CN101068789B - 用于制备阿立哌唑的新中间体及其制备方法、阿立哌唑的制备方法 - Google Patents
用于制备阿立哌唑的新中间体及其制备方法、阿立哌唑的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101068789B CN101068789B CN2004800445194A CN200480044519A CN101068789B CN 101068789 B CN101068789 B CN 101068789B CN 2004800445194 A CN2004800445194 A CN 2004800445194A CN 200480044519 A CN200480044519 A CN 200480044519A CN 101068789 B CN101068789 B CN 101068789B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- CEUORZQYGODEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aripirazole Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(N2CCN(CCCCOC=3C=C4NC(=O)CCC4=CC=3)CC2)=C1Cl CEUORZQYGODEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 34
- 229960004372 aripiprazole Drugs 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 title description 26
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000004106 butoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 18
- QNXSIUBBGPHDDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N indan-1-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)CCC2=C1 QNXSIUBBGPHDDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous trimethylamine Natural products CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical group BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052794 bromium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 phenyl TMA Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron trifluoride etherate Chemical compound FB(F)F.CCOCC KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)Cl JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- JYVLIDXNZAXMDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbinol Natural products CCCC(C)O JYVLIDXNZAXMDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium hydride Chemical compound [KH] NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000105 potassium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCN(CC)CC ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCl FOCAUTSVDIKZOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960005215 dichloroacetic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SEDZOYHHAIAQIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsilyl azide Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N=[N+]=[N-] SEDZOYHHAIAQIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001540 azides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001819 mass spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- MJORMRFQFZHIGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dihydroxy-1h-quinolin-2-one Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(O)=C(O)NC2=C1 MJORMRFQFZHIGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- MOANRQDXNNXOLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-hydroxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2CCC(=O)C2=C1 MOANRQDXNNXOLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisopropyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)OC(C)C ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQDUMFSSJAZKTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium methoxide Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C WQDUMFSSJAZKTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003693 atypical antipsychotic agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940127236 atypical antipsychotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003810 ethyl acetate extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen bromide Substances Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ULTHEAFYOOPTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dibromobutane Chemical compound BrCCCCBr ULTHEAFYOOPTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJDRSWPQXHESDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dichlorobutane Chemical compound ClCCCCCl KJDRSWPQXHESDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILXHUZNXWKFGHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydroinden-1-one;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.C1=CC=C2C(=O)CCC2=C1 ILXHUZNXWKFGHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWLKGDAVCFYWJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-aminophenol Chemical class NC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 CWLKGDAVCFYWJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GMCKRZZXDSWMTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(4-bromobutoxy)-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one Chemical compound BrCCCCOC1=CC=C2CCC(=O)C2=C1 GMCKRZZXDSWMTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXYSVHVGZZIRNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(4-chlorobutoxy)-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one Chemical compound ClCCCCOC1=CC=C2CCC(=O)C2=C1 IXYSVHVGZZIRNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXEOJRJYNSFSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy]-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(N2CCN(CCCCOC=3C=C4C(=O)CCC4=CC=3)CC2)=C1Cl DXEOJRJYNSFSFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006085 Schmidt reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000164 antipsychotic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005529 antipsychotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- LLXBVJDIPFNQDA-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzene triethyl(methyl)azanium chloride Chemical compound C[N+](CC)(CC)CC.[Cl-].C1=CC=CC=C1 LLXBVJDIPFNQDA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000042 hydrogen bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004895 liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002715 modification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000247 postprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LISFMEBWQUVKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-2-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(=O)C=CC2=C1 LISFMEBWQUVKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007660 quinolones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000000980 schizophrenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
- C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D215/20—Oxygen atoms
- C07D215/22—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 4
- C07D215/227—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 4 only one oxygen atom which is attached in position 2
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
- B01J31/0239—Quaternary ammonium compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
- C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
- C07D295/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
- C07D295/084—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
- C07D295/088—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Indole Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Quinoline Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种改良的阿立哌唑(1)的制备过程,它包括如下步骤:(i)6-羟基-1-茚满酮(11)与1,4-二卤丁烷(12)在碱和溶剂存在下、90~110℃温度下发生化学反应,形成新的中间体6-(4-卤丁氧基)茚满-1-酮(3);(ii)该新的中间体同1-(2,3-二氯苯基)哌嗪(9)发生反应,生成另一个新中间体6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮(2);(iii)将得到的新中间体与叠氮化钠反应。这项发明也涉及到分子式(2)&(3)表示的中间体以及它们的制备过程。
Description
引言
本发明涉及到用于制备阿立哌唑的新中间体以及阿立哌唑和该中间体的制备方法。阿立哌唑即7-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-3,4喹诺酮,分子式(1)如下:
这项发明也涉及到用于制备阿立哌唑的新中间体(2)和(3)。这项发明也涉及所述式(2)的新中间体的制备过程。这项发明还涉及应用分子式(2)的新中间体来制备分子式(1)阿立哌唑的改良方法。
阿立哌唑即7-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-3,4二羟喹诺酮或7-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-3,4二氢喹诺酮是商品药的活性物质,它是一种治疗精神分裂症的非典型抗精神病药物。J.Med.Chem.,(1998),4,658-667提到了阿立哌唑作为非典型抗精神病药物的用途。
美国专利No 5,006,528以及相应的欧洲专利No 367141描述了抗 精神病药物阿立哌唑(分子式(1)7-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-3,4二羟喹诺酮)的特性和制备过程。2002年,美国Bristol-MayerSquibb/Otsuka将其投放市场,用于治疗精神分裂症。
迄今为止,美国专利No 5,006,528描述5种不同的途径制备阿立哌唑,如反应式1所示:
更进一步,国际专利WO 2003026659进一步揭示了低湿度阿立哌 唑的制备过程,国际专利WO则20040663162揭示了高纯度阿立哌唑的制备过程,这些制备方法与方法-1(反应式-1)一样,只不过是在水溶液里进行。
以上所提到的方法包含了上面所表明的相同类型的中间体。如反应式-2所示,主要的中间体[分子式(5)7-羟基-2,3二羟喹诺酮]由分子式(6)3-羟基苯胺和分子式(7)3-氯丙酰氯来制备。
反应式-2
在这个方法中除了得到需要的产物式(5)外,还产生了不需要的式(8)异构体。它还很难去除,这种杂质将继续存在在最终药物阿立哌唑中。去除过程中产量变得很低。
这就有必要进一步研究以开发出一种新方法,来避免杂质形成并使产量最大化。考虑到阿立哌唑的治疗价值在不断提高,申请人致力于开发出一种新方法来合成7-{4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]-丁氧基}-3,4二羟喹诺酮,通过它可以获得高纯度、经济可行的这种化合物。
因此本发明的主要目的是提供一种改进的方法来制备阿立哌唑,避免现有方法的弊端。
本发明的另一个目的是提供分子式(2)和(3)的新中间体,用于制备阿立哌唑。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种制备分子式(2)和(3)新中间体的方法,它们可以用于制备阿立哌唑。
本发明方法参见如下反应式-3。
反应式-3
因此,这个发明提供了新中间体(2)(分子式6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-哌嗪基-1-基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮)和中间体(3)(分子式6-(4-卤代丁氧基)茚满-1-酮),它们都可用于制备分子式(1)的阿立哌唑。
本发明的另一个实例则提供了制备新中间体(2)(分子式6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-哌嗪基-1-基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮)和中间体(3)(分子式6-(4-卤代丁氧基)茚满-1-酮)的方法,它们都可用于制备分子式(1)阿立哌唑。
因此,此发明提供了新中间体分子式(3)的制备过程,它用于制备分子式(1)阿立哌唑,该过程包括分子式(11)化合物
与分子式(12)1,4-二卤丁烷发生反应,
在碱和溶剂存在情况下,当90~110℃的温度范围生成分子式(3)新中间体,其中X代表氯或溴。
本发明的另一实例提供了一种制备分子式(2)新中间体的方法,用于制备分子式(1)阿立哌唑,该方法包括:(i)分子式(11)化合物与分子式(12)1,4-二卤丁烷发生反应,在碱基和溶剂存在情况下,当温度范围在90~110℃,生成分子式(3)新中间体,其中X代表氯或溴;(ii)将步骤(i)获得的分子式(3)新化合物同分子式(9)1-(2,3-二氯苯基)-哌嗪反应,
在碱、相位转化催化剂和溶剂存在时,温度范围在80~120℃,生成分子式(2)新中间体。
本发明的另一个实例则提供了一种改良的制备分子式(1)阿立哌唑的过程,它包括:(i)分子式(11)化合物与分子式(12)1,4-二卤丁烷发生反应,在碱和溶剂存在情况下、温度范围在90~110℃,生成分子式(3)新中间体,其中X代表氯或溴;(ii)步骤(i)中获得的分子式(3)新化合物同分子式(9)化合物发生反应,在碱、相位转化催化剂和溶剂存在时,温度范围在80~120℃,生成分子式(2)新中间体;(iii)将得到的分子式(2)新化合物同叠氮化钠(sodium azide)或三甲基甲硅烷基叠氮(trimethylsilylazide)反应,有酸存在时(Schmidt反应)、温度范围在50~ 90℃时,得到分子式(1)新化合物。
步骤(i)中的碱是指例如氢化钠(sodium hydride)、甲氧基钠、三乙胺、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠和碳酸钠,优选三乙胺,最优选碳酸钾。使用的溶剂可以选自丙酮、氯仿、二氯甲烷、二氯乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、乙腈等等。较好的溶剂是丙酮,最好的是1,4-二卤丁烷本身。对6-羟基茚满-1-酮(6-hydroxyindan-1-one)而言,1,4-二卤丁烷可使用1-6当量。优选摩尔当量是4-6。反应温度在90~110℃较好,最好在100~110℃。
在步骤(i)中使用的相位转化催化剂是氯化四丁铵、溴化四丁铵、氯化苯甲基三乙基铵、氯化苯基三甲铵。
在步骤(ii)中使用的碱包括碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、氢化钠、氢化钾和三乙胺,最好用碳酸钠。在步骤(ii)中使用的溶剂可以是乙腈、丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、乙醇、甲醇、正丁醇和水,较好的溶剂是丙酮和水,最好的是水。步骤(ii)中反应温度在80~120℃较好,最好在100~120℃。相位转化催化剂是氯化四丁铵、溴化四丁铵、苯甲基三乙基氯化铵、氯化苯基三甲铵。
在步骤(iii)中使用的酸包括硫酸、氯化铝、醚合三氟化硼、三氟乙酸、甲磺酸、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸以及三氟甲磺酸。优选三氟乙酸和甲磺酸,更优选三氟乙酸,反应温度在50~90℃、优选50~70℃。反应中使用的叠氮化合物是叠氮化钠和三甲基甲硅烷基叠氮,优选叠氮化钠。相对于所使用的分子式(2)化合物的量而言,叠氮化钠的用量是1-5摩尔当量,优选是1.5-4摩尔当量。进行结晶时,使用丙酮、甲醇、甲苯、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲 烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜和其混合物。较好的溶剂是丙酮,最好的是甲醇。
根据GB 850663公开的方法来制备分子式(9)化合物1-(2,3-二氯苯基)-哌嗪,分子式(11)6-羟基茚满-1-酮可通过J.Am.Chem.Soc.,(1960), 21,5202文章所描述的方法获得。
下述实施例将更具体地描述和解释本发明。然而,本发明并不局限于这些例子,它们只是用来说明这项发明。因此,只要不脱离这项发明的范围,可进行各种变化和修改并。在这些实施例中,熔点是由PERKINELMER-PYRIS测定的,红外线光谱用FTIR PERKIN ELMER仪器记录。差示扫描量热法(DSC)的温度梯度是20℃/min。采用LC-MS/API 4000记录质谱。采用BRUKER 400Hz记录核磁共振(NMR)光谱,以TMS作为内部基准。在d(ppm)中标明了化学位移。字母s、d、dd、t、q和m分别表示单谱线(singlet)、双谱线(doublet)、双二重峰(a double of doublet),三谱线(triplet)、四重谱线(a quartet)和多重谱线(multiplet)。
实施例1
步骤-1
新中间体(3)的制备过程:分子式6-(4-氯丁氧基)-茚满-1-酮;
6-(4-chlorobutoxy)-indan-1-one
分子式(11)6-羟基茚满-1-酮(20gm,0.135mol)、碳酸钾(40gm,0.289mol)、1,4-二氯丁烷(80ml,0.73mol)和溴化四丁铵(2g)的混合物在95℃搅拌1-3小时,然后蒸馏掉多余的1,4-二氯丁烷,用水稀释(80ml)。水层用乙酸乙酯萃取,萃取物用水冲洗,干燥、减压蒸馏直到干燥。蒸馏后残余物用异丙基醚作为溶剂,通过结晶进行提纯,得到29.5gm分子式(3)化合物6-(4-氯丁氧基)茚满-1-酮。
MR=58.19℃
IR(cm-1):1697.88,1616.31,1492.71,1296.57,1055.33,837.51,720.75.PMR:d:1.96(m,4H),2.70(m,2H),3.06(t,2H),3.61(t,2H),4.02(t,2H),7.18(m,2H),7.36(d,IH).
CMR:d:24.99(t),26.45(t),29.19(t),36.87(t),44.54(t),67.31(t),105.56(d),124.12(d),127.30(d),138.11(s),147.84(s),158.49(s)206.75(s).
质谱:m/z(%)=[M+1]239(100),197.1(15.7),161.2(48.8),149.0(22.8),107.1(27.8).
步骤-2
新中间体(2)的制备过程(分子式6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮;6-[4[4(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butoxy]-indan-1-one)
将步骤(1)中获得的分子式(3)6-(4-氯丁氧基)茚满-1-酮(20gm,0.0838mol)、碳酸钠(40gm,0.377mol)、溴化四丁铵(4gm)和1-(2,3-二氯苯基)-哌嗪-溴化氢物[hydrobromide](28gm,0.0897)溶于水中在95℃下搅拌4-6小时。反应结束后沉淀产物经过滤并用水冲洗,得到的产物用氯仿和盐酸处理得到30g 6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮的氢氯化物。用氨水进行碱化并用氯仿提取,接着蒸馏产生22gm的分子式(2)产物6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮。
MR:95.39℃,IR(cm-1):1711.81,1576.39,1474.07,1448.34,1292.80,1274.96,1240.72,994.75,963.85,775.15,712.75,MR:d:1.72(m,2H),1,84(m,2H),2.48(t,2H),2.65(m,2H),2.71(t,2H)3.06(m,2H),4.02(t,2H),6.95(q,2H),7.14-7.37(m,5H).CMR:d:23.16(t),24.86(t),26.89(t),36.74(t),51.09(t),53.05(t),57.88(t),67.82(t),105.32(d),118.36(t),124.06(d),124.21(d),127.11(d),127.22(d),133.69(s),137.93(s),147.54(s),151.07(s),158.49(s),206.62(s),质谱:m/z(%):[m+1]=433.5(36.7),285.3(20.5),161.6(100).
步骤-3
阿立哌唑(1)的制备过程(分子式7-[4-[4-(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-3,4二氢-1(H)-喹啉-2-酮)
将由步骤(2)制得的6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮(15gm,34.63mmol)和90ml三氟乙酸混合,在65℃时分批加入叠氮化钠(9gm,138.46mmol)。将反应混合物在65℃下保持8-10小时。保持时间结束后,将反应混合物置于100gm碎冰中骤冷,用氯仿提取,氯仿用氨水碱化,分离出有机层。有机层用无水硫酸钠进行干燥,减压浓缩得到残余物19g。用甲醇/甲苯和丙酮结晶,得到纯净的分子式(1)阿立哌唑。
MR:136.02℃
IR(cm-1):1677.95,1626.97,1595.06,1521.51,1447.24,1376.84,1172.27,960.70,778.54.
PMR:d:1.69(m,2H),1.81(m,2H),2.48(t,2H),2.62(m,6H),2.89(t,2H),3.07(m,4H),3.95(t,2H),6.31(d,IH),6.53(dd,IH),6.96(q,1H),7.02(d,1H),7.14(m 2H,),8.00(s,1H).
CMR:d:23.34(t),24.49(t),27.20(t).31.00(t),51.26(t),53.20(t),58.10(t),67.81(t),102.25(d),108.68(d),115.55(s),118.50(d),124.41(d),127.34(d),127.40(d),128.45(d),133.91(s),138.21(s),151.25(s),158.62(s),172.31(s).
质谱:m/z(%):[M+1]=448.2(100),285.5(74.2),218.5(22.8),176.5(20.0).
实施例2
步骤1
分子式(3)6-(4-溴丁氧基)-茚满-1-酮的制备过程[6-(4-bromo butoxy)-indan-1-one]
将6-羟基茚满-1-酮(100gm,0.675mol)、碳酸钾(96gm,0.695mol)、1,4-二溴丁烷(365gm,1.69mol)和溶于丙酮中的溴化四丁铵混合物加入到三颈圆底烧瓶,用水冷却器及搅拌器进行过滤。加热混合物至65℃并保持9个小时,蒸馏掉溶剂,用水稀释(400ml)。水层用乙酸乙酯萃取,萃取物用水冲洗,干燥、旋转减压蒸馏,得到残余物。用异丙基醚进行结晶,产生125gm分子式(3)6-(4-溴丁氧基)茚满-1-酮。
MR:60.59℃
IR:(cm-1):1705.61,1610.51,1488.19,1294.21,1021.54,836.60,558.98.PMR:d:1.94(m,2H),2.06(m,2H),2.71(m 2H),3.06(t,2H),3.47(t,2H)4.01(t,2H),7.17(m,2H),7.36(d,1H).
CMR:d:25.01(t),27.69(t),29.35(t),33.18(t),36.01(t),67.19(t),105.57(d),124.16(d),127.31(d),138.13(s),147.87(s),158.50(s)206.77(s).质谱:m/z(%)=[M+1]283.4(55.1),161.1(66.1),149.4(40.4),135.4(100),106.9(38.2).
步骤2
6-[4[4(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮的制备过程 {6-[4[4(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butoxy]-indan-1-one}
将上面步骤(1)制备6-(4-溴丁氧基)-茚满-1-酮(100gm,0.282mol,纯度80%)和碘化钠(42gm,0.28mol)混合于乙腈中回流30分钟,然后冷却至室温。将1-(2,3-二氯苯基)-哌嗪氢氯化物(68gm,0.294mol)和三乙胺(77gm,0.761mol)加入到该混合物中,得到混合物回流4-6小时。去掉溶剂后,将获得的残余物用氯仿溶解、用水洗涤,用氯仿和盐酸处理,得到140g 6-[4[4-(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮氢氯化物。氯仿溶液用氨水(ammonium hydroxide)碱化至PH 9.5,用氯仿萃取两次2×500ml。合并氯仿层,通过减压旋转蒸馏进行浓缩得到残余物,经甲醇纯化得到85gm分子式(2)6-[4[4-(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮。它与实施例1中的步骤2获得的产物具有相同的特征。
步骤3
阿立哌唑的制备过程{7-[4-[4-(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-3-二氢-1(H)-喹啉-2-酮}
将步骤(2)制备的6-[4[4-(2,3-二氯苯基)-1-哌嗪基]丁氧基]-茚满-1-酮(15gm,34.63mmol)和90ml三氯醋酸混合,在65℃分批添加叠氮化钠(9gm,138.46mmol)。将反应混合物在65℃下保持8-10小时。保持时间结束后,将反应混合物置于100gm碎冰中骤冷,用氯仿提取,氯仿用氨水碱化,分离出有机层。用无水硫酸钠进行干燥有机层,减压浓缩得到残余物19g。用甲醇/甲苯和丙酮进行结晶,得到纯净的分子式(1)阿立哌唑。
这项发明的益处:
1.制得的阿立哌唑纯度高-大于99%;
2.避免了不可去除的杂质;
3.提供了分子式(2)和(3)新中间体。
Claims (31)
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中使用的碱选自三乙胺和碳酸钾。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中使用的溶剂选自丙酮、氯仿、二氯甲烷、二氯乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜和乙腈。
6.根据权利要求3至5中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中采用的温度在90至110℃。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中使用的碱选自三乙胺和碳酸钾。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中使用的溶剂选自丙酮、氯仿、二氯甲烷、二氯乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜和乙腈。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中采用的温度在90至110℃。
11.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中使用的碱选自碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、氢化钠、氢化钾和三乙胺。
12.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中使用的溶剂选自乙腈、丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、乙醇、甲醇、正丁醇和水。
13.根据权利要求7、11-12中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中采用的温度在80至120℃。
14.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中使用的相位转化催化剂是氯化四丁铵、溴化四丁铵、苯甲基三乙基氯化铵、苯基三甲铵氯化物。
16.根据权利要求15中所述的方法,其中步骤(i)中使用的碱选自三乙胺,和碳酸钾。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中使用的溶剂选自丙酮、氯仿、二氯甲烷、二氯乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜和乙腈。
18.根据要求15至17中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中采用的温度在90至110℃。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中在步骤(i)中采用的温度在100至110℃。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中步骤(ii)中使用的碱选自碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、氢化钠、氢化钾和三乙胺。
21.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中使用的溶剂选自乙腈、丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、乙醇、甲醇、正丁醇和水。
22.根据权利要求15、20-21中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中采用的温度在80至120℃。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中采用的温度在100至120℃。
24.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在步骤(ii)中使用的相位转化催化剂是氯化四丁铵、溴化四丁铵、苯甲基三乙基氯化铵、苯基三甲铵氯化物。
25.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在步骤(iii)中使用的酸选自硫酸、氯化铝、醚合三氟化硼、三氟乙酸、甲磺酸、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氟甲磺酸。
26.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在步骤(iii)中使用的叠氮化试剂是叠氮化钠。
27.根据权利要求15、25-26中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤(iii)中采用的温度范围是50至90℃。
28.根据权利要求27所述的方法,其中在步骤(iii)中采用的温度在60至70℃。
29.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在步骤(iii)中,相对于所使用的分子式(2)化合物的量而言,使用的叠氮化钠的量是1-5摩尔当量。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其中在步骤(iii)中,相对于所使用的分子式(2)化合物的量而言,使用的叠氮化钠的量是1.5-4摩尔当量。
31.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在步骤(iii)中使用的溶剂选自丙酮、氯仿、二氯甲烷、二氯乙烷、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜和乙腈。
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PCT/IN2004/000316 WO2006038220A1 (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2004-10-08 | Novel intermediates useful for the preparation of aripiprazole and methods for the preparation of the novel intermediates and aripiprazole |
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EP (1) | EP1812395B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4819818B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101041551B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101068789B (zh) |
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DE (1) | DE602004014041D1 (zh) |
EA (1) | EA012180B1 (zh) |
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WO2008026220A1 (en) * | 2006-08-28 | 2008-03-06 | Lupin Limited | A process for purification of 7-(4-bromobutoxy)-3,4 dihydrocarbostyril, an intermediate for manufacture of aripirazole |
AU2008254585B2 (en) | 2007-05-21 | 2013-09-26 | Reviva Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions, synthesis, and methods of using quinolinone based atypical antipsychotic agents |
CN101323590B (zh) * | 2007-06-15 | 2011-07-20 | 成都弘达药业有限公司 | 阿立哌唑的合成方法及其中间体 |
KR101340214B1 (ko) | 2011-03-31 | 2013-12-10 | 주식회사 대웅제약 | 무수 아리피프라졸 ⅱ형 결정의 제조방법 |
KR101251561B1 (ko) | 2012-08-13 | 2013-04-08 | 주식회사 삼오제약 | 아리피프라졸의 제조에 유용한 신규 중간체, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 이용한 아리피프라졸의 제조 방법 |
US10882816B2 (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2021-01-05 | Lonza Ltd | Method for the preparation of 4-(heptafluoro-2-propyl) anilines |
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ATE396178T1 (de) | 2008-06-15 |
IL182439A (en) | 2011-04-28 |
AU2004323810B2 (en) | 2011-11-17 |
AU2004323810A1 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
EA012180B1 (ru) | 2009-08-28 |
EA200700816A1 (ru) | 2007-10-26 |
WO2006038220A1 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
EP1812395A1 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
JP4819818B2 (ja) | 2011-11-24 |
US20090203907A1 (en) | 2009-08-13 |
KR101041551B1 (ko) | 2011-06-15 |
CA2584789C (en) | 2010-11-23 |
CA2584789A1 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
IL182439A0 (en) | 2007-07-24 |
JP2008515879A (ja) | 2008-05-15 |
KR20070073878A (ko) | 2007-07-10 |
CN101068789A (zh) | 2007-11-07 |
US7872132B2 (en) | 2011-01-18 |
DE602004014041D1 (de) | 2008-07-03 |
EP1812395B1 (en) | 2008-05-21 |
NZ554731A (en) | 2009-12-24 |
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