ATE371275T1 - Zink-luft-zelle - Google Patents
Zink-luft-zelleInfo
- Publication number
- ATE371275T1 ATE371275T1 AT02725559T AT02725559T ATE371275T1 AT E371275 T1 ATE371275 T1 AT E371275T1 AT 02725559 T AT02725559 T AT 02725559T AT 02725559 T AT02725559 T AT 02725559T AT E371275 T1 ATE371275 T1 AT E371275T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- casing
- anode
- bath
- cathode casing
- Prior art date
Links
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/109—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure of button or coin shape
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
- H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/117—Inorganic material
- H01M50/119—Metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/126—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
- H01M50/128—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers with two or more layers of only inorganic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/131—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by physical properties, e.g. gas permeability, size or heat resistance
- H01M50/133—Thickness
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/14—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings for protecting against damage caused by external factors
- H01M50/145—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings for protecting against damage caused by external factors for protecting against corrosion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/183—Sealing members
- H01M50/186—Sealing members characterised by the disposition of the sealing members
- H01M50/188—Sealing members characterised by the disposition of the sealing members the sealing members being arranged between the lid and terminal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/545—Terminals formed by the casing of the cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/1245—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure characterised by the external coating on the casing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/829,710 US6830847B2 (en) | 2001-04-10 | 2001-04-10 | Zinc/air cell |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE371275T1 true ATE371275T1 (de) | 2007-09-15 |
Family
ID=25255329
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT04026898T ATE349079T1 (de) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-09 | Zink-luft zelle |
AT02725559T ATE371275T1 (de) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-09 | Zink-luft-zelle |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT04026898T ATE349079T1 (de) | 2001-04-10 | 2002-04-09 | Zink-luft zelle |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6830847B2 (de) |
EP (2) | EP1430562B1 (de) |
JP (2) | JP4294323B2 (de) |
CN (2) | CN100444460C (de) |
AT (2) | ATE349079T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2002256115A1 (de) |
BR (1) | BR0208821B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE60216982T2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002084761A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (49)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020187391A1 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2002-12-12 | Buckle Keith E. | Anode cans for electrochemical cells |
DE10213686A1 (de) * | 2002-03-27 | 2003-10-09 | Varta Microbattery Gmbh | Galvanisches Element |
JP4184927B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-27 | 2008-11-19 | 三星エスディアイ株式会社 | 2次電池及びその製造方法 |
US7413703B2 (en) * | 2003-01-17 | 2008-08-19 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Methods for producing agglomerates of metal powders and articles incorporating the agglomerates |
US20050188890A1 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2005-09-01 | Alltrista Zinc Products, L.P. | Composition and method for making frangible bullet |
US7820329B2 (en) | 2004-03-18 | 2010-10-26 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Wafer alkaline cell |
US7531271B2 (en) * | 2004-03-18 | 2009-05-12 | The Gillette Company | Wafer alkaline cell |
US7776468B2 (en) | 2004-03-18 | 2010-08-17 | The Gillette Company | Wafer alkaline cell |
ATE499577T1 (de) * | 2004-05-05 | 2011-03-15 | Luvata Oy | Aus einer zinn-messing-legierung hergestelltes wärmeübertragungsrohr |
JP3742422B1 (ja) | 2005-03-17 | 2006-02-01 | 日立マクセル株式会社 | 扁平形電池 |
EP1875530B1 (de) * | 2005-04-29 | 2010-10-27 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Anodengehäuse für eine alkalizelle |
US20070054168A1 (en) * | 2005-09-06 | 2007-03-08 | Hao Chang | Zinc/air cell |
US7625672B2 (en) * | 2005-10-28 | 2009-12-01 | The Gillette Company | Zinc/air cell |
US7258940B2 (en) * | 2005-12-05 | 2007-08-21 | The Gillette Company | Zinc/air cell |
JP4781137B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-20 | 2011-09-28 | 株式会社Neomaxマテリアル | プレス成形用クラッド材及びそのクラッド材によってプレス成形されたシームレス缶 |
US8062386B2 (en) * | 2006-06-08 | 2011-11-22 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Tin-plated anode casings for alkaline cells |
US7816026B2 (en) * | 2006-09-22 | 2010-10-19 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Battery having air electrode and biased lever gasket |
CA2664536A1 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2008-04-10 | Sonic Innovations, Inc. | Hydrophobic and oleophobic coating and method for preparing the same |
US8846161B2 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2014-09-30 | Brigham Young University | Hydrophobic coating and method |
US7993508B2 (en) | 2006-11-01 | 2011-08-09 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Method of forming an electrode casing for an alkaline electrochemical cell with reduced gassing |
US20080226976A1 (en) * | 2006-11-01 | 2008-09-18 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Alkaline Electrochemical Cell with Reduced Gassing |
DE102007010602A1 (de) * | 2007-03-05 | 2008-09-11 | Siemens Audiologische Technik Gmbh | Spannungsquelle mit einem beschichteten Gehäuse |
KR100822739B1 (ko) * | 2007-06-07 | 2008-04-17 | 주식회사 이엠따블유에너지 | 휴대폰 배터리에 적용가능한 공기 아연 전지 및 그 제조방법 |
DE102009049890A1 (de) * | 2009-10-20 | 2011-04-21 | H & T Marsberg Gmbh & Co. Kg | Galvanisches Element als Gerätebatterie |
WO2011094295A1 (en) * | 2010-01-29 | 2011-08-04 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Method of making an electrochemical cell with a catalytic electrode including manganese dioxide |
TW201138181A (en) * | 2010-04-19 | 2011-11-01 | Hon Hai Prec Ind Co Ltd | Battery |
EP2426750B1 (de) * | 2010-09-07 | 2012-11-14 | swissbatt AG | Batteriezellengehäuse |
DE102010062001A1 (de) * | 2010-11-25 | 2012-05-31 | Varta Microbattery Gmbh | Gehäuse für quecksilberfreie Knopfzellen |
US10270142B2 (en) | 2011-11-07 | 2019-04-23 | Energizer Brands, Llc | Copper alloy metal strip for zinc air anode cans |
WO2013180443A1 (ko) * | 2012-05-29 | 2013-12-05 | 한국생산기술연구원 | 구리층을 갖는 철계부스바 및 그 제조방법 |
EP2905823B1 (de) * | 2012-10-02 | 2019-09-11 | NGK Insulators, Ltd. | Beschichtete zelle und modulbatterie |
JP6124399B2 (ja) * | 2013-02-26 | 2017-05-10 | セイコーインスツル株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
KR20170095020A (ko) * | 2016-02-12 | 2017-08-22 | 주식회사 이엠따블유에너지 | 공기-아연 이차전지 |
US10734668B2 (en) | 2016-09-12 | 2020-08-04 | Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. | Tubular form biomedical device batteries |
US20180076465A1 (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2018-03-15 | Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. | Tubular form biomedical device batteries with electroless sealing |
CN106935806B (zh) * | 2017-04-11 | 2019-10-29 | 天津大学 | 柔性锌空电池的锌阳极材料的制备方法及锌空电池的制备 |
US11365658B2 (en) | 2017-10-05 | 2022-06-21 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Acoustically tuned muffler |
DE102018124198A1 (de) | 2017-10-05 | 2019-04-11 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Akustisch abgestimmter Schalldämpfer |
US11199116B2 (en) | 2017-12-13 | 2021-12-14 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Acoustically tuned muffler |
DE102018204699A1 (de) * | 2018-03-28 | 2019-10-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Fertigen eines Gehäuses einer Batteriezelle sowie entsprechendes Gehäuse und Batteriezelle |
CA3124821A1 (en) | 2018-12-27 | 2020-07-02 | Energizer Brands, Llc | Metal-air cells with minimal air access |
EP3683875A1 (de) * | 2019-01-15 | 2020-07-22 | simatec ag | Elektrochemische gasentwicklungszelle, insbesondere quecksilberfreie wasserstoffentwicklungszelle |
US11268429B2 (en) | 2019-01-17 | 2022-03-08 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Diffusion surface alloyed metal exhaust component with inwardly turned edges |
US11268430B2 (en) | 2019-01-17 | 2022-03-08 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Diffusion surface alloyed metal exhaust component with welded edges |
CN111074314A (zh) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-04-28 | 广东微电新能源有限公司 | 基于封装后电池表面电镀处理方法 |
US10975743B1 (en) | 2020-03-13 | 2021-04-13 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Vehicle exhaust component |
KR20220105018A (ko) * | 2021-01-19 | 2022-07-26 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 이차 전지 |
EP4044327A1 (de) * | 2021-02-16 | 2022-08-17 | VARTA Microbattery GmbH | Metall-luft-zelle und verfahren zur herstellung |
US11575168B2 (en) | 2021-07-01 | 2023-02-07 | Energizer Brands, Llc | Metal-air cells with minimal air access |
Family Cites Families (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS52536B2 (de) * | 1972-05-20 | 1977-01-08 | ||
USRE31413E (en) * | 1974-01-30 | 1983-10-11 | Gould Inc. | Gas depolarized electrochemical cells and method of assembly |
US3897265A (en) | 1974-01-30 | 1975-07-29 | Gte Laboratories Inc | Electrochemical cells |
JPS5344380B2 (de) * | 1974-04-16 | 1978-11-28 | ||
US4041211A (en) * | 1975-10-06 | 1977-08-09 | Unican Electrochemical Products Ltd. | Production of zinc-air button cell |
DE2636230C2 (de) * | 1976-08-12 | 1984-07-19 | Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover | Galvanisches Element, insbesondere alkalischer Akkumulator |
JPS5384125A (en) * | 1976-12-29 | 1978-07-25 | Suwa Seikosha Kk | Alkaline battery |
CH622829A5 (de) * | 1977-08-29 | 1981-04-30 | Systemes Traitements Surfaces | |
JPS5460424A (en) * | 1977-10-21 | 1979-05-15 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | Closed alkaline battery |
JPS5549859A (en) * | 1978-10-05 | 1980-04-10 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | Alkaline battery |
GB2076427B (en) | 1980-05-23 | 1983-05-18 | Duracell Int | The in situ metal plating of the cathode terminal surface of an electrochemical cell |
DE3133599A1 (de) * | 1981-08-25 | 1983-03-10 | Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover | Galvanisches element mit metallischem gas im dichtungsbereich |
JPH01307161A (ja) * | 1988-06-02 | 1989-12-12 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | アルカリ電池 |
US5279905A (en) | 1992-03-09 | 1994-01-18 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Miniature zinc-air cell having an indium plated anode cupe |
JPH08153499A (ja) * | 1994-02-07 | 1996-06-11 | Seiko Instr Inc | アルカリ電池 |
JPH07254396A (ja) * | 1994-03-16 | 1995-10-03 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | ボタン型アルカリ電池 |
JPH08203480A (ja) * | 1995-01-25 | 1996-08-09 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | ボタン形アルカリ電池 |
EP0731516B1 (de) * | 1995-03-07 | 1999-04-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Flache Zelle |
JPH0992239A (ja) * | 1995-09-21 | 1997-04-04 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | ボタン形アルカリ電池 |
US5567538A (en) * | 1995-05-05 | 1996-10-22 | Rayovac Corporation | Metal-air cell having thin-walled anode and cathode cans |
US6060196A (en) * | 1995-10-06 | 2000-05-09 | Ceramtec, Inc. | Storage-stable zinc anode based electrochemical cell |
JPH11339865A (ja) * | 1998-05-22 | 1999-12-10 | Sony Corp | 空気電極及び空気電池 |
JP2000003713A (ja) * | 1998-06-15 | 2000-01-07 | Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd | 一次電池用電解液およびそれを用いた一次電池 |
US6372381B1 (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2002-04-16 | Rayovac Corporation | Duplex-coated cathode cans, and electrochemical cells made therewith |
-
2001
- 2001-04-10 US US09/829,710 patent/US6830847B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-04-09 EP EP02725559A patent/EP1430562B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-09 AU AU2002256115A patent/AU2002256115A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-04-09 AT AT04026898T patent/ATE349079T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-04-09 WO PCT/US2002/010956 patent/WO2002084761A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-04-09 EP EP04026898A patent/EP1513216B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-09 DE DE60216982T patent/DE60216982T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-09 BR BRPI0208821-5A patent/BR0208821B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-04-09 JP JP2002581603A patent/JP4294323B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-04-09 CN CNB2006101155185A patent/CN100444460C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-04-09 CN CNB028097386A patent/CN1290222C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-04-09 AT AT02725559T patent/ATE371275T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-04-09 DE DE60221996T patent/DE60221996T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2008
- 2008-07-22 JP JP2008189014A patent/JP2008305803A/ja not_active Ceased
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1430562B1 (de) | 2007-08-22 |
CN1554134A (zh) | 2004-12-08 |
BR0208821B1 (pt) | 2012-01-24 |
DE60216982T2 (de) | 2007-10-18 |
ATE349079T1 (de) | 2007-01-15 |
EP1513216B1 (de) | 2006-12-20 |
JP4294323B2 (ja) | 2009-07-08 |
US20020192545A1 (en) | 2002-12-19 |
JP2004536422A (ja) | 2004-12-02 |
DE60221996D1 (de) | 2007-10-04 |
WO2002084761A3 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
EP1430562A2 (de) | 2004-06-23 |
BR0208821A (pt) | 2006-02-21 |
CN100444460C (zh) | 2008-12-17 |
DE60216982D1 (de) | 2007-02-01 |
CN1897348A (zh) | 2007-01-17 |
JP2008305803A (ja) | 2008-12-18 |
CN1290222C (zh) | 2006-12-13 |
EP1513216A1 (de) | 2005-03-09 |
US6830847B2 (en) | 2004-12-14 |
WO2002084761A2 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
DE60221996T2 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
AU2002256115A1 (en) | 2002-10-28 |
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