CN107427946B - 通过金属间化合物装配两个元件的钎焊方法以及含有通过金属间化合物装配的两个元件的装置 - Google Patents
通过金属间化合物装配两个元件的钎焊方法以及含有通过金属间化合物装配的两个元件的装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- JVPLOXQKFGYFMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold tin Chemical compound [Sn].[Au] JVPLOXQKFGYFMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004870 electrical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/19—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering taking account of the properties of the materials to be soldered
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- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
- B23K1/0016—Brazing of electronic components
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
- B23K31/02—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to soldering or welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
- B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
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- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/26—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
- B23K35/262—Sn as the principal constituent
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3013—Au as the principal constituent
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
- F16B5/08—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of welds or the like
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- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/36—Electric or electronic devices
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Abstract
本发明特别涉及一种装配两个元件的钎焊方法(100),包括以下步骤:‑选择(101)两种钎焊材料,当它们被加热和熔化时,可以产生熔点高于每种选择的钎焊材料熔点的金属间化合物,‑将两个选定的钎焊材料定位(102)在两个元件之间,‑加热和熔化(103)两种选择的钎焊材料,以便基本达到每种选择的钎焊材料的熔点,从而使熔点高于每种所选钎焊材料熔点的金属间化合物析出。本发明还涉及一种含有采用所述方法的装置装配的两个元件的装置。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种通过金属间化合物(intermetallic compound)装配两个元件的钎焊方法(brazing method),可用于但不限于为航空领域中的电子部件供电。本发明还可用于其他领域,例如可以用于电气工程领域电动机装配中。
背景技术
航空电力电子解决方案的发展目前为飞机上优化能源消耗提供了多种可能性。电力电子行业已经出现了使用“宽禁带”材料的半导体器件,如碳化硅或替代氮化镓。使用这些半导体材料开发的器件也具有比前几代更耐高温运行的优点。由于这些器件能够在高温下运行,所以使得在没有复杂沉重的冷却系统的情况下令电子器件能够正常工作的设想成为可能。
虽然“宽禁带”半导体在高温环境中运行不再具有特殊的问题,但对于使用这种半导体的器件的装配仍然是一个挑战。
例如,由碳化硅制成的部件(例如芯片),其在期望标称工作温度为300℃的情况下,通过熔化将该碳化硅芯片装配在电子电路上的金属合金的钎焊溶液必须具有显著高于最佳工作温度的熔点。该温度差使得可以获得最佳的操作可靠性。然而,提高该熔点太多,损坏电子电路其余部分的风险很高。
已知的扩散钎焊方法,使用了两种不同的合金,一种熔点低,另一种熔点高。这种方法是使熔点低的合金熔化,并在这种熔化状态下等待熔点较高的合金通过液体逐渐扩散,从而以非常高的熔点“析出金属间化合物”。该解决方案的主要问题是执行时间长,从而成本高昂。另一个困难来源于管理金属间化合物析出的复杂性。接头的同质性的确很难保证。因此,后者由于这种异质性而被特别削弱。
用金属粉末烧结的钎焊方法也是众所周知的。在这种情况下,金属粉末(通常为银)插入在其必须附着的部件和基板之间。该金属粉末接下来在几十兆帕的压力和约300℃的温度下进行凝聚。然而应注意到,已知的烧结溶液使用银粉,但这种金属具有强烈的电迁移性。这些电迁移会导致不同电位点之间的电接触,从而导致部件损坏。此外,由于加压(5至40MPa)导致这些解决方案损坏芯片的风险很高。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于克服上述缺点。在此背景下,本发明旨在提出一种钎焊方法,用于装配在高温环境中运行的两个元件。此外,装配两个元件的钎焊方法易于实施,成本低廉,实现时间缩短。
为此,本发明涉及用于装配两个元件的钎焊方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-选择两种钎焊材料,当它们被加热和熔化时,可以产生熔点高于每种所选的钎焊材料的各自熔点的金属间化合物;
-将上述两个选定的钎焊材料定位在两个元件之间;
-加热和熔化上述两个所选择的钎焊材料,以便基本达到每个所选择的钎焊材料的熔点,从而使熔点高于每种所选钎焊材料熔点的金属间化合物析出。
换言之,得到的装配接头是由金属间化合物(或析出物)组成,非常稳定且具有非常高的熔点。该技术的一个优点是允许在相对合理的温度下进行钎焊,而所产生的钎焊接头能有效达到金属间化合物的熔点,该熔点高于两个元件的标称工作温度,并且高于每个所选钎焊材料的各自的熔点。航空领域的这个工作温度可以在 300℃左右。
此外,本发明的贡献还在于提出两种合金在液-液状态下的混合物,不同于与液态金属相关且充当液体在金属中的原子扩散的装配组件的已知方案。在本发明的情况下,混合是瞬时的。因此,这种解决方案是创新的,它使得缩短实施时间成为可能。
除了上述所提及的主要特征之外,根据本发明的钎焊方法可以具有以下一个或多个附加特性,单独考虑或根据其技术上进行可能的组合:
-每种选择的钎焊材料是合金或纯金属;
-所选的两种钎焊材料之一是Au80Sn20型的合金,另一种选择的钎焊材料是纯锡;
-每种所选钎焊材料的形式为:
-条形(strip),或
-与高粘度有机材料混合的粉末(powder)。
-起脱氧剂的作用的高粘度有机材料;
-使用注射器放置在两个元件之间的与高粘度有机材料混合的粉末;
-两个元件中的一个由基底形成,另一个由电子部件形成;
-每种所选钎焊材料的熔点和金属间化合物的熔点之间的差异高于100℃。
本发明的一个方面还涉及一种包括彼此附接的两个元件的装置,所述两个元件通过由熔融两种钎焊材料而获得的金属间化合物而相互连接,所述金属间化合物的熔点高于两种钎焊材料的各自的熔点。
附图说明
本发明的其他特征和优点将从下面给出的描述中得到明确的说明,下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的,而不能理解为对本发明的限制:
-图1示出了根据本发明的方法的步骤的概要;
-图2示出了锡和金二元相变图;
-图3以示意性方式示出了根据本发明的装置的示例性实施例。
具体实施方式
为了清楚起见,仅表现了对于理解本发明有用的元件,而不考虑规模和示意性的方式。此外,位于不同图中的类似元素具有相同的参考。
图1示出了根据本发明的用于装配两个元件的钎焊方法(100)的步骤。非限制性地,两个元件由基底型的第一元件和诸如电子芯片的电子元件类型的第二元件形成。
钎焊方法(100)包括选择两种钎焊材料的步骤(101),当所选两种钎焊材料被加热和熔化时,可以产生熔点高于每个所选钎焊材料的各自熔点的金属间化合物。
应当注意,每个选择的钎焊材料是合金或纯金属。作为非限制性示例,可以选择纯金属型的第一钎焊材料,例如纯锡,其熔点为232℃。此外,可以选择合金型的第二钎焊材料,例如熔点为278℃的合金Au80Sn20。在纯锡和Au80Sn20合金加热熔化后,所得金属间化合物为AuSn型合金,其熔点为419℃。
例如,图2示出了锡-金二元相变图。作为示例,如果通过金属间化合物附接的两个元件必须在接近300℃的诸如飞机发动机的操作环境中实现,则金属间化合物的熔点需要明显高于300℃。根据图2所示的锡-金二元相变图,选择由熔点为 419.3℃的合金AuSn形成的金属间化合物是有利的。选择熔点为419.3℃的金属间化合物AuSn,该金属间化合物由具有重量占62.5%的金和重量占37.5%的锡的合金形成。因此,以非限制性的方式,为了获得由具有重量占62.5%的金和重量占 37.5%的锡的合金形成的金属间化合物,可以使用:
-由合金Au80Sn20形成的第一钎焊材料,其熔点为278℃,重量为金属间化合物的重量的72%,该合金Au80Sn20包含重量占20%的锡+重量占80%的金,以及
-由熔点为232℃,重量为金属间化合物28%的纯锡形成的第二钎焊材料。
加热和熔化这种钎料组合可以获得重量占62.5%的金+重量占37.5%的锡的合金,即具有的精确比例金属间化合物AuSn。
钎焊方法(100)还包括将两个所选择的钎焊材料定位在两个元件之间的步骤(102)。
上述两种钎焊材料中的每一种可以是以下形式:
·预制棒(perform)(也可以是指定的条形),或
·粉末,其与高粘度有机材料(俗称“钎焊膏”)混合均匀,其中高粘度有机物起到脱氧剂的作用。
例如,当一种或两种钎焊材料以与高粘度有机材料混合成粉末时,其可以使用注射器定位在两个元件之间。
钎焊方法(100)还包括步骤(103),该步骤包括加热和熔化所选择的钎焊材料,以便基本达到每个所选钎焊材料的熔点,以便实现使熔点高于每种所选钎焊材料熔点的金属间化合物析出。
根据所描述的实施例,通过在309℃附近加热以达到两种钎焊材料的熔点,从而熔化它们(换句话说是熔合它们),从而产生一种熔点为419℃的纯的金属间化合物。因此,钎焊方法的温度没有超过309℃,这使得可以保留位于基底上的所有电子部件。基底和电子芯片可以放置在标称工作温度超过309℃的环境中,而不会造成彼此分离的危险。
换句话说,本发明包括一种能够装配两个元件的钎焊溶液,由于熔化了两种金属或金属合金,在一定温度下能够析出单一金属间化合物,该单一金属间化合物熔点高于起始的两种金属或金属合金的熔点。换一种说法,即根据本发明的方法(100) 使获得由100%金属间化合物组成的钎焊接头成为可能,该钎焊接头与通常在钎焊合金中发现的复合金相组织不同,其随着时间的推移非常稳定。
本发明还涉及与本发明匹配的一种装置(1),其包括彼此附接的两个元件(2,3)。图3示出了这种装置(1)。
第一元件由电子芯片(2)形成,第二元件由基底(3)形成,第一元件和第二元件通过熔化两种钎焊材料而获得的金属间化合物(4)相互附接。金属间化合物(4) 的熔点高于两种合金钎焊材料的各自的熔点。
Claims (9)
1.一种装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),所述方法(100)包括以下步骤:
-选择(101)两种钎焊材料,当它们被加热和熔化时,可以产生熔点高于每种所选钎焊材料各自熔点的金属间化合物(4),
-定位(102)两个选定的钎焊材料在两个元件(2,3)之间,
-加热和熔化(103)所述两种所选择的钎焊材料,以便基本达到每个所选择的钎焊材料的熔点,从而使熔点高于每种所选钎焊材料熔点的金属间化合物(4)析出。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),所选择的每种钎焊材料是合金或纯金属。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),两种选择的钎焊材料中的一种是Au80Sn20型的合金,另一种选择的钎焊材料是纯锡。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),每种所选钎焊材料的形式为:
-条形,或
-与高粘度有机材料混合的粉末。
5.根据权利要求4所述的装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),所述高粘度有机材料起脱氧剂的作用。
6.根据权利要求4所述的装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),根据该方法,使用注射器将与高粘度有机材料混合的粉末定位在两个元件(2,3)之间。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),其中所述两个元件(2,3)中的一个由基底(3)形成,所述两个元件中的另一个由电子部件(2)形成。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装配两个元件(2,3)的钎焊方法(100),根据该方法,所选的每种钎焊材料的熔点和金属间化合物(4)的熔点之间的差异高于100摄氏度。
9.一种包括彼此附接的两个元件(2,3)的装置(1),所述两个元件(2,3)经由熔融两种钎焊材料而获得的金属间化合物(4)彼此附接,所述金属间化合物(4)的熔点高于每种所选钎焊材料的熔点。
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PCT/FR2016/050489 WO2016139429A1 (fr) | 2015-03-04 | 2016-03-03 | Procédé de brasage pour assembler deux éléments via un compose intermétallique; dispositif comprenant deux éléments assemblés par un composant intermétallique |
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