如硅、铝、钛、钒、锡或锌的氧化物)层之间的银层。这些涂层的单独层典型地具有数十纳米的厚度。取决于所使用的中间层和所需热性能的组合，可以在夹层窗玻璃结构中的上下玻璃层的任一表面上提供低发射率涂层。 
典型的阳光控制涂层包含银层或氧化锡层，并且控制通过涂覆玻璃吸收的热量。阳光控制和低发射率的涂层还可以是导电的，且因此不仅给玻璃提供发射率和热透射方面的功能性，而且可形成用于安装导电器件例如LED、传感器和照相机的导电衬底。 
还可使用热反射性阳光控制涂层例如两层银涂层。典型地，这些涂层反射的阳光热量根据ISO9050：E(2003)、空气质量1.5测得大于23％。金属热反射性涂层还可以是导电的，并且如果外层玻璃是透明的则特别有效。这些涂层典型地提供在外层透明玻璃的内侧上。 
作为替代，可将SPD膜纳入双窗玻璃结构中。图7是包括SPD的双窗玻璃结构35的示意性侧视图。双窗玻璃结构35包含任何上述夹层窗玻璃结构，在图7中通常用参考数字36表示的该夹层窗玻璃结构与另外的上玻璃层37组合并且通过空气间隙38与所述窗玻璃结构隔开。另外的上玻璃层37是钢化的并且优选是着色的，例如是暗色彩的，如可从Pilkington Group Limited得到的以GALAXSEETM出售的那种。
使用包括热反射性涂层(在玻璃层上或者在单独的中间层上)的结构或包括空气间隙的双窗玻璃结构的优点是可减少SPD膜吸收的热量。因为增塑剂和其它中间层材料组分的迁移是扩散过程，SPD膜吸收的任何额外热可增加空缺边部区域的尺寸。这对于将在车辆中用作天窗的窗玻璃是一个特殊的问题，其中SPD膜可在原位变得受损。 
因此本发明提供可切换以改变通过窗玻璃进入到车辆中的光量的窗玻璃。 
在所附权利要求书范围内的本发明的另外实施方案对于本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的。

Claims (12)

1.夹层窗玻璃，其包含第一和第二玻璃层，所述第一和第二玻璃层具有层压在其间的中间层结构，该中间层结构包含将纳入其中的悬浮颗粒器件膜框住的第一中间层材料片，第一中间层材料片层压在第二和第三中间层材料片之间，悬浮颗粒器件膜与第二和第三中间层材料片接触，第二和第三中间层材料片分别与第一和第二玻璃层之一接触并同延，或第二和第三中间层材料片与第一和第二玻璃层之一接触并同延，其中中间层材料组分不包含增塑剂。
2.权利要求1的夹层窗玻璃，其中第一、第二和第三中间层材料片中的至少一个是乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯或者乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物中的一种。
3.权利要求2的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含第四中间层材料片和阻挡层，该阻挡层在第三和第四中间层材料片之间。
4.权利要求3的夹层窗玻璃，其中阻挡层是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
5.权利要求3或4的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。
6.权利要求5的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是有色的和/或具有隔声性能。
7.权利要求1-6中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其中悬浮颗粒器件膜包含有色衬底。
8.权利要求1-7中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯衬底，该衬底具有插在第四中间层材料片和第二玻璃层之间的热反射阳光控制涂层和第五中间层材料片。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其中至少一个中间层材料片具有阳光控制性能。
10.权利要求1-9中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含阳光控制涂层、热反射涂层、低发射率涂层、疏水涂层或亲水涂层中的至少一个。
11.权利要求1-10中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含通过空气间隙与第二玻璃层隔开的第三玻璃层。
12.前述权利要求中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其中悬浮颗粒器件膜的厚度与第一中间层材料层的厚度具有相同数量级。
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JP2009534283A (ja) 2009-09-24
CN101454154A (zh) 2009-06-10
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DE602007004471D1 (de) 2010-03-11
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