CN101094687B - 含有免疫球蛋白和低聚糖的营养组合物 - Google Patents
含有免疫球蛋白和低聚糖的营养组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于治疗和/或预防感染的方法和组合物,所述方法包括使哺乳动物口服一种组合物,所述组合物包括含半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖和来源于高度免疫的奶牛的乳汁或初乳的免疫球蛋白。
Description
技术领域
本发明提供一种预防和/或治疗肠道和/或呼吸道感染的方法,所述方法包括给予一种含有抗体和不可消化低聚糖的营养组合物。
背景技术
呼吸道和肠道是发生病原体感染的常见位置。尽管宿主生物通常具有功能性免疫系统,但由于呼吸道和肠道直接与物理环境接触并暴露于可例如通过接触、空气和食物传播的病原微生物(例如病毒、细菌、原生动物、真菌等)中,因此呼吸道和肠道经常被感染。有多种能导致婴儿和其他个体的疾病的微生物。对于免疫系统受到损害的个体来说,发生感染和严重疾病的危险性更大。
呼吸道合胞体病毒(RSV)是导致婴儿和儿童严重的下呼吸道疾病的主要原因。原发RSV感染通常发生在6周至2岁的儿童身上。据估计RSV导致了多达75%的儿童细支气管炎和多达40%的儿童肺炎。RSV感染危险性较高的儿童包括早产儿和患有支气管肺发育异常、先天性心脏病、先天性免疫缺陷或获得性免疫缺陷以及纤维囊泡症的儿童。患有心脏或肺部疾病并由于RSV感染而住院的婴儿的死亡率为3%-4%。对于确诊的RSV疾病,可选择的治疗方法很有限。下呼吸道的严重RSV疾病通常需要相当多的支持疗法,包括给予增湿氧气以及呼吸辅助。
流行病学研究也表明,12岁及12岁以下的儿童中哮喘和过敏的发病率,对于婴儿时期曾因为RSV感染而住院的儿童而言相当高。
急性中耳炎(AOM)是医师办公室中对1-4岁的儿童最常见的诊断结果。鼻咽中病毒的存在与中耳炎的发生有很大关系;已使用敏感分子试验方法(sensitive molecular testing method)(例如PCR)在多达90%的病例中检出呼吸道病毒。最常见的是RSV、腺病毒和流感病毒;RSV在中耳液的病毒分离物中占据了10-70%。在对患有细支气管炎的2-24个月大的婴儿进行的研究中发现,其中的86%患有AOM;从71%的患者身上分离出了RSV。在多数病例中,鼻咽部和远端管(distal tube)的病毒感染导致咽鼓管机能障碍,从而导致暂时性中耳负压,因此促成继发性病毒性或细菌性中耳炎。RSV-细菌混合感染中涉及的最常见的细菌是肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)和流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus inf luenzae)。此外,有证据表明,感染了RSV的中耳中促炎细胞因子和细胞黏附分子合成的增加可能促进中耳炎的炎症进程。
RSV在老年人中也很普遍,并常伴随有流感,是导致死亡的一大原因,然而,目前为止还没有可预防由RSV导致的死亡的疫苗。
轮状病毒感染可导致肠胃炎。它经常感染婴儿和幼儿。对于3个月至2岁大的儿童,轮状病毒是导致腹泻和住院的最常见原因之一。轮状病毒在冬季月份中导致腹泻的爆发,这对于儿童保健中心和儿童医院来说特别成问题。几乎所有儿童在3岁之前都曾感染过轮状病毒。被感染的婴儿可能会经历一系列症状,包括呕吐、腹泻、发烧、脱水和疼痛以至于更严重的长期并发症,例如乳糖吸收不良、碳水化合物不耐受、早发性蛋白质不耐受以及对其他感染的敏感性增加。在公共卫生系统不完善的国家,轮状病毒是婴儿死亡的主要原因。
已经证实呼吸道和肠道感染的预防是很困难的,只有极少的疫苗能够预防呼吸道或肠道感染,特别是与RSV和轮状病毒相关的上述感染。尝试通过定期进行单克隆抗体的肌内注射以使RSV致死危险性较高的婴儿预防RSV感染。所述单克隆抗体具有使具危险性的儿童出现严重RSV病例的发生率降低的效果。但是该方法具有高度侵害性,价格非常昂贵,并且只对一小部分具有RSV感染危险性和患有RSV感染导致的疾病的人起作用。
母乳喂养的婴儿患呼吸道和肠道感染的几率较小,严重性较低。本领域中目前认为该几率和严重性的降低一部分是由于母乳中含有具有使病毒和/或其他微生物失效的活性的免疫球蛋白。
肠道和呼吸道感染通常难以治疗。多数情况下只能进行缓和疗法。对轮状病毒感染的治疗局限于口服补液和/或静脉补液。对于呼吸道感染只有少数有效药物可用,并且治疗通常需要将药物进行肺部给药。对于较幼小的婴儿这会导致强烈的应激性。因此需要更有效的药剂,并且优选其给药对婴儿和儿童不产生应激性或至少应激性较小。
一些通过肠道和/或呼吸道进入体内的病原体与全身性疾病相关。例如,疱疹病毒可首先通过呼吸道进入,然后侵入并在停留在体内的其他部位,随着时间延长导致疾病。
WO9613271记载了一种改善肠胃健康的组合物,含有有效量的有益的人类肠道微生物和有效量的免疫球蛋白组合物,所述免疫球蛋白组合物含有浓缩的具有免疫活性的免疫球蛋白。另一种可恢复和保持胃肠健康的组合物含有40-60重量%的免疫球蛋白组合物和40-60%重量的可溶膳食纤维,所述免疫球蛋白组合物含有浓缩的具有免疫活性的免疫球蛋白,所述可溶膳食纤维选自菊粉、低聚果糖、果胶、瓜尔胶及其混合物。
发明内容
在多中心临床试验中,本发明人惊讶地发现,向婴儿肠内给予含有半乳寡聚糖的营养组合物可用于降低感染的几率和/或严重性,特别是对于呼吸道感染。在此之前没有对含有半乳糖的可溶膳食纤维——例如半乳寡聚糖(GOS)——的抗感染效果进行过记载。
此外,本发明人还发现半乳寡聚糖能够激发免疫系统。从这样的现象中得出了以下假设,即含有半乳糖的益生元成分所具有的减少感染的特性是免疫应答提高和肠内微生物区系的正刺激(positivestimulation)相结合的结果。
这些对含半乳糖的低聚糖的作用机制的理解使得可以进一步改善婴儿营养物,并且使得开发出减少感染的本发明组合物和本发明方法。
本发明提供一种包括含半乳糖的益生元成分和一种或多种免疫球蛋白的组合物,所述免疫球蛋白具有抵抗一种或多种病原微生物的活性,所述病原微生物例如一种或多种致病病毒、细菌、真菌等。优选从经过抗原处理的哺乳动物所产生的初乳或乳汁中获得免疫球蛋白,所述哺乳动物例如对一种或多种人类病原体高度免疫的奶牛。
特别地,GOS的免疫激发作用与免疫球蛋白的使呼吸道病毒失效作用的结合提供了一种用于治疗和预防病毒导致的呼吸道感染的有利结合。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,GOS的双歧杆菌激发作用、免疫激发作用和免疫球蛋白的使病毒失效作用的结合对于治疗和/或预防肠道感染例如轮状病毒感染特别有效。
低聚糖和(一种或多种)特异性免疫球蛋白协同作用。抗轮状病毒的免疫球蛋白与轮状病毒结合,然后肠道免疫系统使之失效。
低聚糖激发双歧杆菌的生长,从而减少轮状病毒的感染。此外,低聚糖还能够在轮状病毒感染期间和感染之后激发正常的肠内微生物区系的重建。这样可以降低腹泻的严重性并缩短其持续时间,并减少被病原体重新感染的几率。此外,可将两种成分结合用于婴儿营养物中,使得不必再介入其他手段。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,本发明涉及一种或多种免疫球蛋白、含半乳糖的低聚糖和酸性低聚糖的结合物。酸性低聚糖可防止病原体附着在上皮细胞上,从而进一步降低感染(降低感染和/或再感染的几率和/或严重性)。
在一种特别有效的实施方案中,本发明提供一种包括含半乳糖的低聚糖、具有使呼吸道病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白和具有使肠道病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白的组合物。可通过使奶牛对上述两种病毒高度免疫并将其乳房分泌产物与含半乳糖的低聚糖结合而容易地制得本发明的组合物。
本发明的组合物对于预防和降低婴儿的感染特别有效,并且无需通过活性疫苗的方式注射或口服多种抗原、或者注射单克隆抗体。实际上,本发明组合物优选口服,并且可以作为食物或药用制剂给予,优选本发明组合物包括在食物组合物中。
具体实施方式
本发明一方面提供一种治疗和/或预防感染的方法,所述方法包括给予一种组合物,该组合物包括:含有至少两个末端糖单元的、含有半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖,其中至少一个末端糖单元选自葡萄糖和半乳糖,并且至少一个末端糖选自半乳糖和岩藻糖;以及具有抵抗一种或多种病原微生物的活性的免疫球蛋白。
本发明另一方面提供一种适用于治疗和/或预防感染或疾病的组合物,所述组合物包括:含有至少两个末端糖单元的、含有半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖,其中至少一个末端糖单元选自葡萄糖和半乳糖,并且至少一个末端糖选自半乳糖和岩藻糖;以及具有抵抗病原微生物的活性的免疫球蛋白。
低聚糖
本发明包括给予含有至少两个末端糖单元的、含有半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖(GAL-oligo),其中至少一个末端糖单元选自葡萄糖和半乳糖,并且至少一个末端糖选自半乳糖和岩藻糖。GAL-oligo中的糖优选为β连接。
术语“末端糖”指连接到另一个糖单元上的糖(例如半乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖或岩藻糖)。本发明的GAL-oligo优选含有不超过4个末端糖,优选不超过2个。
本发明中使用的术语“不可消化低聚糖”指不能在肠道中在存在于人上消化道中(小肠和胃)的酸或消化酶的作用下消化或只能部分地消化的、但可被人肠内微生物区系发酵的糖。
在一种优选的实施方案中,GAL-oligo含有至少一个末端半乳糖、和一个至少选自末端葡萄糖和一个末端岩藻糖的糖。更优选地,本发明的含半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖包括至少一个末端半乳糖和至少一个末端葡萄糖。优选低聚糖由两个末端糖单元和总共2至60个糖单元组成。
优选GAL-oligo选自反式半乳寡聚糖、半乳寡聚糖、乳糖-N-四糖(LNT)、乳糖-N-新四糖(neo-LNT)、岩藻糖基乳糖、岩藻糖基化LNT和岩藻糖基化neo-LNT。在一种特别优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法包括给予反式半乳寡聚糖([半乳糖]n-葡萄糖;其中n为1至60之间的整数,即2、3、4、5、6......59、60;优选n选自2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10)。反式半乳寡聚糖(TOS)为例如商标为VivinalTM的市售产品(Borculo Domo Ingredients,荷兰)。优选反式半乳寡聚糖中的糖为β连接。
本发明的组合物可为粉末形式或液体形式。本发明组合物优选每100克干重组合物包括0.1至12克GAL-oligo,优选0.5至8克,更优选1.0至7.5克。将粉末复原为液体形式并将该液体配方物给予婴儿后,该剂量的GAL-oligo可产生所需的效果而不会导致肠部不适。
免疫球蛋白
本发明组合物含有至少一种具有使一种或多种病原微生物失效的活性的免疫球蛋白。本发明的免疫球蛋白优选具有使一种或多种病毒、细菌、原生动物、寄生物或朊病毒失效的活性。在一种优选的实施方案中,免疫球蛋白具有使病毒失效的活性。
当提及免疫球蛋白或免疫球蛋白的混合物(例如I gG与I gA)的“活性”或“失效活性”时,指的是免疫球蛋白与其所对抗的病原体结合并降低该病原体在体内的有害作用的能力,特别是与用于使动物免疫的抗原相结合的能力。可以使用体外或体内结合试验对活性进行测定。“特异性免疫球蛋白”可使一种病原微生物失效(例如一种病毒或病毒毒株、一种细菌或细菌菌株等),该病原微生物即所述特异性免疫球蛋白所对抗的。
优选组合物包括具有使一种或多种感染呼吸道的病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白(即具有使呼吸道病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白)(或免疫球蛋白的混合物)和/或具有使一种或多种感染肠道的病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白(即具有使肠道病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白)(或免疫球蛋白的混合物)。更优选本发明组合物含有一种能够使选自以下种类的病毒失效的免疫球蛋白(或Ig混合物),所述病毒选自粘液病毒(Myxovirus)、正粘病毒(Orthomyxokvirus)、鼻病毒(Rhinovirus)、埃可病毒(Echovirus)、柯萨奇病毒(Coxsackievirus)、腺病毒(Adenovirus)、呼吸道合胞体病毒(Respiratory Syncytial Virus)(RSV)、(人类)肺炎后病毒(Mea pneumovirus)(MPV)、冠形病毒(Coronavirus)、疱疹病毒(Herpes virus)、麻疹病毒(Measles virus)、轮状病毒(Rotavirus)、杯状病毒(Calicivirus)、星状病毒(Astrovirus)和细胞巨化病毒(Cytomegalovirus)。最优选组合物包括具有使呼吸道合胞体病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白(或Ig混合物)和/或具有使轮状病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白(或Ig混合物)。
优选免疫球蛋白从高度免疫的哺乳动物的乳汁和/或初乳中获得或可从其中获得,所述高度免疫的哺乳动物优选为高度免疫的农场动物,最优选为高度免疫的奶牛。优选免疫球蛋白从高度免疫的奶牛的乳汁中获得或可从其中获得。从高度免疫的哺乳动物获得这些免疫球蛋白的方法对于本领域技术人员是熟知的,并且例如在GB1573995中有所记载。用于本发明的免疫球蛋白优选为从高度免疫的哺乳动物获得的免疫球蛋白混合物。来自高度免疫的动物的免疫球蛋白混合物可与来自未经高度免疫的哺乳动物的免疫球蛋白混合物区分,因为这些免疫球蛋白混合物与来自普通乳汁的免疫球蛋白混合物相比具有更高含量的针对特定微生物(例如病毒)的免疫球蛋白。免疫球蛋白优选可从用呼吸道病毒抗原和/或肠道病毒抗原高度免疫的农场动物中获得或从其中获得,所述农场动物最优选用呼吸道病毒抗原和肠道病毒抗原两者进行免疫。这些奶牛的初乳和乳汁中含有具有使呼吸道病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白以及具有使肠道病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白。免疫球蛋白优选可从用呼吸道合胞体病毒抗原和/或轮状病毒抗原高度免疫的农场动物中获得或从其中获得,所述农场动物最优选用呼吸道合胞体病毒抗原和轮状病毒抗原两者进行免疫。在一种替代的实施方案中,组合物含有乳汁和/或初乳的混合物,其中至少一种乳汁或初乳中含有具有使一种或多种感染呼吸道的病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白(或Ig混合物),并且至少一种乳汁或初乳中含有具有使一种或多种感染肠道的病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白。因此,本发明组合物可从不同动物的初乳或乳汁中获得,其中一组动物产生抵抗一种或多种呼吸道病毒的免疫球蛋白,另一组动物产生抵抗一种或多种肠道病毒的免疫球蛋白。
免疫球蛋白优选为选自IgM、IgY、IgG和IgA中的一种或多种(混合物),最优选为IgG和/或IgA。优选本发明组合物含有IgG和IgA。这两类免疫球蛋白均可有效地预防病原微生物对上皮细胞的感染,并且这两类免疫球蛋白均存在于初乳和乳汁中。禽类IgY也被证明可有效地预防病原微生物对上皮细胞的感染。优选本发明组合物含有来自乳汁的免疫球蛋白,所述乳汁来自高度免疫的奶牛。因此优选IgG/IgA的重量比为1至100。
免疫球蛋白优选来自至少一种选自以下的乳品来源:初乳或乳汁产品,优选为新鲜乳汁、新鲜乳制品、经过微过滤处理具有更长贮存期的乳汁、全初乳粉、脱脂初乳粉、奶粉、初乳蛋白浓缩物、乳蛋白浓缩物、乳蛋白分离物、初乳蛋白分离物、乳清蛋白浓缩物和乳清蛋白分离物。
以人类乳汁作为饮食基本组成部分的婴儿每天可获得约0.2g至2g免疫球蛋白。本发明的方法优选包括每天给予0.05克/千克体重至2克/千克体重的免疫球蛋白,更优选为每天0.1克/kg体重至1克/kg体重的免疫球蛋白。
本发明组合物,特别是本发明的婴儿营养物,含有0.25重量%至5重量%的免疫球蛋白,所述重量百分比以本发明组合物的干重计。
本发明组合物优选含有至少1重量%的具有使呼吸道合胞体病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白,优选至少2重量%,更优选至少2.5重量%,所述重量百分比以免疫球蛋白的总重计。优选不超过90重量%。本发明组合物优选含有至少1重量%的具有使轮状病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白,优选至少2重量%,更优选至少2.5重量%,所述重量百分比以免疫球蛋白的总重计。优选不超过90重量%。
本发明组合物中GAL-oligo:免疫球蛋白的重量比优选为0.01至100,更优选为0.1至10。
本发明组合物优选每天提供0.1至30g免疫球蛋白。当将组合物给予婴儿时,优选每天提供0.2至5g免疫球蛋白。当将组合物给予成人时,优选每天提供0.5至15g免疫球蛋白。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,本发明组合物包括具有使一种或多种选自以下的病原微生物失效活性的免疫球蛋白,所述病原微生物选自幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)、肠产毒性大肠杆菌(Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli)(ETEC)和志贺杆菌(shigella)。
可消化的半乳糖糖类
本发明组合物优选包括含有可消化的半乳糖糖类的可消化碳水化合物。组合物含有至少5重量%的可消化的半乳糖糖类,所述百分比以组合物总干重计,所述糖类选自半乳糖和含有至少两个末端糖单元的、含有半乳糖的可消化糖,其中至少一个末端糖单元选自葡萄糖和半乳糖,并且至少一个末端糖选自半乳糖和岩藻糖。用于本发明方法的优选的组合物含有至少5重量%的可消化的半乳糖糖类,优选至少10重量%,更优选至少25重量%,所述百分比以本发明组合物的总干重计。
本发明使用的术语“可消化的半乳糖糖类”指在正常的健康人类的肠内在存在于人上消化道(小肠和胃)中的酸或消化酶的作用下可消化的单糖、二糖、三糖或多糖。本发明的方法中优选使用乳糖。
可消化的半乳糖糖类优选为乳糖。优选地,本发明的方法所使用的组合物中的碳水化合物中至少50重量%为乳糖,优选至少75重量%,更优选至少90重量%。本发明中使用的术语“碳水化合物”与平常实践中相同,指可消化的碳水化合物。本发明的方法中使用的组合物优选含有至少10重量%的乳糖糖类,优选至少25重量%,更优选至少40重量%,最优选至少50重量%,所述百分比以本发明组合物的总干重计。为了向婴儿提供最佳营养物,即与人乳高度相似的组合物,本发明的方法优选包括给予含40至60重量%乳糖的组合物,所述百分比以组合物的总干重计。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,本发明涉及每次供应给予约2至50克乳糖,优选每次供应给予约10至25克乳糖。优选一次供应为5至500ml,更优选为100至300ml。
可消化的半乳糖糖类:含半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖的重量比优选大于1,更优选大于5,再更优选大于10。该比例优选小于1000,更优选小于100。
低聚糖结合物
在一种特别优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法包括给予本发明的GAL-oligo以及选自以下的第二种不可消化低聚糖,所述第二种不可消化低聚糖选自不可消化糊精、木糖低聚糖、阿拉伯糖低聚糖、葡萄糖低聚糖、甘露寡糖、岩藻糖低聚糖、果聚糖-果聚糖型(β-D-(2→6)呋喃果糖基)nα-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙)以及果聚糖-菊粉型(β-D-(2→1)呋喃果糖基)nα-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙)。优选第二种低聚糖选自菊粉、水解的菊粉和低聚果糖。
本发明组合物中优选每100克干重本发明组合物包括0.5至12克第二种不可消化低聚糖,更优选包括1至8克第二种不可消化低聚糖。第二种低聚糖的DP值优选低于40,更优选为10至30。
优选地,本发明组合物中每100克干重本发明组合物总计包括(即包括或不包括第二、第三种等水溶性的不可消化低聚糖)1至12克水溶性的不可消化低聚糖,更优选总计为2至9克。
下列重量比优选均大于1:
a.(DP为2至5的低聚糖):(DP为6至9的低聚糖);以及
b.(DP为10至60的低聚糖):(DP为6至9的低聚糖)。优选两个重量比均大于2,更优选均大于5。
本发明的方法优选包括每100克干重组合物给予0.5至10克的DP为1至10的反式半乳寡聚糖,更优选给予2至5克。本发明优选每100克干重组合物包括0.5至10克的DP为15至40的果多糖(fructopolysaccharide),更优选包括1至5克。术语“果多糖”指包括具有至少10个β连接的果糖单元的链的不可消化多糖碳水化合物。
酸性低聚糖
在另一种优选的实施方案中,第二种不可消化低聚糖为酸性低聚糖。术语“酸性低聚糖”指含有至少一个选自以下的酸性基团的低聚糖,所述酸性基团选自N-乙酰基神经氨酸、N-乙醇酰基神经氨酸、游离或酯化的羧酸、硫酸基团和磷酸基团。酸性低聚糖优选为聚己糖(polyhexose)。优选地,至少一种前述酸性基团位于酸性低聚糖的末端己糖单元上。优选酸性低聚糖在末端己糖单元上含有羧酸,其中所述羧酸基团可为游离的或酯化的。WO01/60378和/或WO02/42484中提供了制造适用于本发明的方法和组合物的酯化的果胶水解产物的方法,所述文献在此以引用的方式纳入。
优选地,酸性低聚糖具有一个、优选两个末端糖醛酸单元,所述末端糖醛酸单元可为游离的或酯化的。优选末端糖醛酸单元选自:半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、古洛糖醛酸、艾杜糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、核糖醛酸(riburonic acid)和阿卓糖醛酸(alturonic acid)。这些单元可为游离的或酯化的。在一种更优选的实施方案中,末端己糖单元具有双键,所述双键优选位于末端己糖单元的C4和C5位之间。优选其中一个末端己糖单元含有双键。末端己糖(例如糖醛酸)优选具有图1的结构。
图1:优选的末端己糖酸性基团
其中R优选选自氢、羟基或酸性基团,优选为羟基(见前文);并且R2、R3、R4和R5中的至少一个代表N-乙酰基神经氨酸、N-乙醇酰基神经氨酸、游离或酯化的羧酸、硫酸基团和磷酸基团,并且其余的R2、R3、R4和R5代表羟基和/或氢。优选地,R2、R3、R4和R5中的一个代表N-乙酰基神经氨酸、N-乙醇酰基神经氨酸、游离或酯化的羧酸、硫酸基团和磷酸基团,并且其余的R2、R3、R4和R5代表羟基和/或氢。更优选地,R2、R3、R4和R5中的一个代表游离或酯化的羧酸,并且其余的R2、R3、R4和R5代表羟基和/或氢;并且n为整数,表示己糖单元的个数(也可参见下文的聚合度部分),所述己糖单元可以是任何己糖单元。适合的n为1-5000之间的整数,代表己糖单元的个数,所述己糖单元优选为糖醛酸,更优选为半乳糖醛酸。这些单元上的羧酸基团可以为游离的或(部分)酯化的,并且优选至少部分甲基化。
最优选地,R2和R3代表羟基,R4代表氢,并且R5代表游离的或酯化的羧酸。
本方法中使用的酸性低聚糖的聚合度(DP)为1至5000,优选为1至1000,更优选为2至250,再更优选为2至50,最优选为2至10。如果使用具有不同聚合度的酸性低聚糖的混合物,则酸性低聚糖混合物的DP平均值优选为2至1000,更优选为3至250,再更优选为3至50。
酸性低聚糖优选其甲氧基化程度大于20%,优选大于50%,更优选大于70%。酸性低聚糖优选其甲基化程度大于20%,优选大于50%,更优选大于70%。
酸性低聚糖优选每天给予10mg至100g,优选每天给予100mg至50g,再更优选每天给予0.5至20g。
呼吸道和肠道感染
本发明提供一种治疗和/或预防呼吸道感染和/或肠道感染的方法。婴儿和幼儿中最常见且最严重的呼吸道和肠道感染通常是由病毒感染引起的,而本发明也适用于治疗和/或预防其他病原微生物引起的感染,所述病原微生物例如但不限于致病细菌、原生动物、寄生物、朊病毒、真菌等。这里的“病原微生物”指能够引起人类疾病的微观的或亚微观的生物体或作用物,包括病毒和朊病毒。在一种优选的实施方案中,本发明方法提供了一种用于治疗和/或预防由以下病原体引起的呼吸道感染的方法,所述病原体为:粘液病毒、正粘病毒、鼻病毒、埃可病毒、柯萨奇病毒、腺病毒、副流感病毒(Parainfluenzavirus)、呼吸道合胞体病毒(RSV)、(人类)肺炎后病毒(MPV)、冠形病毒、疱疹病毒、麻疹病毒、细胞巨化病毒、荚膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum)、粗球孢子菌(Coccidiodes immitis)、皮炎芽生菌(Blastomycesdermatitidis)、隐球菌(Cryptococcus)、曲霉(Aspergillus)、毛霉菌(Mucorales)。本发明的方法特别适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道合胞体病毒感染和/或轮状病毒感染。
在一种优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法涉及治疗和/或预防呼吸道感染疾病,所述呼吸道感染疾病优选选自结核、支气管炎、细支气管炎、气管炎、肺炎、鼻窦炎(sinusinitis)、鼻炎、严重急性呼吸器官综合征(SARS)、哮吼、会厌炎、组织胞浆菌病、球孢子菌病、酵母病、隐球菌病、曲霉病、毛霉菌病、肺脓肿和中耳炎。在一种特别优选的实施方案中,本发明提供一种治疗和/或预防病毒性肺炎和/或支气管炎的方法。本发明的方法还适用于治疗和/或预防选自以下的呼吸道感染的症状:肺部刺激、肺部充血、粘液产生过多、气喘(即呼吸困难),特别是气喘。本发明的方法还适用于治疗和/或预防哮喘。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,本发明提供一种治疗和/或预防肠道感染的方法,所述肠道感染特别是胃肠炎,更优选病毒性胃肠炎。本发明的方法还适用于治疗和/或预防选自以下的病毒性胃肠炎的症状和后遗症:水泻、呕吐、发烧、发冷和腹部疼痛。本发明的方法还适用于治疗和/或预防更严重的长期并发症,例如乳糖吸收不良、碳水化合物不耐受、早发性蛋白质不耐受以及对其他感染的敏感性增强。
通过预防可导致全身性疾病的病原体所引起的肠道和呼吸道早期感染,本发明也可在预防全身性疾病中起到一定作用,所述全身性疾病包括I型和II型单纯性疱疹。
治疗群体
本发明的方法特别适用于治疗和/或预防人类的呼吸道和肠道感染,优选针对(健康的)0岁至10岁儿童,优选0岁至4岁幼儿,更优选1岁以下的婴儿。本发明的方法可以有利地用于治疗和/或预防早产儿(妊娠37周之前出生的婴儿)的上述疾病、感染和症状。也适用于治疗由于其他并发症或由于其环境而具有高度危险性的婴儿和幼儿。
本发明的方法特别适用于治疗和/或预防免疫受损的哺乳动物个体的呼吸道和/或肠道感染,优选:老年人(约60岁以上的人),感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的个体,患有一种或多种以下疾病的个体:肾病综合征、多发性骨髓瘤、淋巴瘤、何杰金病,进行过器官移植的个体,患有慢性心脏病、慢性肾病或慢性肺病(尤其是慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、肺气肿、结节病、纤维囊泡症、支气管扩张、肺癌、肺膨胀不全、呼吸衰竭、职业性肺病、哮喘)、糖尿病和酒精中毒的个体。本发明的方法可有利地用于治疗和/或预防COPD患者、HIV感染患者和/或糖尿病患者,因为这些患者通常由于患病而变得虚弱。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法包括将本发明组合物给予使用呼吸器或人工呼吸机或者位于重症监护病房中的人,通常是住院患者,因为这些患者特别容易受到病毒感染。
因此本发明的一方面是阻止和/或降低一些通常预计其源于肠道感染的疾病的发生和严重性。本发明的一方面是将不可消化低聚糖的免疫激活作用与可有助于阻止病原体早期入侵及感染的免疫球蛋白相结合,所述病原体会导致除呼吸道或肠道疾病以外的全身性疾病。
营养配方食物
对0至4岁的幼儿进行呼吸道感染的药物治疗通常很棘手,因为很多药剂需要通过肺部途径进行给药。还没有能够预防这一年龄段的呼吸道疾病的有效疫苗。通过注射单克隆抗体进行预防是具有侵害性的、昂贵的并且只能部分有效。本发明提供了一种治疗和/或预防呼吸道感染的方法,包括口服一种营养组合物。因此,本发明的方法也克服了肺部给药或肌内给药的问题。
适用于本发明方法的营养组合物优选含有10至60en%的脂类、5至50en%的蛋白质、15至90en%的碳水化合物。更优选营养组合物含有7.5至12.5en%的蛋白质、40至55en%的碳水化合物、以及35至50en%的脂肪(en%是能量百分比的简称,代表每种组分对制剂总热值的相对贡献量)。
营养组合物优选还含有至少一种长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA),所述长链多不饱和脂肪酸优选选自二十碳五烯酸(EPA,n-3)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,n-3)和花生四烯酸(AA,n-6),因为这些物质可以进一步减轻呼吸道感染和/或其症状。优选本发明的组合物含有AA和DHA,更优选含有AA、DHA和EPA。本发明的不可消化低聚糖和LC-PUFA的结合具有协同作用。
优选本发明的组合物包括至少0.1重量%、优选至少0.25重量%、更优选至少0.5重量%、再更优选至少0.75重量%的具有20至22个碳原子的LC-PUFA,所述百分比以总脂肪含量计。本发明的组合物中具有20至22个碳原子的LC-PUFA的含量优选不超过总脂肪含量的15重量%,优选不超过总脂肪含量的10重量%,更优选不超过5重量%。
EPA含量优选不超过总脂肪的15重量%,更优选不超过5重量%,最优选不超过1重量%,但优选其至少为总脂肪的0.05重量%,更优选至少0.1重量%。DHA含量优选不超过总脂肪的10重量%,更优选不超过5重量%,最优选不超过1重量%,但其至少为0.1重量%。本发明组合物优选包括至少0.1重量%的AA,更优选至少0.25重量%的AA,最优选至少0.5重量%的AA,所述百分比以总脂肪计。AA含量优选不超过总脂肪的5重量%,更优选不超过1重量%。
适合给予成人的组合物可包括更多量的LC-PUFA。这种情况下EPA含量优选不超过总脂肪的15重量%,更优选不超过10重量%,但优选其至少为总脂肪的0.05重量%,更优选至少0.1重量%。DHA含量优选不超过15重量%,更优选不超过10重量%,但其至少为总脂肪的0.1重量%。本发明组合物优选包括至少0.1重量%的AA,更优选包括至少0.25重量%的AA,最优选包括至少0.5重量%的AA,所述百分比以总脂肪计。AA含量优选不超过总脂肪的15重量%,更优选不超过10重量%。
本发明的方法不涵盖包括给予一种由人乳组成的组合物的方法。因此,本发明的方法优选包括给予一种包括有非人类来源的物质的组合物,所述非人类来源的物质优选为适用于人类口服的营养物质,更优选为非人类来源的纤维碳水化合物、脂肪和/或蛋白质,优选其来自植物、动物、细菌或合成来源。
药用配方物
本发明提供一种治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠道感染的方法,包括口服一种含有不可消化低聚糖和免疫球蛋白的药用组合物。优选的药用制剂可为液体形式或固体形式。液体形式的产品可包括来源于初乳、乳汁或蛋黄的、通过用多种方法去除污染性细菌并延长贮存期的免疫球蛋白。一种优选的用于去除细菌的方法为微过滤。固体形式的药用组合物包括可复原的粉末、片剂、可咀嚼片剂和胶囊。本领域技术人员可将包括有本发明的产品制成制剂以将活性成分基本完整地递送至肠内的某些部位。
益生元
在另一种优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法包括给予上述不可消化低聚糖和/或免疫球蛋白和益生元。优选益生元选自乳酸菌、乳球菌、双歧杆菌、肠球菌、丙酸菌、片球菌、杆菌和链球菌,更优选选自乳酸菌和双歧杆菌。益生元优选为可产生乳酸的非致病细菌。本发明的不可消化低聚糖和益生元细菌的结合产生协同作用。
实施例
实施例1:标准婴儿配方食物中的反式半乳寡聚糖对预防1周岁以
下婴儿的呼吸道感染的有效性
方法:在意大利进行了多中心临床试验,包括7个中心和56名儿科医师。停止哺乳后,将婴儿分为两组。对A组婴儿(n=69)给予补加有低聚糖的NutrilonTM1或2,补加的低聚糖的量使反式半乳寡聚糖的最终浓度为0.36g/100ml(Vivina1-GOSTM;Borculo Domo Ingredients,荷兰)、果多糖为0.04g/100ml(Raftiline HPTM,Orafti,Tienen,比利时)。对照组B中的婴儿(n=82)接受标准NutrilonTM1或2。
Nutrilon1TM中含有45en%的碳水化合物,8en%的蛋白质和47en%的脂肪;以总碳水化合物计约97重量%的乳糖;每100ml7.3克乳糖;每100克干重的全部组合物约54克乳糖。
Nutrilon2TM中含有47en%的碳水化合物,10en%的蛋白质和43en%的脂肪;以总碳水化合物计约96重量%的乳糖;每100ml7.9克乳糖;每100克干重的全部组合物约54克乳糖。
结果:婴儿的年龄在2至9个月之间变化,对婴儿进行6个月跟踪调查。两组婴儿未表现出营养摄入上的不同。A组中,共观察到32例上呼吸道感染。对照组B中,共观察到60例上呼吸道感染。因此A组与B组相比上呼吸道感染的发生率显著(p<0.01)降低.
实施例2:包括含半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖的组合物的免疫激发作
用
实验方案:通过使小鼠摄食包括含半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖的饮食,测试包括含半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖的饮食的延迟型过敏(DTH)反应。DTH是Th1免疫应答的一个参数,可通过测量局部抗原攻击之后耳部肿胀的增加而测定DTH。为产生DTH反应,在小鼠两耳上皮内(i.c.)注射25μl经过渗析的Influvac作为DTH攻击。
使用了含有半乳寡聚糖(GOS)(Vivinal-GOSTM(Borculo DomoIngredients,荷兰)和低聚果糖(FOS)(Raftiline HPTM,Orafti,Tienen,比利时)的中性低聚糖混合物(GF),其中GOS:FOS的重量比为9:1。测试了含有1、2.5和5重量%GF的饮食,所述百分比以饮食的总重计。
结果:给予含有1或2.5重量%GF的饮食导致了DTH在统计意义上的显著增加(见表1)。这些结果表明含半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖具有免疫激发作用,这种作用可通过包括果多糖而进一步增强。
表1
饮食中低聚糖的重量% | DTH反应(%) |
0(对照组) | 100 |
1重量%GF | 132* |
2.5重量%GF | 129* |
*表明与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05)
实施例3:抗感染组合物:
含有40en%脂类、11en%蛋白质和49en%碳水化合物的婴儿配方食物,包含:
a.来自用轮状病毒抗原和大肠杆菌抗原高度免疫的奶牛的乳汁,该乳汁中因此含有具有使轮状病毒失效活性的和对抗大肠杆菌活性的免疫球蛋白(I gG)。
b.反式半乳寡聚糖(Vivina lTM(Borculo Domo Ingredients,荷兰)。)
c.乳糖
实施例4:抗感染组合物:
含有40en%脂类、11en%蛋白质和49en%碳水化合物的婴儿配方食物,包含:
a.来自用轮状病毒抗原和呼吸道合胞体病毒抗原高度免疫的奶牛的乳汁,该乳汁中因此含有具有使轮状病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白(IgG)和具有使呼吸道合胞体病毒失效活性的免疫球蛋白(IgG)。
b.反式半乳寡聚糖(VivinalTM(Borculo Domo Ingredients,荷兰)。)
c.乳糖
Claims (15)
1.以下物质用于制造治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染用组合物的用途,
a.含有至少两个末端糖单元的、含有半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖,其中至少一个末端糖单元选自葡萄糖和半乳糖,并且至少一个末端糖选自半乳糖和岩藻糖;以及
b.具有抵抗病原微生物的活性的免疫球蛋白,
所述组合物不包括人乳。
2.权利要求1的用于制造治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染用组合物的用途,其中将所述组合物给予婴儿。
3.权利要求1或2的用于制造治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染用组合物的用途,其中所述组合物为口服。
4.权利要求1或2的用于制造治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染用组合物的用途,其中每天给予免疫球蛋白的量为0.05g免疫球蛋白/kg体重至2g免疫球蛋白/kg体重。
5.权利要求1或2的用于制造治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染用组合物的用途,其中所述组合物在治疗和/或预防肠胃炎的方法中使用。
6.适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,所述组合物包括
a.含有至少两个末端糖单元的、含有半乳糖的不可消化低聚糖,其中至少一个末端糖单元选自葡萄糖和半乳糖,并且至少一个末端糖选自半乳糖和岩藻糖;以及
b.具有抵抗病原微生物的活性的免疫球蛋白,
所述组合物不包括人乳。
7.权利要求6的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,所述组合物包括纤维碳水化合物、脂肪和/或蛋白质,上述物质来源于植物、非人类动物、细菌或合成来源。
8.权利要求6或7的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,其中免疫球蛋白从高度免疫的哺乳动物的乳汁和/或初乳中获得或可从其中获得。
9.权利要求6或7的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,所述组合物包括具有使呼吸道合胞体病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白。
10.权利要求6或7的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,所述组合物包括具有使轮状病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白。
11.权利要求6或7的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,其中所述组合物包括0.25重量%至5重量%的免疫球蛋白,所述重量百分比以本组合物的干重计。
12.权利要求6或7的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,所述组合物包括10至60en%的脂类、5至50en%的蛋白质和15至90en%的碳水化合物,其中en%是能量百分比的简称,代表每种组分对组合物总热值的相对贡献量。
13.权利要求6或7的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,所述组合物进一步包括选自低聚果糖、水解菊粉和菊粉的不可消化低聚糖。
14.权利要求12的适用于治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染的组合物,其中免疫球蛋白包括具有使轮状病毒失效的活性的免疫球蛋白。
15.权利要求6-14中任意一项的组合物用于制造治疗和/或预防呼吸道和/或肠感染用组合物的用途。
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