CN101111946A - 发光元件及发光元件的制造方法 - Google Patents
发光元件及发光元件的制造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101111946A CN101111946A CNA2006800037033A CN200680003703A CN101111946A CN 101111946 A CN101111946 A CN 101111946A CN A2006800037033 A CNA2006800037033 A CN A2006800037033A CN 200680003703 A CN200680003703 A CN 200680003703A CN 101111946 A CN101111946 A CN 101111946A
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- solder layer
- alloying
- light
- solder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Images
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/36—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the electrodes
- H01L33/40—Materials therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K1/0016—Brazing of electronic components
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K2101/40—Semiconductor devices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K35/262—Sn as the principal constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
形成在发光元件1的化合物半导体层100第二主表面的第二电极16,具备接合合金化层31与焊料层34,该接合合金化层31与化合物半导体层100的第二主表面接触设置,同时用于降低与该化合物半导体层100的接合阻抗,该焊料层34用于将该接合金属层连接于通电支持体52。该焊料层34,是由设置在接合合金化层31侧、以Sn为主成分且熔点低于接合合金化层31的Sn系金属构成的Sn系焊料层34s,以及位在该Sn系焊料层34s的接合合金化层31的相反侧、与Sn系焊料层34s接触的Au-Sn系焊料层34m所构成,且该Au-Sn系焊料层34m含有30质量%~90质量%的Au、与10质量%~70质量%的Sn,Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%,且熔点高于Sn系焊料层34s。藉此,在以Au-Sn系焊料层进行安装为前提的发光元件中,提供一种Au-Sn系焊料层与接合合金化层之间具有更加优异的接合可靠性,进而不易产生Au-Sn系焊料层的剥离等现象的组件构造。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及发光元件及发光元件的制造方法。
背景技术
专利文献1:特开平2-260671号公报
专利文献2:特开平9-27498号公报
专利文献3:特开2003-142731号公报
非专利文献1:「高可靠性Sn-Ag系无铅焊料的开发」丰田中央研究所R&D review Vol.35 No.2(2000)39页
以化合物半导体构成的发光元件,虽然长期以来采用以位在光取出面侧的主表面为第一主表面、与此相反侧的主表面为第二主表面,使用银浆将组件芯片背面的第二主表面侧的电极黏着在金属台的构造(专利文献1),但为了谋求芯片安装步骤的效率化,亦在研究是否改变为类似于所谓覆晶法、使用熔焊料的安装步骤(专利文献2)。在电子组件的构装步骤中提到「焊料」时,通常是指Pb-Sn系焊料,特别是由低熔点的Pb-38质量%Sn合金构成的共晶焊料一直被广泛地使用着(熔点183℃)。但是,近年来,由于环境污染的问题,使用不含Pb(或所谓的Pb含有量少于上述共晶焊料)的低Pb焊料来代替长久以来的Sn-Pb共晶焊料的要求越来越高。
作为替代周知的Pb系焊料的低Pb焊料,在过去,虽持续研究以Sn为主成分的焊料(非专利文献1),但由于以Sn为主成分的焊料有氧化方面的疑虑,因此研究中并不常用作发光元件芯片安装之用。具体而言,由于Au-Sn系焊料亦具有良好的耐蚀性,因此提出适合将其作为发光元件芯片安装用的焊料(专利文献3)。
专利文献3的安装结构,是在发光元件芯片的第二主表面侧形成欧姆接触形成用的Au的接合合金化层(合金层),并作为与此接合合金化层间的扩散防止层而设置Mo层,进一步设置熔点高于Au-Su焊料的AuGe合金层作为金属膜,最后在此AuGe合金层上设置形成有熔焊用的Au-Su焊料层。根据专利文献3的记载,虽然过去是以Au层覆盖Mo层,然后在此Au层上形成Au-Sn系焊料层,但是在熔焊时Au层会被Au-Sn系焊料层吃掉,因Au-Sn系焊料层与Mo层直接接触而造成密合力降低,而有Au-Sn系焊料层与Mo层之间易生剥离的问题。因此,通过设置熔点高于Au-Sn系焊料(即,熔焊时不会熔融)的AuGe合金层来代替Au层,以避免Au-Sn系焊料层与Mo层直接接触,并提高密合性。
发明内容
但是,本发明人经研究后,发现即使采用上述专利文献3的构成,Au-Sn系焊料层的剥离问题亦不容易获得解决。专利文献3中,虽然举出Au-Sn系焊料层与Mo层间的密合不良是造成剥离的原因,但是实际上Au-Sn系焊料层本身是硬质且延展性低,作为密合对象的AuGe合金的延展性也不是那么高,因此无法藉由材料的塑性变形来吸收施加冲击、热加工时所产生的应力,而造成剥离。
本发明的课题,是在以通过Au-Sn系焊料层进行安装为前提的发光元件里,提供一种Au-Sn系焊料层与接合合金化层之间具有更加优异的接合可靠性,进而使Au-Sn系焊料层的剥离等现象不易产生的组件构造(以及使用此组件构造的发光元件模块)与其制造方法。
本发明的发光元件,其具有发光层部的化合物半导体层,是以位于光取出面侧的主表面为第一主表面、以和第一主表面相反侧的主表面为第二主表面,在该化合物半导体层的第一主表面、第二主表面分别形成第一电极、第二电极,通过该第二电极和作为组件安装对象的通电支持体形成导通连接而使用,其特征在于:
该第二电极,具备接合合金化层与焊料层;
该接合合金化层,与该化合物半导体层的第二主表面接触而设置,用以降低与该化合物半导体层的接合阻抗;
该焊料层,是用以将该接合合金化层连接于该通电支持体(例如金属框架),由设置在该接合合金化层侧、以Sn为主成分且熔点低于该接合合金化层的Sn系金属构成的Sn系焊料层,以及位于相对该Sn系焊料层的该接合合金化层的相反侧、与Sn系焊料层接触设置的Au-Sn系焊料层所构成;
该Au-Sn系焊料层含有30质量%~90质量%的Au、与10质量%~70质量%的Sn,Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%。
另外,在Sn系焊料中的「以Sn作为主成分」指的是Sn的含有量大于或等于50质量%。
根据本发明的发光元件,在位于化合物半导体层的安装侧的第二电极上,采用Au-Sn系焊料层作为安装用的焊料材,该Au-Sn系焊料层是以Au为主成分、且按照使其将Sn含有量设定为使熔点在小于或等于500℃但高于Sn系焊料层的熔点的方式设定Sn含有量。本发明的特征在于第二电极内并不将此Au-Sn系焊料层与降低接合阻抗用的接合合金化层(后述的Au-Ge合金及Au-Be合金等,一般是属于硬质的)直接接触,而是将Sn系焊料层置于两者间,其中该Sn系焊料层是以Sn为主成分、且由熔点低于接合合金化层的Sn系金属所构成。以Sn为主成分的焊料层,不仅与Au-Sn系焊料层具有良好的密合性,比起Au-Sn系焊料层较为柔软,在受到因冲击、热加工所产生的应力时,会产生塑性变形而吸收、缓和该应力,而发挥作为所谓缓冲层的功用。其结果,Au-Sn系焊料层的剥离等现象将在很大程度上获得改善。
另外,本发明的发光元件模块其特征为,是以上述本发明的发光元件、通电支持体,该通电支持体通过第二电极的焊料层接合于该发光元件的化合物半导体层、以及在该通电支持体上覆盖发光元件的环氧树脂模塑体所形成。环氧树脂模塑体是先藉由未硬化的环氧树脂覆盖该发光元件,然后使其硬化而形成。由于环氧树脂具有较高的折射率,可将与作为发光元件的化合物半导体(更详细为III-V族化合物半导体或II-VI族化合物半导体)的折射率差抑制得较小,因此在模块界面的全反射现象不易发生、有助于光取出率的提升。然而,在硬化聚合时易产生酸性游离物质,当单独以Sn系焊料构成焊料层时,受此酸性游离物质的腐蚀攻击易加速焊料层的劣化现象。但本发明中,由于焊料层里、构成与通电支持体的接合主体的部分由Au-Sn系焊料层构成,因此不易造成加速上述腐蚀攻击造成的焊料层劣化现象。
其次,本发明的发光元件的制造方法,是用以制造上述本发明的发光元件的方法,其特征为以如下步骤顺序实施:
在化合物半导体层的第二主表面形成接合合金化层的原料金属层的原料金属层形成步骤;
将原料金属层与化合物半导体层合金化以形成接合合金化层的合金化热处理步骤;
在接合合金化层上形成该Sn系焊料层的Sn系焊料层成膜步骤;
在Sn系焊料层上形成该Au-Sn系焊料层的Au-Sn系焊料层成膜步骤;以及
在接合合金化层、Sn系焊料层以及Au-Sn系焊料层依序积层而成的电极积层构造中,藉由加热至大于或等于Sn系焊料层熔点温度、但未达接合合金化层以及Au-Sn系焊料层的熔点温度,选择性地使Sn系焊料层熔融的Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤。
根据上述方法,是先进行熔点较高的接合合金化层的形成处理,然后,再形成Sn系焊料层以及Au-Sn系焊料层。由于Sn系焊料层的熔点低于接合合金化层以及Au-Sn系焊料层,因此可选择性地进行将Sn系焊料层加以熔融的热处理,藉由经过该Sn系焊料层的熔融→再凝固的过程,可将Sn系焊料层与Au-Sn系焊料层紧密地密合在一起。另外,由于Sn系焊料层与Au-Sn系焊料层的Au和Sn的含有量当然不同,因此在上述熔融热处理时,两种成分会在层间扩散,此亦有助于密合强度的提升。
优选使Sn系焊料层的Sn含有量大于或等于75质量%(包含100质量%)是较佳的。Sn含有量不满75质量%时,Sn系焊料层的延展性降低,Au-Sn系焊料层的剥离防止效果变得不足。Sn系焊料层中除了Sn成分外的剩余成分,若考虑在与Au-Sn系焊料层接触的状态下,实施前述熔融热处理步骤的话,其主要部分将被Au所占有(较具体来说为,Sn系焊料层中除了Sn成分之外的剩余部分的大于或等于80质量%变成Au)。此种情形,当Sn系焊料层的Sn含有量不满75质量%时,剩余成分中Au的含有量将会上升,缺乏延展性的Au-Sn系化合物(AuSn4、AuSn2、AuSn)的生成量增加,对Sn系焊料层的延展性特别容易造成损害。
另一方面,Au-Sn系焊料层,是含有30质量%~90质量%的Au与10质量%~70质量%的Sn,Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%,并且将熔点调整为高于上述Sn系焊料层。Au含有量不满30质量%时(或Sn含有量超过70质量%),焊料层的耐蚀性变得不足,Au含有量超过90质量%(或Sn含有量不满10质量%)时,焊料层的熔点会变得过高,安装组件芯片时会产生熔焊温度过高的问题。又,为进一步降低焊料的熔点,只要是小于或等于焊料全体组成的20质量%的话,亦可添加其它副成分(例如Zn、Ge、Bi、Te、Si、Sb)。因此,Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%(小于或等于质量100%)。
为了提高焊料层全体的耐蚀性,将Au-Sn系焊料层的厚度形成为大于Sn系焊料层的厚度是较佳的,其中该Sn系焊料层的耐蚀性劣于Au-Sn系焊料层)。特别是,如前所述以环氧树脂模塑体覆盖发光元件芯片时,采用该构成的效果是显著的。
接着,化合物半导体层,在发光层部的第二主表面侧,是可使第二电极为分散形成的结构。第二电极的接合合金化层区域的反射率较低,将发光层部射出的直接光束反射至第一主表面侧(或芯片侧面侧)的效果较差。但是,使第二电极分散形成的话,即能将化合物半导体层的第二主表面侧的第二电极未形成区域作为反射区域加以有效利用,而能实现将直接光束反射至第一主表面侧来提高光取出率的效果。此效果在设置有对于发光层部所射出的发光光束具有透光性的化合物半导体构成的透光性化合物半导体层,且在该透光性化合物半导体层的第二主表面分散形成有第二电极的场合尤其显著。发光层部由AlGaInP发光层部构成时,透光性化合物半导体层例如可由GaP层构成。
此时,在化合物半导体层的第二主表面,以图案化成预定形状的方式分散形成第二电极,并且,于该第二电极,使焊料层的周侧面位置与接合合金化层一致是较佳的。根据此构成,能在熔焊时将溢至接合合金化层外侧的熔融焊料层面积限制得较小,在相邻的第二电极间,可确保更多作为反射面的有效利用区域。采用本发明的制造方法时,能以下述方式极为简单地获得此种第二电极的构造。
即,在化合物半导体层的第二主表面分散形成接合合金化层,并以将接合合金化层与作为其背景的化合物半导体层的露出区域一起覆盖的方式形成Sn系焊料层。接着,进一步形成Au-Sn系焊料层后,实施Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤,之后实施剥离步骤,即使Sn系焊料层与Au-Sn系焊料层的积层膜中、覆盖该接合合金化层的部分密合残留于该接合合金化层上,同时将覆盖该接合合金化层背景区域的部分选择性地剥离。在Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤中,Sn系焊料层与化合物半导体层露出区域直接接触的部分,与该化合物半导体层的密合力远小于相同接合合金化层形成区域与底层金属的密合力,接合合金化层背景区域的覆盖部分,例如可藉由黏着片的黏贴以及剥离,极简单地加以剥落。结果所得到的焊料层构造,其周侧面形成为以其和该接合合金化层的接合界面的外周缘为断裂起点的层厚方向的机械断裂面。
图式简单说明
图1是显示适用本发明的发光元件例的剖面示意图。
图2是显示使用图1的发光元件的本发明发光元件模块例的剖面示意图。
图3是显示本发明发光元件制造步骤例的第一说明图。
图4是显示本发明发光元件制造步骤例的第二说明图。
图5是显示本发明发光元件制造步骤例的第三说明图。
图6是Au-Sn系二元系状态图。
图7是放大显示图6的Sn侧的状态图。
图8是剥离步骤的说明图。
图9是剥离步骤后的第二电极的剖面示意图。
图10是设置阻障金属层时的步骤说明图。
图11是显示在设置阻障金属层时的第二电极构造的第一例的剖面示意图。
图12是显示在设置阻障金属层时的第二电极构造的第二例的剖面示意图。
图13是显示用以确认本发明效果的检验结果的第一影像。
图14是显示用以确认本发明效果的检验结果的第二影像。
图15是显示用以确认本发明效果的检验结果的第三影像。
【主要组件符号说明】
1 发光元件 4 n型包覆层
5 活性层 6 p型包覆层
9 第一电极 16 第二电极
20 电流扩散层 24 发光层部
31 接合合金化层 32 阻障金属层
33 Au系辅助金属层 34 焊料层
34m Au-Sn系焊料层 34s Sn系焊料层
34p 周侧面 41 接合合金化层
42 阻障金属层 43 电极本体
50 发光元件模块 50m 环氧树脂模塑体
51A 导体构件 51S 绝缘环
52 通电支持体 52a 通电端子
52g 反射金属层 60 黏着片
70 透光性化合物半导体层 100 化合物半导体层
101 GaAs单晶基板 102 n型GaAs缓冲层
103 剥离层
实施方式
以下,参照图式说明本发明的发光元件制造方法的实施例。图1是本发明适用对象的发光元件示意概念图。发光元件1,是以位于具有发光层部24的化合物半导体层100的光取出面侧的主表面为第一主表面、与此相反侧的主表面为第二主表面,于第一主表面、第二主表面分别形成第一电极9、第二电极16。第二电极16,具备接合合金化层31与焊料层34,该接合合金化层31设置成与化合物半导体层100的第二主表面接触,用以降低与该化合物半导体层100的接合阻抗,该焊料层34则是用以将该接合金属层连接于通电支持体52(参照图2);该焊料层34是由设置在接合合金化层31侧、以Sn为主成分且熔点低于接合合金化层31的Sn系金属构成的Sn系焊料层34s,以及位于相对该Sn系焊料层34s的接合合金化层31的相反侧、与Sn系焊料层34s接触设置的Au-Sn系焊料层34m所构成,该Au-Sn系焊料层34m含有30质量%~90质量%的Au、与10质量%~70质量%的Sn,Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%,且熔点高于Sn系焊料层34s。
本实施例的发光元件1,其发光层部24具有以p型AlGaInP形成的p型包覆层6、与n型AlGaInP形成的n型包覆层4挟持无掺杂的AlGaInP形成的活性层5的构造,根据活性层5的组成,可于绿色至红色区域(发光波长(峰值发光波长)在550nm~670nm)调整发光波长。本实施例,化合物半导体层100的第一主表面(第一电极9侧)为n型,第二主表面(第二电极16侧)则为p型。构成第二电极16的接合合金化层31,在本实施例是以Au-Be合金(例如,组成:Au-1质量%Be)形成。另一方面,如果化合物半导体层100的第二主表面侧为n型时,则以AuSi合金或AuGeNi合金构成接合合金化层31。
于发光层部24的第一主表面上,形成由n型GaP构成的电流扩散层20,于第二主表面上则形成由p型GaP构成的透光性化合物半导体层70。第一电极9是形成于电流扩散层20的第一主表面的大致中央处,在其与GaP电流扩散层20之间设置接合合金化层41,该接合合金化层41是由形成欧姆接触的AuSi合金(或AuGeNi合金)组成,其上设置由Au构成的电极本体43。另外,于电极本体43与接合合金化层41之间,设置防止硅等扩散进入电极本体43侧的阻障金属层42(例如以Ti、Ni、或Mo中任一者为主成分(大于或等于50质量%)的金属,本实施例为Ti)。此外,电流扩散层20的第一主表面的光取出面侧电极9的周围区域,形成为从发光层部24取出光的光取出区域PF。另外,本实施例,虽然是以n型包覆层4位于光取出面侧的积层形态,但是以P型包覆层6位于光取出面侧的积层形态也可以(此种情况下,电流扩散层20必须为p型,另外,接合合金化层41则由AuBe合金等构成)。
图2是表显示使用上述发光元件1的发光元件模块的一例。该发光元件模块50,具有上述发光元件1;通电支持体52,该通电支持体52通过第二电极16的焊料层接合于该发光元件1的化合物半导体层100;以及在该通电支持体52上覆盖发光元件1的环氧树脂模塑体50m。通电支持体52是由构成作为板状的金属台构成,其第一主表面是以银等形成的反射金属层52g所覆盖,发光元件1是按照通过以透过第二电极16的焊料层34来接合的方式安装。另一方面,发光元件1的第一电极9,是透过以Au导线等构成的接合导线9w而电气连接于导体构件51A。导体构件51A是贯通金属台52延伸进入背面侧。另一方面,于金属台52背面侧的另一边则突出形成通电端子52a。于导体构件51A与金属台52之间设置有绝缘环51s。于发光层部24,透过导体构件51A以及通电端子52a施加发光驱动电压。在金属台52上,发光元件1是用上述的环氧树脂模塑体50m覆盖。环氧树脂硬化聚合时,虽然易生酸性游离物,但是由于焊料层34的主要部分是以Au-Sn系焊料层34m(参照图1)构成,因此即使受到上述酸性游离物的腐蚀攻击,仍不易劣化。
在通电支持体52上构装发光元件1时,作业如下。即,以第二主表面侧朝下的方式,将发光元件1置于通电支持体52上。于此状态下,将全体插入熔焊炉,升温至既定熔焊温度,使第二电极16的焊料层34熔融。然后通过冷却,第二电极16即被焊接于通电支持体52上。如图1所示,第二电极16是使用Au-Sn系焊料层34m作为安装用的焊料材,该Au-Sn系焊料层34m是以Au为主成分,且按照熔点较Sn系焊料层高,但小于或等于500℃的方式来设定Sn含有量。Au-Sn系焊料层34m,在第二电极16内并非与降低接合阻抗用的接合合金化层31直接接触,而是在两者间,存在由Sn为主成分、且熔点低于接合合金化层31的Sn系金属构成的Sn系焊料层34s。Sn系焊料层34s与Au-Sn系焊料层34m具有良好的密合性。另外,Sn系焊料层34s,比起Au-Sn系焊料层34m远更为柔软,在受到因冲击、热加工所产生的应力时,会产生塑性变形并吸收、缓和该应力而具有所谓缓冲层的功用。其结果,Au-Sn系焊料层34m的剥离等现象将可在很大程度上得到改善。
以下,说明上述发光元件1制造方法的具体实施例。
首先,如图3的步骤1所示,在GaAs单晶基板101的主表面,使n型GaAs缓冲层102以及由AlAs构成的剥离层103依序进行磊晶成长。然后,使n型包覆层4、活性层5以及p型包覆层6依序进行磊晶成长,以形成发光层部24。并进一步使由p型GaP构成的透光性化合物半导体层70进行磊晶成长。上述各层的磊晶成长,可通过周知的MOVPE法来进行(透光性化合物半导体层70亦可使用氢化物气相成长法进行)。
接着,如步骤2所示,除去GaAs单晶基板101。该除去可以下列形态实施,亦即,以适当的蚀刻液(例如10%的氢氟酸水溶液)对形成于缓冲层102与发光层部24间的AlAs剥离层103进行选择性蚀刻,然后将该GaAs单晶基板101加以剥离。此外,亦可形成由AlInP构成的蚀刻中止层来代替AlAs剥离层103,然后使用对GaAs具有选择蚀刻性的蚀刻液(例如氨/过氧化氢混合液)蚀刻掉GaAs单晶基板101全体。又,在蚀刻步骤之前,亦可通过机械研磨除去部分的GaAs单晶基板101。
之后,将除去GaAs单晶基板101后的化合物半导体的成长层上下反转,如步骤3所示,在发光层部24的第二主表面上,以氢化物气相成长法或MOVPE法等周知的气相成长法,使由n型GaP构成的电流扩散层20进行磊晶成长。以上,即完成化合物半导体层100的制造步骤。此外,关于电流扩散层20以及透光性化合物半导体层70其中的一或双方,亦可贴合另外准备的GaP基板而形成。
接着,如步骤4所示,在化合物半导体层100的第一主表面上形成第一电极9,在第二主表面上形成第二电极16。另外,为了理解上方便,虽是以组件单体的积层形态一边图标、一边说明步骤,但是实际上,是对复数个组件芯片排列成矩阵状的晶片作处理。接着,将该晶片以通常的方法切割成组件芯片,接着将组件芯片接合在支持体并进行引线的打线结合等步骤后,加以树脂模塑而得到最终的发光组件。
由于第一电极9侧的制造步骤是周知的,因此就本发明主要部分的第二电极16的制造步骤作更详细地说明。首先,如图4的步骤5所示,在化合物半导体层100的第二主表面形成接合合金化层31的原料金属层31’(原料金属层形成步骤)。本实施例中,原料金属层31’是由Au-Be合金构成的本体层31b与上下夹着该本体层31b的Au层31a形成。接着,如步骤6所示,进行将原料金属层31’与化合物半导体层100合金化以形成接合合金化层31的合金化热处理(合金化热处理步骤)。据此,原料金属层31b,31a即成为接合合金化层31。合金化热处理可在例如350℃~600℃实施。
然后,如步骤7所示,在接合合金化层31上形成该Sn系焊料层(Sn系焊料层成膜步骤)(关于焊料层的构成要素,附带「’」的符号是表示熔融热处理前的状态,没有「’」的符号则是表示熔融热处理后)。接着,在此Sn系焊料层34s’上形成该Au-Sn系焊料层34m’(Au-Sn系焊料层成膜步骤)。该等金属层的成膜可藉由真空蒸镀或溅镀等气相成膜法进行,亦可采用化学镀敷法。
接着,如图5的步骤8~步骤9所示,对上述以接合合金化层31、Sn系焊料层34s’以及Au-Sn系焊料层34m’的依序积层的电极积层构造,进行加热至大于或等于Sn系焊料层34s’的熔点温度、但未达接合合金化层31以及Au-Sn系焊料层34m’的熔点温度(Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤)的热处理。藉此,选择性地使Sn系焊料层34s’熔融。如步骤10所示,使此熔融状态的Sn系焊料层34s”(「”」是表示熔融热处理中)再度凝固的话,此步骤即完成。本实施例,虽是在专用的气氛热处理炉F中进行Sn系焊料层熔融热处理,但是,例如以真空蒸镀进行Sn系焊料层34s’以及Au-Sn系焊料层34m’的成膜时,亦能使用蒸镀装置内蒸镀热源的放热来进行Sn系焊料层熔融热处理的加热。
根据上述方法,先进行熔点较高的接合合金化层31的形成处理(合金化热处理),然后,再使Sn系焊料层34s’以及Au-Sn系焊料层34m’成膜。由于Sn系焊料层34s’的熔点低于接合合金化层31以及Au-Sn系焊料层34m’,因此可以进行选择性将Sn系焊料层34s’熔融的热处理。藉由经过该Sn系焊料层34s’的熔融→再凝固的过程,于凝固后可将Sn系焊料层34s与Au-Sn系焊料层34m紧密地密合在一起。另外,由于Sn系焊料层34s’与Au-Sn系焊料层34m’的Au和Sn的含有量当然不同,因此在上述熔融热处理时,两种成分在层间的扩散,此亦有助于密合强度的提升。
在Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤中(图5:步骤9),使Au-Sn系焊料层34m”或接合合金化层31的Au成分进行扩散,以提高熔融的Sn系焊料层34s”的Au浓度而使液相线温度上升,因此,在Sn系焊料层熔融热处理时,可采取使该Sn系焊料层34s”再凝固的步骤。Au成分很容易藉由扩散,从熔融状态的Sn系焊料层34s”中向相接合的固相状态的Au-Sn系焊料层34m”流入熔融状态的Sn系焊料层34s”。此情况下,当Au成分往熔融状态的Sn系焊料层34s”扩散的扩散量无限制变大时,凝固后的Sn系焊料层34s的Au浓度将过度升高而使延展性降低,剥离防止效果也变得不足。但是,只要Sn系焊料层熔融热处理的温度低于Au-Sn系焊料层34m’熔点的温度,当熔融状态的Sn系焊料层34s”的Au浓度升高到一定程度以上,如图6所示的Au-Sn二元状态图的Sn侧组成的液相线形状,Sn系焊料层34s”的液相线(熔点)温度上升,则熔融的Sn系焊料层34s”将再凝固。其结果,之后则变成往Sn系焊料层34s”(再凝固后)的Au的固相扩散,其扩散速度降低,只要热处理时间不延长,即可有效避免最终Sn系焊料层34s的Au浓度过量的问题。
图1中,使最终Sn系焊料层34s的Sn含有量大于或等于75质量%(包含100质量%)是较佳的。Sn含有量不满75质量%时,Sn系焊料层34s的延展性将降低,Au-Sn系焊料层34m的剥离防止效果不足。图5的步骤9中,若考虑Sn系焊料层34s’在与Au-Sn系焊料层34m’接触的状态下实施熔融热处理步骤的话,其主要部分将被Au所占有(例如,Sn系焊料层34s中除Sn成分之外的其余部分的大于或等于80质量%成为Au)。此种情形,在图1中,Sn系焊料层34s的Sn含有量不满75质量%时,剩余成分中Au的含有量上升,缺乏延展性的Au-Sn系化合物(AuSn4、AuSn2、AuSn)的生成量增加,对Sn系焊料层34s的延展性特别容易造成损害。
为了尽量降低AuSn化合物的形成量,以提高热处理后Sn系焊料层34s的延展性来增加Au-Sn系焊料层34m的剥离防止效果,作为熔融热处理实施前的Sn系焊料层34s’的组成,尽量采用Sn含有量较高的组成是较佳的,例如从温度限制在Sn的熔点温度小于或等于232℃的观点来看,设定Sn系焊料层34s’中的Sn含有量(熔融热处理前)在85%质量~100%质量可说是较佳的(在熔融热处理终了后的状态的组成,如果考虑Au的扩散的话,使Sn含有量在85质量%~93质量%左右是较妥当的)。
如图7(符号请参照图5)所示,将Sn含有量高于共晶组成(10质量%Au)的Sn系焊料层34s’熔融的情况,组成因Au-Sn系焊料层34m”中Au的熔解而移向共晶侧,熔点(液相线温度)会先降低。熔融中的Sn系焊料层34s”的Au浓度增加至高于共晶组成时,熔点再度转为上升。接着,液相中的Au浓度在二元状态图的液相线上,上升至对应于熔融热处理温度的Au组成,之后液相中Au浓度保持一定的同时,析出AuSn4的结晶。此结晶析出反应,由于伴随着从Au浓度较低的液相侧往Au浓度较高的AuSn4固相侧的与浓度梯度相反的Au成分移动,因此反应的进行是较缓慢的。在AuSn4的结晶析出量还未过量时(即,在熔融热处理后的Sn系焊料层34s的Sn含有量还不满75质量%时),停止熔融热处理然后冷却是较佳的。
采用Sn含量高于共晶组成的Sn系焊料层34s’时,须将用以熔融Sn系焊料层34s’的初期温度提高到大于或等于共晶点,熔融热处理温度保持一定的情形下,Au-Sn系焊料层34m”的Au的扩散开始时,Sn系焊料层34s”中的Au浓度,不得不增加至Au浓度高于共晶组成的富Au侧液相线的组成(图中Q点),其结果导致凝固后的Sn系焊料层34s中的AuSn4量增加。但是,只要使用由共晶组成附近(例如Au:7质量%~13质量%)的SnAu合金构成的焊料层,且将熔融热处理温度设定为稍高于共晶点温度(例如217℃~225℃),即能将AuSn4的生成量限制在共晶组成附近的对应量,而得到富延展性(亦即,具有高剥离防止效果)的Sn系焊料层34s。
接着,于图1中,将Au-Sn系焊料层34m的组成,调整成含有30质量%~90质量%的Au、与10质量%~70质量%的Sn,Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%,且熔点高于前述Sn系焊料层34s。Au含有量不满30质量%时(或Sn含有量超过70质量%),焊料层的耐蚀性变得不足,Au含有量超过90质量%(或Sn含有量不满10质量%)时,焊料层的熔点会变得过高,安装组件芯片时会有熔焊温度过高的问题产生。此外,为更进一步降低焊料的熔点,只要是小于或等于焊料全体组成的20质量%的话,亦可添加其它副成分(例如Zn、Ge、Bi、Te、Si、Sb)。因此,使Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%(小于或等于100质量%)。Au-Sn系焊料层34m如后所述,其厚度只要设定为远大于Sn系焊料层34s的话,在熔融热处理前后,组成不会有太大变化。
将发光元件芯片安装于通电支持体52时Au-Sn系焊料层34m的熔焊,若以Au-Sn系焊料层34m与Sn系焊料层34s能完全熔合的温度进行时,由于具有缓冲层功能的Sn系焊料层34s会消失,因此完全无法发挥对Au-Sn系焊料层34m的剥离防止效果。此情况下,有必要考虑假设将Au-Sn系焊料层34m全体与Sn系焊料层34s全体完全熔合时平均的焊料组成,熔焊温度必须采用低于此假想平均焊料组成的熔点温度。例如,用Au-Sn二元系考虑时,如图6之状态图可清楚得知,必须以低于AuSn化合物的共熔温度(congruent temperature:418℃)来进行熔焊处理。
如图6所示,在AuSn化合物的共熔点,富Sn侧的液相线与富Au侧的液相线两者形成临界温度,同时彼此连接。因此,在低于共熔温度时,富Sn侧的液相与富Au侧的液相彼此分离,形成共存的状态。因此,当以Au浓度高于AuSn化合物(38质量%Sn)的富Au组成构成Au-Sn系焊料层34m时,在熔焊处理中,Au-Sn系焊料层34m侧的液相与Sn系焊料层34s侧的液相不会互相混合,熔焊后亦能维持Sn系焊料层34s侧较高的Sn含有量,具有不易影响Sn系焊料层34s作为缓冲层功能的优点。以此观点,Au-Sn系焊料层34m由于以Au为主成分(大于或等于60质量%),且采用Sn含有量在15质量%~35质量%的组成,因此可在小于或等于400℃的较低温度进行熔焊,并且,亦能有效地抑制与Sn系焊料层34s之间的成分混合。在此组成区域里,由于富Au侧的相(中间层ζ、或准安定的Au-Sn固溶体)与AuSn化合物形成共晶,尤其采用此共晶组成(20质量%Sn)附近的Sn含有量(例如Sn:17质量%~23质量%)时,对于熔焊温度的降低其效果显著。
为提高焊料层全体的耐蚀性,将Au-Sn系焊料层34m的厚度形成大于Sn系焊料层34s的厚度是较佳的,其中该Sn系焊料层34s的耐蚀性劣于Au-Sn系焊料层34m。特别是,在以如前述的环氧树脂模塑体50m覆盖发光元件芯片时,采用该构成的效果显著。这种情况,将Au-Sn系焊料层34m的厚度调整在Sn系焊料层34s厚度的5倍~20倍是较佳的。Au-Sn系焊料层34m的厚度不满Sn系焊料层34s厚度的5倍的话,Sn系焊料层34s的相对厚度会变得过厚,可能会影响提高焊料层全体耐蚀性的效果。另一方面,Au-Sn系焊料层34m的厚度超过Sn系焊料层34s厚度的20倍时,Sn系焊料层34s的相对厚度会变得过薄,Sn系焊料层34s作为机械缓冲层的功能不能充分实现,有时会有易产生剥离等问题的情况。Sn系焊料层34s的厚度在100nm~1μm(本实施例为200nm)是较佳的,而Au-Sn系焊料层34m的厚度在500nm~10μm(本实施例为3μm)是较佳的。
接着,第二电极16,如图1所示,可分散形成在化合物半导体层100的发光层部24的第二主表面侧。第二电极16的接合合金化层31区域的反射率低,将来自发光层部24的直接光束反射至第一主表面侧(或芯片面侧)的效果差。但是,使第二电极16分散形成的话,可将化合物半导体层100的第二主表面侧的第二电极16未形成区域作为反射区域(本实施例中,如图2所示,是通过反射层52g来反射发光光束)加以有效利用,其把直接光束反射至第一主表面侧而提高光取出效率的效果是可以期待的。此效果,如本实施例,在设置有对发光层部24所射出的发光光束具有透光性的化合物半导体构成的透光性化合物半导体层70,且在该透光性化合物半导体层70的第二主表面分散形成有第二电极16时,尤其显著。
图1的构成中,在化合物半导体层100的第二主表面,以图案化成预定形状的方式分散形成第二电极16,且于该第二电极16,使焊料层的周侧面位置与接合合金化层31一致。根据此构成,于熔焊时可缩小溢出至接合合金化层31外侧的熔融焊料层面积,在相邻的第二电极16之间,可确保更多作为反射面的有效利用区域。采用本发明的制造方法时,可如下所述,通过极简单的方法获得此种第二电极16的构造。
亦即,如图4的步骤7所示,在化合物半导体层100的第二主表面分散形成接合合金化层31,并以将接合合金化层31与作为其背景的化合物半导体层100(透光性化合物半导体层70)露出区域一起覆盖的方式形成Sn系焊料层34s’。接着,进一步形成Au-Sn系焊料层34m’。之后,如图5的步骤9,10,实施Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤。
接着,如图8的步骤11以及步骤12所示,对于Sn系焊料层34s与Au-Sn系焊料层34m的积层膜,在接合合金化层31的覆盖部分使其密合保留在接合合金化层31上,在接合合金化层31的背景区域的覆盖部分34y则实施选择性剥离此部分的剥离步骤。在Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤,在Sn系焊料层34s中,其与化合物半导体层100的露出区域直接接触部分的与该化合物半导体层100的密合力,远小于其与接合合金化层31形成区域的基质金属的密合力,因此接合合金化层31背景区域的覆盖部分,例如可藉由黏着片60的黏贴以及剥离极简单地加以剥离。结果所得到的焊料层构造如图9所示,其周侧面34p是形成为以其和该接合合金化层的接合界面的外周缘EG为断裂起点的层厚方向的机械断裂面。
于图13~图15,显示为确认上述效果所进行的实验结果的放大影像。图13是显示形成焊料层34且进行熔融热处理后的第二主表面侧的放大影像,图中,排列成交错状的圆形区域为第二电极16的形成区域,其背景则为以焊料层34覆盖的状态。在左上方半月形的第二电极、与其正下方的第二电极之间的背景区域,以连结两电极区域的形态于焊料层34产生了一道裂纹(影像中是显示为白色线状)。此是显示该背景区域中焊料层34的密合力较低,焊料层34浮起来的现象。图14是剥离步骤后的影像,焊料层沿着与第二电极的圆形边界位置断裂,背景区域的焊料层藉剥离步骤完全剥离去除,且此剥离完全不会对第二电极上的焊料层造成任何影响。图15是显示剥离后的第二电极表面用金属制的针尖端划过后的状态,即使造成如此的划伤,焊料层也不会产生剥离的现象,可证实焊料层与接合合金化层确实是强固地密合着。
此外,如图11所示,本发明的发光元件1,在第二电极16的接合合金化层31与焊料层之间可设置阻障金属层32,以抑制在接合合金化层与焊料层间的合金成分扩散。藉此,例如在焊料层的熔焊步骤等中,可有效抑制由于成分的扩散导致接合合金化层31或焊料层产生变质等不良情况。尤其,从焊料层侧往接合合金化层31侧扩散的Sn数量多时,有可能会对接合合金化层31与化合物半导体层100间的欧姆接触特性造成不良的影响,就此观点而言,阻障金属层32最好是以Ti、Pt以及Mo中任一者为主成分(大于或等于50质量%)、由一层或一层以上构成。图11的构成中,是以Ti构成阻障金属层32。又,图12是设置由两层所形成的阻障金属层32A,32B的例子,在接合合金化层31侧、Sn系焊料层34s侧分别形成Ti层32A、Pt层32B。阻障金属层亦可形成为三层或三层以上的层数。
当设置阻障金属层32时,本发明的制造方法可如以下方式实施。亦即,如图10的步骤13所示,在接合合金化层31上形成阻障金属层32,以抑制在接合合金化层31与焊料层间的合金成分扩散。接着,在该阻障金属层32上,形成以Au为主成分(大于或等于50质量%)的Au系辅助金属层33(本实施例,Au系辅助金属层33为Au层)。接下来,如步骤14所示,在该Au系辅助金属层33上,形成Sn系焊料层34s以及Au-Sn系焊料层34m,如步骤15所示,实施Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤。借着在阻障金属层32上预先形成Au系辅助金属层33,可提高Sn系焊料层34s与阻障金属层32的密合力。此种情形,在Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤中,可将Au系辅助金属层33溶解于Sn系焊料层34s”中。如此,由于熔点伴随Au的熔解而上升,可轻易实施使Sn系焊料层34s再凝固的步骤。
Claims (13)
1.一种发光元件,其是以位于具有发光层部的化合物半导体层的、光取出面侧的主表面为第一主表面、以和第一主表面相反侧的主表面为第二主表面,在该化合物半导体层的第一主表面、第二主表面分别形成第一电极、第二电极,通过该第二电极来和作为组件安装对象的通电支持体形成导通连接,其特征在于:
该第二电极,具备接合合金化层与焊料层;
该接合合金化层,与该化合物半导体层的第二主表面接触设置,同时用以降低与该化合物半导体层的接合阻抗;
该焊料层,用于将该接合合金化层连接于该通电支持体,由设置在该接合合金化层侧、以Sn为主成分且熔点低于该接合合金化层的Sn系金属构成的Sn系焊料层,以及位于相对该Sn系焊料层的该接合合金化层的相反侧、并与Sn系焊料层接触设置的Au-Sn系焊料层所构成,其中该Au-Sn系焊料层含有30质量%~90质量%的Au、与10质量%~70质量%的Sn,Au与Sn的合计含有量大于或等于80质量%,且熔点高于该Sn系焊料层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发光元件,其特征在于,该Sn系焊料层的Sn含有量大于或等于75质量%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的的发光元件,其特征在于,该Au-Sn系焊料层是以Au为主成分,且Sn含有量在15质量%~35质量%。
4.根据权利要求1~3的任意一项所述的发光元件,其特征在于,该Au-Sn系焊料层的厚度大于该Sn系焊料层的厚度。
5.根据权利要求1~4的任意一项所述的发光元件,其特征在于,在该化合物半导体层的第二主表面,分散形成有该第二电极。
6.根据权利要求5所述的发光元件,其特征在于,在该化合物半导体层的该第二主表面,以图案化成预定形状的方式分散形成该第二电极,且于该第二电极,该焊料层按照使周侧面位置与该接合合金化层一致的形态来形成。
7.根据权利要求6所述的发光元件,其特征在于,该焊料层的周侧面,形成为以其和该接合合金化层的接合界面的外周缘为断裂起点的层厚方向的机械断裂面。
8.根据权利要求1~7的任意一项所述的发光元件,其特征在于,在该第二电极上该接合合金化层与该焊料层之间设置阻障金属层,以抑制在接合合金化层与焊料层间的合金成分扩散。
9.根据权利要求8所述的发光元件,其特征在于,该阻障金属层是以Ti、Pt以及Mo中任一者为主成分的一层或二层所构成。
10.一种发光元件模块,其特征在于,具有:
权利要求1~9项中任一项的发光元件;
通电支持体,该通电支持体是通过该第二电极的焊料层接合于该发光元件的该化合物半导体层;以及
环氧树脂模塑体,环氧树脂模塑体在该通电支持体上覆盖该发光元件。
11.一种发光元件的制造方法,用以制造权利要求1~9中任意一项的发光元件,其特征在于,依序实施以下步骤:
原料金属层形成步骤,是在该化合物半导体层的第二主表面形成该接合合金化层的原料金属层;
合金化热处理步骤,是将该原料金属层与该化合物半导体层合金化,以形成该接合合金化层;
Sn系焊料层成膜步骤,是在该接合合金化层上形成该Sn系焊料层;
Au-Sn系焊料层成膜步骤,是在该Sn系焊料层上形成该Au-Sn系焊料层;以及
Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤,是藉由加热至大于或等于该Sn系焊料层的熔点温度、但未达该接合合金化层及该Au-Sn系焊料层的熔点温度,在以该接合合金化层、该Sn系焊料层以及该Au-Sn系焊料层依序积层而成的电极积层构造中,选择性地使该Sn系焊料层熔融。
12.根据权利要求11所述的发光元件的制造方法,其特征在于,在Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤中,使该Au-Sn系焊料层或该接合合金化层的Au成分进行扩散,以提高熔融的Sn系焊料层中Au浓度而使液相线温度上升后,于该Sn系焊料层熔融热处理时使该Sn系焊料层再凝固。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的发光元件的制造方法,其特征在于,是于该化合物半导体层的第二主表面分散形成该接合合金化层,并以将该接合合金化层与作为其背景的化合物半导体层的露出区域一起覆盖的方式形成该Sn系焊料层,进一步形成该Au-Sn系焊料层后,实施该Sn系焊料层熔融热处理步骤,之后实施剥离步骤,使该Sn系焊料层与该Au-Sn系焊料层的积层膜中、覆盖该接合合金化层的部分密合残留于该接合合金化层上,同时将覆盖该接合合金化层背景区域的部分选择性地剥离。
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2006
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- 2006-01-26 US US11/883,078 patent/US7829910B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-01-26 CN CNB2006800037033A patent/CN100530723C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-01-26 DE DE602006014937T patent/DE602006014937D1/de active Active
- 2006-01-26 KR KR1020077018306A patent/KR101192229B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2006-01-26 EP EP06712432A patent/EP1850400B1/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-01-26 WO PCT/JP2006/301250 patent/WO2006080408A1/ja active Application Filing
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CN105981185A (zh) * | 2014-02-11 | 2016-09-28 | 世迈克琉明有限公司 | 半导体发光元件 |
CN107427946A (zh) * | 2015-03-04 | 2017-12-01 | 赛峰电气与电源公司 | 通过金属间化合物装配两个元件的钎焊方法以及含有通过金属间化合物装配的两个元件的装置 |
CN107427946B (zh) * | 2015-03-04 | 2020-10-13 | 赛峰电气与电源公司 | 通过金属间化合物装配两个元件的钎焊方法以及含有通过金属间化合物装配的两个元件的装置 |
CN110534636A (zh) * | 2018-05-24 | 2019-12-03 | 斯坦雷电气株式会社 | 具有多个导电接合层元件的半导体发光装置及其制造方法 |
CN111373553A (zh) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-07-03 | 重庆康佳光电技术研究院有限公司 | 一种发光器件及其制备方法、显示装置 |
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EP1850400A4 (en) | 2009-06-03 |
JP4617902B2 (ja) | 2011-01-26 |
EP1850400B1 (en) | 2010-06-16 |
KR101192229B1 (ko) | 2012-10-17 |
US20080164488A1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
US7829910B2 (en) | 2010-11-09 |
CN100530723C (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
TW200629610A (en) | 2006-08-16 |
EP1850400A1 (en) | 2007-10-31 |
DE602006014937D1 (de) | 2010-07-29 |
TWI389336B (zh) | 2013-03-11 |
KR20070104402A (ko) | 2007-10-25 |
WO2006080408A1 (ja) | 2006-08-03 |
JP2006210829A (ja) | 2006-08-10 |
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