CN101426375B - 去糖牛奶的制备方法 - Google Patents

去糖牛奶的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN101426375B
CN101426375B CN2007800020906A CN200780002090A CN101426375B CN 101426375 B CN101426375 B CN 101426375B CN 2007800020906 A CN2007800020906 A CN 2007800020906A CN 200780002090 A CN200780002090 A CN 200780002090A CN 101426375 B CN101426375 B CN 101426375B
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颜贻谦
王海霞
曹美英
颜贻谋
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Jiangsu Xiangniu Food Technology Co ltd
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract

一种去乳糖牛奶的制备方法。是以牛乳为原料,脱脂或不经脱脂、凝乳、沉淀、超滤、重溶、混合和复原等步骤制成的去乳糖牛乳制品。该去乳糖牛乳可制成液态奶或固体奶粉,也可与普通牛奶混合,制成低乳糖液态奶或低乳糖奶粉。

Description

去糖牛奶的制备方法 
技术领域
本发明涉及一种牛乳的加工方法,具体地说是一种以牛乳为原料,制成无乳糖牛乳制品或低乳糖牛乳制品的加工方法。此无乳糖牛乳制品或低乳糖牛乳制品可以是无乳糖或低乳糖液态奶以及无乳糖或低乳糖固体奶粉。 
背景技术
乳糖是哺乳动物乳汁中一种特有的双糖,也是牛奶中最主要的碳水化合物(占总糖的99.8%以上)。正常新鲜牛乳乳糖的含量为4.8%~5.2%,约占牛乳非脂乳固体的52%,乳清固体的70%。医学百科全书(Medical Encyclopedia,A service of the U.S national library ofmedicine and the national institutes of health.)记载:乳糖进入消化道需经小肠内足量乳糖酶的分解、消化和吸收,否则易发生腹胀、腹疼、腹泻等消化道症状,医学上称之乳糖不耐受症状(Lactoseintolerance)。乳糖不耐症多发生在亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲地区人群。由于乳糖主要存在于乳制品中,为避免乳糖不耐症,人们通常会改变饮食方式,不食或少食牛奶或牛奶制品。然而在世界胃肠病学杂志(World journal of gastorenterolgy 2006,Vol 12,No.2,p187-191)中报道,如果因此放弃牛乳或牛奶制品将可能导致饮食结构缺失,机体营养失衡。为解决饮用牛乳的乳糖不耐现象,在USP6881428、USP20050170044和European Food Tech Award to Valio lactose free milk technology 2006/5/4都记载,现有的牛乳加工中,采用了在牛乳中添加乳糖酶,先将乳糖分解的降乳糖方法来改善饮用牛奶产生的不适症状。然而,此法却产生了相同摩尔浓度的葡萄糖和半乳糖,制品总糖的含量并不降低。长期或大量服用,也不利稳定糖尿病患者的血糖。去除牛乳中的乳糖,降低牛乳总糖含量,对保障消费者健康有着十分积极的意义。目前,国内外对去除牛乳乳糖的方法也有报道,美国专利报道对牛乳采用凝乳酶结合发酵的制造方法生产可口的奶酪,此种奶酪既有营养又低乳糖,但是失去了宝贵的乳清营养成分(U.S.P.5429829)。USP20050214409记载采用膜分离和柱层析的方法可直接去除牛乳中的乳糖,但该方法生产效率较低,较难实现工业化生产。 
发明概述 
本发明提供了一种有效去除牛乳中乳糖的方法。该方法对牛乳液先作脱脂处理,分别获得低脂牛乳液和牛乳脂肪;对低脂牛乳液边搅拌边加入凝乳剂和钙盐,形成凝乳状态;对凝乳加热,搅拌切割,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液;凝乳颗粒以溶乳剂溶解,形成乳重溶液;将上清液进行膜分离去除乳糖,得到去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉;然后将乳重溶液与去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉混合溶解,并加入或不加入原牛乳脂肪,再加入乳化剂进行乳化反应,得到无乳糖牛乳液;或者再对无乳糖牛乳液进行均质、消毒得液态奶或干燥制成无乳糖奶粉。如果不作脱脂处理,采用对牛乳液直接进行凝乳、溶乳剂溶解形成乳重溶液、上清液进行膜分离去除乳糖、复原等步骤可以获得低乳 糖液态奶或低乳糖奶粉。 
本发明的关键技术是对凝乳颗粒用溶乳剂溶解成乳重溶液,再与去乳糖上清液复配成去乳糖液态奶或去乳糖固体奶粉。本发明的方法还适用于以羊奶作为原料,制备去乳糖羊液态奶或去乳糖羊奶粉。 
发明目的 
本发明的一个目的是提供一种有效去除牛乳中乳糖的方法。具体的说以牛乳为原料,经或不经脱脂、沉淀、超滤、重溶、混合和复原等步骤制成的去乳糖牛乳制品,此去乳糖牛乳可制成无乳糖液态奶、无乳糖固体奶粉、低乳糖液态奶或低乳糖固体奶粉。本发明的另外一个目的是提供上述相同方法,以适用于以羊奶作为原料,制备无乳糖羊液态奶或低乳糖羊液态奶以及无乳糖羊奶粉或低乳糖羊奶粉。 
发明内容
根据发明人近年对牛乳和乳糖的研究结果: 
1、采用一定的凝乳法可引起牛乳结构改变,发生凝聚,使脂肪、蛋白、维生素、矿物质等聚集于凝乳中。若事先对牛乳脱脂可增加牛乳的凝聚密度,进一步减少乳糖在凝乳颗粒中的残留量。由于乳糖主要集中于乳清中,呈水溶性,分子量较小,在此基础上,再应用膜技术处理乳清液可成倍提高对牛乳乳糖的分离效果。 
2、以往人们采用酶凝乳剂对牛乳进行凝乳加工,其主要产物是奶酪或干酪素,与原奶性状、口感、组分大相径庭。采用本发明的溶 乳剂、乳化剂和均质组合方案可以使酶法凝乳重溶复原,从而得到凝乳乳重溶液。 
3、将上述1、2中的去乳糖乳清液和凝乳乳重溶液相混合,便获得除乳糖之外的牛乳液,其牛乳性质和稳定性和原乳基本相同。 
4、本发明表明,原肠道乳糖酶低下者和糖尿病患者饮用本发明的无乳糖牛乳制品后,不发生乳糖不耐受症状和血糖异常反应。 
中华人民共和国国家标准GB 13432-2004预包装特殊膳食用食品标签通则规定制品中糖(指所有的单糖和双糖)含量≤0.5%的为无糖产品。通常当牛乳制品中的乳糖减少20%~50%,可基本消除人群饮用牛奶的乳糖不耐现象,为此,本发明所述的低乳糖液态奶中乳糖含量为≤2.5%(减糖50%),低乳糖全脂奶粉中乳糖含量为≤20%(减糖50%)。 
因此,本发明的技术解决构思是: 
先将牛乳脱脂,加入食用级凝乳剂使乳汁脂肪、蛋白,矿物质沉淀与乳清液相分离。收集沉淀物以溶乳剂重溶。收集的乳清液以膜分离法去除其中的乳糖,然后将脂肪、去乳糖的乳清液与重溶液相混。此相混的去乳糖乳液经均质处理和灭菌后制成无乳糖液态奶或干燥制成无乳糖奶粉,或是将它们与正常牛乳相混制成低乳糖乳制品。 
本发明的去乳糖牛乳制品的制作方法包括通过下述四种步骤获得:步骤A(1)~(6)获得无乳糖牛乳液、A(1)~(7)步骤获得无乳糖液态奶、可以进一步干燥制成无乳糖奶粉或低乳糖液态奶、干燥制成低乳糖奶粉。步骤B(1)~(5)获得低乳糖牛乳液;或步骤B (1)~(6)获得低乳糖液态奶或干燥制成低乳糖奶粉: 
A. 
(1)对牛乳液先作脱脂处理,分别得含脂肪0.2~2.0%的低脂牛乳液和牛乳脂肪; 
(2)对A(1)的低脂牛乳液加热,边搅拌边加入凝乳剂和钙盐液,使之形成凝乳状态; 
(3)对凝乳加热,并作搅拌切割,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液,经分离,分别收集得到凝乳颗粒和上清液; 
(4)凝乳颗粒以溶乳剂溶解,形成乳重溶液,乳重溶液的pH值控制在6.6~7.0; 
(5)将A(3)得到的上清液,以膜分离技术去除乳糖,得到去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉; 
(6)将A(4)的乳重溶液与A(5)的去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉混合溶解,并加入或不加入A(1)牛乳脂肪以及再添加乳化剂进行剪切乳化反应,得到无乳糖牛乳液; 
(7)对A(6)无乳糖牛乳液进行均质、消毒得无乳糖液态奶、干燥制成无乳糖奶粉;或对A(6)无乳糖牛乳液与普通牛乳液相混合进行均质、消毒得低乳糖液态奶、干燥制成低乳糖奶粉。 
B.
(1)对牛乳液加热,边搅拌边加入凝乳剂和钙盐液,使之形成凝乳状态; 
(2)对凝乳加热,并作搅拌切割,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液,经分离,分别收集得到凝乳颗粒和上清液; 
(3)凝乳颗粒以溶乳剂溶解,形成乳重溶液,乳重溶液的pH值控制在6.6~7.0; 
(4)将B(2)得到的上清液,以膜分离技术去除乳糖,得到去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉; 
(5)将B(3)的乳重溶液与B(4)的去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉混合溶解,并加入乳化剂进行剪切乳化反应,得到低乳糖牛乳液; 
(6)对低乳糖牛乳液进行均质、消毒得低乳糖液态奶或干燥制成低乳糖奶粉。 
本发明的无乳糖牛乳制品包括无乳糖液态奶、无乳糖奶粉。低乳糖牛乳制品包括低乳糖液态奶、低乳糖奶粉。 
本发明中所述的牛乳液是指将新鲜牛乳或食品级奶粉以饮用水溶解制取; 
本发明中所述的凝乳剂包括凝乳酶、酸制剂或凝乳酶和酸制剂的合剂。凝乳酶包括动物性凝乳酶、植物性凝乳酶和微生物性凝乳酶。其中的动物性凝乳酶指牛犊或羊犊的皱胃酶,植物性凝乳酶指番木瓜凝乳酶,微生物凝乳酶指毛霉凝乳酶。所述的酸制剂是盐酸,乳酸,柠檬酸或二氧化碳气体。 
本发明中所述的溶乳剂包括碳酸盐一柠檬酸制剂缓冲液、柠檬酸盐一柠檬酸缓冲液或磷酸盐液缓冲液,所述的磷酸盐液缓冲液可以是磷酸氢二钾-磷酸二氢钾的缓冲液;所述的乳重溶液盐浓度控制在0.005~0.03M;乳重溶液pH值控制在6.6~7.0。 
本发明中所述的乳化剂包括蔗糖酯和卵磷脂。 
本发明中所述的乳化反应,其剪切乳化条件为转速1000~4000rpm,25~60℃下反应10~60min。 
本发明中所述的膜分离技术包括超滤和纳滤,超滤和纳滤的型号均以膜材质和截留分子量表示。超滤的膜型规格:材质为聚醚砜或陶瓷,膜的截留分子量为5000-20000;纳滤的膜型规格GS-NF-48:材质为复合膜或陶瓷膜,纳滤膜的截留分子量为100-350。 
本发明还可以另外包括一种低乳糖液态奶的制作方法,是将无乳糖液态奶或无乳糖奶粉与普通牛奶按比例相配制成低乳糖奶,再经均质和灭菌制成; 
本发明的一种低乳糖奶粉的制作方法,是先将无乳糖液态奶或无乳糖奶粉与普通牛奶按比例相配制成低乳糖奶,再经均质和灭菌,最后进行干燥制成。 
本发明中所述的无乳糖或低乳糖的牛奶制备方法也适用无糖和低糖羊奶制品的制作。 
本发明的优点是: 
1、先以凝乳法将凝乳沉淀出来,可提高膜法去除乳清中乳糖的效率,降低生产成本; 
2、凝乳与去乳糖乳清和脂肪重组可保留原乳除乳糖外绝大部分营养物质; 
3、本法生产的去乳糖牛乳制品,不仅乳糖减少,总糖含量也降低,同时保持了原乳风味、口感。 
4、本品还可与其它产品组合,进一步制作其它无或低糖健 康食品。 
具体实施方式
下面通过对本发明的具体实施例的详细描述进一步说明本发明,但实施例并不意味着对本发明的限制。 
实施例1 
取健康母牛分泌的乳汁100公斤,离心脱脂后,加热61℃,30分钟消毒。降温至41℃后边搅拌消毒乳液,边缓慢均匀加入10%CaCl2 100ml和0.2%牛犊皱胃凝乳酶液1000ml于乳液中。静置保持45分钟。凝乳反应结束后,乳液迅速升温至45℃,以搅拌粉碎凝乳,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液。上清液过滤倾出后再加入100公斤45℃清水,继续搅拌,再次将上清液过滤倾出。收集洗涤后的凝乳颗粒,以终浓度0.01mol柠檬酸钾-柠檬酸缓冲液搅拌溶解,形成pH 6.7的乳重溶液。收集后的上清液以超滤和纳滤膜过滤处理去除乳糖,得含矿物质和维生素的去乳糖乳清液。将乳重溶液与去乳糖乳清液和脂肪混合,加热60℃,20MPa均质,然后灭菌,制成无乳糖液态奶。经检测,此去乳糖液态奶的乳糖含量≤0.5%,总糖≤0.5%,脂肪≥3.0%,蛋白质≥2.9%。或进一步使之烘干成粉末,制成无乳糖奶粉,经检测,此去乳糖奶粉其含量:乳糖≤5%,总糖≤5%,蛋白质≥30%。 
实施例2 
取食品级脱脂乳粉(脂肪含量≤2.0%)10公斤,以90公斤水溶解成复原乳。对复原乳液边搅拌,边缓慢同时加入10%乳酸钙3000ml, 和0.2%番木瓜凝乳酶液1000ml于乳液中,升温达39℃,保温20分钟。凝乳反应结束后,乳液迅速加温至55℃,以搅拌粉碎凝乳,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液。将上清液倾出后再加入100公斤45℃清水,继续搅拌,再次将上清液倾出。过滤收集洗涤后的凝乳颗粒,以终浓度0.01mol碳酸钾-柠檬酸复合缓冲液和0.2%蔗糖酯搅拌溶解和乳化,形成pH为7.0的乳重溶液。收集后的上清液以超滤和纳滤膜过滤处理去除乳糖,截留液为含矿物质的去乳糖乳清液。将乳重溶液与去乳糖乳清液混合均质,加热灭菌,制成无糖液态奶。经检测,此无乳糖液态奶的乳糖含量≤0.5%,总糖≤0.5%,脂肪≤1.5%,蛋白质≥2.9%。 
实施例3 
取健康母牛分泌的乳汁100公斤,离心脱脂后,乳液边搅拌,边缓慢加入CaCl2 1000ml,接着将2N盐酸液缓慢均匀加入乳液中,同时加温达41℃,使乳液pH降至5.0静置保持45分钟。凝乳反应结束后,以搅拌粉碎凝乳,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液。将上清液倾出后再加入100公斤清水,继续搅拌,再次将上清液倾出。重复以上步骤直至上清液pH为6.5。收集洗涤后的凝乳颗粒,以磷酸氢二钾--磷酸二氢钾缓冲液搅拌溶解,形成pH 6.8乳重溶液。收集后的上清液以膜过滤处理去除乳糖,截留液为含矿物质的去乳糖乳清液。将乳重溶液与去乳糖乳清液混合得80公斤的无乳糖奶,再与80公斤普通新鲜牛乳相混,经均质,加热灭菌,制成低糖液态奶。经检测,此低乳糖液态奶的乳糖含量≤2.5%,总糖≤2.5%,脂肪≥1.5%,蛋白质≥2.9%。 
实施例4 
取食品级脱脂乳粉(脂肪含量≤2.0%)10公斤,以90公斤水溶解成低脂乳液。经乳酸制剂凝乳、柠檬酸缓冲液溶解,形成乳重溶液。将1公斤去糖高蛋白乳清粉、1公斤牛乳脂肪和0.02公斤卵磷脂加入乳重溶液中混合均质,加热灭菌,制成无糖液态奶。经检测,此无乳糖液态奶的含量:乳糖≤0.5%,总糖≤0.5%,脂肪≥1.5%,蛋白质≥2.9%。 
实施例5 
取健康母牛分泌的乳汁100公斤,乳液边搅拌,边缓慢加入10%CaCl2 100ml,0.2%毛霉凝乳酶液1000ml和1N盐酸液缓慢均匀加入乳液中,同时加温达39℃,使乳液pH降至6.5静置保持45分钟。凝乳反应结束后,以搅拌粉碎凝乳,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液。将上清液倾出后再加入100公斤清水,继续搅拌,再次将上清液倾出。收集洗涤后的凝乳颗粒,以柠檬酸钠-柠檬酸缓冲液搅拌溶解,形成pH为6.8的乳重溶液。收集后的上清液以膜过滤处理去除乳糖,截留液为含矿物质的去乳糖乳清液。将乳重溶液与去乳糖乳清液混合得80公斤的去乳糖奶,经均质,加热灭菌,制成低糖液态奶。经检测,此低乳糖液态奶的乳糖含量≤2.5%,总糖≤2.5%,脂肪≥3%,蛋白质≥2.9%。 
实施例6 
取羊乳汁1公斤,经无花果蛋白凝乳酶、CaCl2凝乳,分别得凝乳和上清液。凝乳以pH7.0柠檬酸缓冲液溶解,形成乳重溶液。上清 液以膜过滤方式去除乳糖。将乳重溶液与去乳糖上清液均质混合,得无糖羊奶。经检测,此无乳糖羊奶的含量:乳糖≤0.5%,总糖≤0.5%,脂肪≥1.5%,蛋白质≥2.9%。 

Claims (12)

1.一种去乳糖牛乳制品的制作方法,其特征是所述的去乳糖牛乳制品是通过下述A(1)~(6)、A(1)~(7)、B(1)~(5)或B(1)~(6)四种步骤获得:
A.
(1)对牛乳液先作脱脂处理,分别得低脂牛乳液和牛乳脂肪;
(2)对A(1)的低脂牛乳液加热,边搅拌边加入凝乳剂和钙盐液,使之形成凝乳状态;
(3)对凝乳加热,并作搅拌切割,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液,经分离,分别收集得到凝乳颗粒和上清液;
(4)凝乳颗粒以溶乳剂溶解,形成乳重溶液,乳重溶液的pH值控制在6.6~7.0;
(5)将A(3)得到的上清液,以膜分离技术去除乳糖,得到去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉;
(6)将A(4)的乳重溶液与A(5)的去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉混合溶解,并加入或不加入A(1)牛乳脂肪以及再添加乳化剂进行剪切乳化反应,得到无乳糖牛乳液;
(7)对A(6)无乳糖牛乳液进行均质、消毒得无乳糖液态奶、干燥制成无乳糖奶粉;或将A(6)无乳糖牛乳液与普通牛乳液相混合后进行均质、消毒得低乳糖液态奶、干燥制成低乳糖奶粉;
B.
(1)对牛乳液加热,边搅拌边加入凝乳剂和钙盐液,使之形成凝 乳状态;
(2)对凝乳加热,并作搅拌切割,形成凝乳颗粒和上清液,经分离,分别收集得到凝乳颗粒和上清液;
(3)凝乳颗粒以溶乳剂溶解,形成乳重溶液,乳重溶液的pH值控制在6.6~7.0;
(4)将B(2)得到的上清液,以膜分离技术去除乳糖,得到去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉;
(5)将B(3)的乳重溶液与B(4)的去乳糖乳清液或去乳糖乳清粉混合溶解,并加入乳化剂进行剪切乳化反应,得到低乳糖牛乳液;
(6)对低乳糖牛乳液进行均质、消毒得低乳糖液态奶或干燥制成低乳糖奶粉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征是所述步骤A(1)中的牛乳液是指新鲜牛乳或食品级奶粉以饮用水溶解制取。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征为所述步骤A(1)中低脂牛乳液的脂肪含量在0.2~2.0%之间。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征是所述步骤A(2)或B(1)中的凝乳剂是凝乳酶、酸制剂或凝乳酶和酸制剂的合剂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征为所述步骤A(2)或B(1)中的钙盐包括氯化钙或柠檬酸钙或乳酸钙。
6.根据权利要求4所述的制作方法,其特征是所述的凝乳酶是动物性凝乳酶或植物性凝乳酶或微生物凝乳酶;其中的动物性凝乳酶指牛犊或羊犊的皱胃酶,植物性凝乳酶指番木瓜凝乳酶,微生物凝乳酶是毛霉凝乳酶;所述的酸制剂是盐酸、乳酸、柠檬酸或二氧化碳气体。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征是所述步骤A(5)或B(4)中的膜分离技术指采用截留分子量为5000~20000的超滤和截留分子量为100~350的纳滤膜进行分离。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征是所述步骤A(6)中根据牛乳脂肪加入量分别得脱脂无糖牛乳液,或低脂无糖牛乳液,或全脂无糖牛乳液。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征是步骤A(4)或B(3)所述的溶乳剂是碳酸盐一柠檬酸缓冲液、柠檬酸盐一柠檬酸缓冲液或磷酸盐液缓冲液;所述的乳重溶液的盐浓度控制在0.005~0.03M。
10.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征为步骤A(6)或B(5)所述的剪切乳化反应,其剪切乳化条件为转速1000~4000rpm,25~60℃下反应10~60min。
11.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征是步骤A(7)所制得的无乳糖液态奶或无乳糖奶粉与普通牛奶或奶粉配制成低乳糖液态奶或低乳糖奶粉。
12.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征是适用于以羊奶作为原料制得无乳糖羊液态奶、无乳糖羊奶粉、低乳糖羊液态奶或低乳糖羊奶粉。 
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EP2050341A1 (en) 2009-04-22
CA2659806A1 (en) 2008-01-31
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AU2007278715B2 (en) 2014-09-11
US8580323B2 (en) 2013-11-12
UA93265C2 (uk) 2011-01-25
ES2636544T3 (es) 2017-10-06
MX2009000609A (es) 2009-03-04
CN101426375A (zh) 2009-05-06
JP2009543563A (ja) 2009-12-10
KR20090036135A (ko) 2009-04-13
RU2443116C2 (ru) 2012-02-27
US20090123602A1 (en) 2009-05-14
EP2050341B1 (en) 2017-05-10
BRPI0715046A2 (pt) 2013-05-28
CA2659806C (en) 2014-12-09
CN1899054A (zh) 2007-01-24
AU2007278715A1 (en) 2008-01-31
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DK2050341T3 (en) 2017-08-28
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