CN101454156B - 窗玻璃 - Google Patents

窗玻璃 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101454156B
CN101454156B CN2007800196867A CN200780019686A CN101454156B CN 101454156 B CN101454156 B CN 101454156B CN 2007800196867 A CN2007800196867 A CN 2007800196867A CN 200780019686 A CN200780019686 A CN 200780019686A CN 101454156 B CN101454156 B CN 101454156B
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sheet
laminated glazing
interlayer material
interlayer
intermediate layer
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CN101454156A (zh
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M·R·格里诺尔
A·C·托尔
J·P·沃斯
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Pilkington Group Ltd
Pilkington Automotive Ltd
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Pilkington Group Ltd
Pilkington Automotive Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
    • C03C27/06—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing
    • C03C27/10—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing with the aid of adhesive specially adapted for that purpose
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B32B17/10045—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet
    • B32B17/10055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet with at least one intermediate air space
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10082—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet
    • B32B17/1011—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet having predetermined tint or excitation purity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
    • B32B17/10357—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted comprising a tinted intermediate film
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10504—Liquid crystal layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10532—Suspended particle layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10614—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising particles for purposes other than dyeing
    • B32B17/10633—Infrared radiation absorbing or reflecting agents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10651—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising colorants, e.g. dyes or pigments
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/1313—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells specially adapted for a particular application

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

公开了夹层窗玻璃，其包含两个具有层压在其间的中间层结构的玻璃层。所述中间层结构包含将纳入其中的液晶膜框住的第一中间层材料片。优选地，中间层材料的组分不包含增塑剂或者包含不扩散到液晶膜结构内的增塑剂。另外，中间层材料优选抵抗可移动液晶膜组分的迁移。

Description

窗玻璃
技术领域
本发明涉及制造夹层窗玻璃的方法，特别涉及制造含有功能膜的窗玻璃的方法。
背景技术
在最近几年中，具有若干形式的附加功能性的窗玻璃逐渐变得流行和广受欢迎。典型地，通过在夹层窗玻璃结构内使用至少一层涂覆或着色的玻璃来提供附加功能性，从而提供热反射或紫外反射性能。然而，还可通过在夹层窗玻璃结构内纳入功能器件或膜来提供附加功能性。这些器件或膜可包括发光器件例如LED(发光二极管)、或者可切换膜例如SPD(悬浮颗粒器件)或LCD(液晶)。
LCD膜的一个具体应用是在天窗中，其中需要提供控制进入窗玻璃的光量的方法。例如，在WO02/072408中，LCD膜可在夹层窗玻璃顶部结构中以透明或不透明状态进行使用。在不透明状态中，LCD膜减少光通过顶部透射进入车辆内，并且如果顶部中的玻璃被破坏，可防止该玻璃碎裂。LCD由附着在玻璃内层下侧的液晶膜形成。然后，提供一附加玻璃层来保护液晶膜。
然而，与其提供附加玻璃层来保护LCD膜(这增加了顶部窗玻璃的重量和费用)，倒是优选将LCD膜作为全部或部分中间层纳入在夹层窗玻璃结构内。用于这种构造的中间层典型地是PVB(聚乙烯醇缩丁醛)中间层。为了在中间层内保护LCD膜，膜的边缘优选不伸至玻璃边缘。已知使用“画框”设计，其中使用三个中间层材料层而不是通常一个将LCD膜层压在窗玻璃内。对大约与LCD膜具有相同厚度的中心层进行切割，使得可将膜放置在中间层框内。然后将膜和中间层框放置在另外两个中间层之间，并层压在两个玻璃层之间。
作为层压过程的一部分，可将LCD膜、中间层和玻璃层进行压热(autoc1ave)，并在升高的温度下使其经受压力。然而，当使用PVB中间层时，LCD膜的边缘区域在压热过程中变得受损。图1显示了具有层压在其中的LCD膜2的窗玻璃1的示意性平面图。围绕LCD膜2的边缘出现空缺(clear)边部区域3，该区域甚至处在整个宽度中。该空缺区域的大小随压热温度和持续时间而增加，并且是不可逆转的。图1中的虚线说明了“画框”构造，并且说明了LCD膜2的实际边缘位置。
明显地，从质量控制观点看，LCD膜内边部区域的存在是不可接受的，因为其影响窗玻璃的视觉外观。因此存在对这样的夹层窗玻璃的需求，该夹层窗玻璃使LCD膜能够纳入在夹层窗玻璃内，在窗玻璃制造期间任何时刻(point)使膜劣化的发生最小化或加以防止。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，通过提供包含第一和第二玻璃层的夹层窗玻璃来解决这些问题，所述第一和第二玻璃层具有层压在其间的中间层结构，该中间层结构包含将纳入其中的液晶膜框住的第一中间层材料片，其中中间层材料的组分不包含增塑剂或者包含不迁移到液晶膜内的增塑剂。
优选地，中间层材料还抵抗可移动液晶膜组分迁移到中间层材料内。
本发明还提供包含第一和第二玻璃层的夹层窗玻璃，所述第一和第二玻璃层具有层压在其间的中间层结构，该中间层结构包含将纳入其中的液晶膜框住的第一中间层材料片，其中中间层材料抵抗可移动液晶膜组分迁移到中间层材料内。
优选地，中间层材料组分不包含增塑剂或者包含不迁移到液晶膜内的增塑剂。
已经认识到，增塑剂和其它可移动中间层组分从中间层材料例如PVB到LCD膜中、和LCD膜组分到PVB中间层中的迁移和固溶行为至少部分地是导致含有LCD膜的夹层窗玻璃中所观测到的空缺边部区域的原因。通过提供其中LCD膜与含有很少或不含增塑剂或者含有的增塑剂不迁移到LCD膜中的材料相接触的结构，可减少或甚至消除所观测到的损伤。
优选地，将第一中间层材料片层压在第二和第三中间层材料片之间，分别与第一和第二玻璃层之一接触和同延(co-extensive)，液晶膜与至少一个中间层材料片接触。
优选地，中间层材料组分包含不迁移到液晶膜中的增塑剂。更优选地，可迁移中间层材料组分不包含增塑剂。
第一、第二和第三中间层材料片中的至少一个可以是乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯或者乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物中的一种。
夹层结构可包含第四中间层材料片和阻挡层，该阻挡层在第一和第三中间层材料片之间、或者在第三和第四中间层材料片之间。阻挡层优选是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。第四中间层材料片优选是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。第四中间层材料片可以是有色的和/或具有隔声性。
作为替代，液晶膜可包含有色衬底。
作为替代，夹层窗玻璃还可包含具有热反射阳光控制涂层的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯衬底，以及插在第四中间层材料片和第二玻璃层之间的第五中间层材料片。
至少一个中间层材料片可具有阳光控制性能。
优选地，夹层窗玻璃还可包含阳光控制涂层、热反射涂层、低发射率涂层、疏水涂层或亲水涂层中的至少一个。
夹层窗玻璃可包含通过空气间隙与第二玻璃层隔开的第三玻璃层。
优选地，第一中间层材料片的厚度与液晶膜的厚度具有相同数量级。
附图说明
现仅通过实施例并参考附图对本发明进行描述，其中
图1如上文所提及是具有层压在其中的LCD膜的夹层窗玻璃的示意性平面图；
图2是显示具有层压在其中的LCD膜的夹层窗玻璃结构的示意性横截面；
图3是显示边部区域随时间的进展的图；
图4是显示具有层压在其中的LCD膜的夹层窗玻璃的结构的示意性横截面，其显示了第二画框设计；
图5是具有层压在其中的LCD膜的夹层窗玻璃的示意性平面图，其显示了第二画框设计；
图6是根据本发明的另外的夹层窗玻璃的示意性横截面图；
图7是根据本发明的另外的夹层窗玻璃的示意性横截面图；和
图8是根据本发明的包括LCD膜的双窗玻璃结构的示意性横截面图。
具体实施方式
已认识到，存在两种影响夹层窗玻璃中液晶(LCD)膜内空缺边缘区域的形成的机理。通过确定这些机理，有可能开发出其中LCD膜内空缺边部区域的存在被最小化的夹层窗玻璃。PVB中间层材料通常含有大量增塑剂，该增塑剂决定中间层的刚性和柔韧性，以及影响机械强度和附着性能。下述两种机理受PVB中间层内增塑剂的行为影响。
可形成空缺区域所依据的第一机理是液晶分子从LCD膜迁移出并迁移到周围的中间层区域中。如果液晶分子在提高的温度下是可移动的，则它们可从膜中扩散出，进入到中间层材料的聚合物基质中。当液晶分子在中间层聚合物材料中的渗透性足够高时，这种作用是显著的。中间层内一定类型增塑剂的存在可以有助于使液晶分子溶剂化，从而提高从液晶膜中扩散出的速率。其它中间层材料组分例如用于UV(紫外光)抗性的添加剂也可迁移到LCD膜中。
可形成空缺区域所依据的第二机理是增塑剂从PVB中间层内迁移到LCD膜中。如果增塑剂渗入膜的边缘，则其扩散进入到LCD基质中。一旦进入LCD基质内的扩散发生，液晶分子从LCD膜扩散出和扩散进入PVB中间层的聚合物基质中的速率可增加。
因此中间层材料内增塑剂的存在是LCD膜内产生空缺边部区域的重要因素。通过使用低增塑剂含量或不含增塑剂的中间层材料，或者通过使用不扩散到膜内的增塑剂，空缺边部区域的尺寸可得以减小或甚至得以消除，这取决于其它中间层组分的作用。合适的中间层材料包括但不限于EVA(乙烯醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)、PU(聚氨酯)、PC(聚碳酸酯)和乙烯/甲基丙烯酸的共聚物。如果使用含有很少增塑剂的中间层，则其中含有的增塑剂的量优选比标准汽车用的PVB小。
为了对不含增塑剂的中间层材料与含有增塑剂的PVB中间层的作用进行对比，制备两组样品，一组具有PVB中间层结构，一组具有EVA中间层结构。所使用的PVB中间层是得自Sekisui Chemical Co.Ltd的RZN-12中间层，所使用的EVA中间层是同样得自Sekisui ChemicalCo.Ltd的EN中间层。图2是显示具有层压在其中的LCD膜的窗玻璃结构的示意性横截面。窗玻璃2具有层压在中间层结构6内的LCD膜2，所述中间层结构6本身层压在两个玻璃层7a、7b之间。层压结构6包含三个中间层材料层8a、8b、8c。第一中间层8a具有中心区域切去部分，LCD膜位于该切去部分中，使得第一中间层8a形成“画框”。优选地，LCD膜2的厚度与第三中间层8a具有相同的数量级。第一中间层8a夹在与玻璃层7a、7b同延的第二和第三中间层8a、8b之间。
以下面方式制备样品。首先，制备连接器。样品中使用的LCD膜是聚合物分散LCD膜。合适的LCD膜以UMU商标名得自NSG Group，Sumitomo Fudosan Mta Twin Building，West Wing，5-27，Mita3-Chome，Minato-ku，Tokyo，108-6321 Japan。每个膜在一个边缘上随同供有两个预施加的母线连接器。通过焊接将电连接器连接至所述预施加的母线，从而使电能能够供给膜。
其次，一旦完成焊接，搁置样品用于层压。将三个中间层材料片(对于PVB中间层分别为0.76mm、0.38mm和0.76mm厚，对于EVA中间层分别为0.40mm、0.40mm和0.40mm)放置在两个待用于形成样品的玻璃层之间，并修整至玻璃层的外部尺寸。然后使用LCD膜作为模板在0.38mm/0.40mm厚的中间层材料片中作出孔标记，并且切出比该标记大约1-2mm的孔，这形成其中放置有LCD膜的“画框”。然后将中间层材料片和LCD膜搁置在玻璃上以产生图2中所示的结构。
第三，将样品进行层压。将每个样品真空袋装并在105℃的烘箱中于1巴下放置40分钟。一旦层压周期结束，然后将两个样品均在升高的温度于大气压下加热各种时间段，以便确定在极端条件下出现空缺边部区域的程度。一旦完成该加热，对样品进行目视检查。下表1显示了对于各组样品所观测到的空缺边部区域的宽度：
 
时间/温度周期 EVA边部宽度 PVB边部宽镀
90℃/700小时 1mm 6mm
120℃/400小时 1-2mm 6-10mm
表1：所观测到的空缺边部区域宽度
发现EVA样品中的空缺边部区域实际上变化小，尽管其在加热周期中出现得早，而PVB边部宽度随提高的温度而增加。然而EVA材料中的边部似乎由扩散到EVA材料内的LCD材料形成，这与扩散到LCD膜内的可移动增塑剂组分形成对比。然而，这些结果表示上文讨论的机理可能在其形成中占主导，尽管所述机理并不是出现空缺边部区域的全部原因。
为了确定边部区域在较长时间尺度中如何表现，制造包含PVB和EVA中间层的另外样品并在600小时的范围测量边宽。按上文所述制造包含PVB中间层的样品，而使用得自Bridgestone Corporation的EVA-SAFE中间层制造包含EVA中间层的样品，并在125℃于1巴下压热2小时。
图3是显示对于在90℃环境湿度下保存的样品边部区域随时间进展的曲线图。PVB样品显示在层压后即刻出现边部区域，而在EVA样品中在10小时后仅看到小的边部。在两种情形中，边部生长的速率都随时间降低，EVA边部区域的大小在300小时后实际上变化小。然而，PVB样品中边部区域的大小甚至在500小时后仍持续增加，并且几乎显示不出减弱迹象。
因此，优选地，所选中间层材料应具有不包含增塑剂或包含不扩散到液晶膜内的增塑剂的组分。替代地或另外地，中间层材料还应抵抗可移动液晶膜组分迁移到中间层材料中。
当使用根据本发明的窗玻璃作为汽车窗玻璃时，例如天窗、侧窗或后窗时，希望能够控制该窗玻璃的颜色。可以控制所述窗玻璃颜色的一种方法是使用至少一个着色玻璃层，该玻璃层例如在2.1mm下使用CIE光源A测量时具有小于87％的LT(透光率)。特别地，可以使用可得自Pilkington Group Limited的作为GALAXSEETM和SUNDYMTM而被知晓的那些玻璃。优选地，可在层压之前将玻璃层进行退火或半钢化。
当使用至少一个透明层(使用CIR光源A测得具有大于88％的LT)时，备选方法将在其中放置有LCD膜的夹层结构内纳入至少一个着色中间层材料层例如PVB。然而，如上文所讨论的，PVB内的任何增塑剂可影响LCD膜的结构和外观。为对此加以防止，需要排除LCD膜边缘和PVB中间层之间的任何接触。这可用许多方式来完成，例如通过使用有色的EVA中间层。作为替代，可向形成LCD膜5衬底的PET中间层添加颜色(例如用染料)。所使用的颜料的量从较低水平着色(以隐藏LCD膜5在不使用时的任何灰白色)到重度着色(以给窗玻璃提供一些热和/或光学控制)不等。
作为替代，可通过第二“画框”结构纳入有色PVB中间层。图4是具有第二“画框”结构的窗玻璃9的结构的示意性横截面。中间层结构10层压在两个玻璃层11a、11b之间。中间层结构10包含四个层：由有色PVB形成的上层12a，其与上玻璃层11a同延，由不含增塑剂或含有低增塑剂的材料例如PET形成的第二画框层12b，包含LCD膜5的第一画框层12c，和由不含增塑剂或含有低增塑剂的材料形成且与下玻璃层11b同延的下层11d。第二画框层12b防止LCD膜5的边缘与有色PVB中间层发生接触，因此防止LCD膜5的劣化。有色PVB中间层12a可在中心区域与LCD膜5接触，以确保中间层结构10内的附着。
图5是具有包含LCD膜5的第一画框层12c(由虚线表示)的窗玻璃的示意性平面图，其显示了与第一画框层12c重叠的第二画框层12b。提供母线13a、13b和电连接器14a、14b以使样品连接到电源。
对于有待作为车辆中的一部分例如作为天窗的窗玻璃，LCD膜和车辆配线之间的母线和电连接器可以被阴暗带隐藏。该带是围绕上玻璃层边缘的烧制的黑色瓷墨带，其起到覆盖将窗玻璃装在车辆内的粘合剂和覆盖电连接件的作用。所述带的用途是双重的，首先是审美上的，其次防止粘合剂或其它组分受到紫外照射的损伤。该阴暗带还隐藏LCD膜的边缘。
当在窗玻璃结构中使用有色EVA中间层材料时，或者在LCD膜的制造中使用有色PET衬底时，可以使用具有隔声性能的透明PVB中间材料。作为替代，可以使用有色隔声PVB中间层材料。
图6是包含层压在两个玻璃层17a、17b之间的五层中间层结构16的窗玻璃15的示意性横截面图。优选地，上玻璃层17a是透明的，并且在其内表面提供有热反射阳光控制涂层。下玻璃层17b可以是透明或着色的。中间层结构16包含第一中间层18、具有纳入其中的LCD膜20的第二中间层19，第三中间层21，PET衬底22，和第四中间层23。优选地，如上文所讨论的，第一中间层18、第二中间层19和第三中间层21由EVA或其它合适的中间层材料形成。第四中间层优选是着色的PVB中间层。另外，PVB中间层可以具有隔声或阳光控制/热控制性能。通过使用五层中间层结构，在LCD膜19和PVB中间层之间提供了阻挡层，从而排除由中间层组分迁移引起的任何问题。
作为使用涂覆玻璃来提供阳光控制的替代方案，可能需要使用提供一定程度阳光控制的中间层材料。例如，已知诸如颜料或者包括LaB6或ITO(铟锡氧化物)的纳米颗粒系统的添加剂与PVB中间层一起使用，并且可用于本发明夹层窗玻璃结构内的EVA中间层。
然而，与其使用阳光控制中间层或者在玻璃层之一上提供涂层，倒可能希望在夹层窗玻璃中的中间层结构内所包括的PET衬底上纳入阳光反射性的、特别是双层的银涂层。图7是根据本发明的另外的夹层窗玻璃的示意性横截面图，并且显示了包含层压在两个玻璃层26a、26b之间的七层中间层结构25的窗玻璃24。优选地，上玻璃层26a是透明的，尽管下玻璃层26b可以是透明或着色的。中间层结构25包含第一中间层27、具有纳入其中的LCD膜29的第二中间层28，第三中间层30，第一PET衬底31，第四中间层32，具有双银层阳光控制涂层的第二PET衬底33，和第五中间层34。优选地，第四中间层32是着色的PVB中间层，以及第五中间层34是透明PVB或其它合适的中间层材料。通过使用涂覆PET衬底来提供阳光防护和着色的PVB中间层，有可能产生颜色控制窗玻璃而不需要使用重度着色的玻璃。
特别优选的窗玻璃构造仅使用EVA中间层。这些中间层可以与玻璃层上的涂层结合，或者与涂覆的PET衬底结合，以提供合适的阳光控制。
优选地，当使用着色中间层材料时，其对于着色玻璃例如得自Pilkington Group Limited的GALAXSEETM或SUNDYMTM或者蓝色、灰色或绿色玻璃是颜色匹配的。
与用作天窗时的这种窗玻璃结构一起使用的合适功能涂层包括低发射率涂层、导电涂层和阳光控制涂层。低发射率涂层是在施加到透明的3mm厚浮法玻璃时产生具有0.05-0.45范围发射率的涂覆玻璃的涂层，实际值根据EN 12898(欧洲平板玻璃制造商协会公布的标准)测得。硬涂层通常具有0.15-0.2的发射率，而离线涂层(off-line)通常具有0.05-0.1的发射率。作为对比，未涂覆的3mm厚浮法玻璃具有0.89的发射率。
硬的(或热解的)低发射率涂层可包含金属氧化物、优选透明导电氧化物的单层。金属氧化物层中可存在金属例如锡、锌、铟、钨和钼的氧化物。典型地，该涂层包含另外的掺杂剂例如氟、氯、锑、锡、铝、钽、铌、铟或镓，例如可以使用掺氟氧化锡或掺锡氧化铟。这些涂层通常提供有下层例如硅或氧氮化硅。所述下层充当阻挡层，以控制碱金属离子从玻璃迁移和/或抑制由低发射率层的厚度变化引起的彩虹反射色。
离线的(通常是溅射的)低发射率涂层典型地包含多层涂层叠层，通常包括至少一个金属层或导电金属化合物层，和电介质层。银、金、铜、镍或铬可用作金属层，而氧化铟、氧化锑等可用作导电化合物。典型的多层叠层包含一个或两个沉积在电介质(例如硅、铝、钛、钒、锡或锌的氧化物)层之间的银层。这些涂层的单独层典型地具有数十纳米的厚度。取决于所使用的中间层和所需热性能的组合，可以在夹层窗玻璃结构中的上下玻璃层的任一表面上提供低发射率涂层。
典型的阳光控制涂层包含银层或氧化锡层，并且控制通过涂覆玻璃吸收的热量。阳光控制和低发射率的涂层还可以是导电的，且因此不仅给玻璃提供发射率和热透射方面的功能性，而且可形成用于安装导电器件例如LED、传感器和照相机的导电衬底。
还可使用热反射性阳光控制涂层例如两层银涂层。典型地，这些涂层反射的阳光热量根据ISO9050：E(2003)、空气质量1.5测得大于23％。金属热反射性涂层还可以是导电的，并且如果外层玻璃是透明的则特别有效。这些涂层典型地提供在外层透明玻璃的内侧上。
作为替代，可将LCD膜纳入双窗玻璃结构中。图8是包括LCD的双窗玻璃结构35的示意性侧视图。双窗玻璃结构35包含任何上述夹层窗玻璃结构，在图8中通常用参考数字36表示的该夹层窗玻璃结构与另外的上玻璃层37组合并且通过空气间隙38与所述窗玻璃结构隔开。另外的上玻璃层37是钢化的并且优选是着色的，例如是暗色彩的，如可从Pilkington Group Limited得到的以GALAXSEETM出售的那种。
使用包括热反射性涂层(在玻璃层上或者在单独的中间层上)的结构或包括空气间隙的双窗玻璃结构的优点是可减少LCD膜吸收的热量。因为增塑剂和其它中间层材料组分的迁移是扩散过程，任何LCD膜吸收的额外热可增加空缺边部区域的尺寸。这对于将在车辆中用作天窗的窗玻璃是一个特殊的问题，其中LCD膜可在原位变得受损。
因此本发明提供可切换以改变通过窗玻璃进入到车辆中的光量的窗玻璃。此外，当LCD处于不透光状态时可将图像投影到窗玻璃上。
在所附权利要求书范围内的本发明的另外实施方案对于本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的。

Claims (22)

1.夹层窗玻璃，其包含第一和第二玻璃层，所述第一和第二玻璃层具有层压在其间的中间层结构，该中间层结构包含将纳入其中的液晶膜框住的第一中间层材料片，其中中间层材料的组分不包含增塑剂或者包含不迁移到液晶膜内的增塑剂。
2.权利要求1的夹层窗玻璃，其中中间层材料还抵抗可移动液晶膜组分迁移到中间层材料内。
3.夹层窗玻璃，其包含第一和第二玻璃层，所述第一和第二玻璃层具有层压在其间的中间层结构，该中间层结构包含将纳入其中的液晶膜框住的第一中间层材料片，其中中间层材料抵抗可移动液晶膜组分迁移到中间层材料内。
4.权利要求3的夹层窗玻璃，其中中间层材料的组分不包含增塑剂或者包含不迁移到液晶膜内的增塑剂。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其中第一中间层材料片层压在第二和第三中间层材料片之间，所述第二和第三中间层材料片分别与第一和第二玻璃层之一接触和同延，液晶膜与至少一个中间层材料片接触。
6.权利要求5的夹层窗玻璃，其中第一、第二和第三中间层材料片中的至少一个是乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯或者乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物中的一种。
7.权利要求5的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含第四中间层材料片和阻挡层，该阻挡层在第一和第三中间层材料片之间、或者在第三和第四中间层材料片之间。
8.权利要求6的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含第四中间层材料片和阻挡层，该阻挡层在第一和第三中间层材料片之间、或者在第三和第四中间层材料片之间。
9.权利要求7的夹层窗玻璃，其中阻挡层是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
10.权利要求8的夹层窗玻璃，其中阻挡层是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
11.权利要求7的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。
12.权利要求8的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。
13.权利要求9的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。
14.权利要求10的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。
15.权利要求7的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是有色的和/或具有隔声性能。
16.权利要求8的夹层窗玻璃，其中第四中间层材料片是有色的和/或具有隔声性能。
17.权利要求1-4中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其中液晶膜包含有色衬底。
18.权利要求1-4中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯衬底，该衬底具有插在第四中间层材料片和第二玻璃层之间的热反射阳光控制涂层和第五中间层材料片。
19.权利要求1-4中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其中至少一个中间层材料片具有阳光控制性能
20.权利要求1-4中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含阳光控制涂层、热反射涂层、低发射率涂层、疏水涂层或亲水涂层中的至少一个。
21.权利要求1-4中任一项的夹层窗玻璃，其还包含通过空气间隙与第二玻璃层隔开的第三玻璃层。
22.权利要求5的夹层窗玻璃，其中第一中间层材料片的厚度与液晶膜的厚度具有相同数量级。
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