ZA200209418B - Gabapentin analogous for sleep disorders. - Google Patents
Gabapentin analogous for sleep disorders. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200209418B ZA200209418B ZA200209418A ZA200209418A ZA200209418B ZA 200209418 B ZA200209418 B ZA 200209418B ZA 200209418 A ZA200209418 A ZA 200209418A ZA 200209418 A ZA200209418 A ZA 200209418A ZA 200209418 B ZA200209418 B ZA 200209418B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- aminomethyl
- acetic acid
- cyclopentyl
- methyl
- cyclobutyl
- Prior art date
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- 208000019116 sleep disease Diseases 0.000 title claims description 11
- UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gabapentin Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1(CN)CCCCC1 UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 3
- 229960002870 gabapentin Drugs 0.000 title 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Substances CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 491
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 208000013738 Sleep Initiation and Maintenance disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 hydroxy, hydroxymethyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 206010022437 insomnia Diseases 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 5
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- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 3
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- DNHPJOLWCOXHOV-JTQLQIEISA-N 2-[(1r)-1-(aminomethyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1(C)CCC[C@@]1(CN)CC(O)=O DNHPJOLWCOXHOV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QZBKCCCUSMQVTC-JTQLQIEISA-N 2-[(1r)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopentyl]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1(C)CC[C@](CN)(CC(O)=O)C1 QZBKCCCUSMQVTC-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OPAXRDNEIABTQI-SECBINFHSA-N 2-[(1s)-1-(aminomethyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1(C)CC[C@]1(CN)CC(O)=O OPAXRDNEIABTQI-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DNHPJOLWCOXHOV-SNVBAGLBSA-N 2-[(1s)-1-(aminomethyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1(C)CCC[C@]1(CN)CC(O)=O DNHPJOLWCOXHOV-SNVBAGLBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SIKUEILNNOXUAZ-GFCCVEGCSA-N 2-[(1s)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diethylcyclopentyl]acetic acid Chemical compound CCC1(CC)CC[C@@](CN)(CC(O)=O)C1 SIKUEILNNOXUAZ-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QZBKCCCUSMQVTC-SNVBAGLBSA-N 2-[(1s)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopentyl]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1(C)CC[C@@](CN)(CC(O)=O)C1 QZBKCCCUSMQVTC-SNVBAGLBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DRLFMBDRBRZALE-UHFFFAOYSA-N melatonin Chemical compound COC1=CC=C2NC=C(CCNC(C)=O)C2=C1 DRLFMBDRBRZALE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003987 melatonin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 235000021096 natural sweeteners Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004237 neck muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006186 oral dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001936 parietal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000024335 physical disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000651 prodrug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940002612 prodrug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ALDITMKAAPLVJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-ene;hydrate Chemical group O.CC=C ALDITMKAAPLVJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007909 solid dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013222 sprague-dawley male rat Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 235000016788 valerian Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
- A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US21417100P | 2000-06-26 | 2000-06-26 |
Publications (1)
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|---|---|
| ZA200209418B true ZA200209418B (en) | 2005-03-10 |
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| ZA200209418A ZA200209418B (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2002-11-19 | Gabapentin analogous for sleep disorders. |
Country Status (23)
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|---|---|
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| EP (1) | EP1296671B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP3909842B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100785182B1 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN1279900C (enExample) |
| AT (1) | ATE390133T1 (enExample) |
| AU (2) | AU6473601A (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR0111913A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2414008C (enExample) |
| CZ (1) | CZ20024110A3 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE60133389T2 (enExample) |
| DK (1) | DK1296671T3 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2300332T3 (enExample) |
| HU (1) | HUP0300833A3 (enExample) |
| IL (2) | IL152770A0 (enExample) |
| MX (1) | MXPA02010668A (enExample) |
| NZ (1) | NZ522480A (enExample) |
| PL (1) | PL359872A1 (enExample) |
| PT (1) | PT1296671E (enExample) |
| SK (1) | SK17922002A3 (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TWI298020B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2002000209A2 (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200209418B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (31)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CA2444053C (en) | 2001-04-19 | 2008-06-17 | Warner-Lambert Company Llc | Fused bicyclic or tricyclic amino acids |
| AU2002345638A1 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2002-12-23 | Xenoport, Inc. | Amino acid conjugates providing for sustained systemic concentrations of gaba analogues |
| US8048917B2 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2011-11-01 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
| DK1404324T4 (da) | 2001-06-11 | 2011-07-11 | Xenoport Inc | Prolægemidler af GABA analoger, sammensætninger og anvendelser deraf |
| US6818787B2 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2004-11-16 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
| US7186855B2 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2007-03-06 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
| AU2002316231A1 (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2003-09-29 | Xenoport, Inc. | Methods for synthesis of prodrugs from 1-acyl-alkyl derivatives and compositions thereof |
| WO2003080588A1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-10-02 | Xenoport | Cyclic 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl prodrugs of gaba analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
| AU2003243180A1 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2003-12-12 | Xenoport, Inc. | Amino acid conjugates providing for sustained systemic concentrations of gaba analogues |
| AU2003297927A1 (en) | 2002-12-11 | 2004-06-30 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of fused gaba analogs, pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof |
| MXPA05005815A (es) * | 2002-12-13 | 2005-08-18 | Warner Lambert Co | Analogos de gabapentina para fibromialgia y otros trastornos. |
| CA2451267A1 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-06-13 | Warner-Lambert Company Llc | Pharmaceutical uses for alpha2delta ligands |
| EP1622603A4 (en) * | 2003-03-25 | 2010-03-24 | Kiel Lab Inc | GABAPENTINIC PHENOLIC ACID SALTS IN SOLID DOSAGE FORMS AND METHODS OF USE |
| CA2537837A1 (en) | 2003-09-11 | 2005-03-24 | Xenoport, Inc. | Treating and/or preventing urinary incontinence using prodrugs of gaba analogs |
| US8114909B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2012-02-14 | Xenoport, Inc. | Treating or preventing restless legs syndrome using prodrugs of GABA analogs |
| ATE516801T1 (de) | 2003-10-14 | 2011-08-15 | Xenoport Inc | Kristalline form eines gamma-aminobuttersäure- analogons |
| JP4613031B2 (ja) * | 2004-05-06 | 2011-01-12 | エスエス製薬株式会社 | 催眠剤組成物 |
| JP2005325070A (ja) * | 2004-05-14 | 2005-11-24 | Ss Pharmaceut Co Ltd | 睡眠改善剤 |
| US8795725B2 (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2014-08-05 | Xenoport, Inc. | GABA analog prodrug sustained release oral dosage forms |
| JP2009505947A (ja) | 2005-06-23 | 2009-02-12 | エモリー・ユニバーシティ | 画像化剤 |
| KR20070070307A (ko) * | 2005-08-24 | 2007-07-04 | 에스에스 세야쿠 가부시키 가이샤 | 수면 개선 의약 조성물 |
| CN101420947A (zh) * | 2006-03-06 | 2009-04-29 | 辉瑞产品公司 | 用于非恢复性睡眠的α-2-δ配体 |
| WO2009094577A2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2009-07-30 | Xenoport, Inc. | Mesophasic forms of (3s)-aminomethyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid prodrugs and methods of use |
| EP2250143B1 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2016-04-20 | XenoPort, Inc. | Method for the enzymatic kinetic resolution of acyloxyalkyl thiocarbonates used for the synthesis of acyloxyalkyl carbamates |
| US7872046B2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2011-01-18 | Xenoport, Inc. | Crystalline form of a (3S)-aminomethyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid prodrug and methods of use |
| CN102216257B (zh) | 2008-10-08 | 2015-11-25 | 凯飞药业公司 | Gaba偶联物及其使用方法 |
| CA2783699C (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2019-01-15 | Case Western Reserve University | Primary amine compounds for treating ocular disorders |
| US9066853B2 (en) | 2013-01-15 | 2015-06-30 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Clonidine compounds in a biodegradable fiber |
| HUE047629T2 (hu) | 2013-01-28 | 2020-05-28 | Lopez Hector L | Eljárások ß-alanin tolerancia, farmakodinamika és hatékonyság javítására és azok alkalmazása |
| EP3466427A4 (en) | 2016-05-26 | 2020-02-05 | Amino Up Chemical Co., Ltd. | SLEEP ENHANCEMENT AGENT |
| KR102750784B1 (ko) | 2018-05-14 | 2025-01-06 | 엑스진 파마슈티컬 인크. | 나프록센 및 프레가발린의 1-(아실옥시)-알킬 카르바메이트 약물 복합체의 제조방법 및 그 중간체 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2460891C2 (de) * | 1974-12-21 | 1982-09-23 | Gödecke AG, 1000 Berlin | 1-Aminomethyl-1-cycloalkanessigsäuren und deren Ester, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und diese Verbindungen enthaltende Arzneimittel |
| US4087544A (en) * | 1974-12-21 | 1978-05-02 | Warner-Lambert Company | Treatment of cranial dysfunctions using novel cyclic amino acids |
| US5084479A (en) * | 1990-01-02 | 1992-01-28 | Warner-Lambert Company | Novel methods for treating neurodegenerative diseases |
| US6197819B1 (en) * | 1990-11-27 | 2001-03-06 | Northwestern University | Gamma amino butyric acid analogs and optical isomers |
| US5510381A (en) * | 1995-05-15 | 1996-04-23 | Warner-Lambert Company | Method of treatment of mania and bipolar disorder |
| DE19525598C2 (de) * | 1995-07-13 | 1997-09-25 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | Schlafmittel |
| KR100487032B1 (ko) * | 1996-03-14 | 2005-12-21 | 워너-램버트 캄파니 엘엘씨 | 약제로서신규한브리지된시클릭아미노산 |
| US6372792B1 (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 2002-04-16 | Guy Chouinard | Method for treating anxiety, anxiety disorders and insomnia |
| BR9813284B1 (pt) | 1997-10-27 | 2012-08-21 | aminoácidos cìclicos e derivados dos mesmos úteis como agentes farmacêuticos e composição farmacêutica. | |
| KR20010071778A (ko) * | 1998-07-09 | 2001-07-31 | 로즈 암스트롱, 크리스틴 에이. 트러트웨인 | 불면증의 치료를 위한 ｇａｂａ 유사체의 용도 |
| ES2185591T3 (es) * | 1999-06-02 | 2003-05-01 | Warner Lambert Co | Amino hererociclos utiles como agentes farmaceuticos. |
| HN2000000224A (es) * | 1999-10-20 | 2001-04-11 | Warner Lambert Co | Aminoacidos biciclicos como agentes farmaceuticos |
| EA004984B1 (ru) * | 1999-12-08 | 2004-10-28 | Уорнер-Ламберт Компани | Способ стереоселективного синтеза циклических аминокислот |
| GB9930083D0 (en) * | 1999-12-20 | 2000-02-09 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Medicaments |
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2001
- 2001-05-18 EP EP01939192A patent/EP1296671B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-18 CZ CZ20024110A patent/CZ20024110A3/cs unknown
- 2001-05-18 AU AU6473601A patent/AU6473601A/xx active Pending
- 2001-05-18 NZ NZ522480A patent/NZ522480A/en unknown
- 2001-05-18 MX MXPA02010668A patent/MXPA02010668A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2001-05-18 US US10/297,827 patent/US7141606B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-05-18 ES ES01939192T patent/ES2300332T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-18 WO PCT/US2001/016343 patent/WO2002000209A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-05-18 AT AT01939192T patent/ATE390133T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-05-18 KR KR1020027017609A patent/KR100785182B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-05-18 PL PL35987201A patent/PL359872A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-05-18 PT PT01939192T patent/PT1296671E/pt unknown
- 2001-05-18 JP JP2002504991A patent/JP3909842B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-05-18 CN CNB018110487A patent/CN1279900C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-05-18 BR BR0111913-3A patent/BR0111913A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-05-18 DK DK01939192T patent/DK1296671T3/da active
- 2001-05-18 DE DE60133389T patent/DE60133389T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-18 HU HU0300833A patent/HUP0300833A3/hu unknown
- 2001-05-18 IL IL15277001A patent/IL152770A0/xx unknown
- 2001-05-18 SK SK1792-2002A patent/SK17922002A3/sk not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-05-18 CA CA2414008A patent/CA2414008C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-05-18 AU AU2001264736A patent/AU2001264736B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-06-19 TW TW090114841A patent/TWI298020B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2002
- 2002-11-11 IL IL152770A patent/IL152770A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-11-19 ZA ZA200209418A patent/ZA200209418B/en unknown
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