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  • C07C237/04—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
  • C07C237/06—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having the nitrogen atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
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  • A61K47/28—Steroids, e.g. cholesterol, bile acids or glycyrrhetinic acid
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  • A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
  • A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes or liposomes coated or grafted with polymers
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  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
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  • C07C233/02—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals
  • C07C233/04—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C233/06—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring
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  • C07C233/34—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups
  • C07C233/35—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
  • C07C233/36—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a hydrogen atom or to a carbon atom of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
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  • C07C233/34—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups
  • C07C233/35—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
  • C07C233/38—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a carbon atom of an acyclic unsaturated carbon skeleton
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  • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
  • C07C237/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C237/22—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton having nitrogen atoms of amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton of the acid part, further acylated
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  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/20—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
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  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with radicals, containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/61—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical, attached to ring nitrogen atoms
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  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/64—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. histidine
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  • C07C2601/04—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a four-membered ring

Definitions

• Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to novel lipids that can be used in combination with other lipid components, such as neutral lipids, cholesterol and polymer conjugated lipids, to form lipid nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic agents, such as nucleic acids (e.g., oligonucleotides, messenger RNA), both in vitro and in vivo.
• therapeutic agents such as nucleic acids (e.g., oligonucleotides, messenger RNA), both in vitro and in vivo.
• nucleic acids e.g., oligonucleotides, messenger RNA
• Therapeutic nucleic acids include, e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA), antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, DNAzymes, plasmids, immune stimulating nucleic acids, antagomir, antimir, mimic, supermir, and aptamers.
• mRNA messenger RNA
• Some nucleic acids, such as mRNA or plasmids, can be used to effect expression of specific cellular products as would be useful in the treatment of, for example, diseases related to a deficiency of a protein or enzyme.
• the therapeutic applications of translatable nucleotide delivery are extremely broad as constructs can be synthesized to produce any chosen protein sequence, whether or not indigenous to the system.
• the expression products of the nucleic acid can augment existing levels of protein, replace missing or non-functional versions of a protein, or introduce new protein and associated functionality in a cell or organism.
• Some nucleic acids such as miRNA inhibitors, can be used to effect expression of specific cellular products that are regulated by miRNA as would be useful in the treatment of, for example, diseases related to deficiency of protein or enzyme.
• the therapeutic applications of miRNA inhibition are extremely broad as constructs can be synthesized to inhibit one or more miRNA that would in turn regulate the expression of mRNA products.
• the inhibition of endogenous miRNA can augment its downstream target endogenous protein expression and restore proper function in a cell or organism as a means to treat disease associated to a specific miRNA or a group of miRNA.
• nucleic acids can down-regulate intracellular levels of specific mRNA and, as a result, down-regulate the synthesis of the corresponding proteins through processes such as RNA interference (RNAi) or complementary binding of antisense RNA.
• RNA interference RNA interference
• the therapeutic applications of antisense oligonucleotide and RNAi are also extremely broad, since oligonucleotide constructs can be synthesized with any nucleotide sequence directed against a target mRNA.
• Targets may include mRNAs from normal cells, mRNAs associated with disease-states, such as cancer, and mRNAs of infectious agents, such as viruses.
• antisense oligonucleotide constructs have shown the ability to specifically down-regulate target proteins through degradation of the cognate mRNA in both in vitro and in vivo models.
• antisense oligonucleotide constructs are currently being evaluated in clinical studies.
• two problems currently face the use of oligonucleotides in therapeutic contexts.
• First, free RNAs are susceptible to nuclease digestion in plasma.
• free RNAs have limited ability to gain access to the intracellular compartment where the relevant translation machinery resides.
• Lipid nanoparticles formed from lipids formulated with other lipid components, such as neutral lipids, cholesterol, PEG, PEGylated lipids, and oligonucleotides have been used to block degradation of the RNAs in plasma and facilitate the cellular uptake of the oligonucleotides.
• these lipid nanoparticles would provide optimal drug:lipid ratios, protect the nucleic acid from degradation and clearance in serum, be suitable for systemic or local delivery, and provide intracellular delivery of the nucleic acid.
• lipid- nucleic acid particles should be well-tolerated and provide an adequate therapeutic index, such that patient treatment at an effective dose of the nucleic acid is not associated with unacceptable toxicity and/or risk to the patient.
• the present invention provides these and related advantages. BRIEF SUMMARY
• embodiments of the present invention provide lipid compounds, including stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs or tautomers thereof, which can be used alone or in combination with other lipid components such as neutral lipids, charged lipids, steroids (including for example, all sterols) and/or their analogs, and/or polymer conjugated lipids to form lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of therapeutic agents.
• the lipid nanoparticles are used to deliver nucleic acids such as antisense and/or messenger RNA.
• Methods for use of such lipid nanoparticles for treatment of various diseases or conditions, such as those caused by infectious entities and/or insufficiency of a protein, are also provided.
• compounds having the following structure (I) are provided: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein R 3 , L 1 , L 2 , G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 are as defined herein.
• Pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the foregoing compounds of structure (I) and a therapeutic agent are also provided.
• lipid nanoparticles comprising one or more compounds of structure (I).
• the pharmaceutical compositions and/or LNPs further comprise one or more components selected from neutral lipids, charged lipids, steroids and polymer conjugated lipids.
• the disclosed compositions are useful for formation of lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of the therapeutic agent.
• the present invention provides a method for administering a therapeutic agent to a patient in need thereof, the method comprising preparing a composition of lipid nanoparticles comprising the compound of structure (I) and a therapeutic agent and delivering the composition to the patient.
• the method for administering a therapeutic agent to a patient in need thereof comprises administering an LNP comprising one or more compounds of structure (I) and the therapeutic agent to the patient.
• nucleic acid-lipid nanoparticle compositions comprising one or more of the novel lipids described herein that provide increased activity of the nucleic acid and improved tolerability of the compositions in vivo, resulting in a significant increase in the therapeutic index as compared to nucleic acid-lipid nanoparticle compositions previously described.
• embodiments provide a lipid nanoparticle comprising one or more compounds of structure (I).
• the present invention provides novel lipids that enable the formulation of improved compositions for the in vitro and in vivo delivery of mRNA and/or other oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, these improved lipid nanoparticle compositions are useful for expression of protein encoded by mRNA.
• these improved lipid nanoparticles compositions are useful for upregulation of endogenous protein expression by delivering miRNA inhibitors targeting one specific miRNA or a group of miRNA regulating one target mRNA or several mRNA. In other embodiments, these improved lipid nanoparticle compositions are useful for down-regulating (e.g., silencing) the protein levels and/or mRNA levels of target genes. In some other embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles are also useful for delivery of mRNA and plasmids for expression of transgenes.
• the lipid nanoparticle compositions are useful for inducing a pharmacological effect resulting from expression of a protein, e.g., increased production of red blood cells through the delivery of a suitable erythropoietin mRNA, or protection against infection through delivery of mRNA encoding for a suitable antigen or antibody.
• a protein e.g., increased production of red blood cells through the delivery of a suitable erythropoietin mRNA, or protection against infection through delivery of mRNA encoding for a suitable antigen or antibody.
• the lipid nanoparticles and compositions of embodiments of the present invention may be used for a variety of purposes, including the delivery of encapsulated or associated (e.g., complexed) therapeutic agents such as nucleic acids to cells, both in vitro and in vivo.
• embodiments of the present invention provide methods of treating or preventing diseases or disorders in a subject in need thereof by contacting the subject with a lipid nanoparticle that encapsulates or is associated with a suitable therapeutic agent, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises one or more of the novel lipids described herein.
• embodiments of the lipid nanoparticles of the present invention are particularly useful for the delivery of nucleic acids, including, e.g., mRNA, antisense oligonucleotide, plasmid DNA, microRNA (miRNA), miRNA inhibitors (antagomirs/antimirs), messenger-RNA-interfering complementary RNA (micRNA), DNA, multivalent RNA, dicer substrate RNA, complementary DNA (cDNA), etc.
• nucleic acids including, e.g., mRNA, antisense oligonucleotide, plasmid DNA, microRNA (miRNA), miRNA inhibitors (antagomirs/antimirs), messenger-RNA-interfering complementary RNA (micRNA), DNA, multivalent RNA, dicer substrate RNA, complementary DNA (cDNA), etc.
• the lipid nanoparticles and compositions of embodiments of the present invention may be used to induce expression of a desired protein both in vitro and in vivo by contacting cells with a lipid nanoparticle comprising one or more novel lipids described herein, wherein the lipid nanoparticle encapsulates or is associated with a nucleic acid that is expressed to produce the desired protein (e.g., a messenger RNA or plasmid encoding the desired protein) or inhibit processes that terminate expression of mRNA (e.g., miRNA inhibitors).
• a desired protein e.g., a messenger RNA or plasmid encoding the desired protein
• miRNA inhibitors e.g., miRNA inhibitors
• the lipid nanoparticles and compositions of embodiments of the present invention may be used to decrease the expression of target genes and proteins both in vitro and in vivo by contacting cells with a lipid nanoparticle comprising one or more novel lipids (e.g., a compound of structure (I)) described herein, wherein the lipid nanoparticle encapsulates or is associated with a nucleic acid that reduces target gene expression (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide or small interfering RNA (siRNA)).
• a nucleic acid that reduces target gene expression
• siRNA small interfering RNA
• the lipid nanoparticles and compositions of embodiments of the present invention may also be used for co-delivery of different nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA and plasmid DNA) separately or in combination, such as may be useful to provide an effect requiring colocalization of different nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA encoding for a suitable gene modifying enzyme and DNA segment(s) for incorporation into the host genome).
• Nucleic acids for use with embodiments of this invention may be prepared according to any available technique. For mRNA, the primary methodology of preparation is, but not limited to, enzymatic synthesis (also termed in vitro transcription) which currently represents the most efficient method to produce long sequence-specific mRNA.
• In vitro transcription describes a process of template-directed synthesis of RNA molecules from an engineered DNA template comprised of an upstream bacteriophage promoter sequence (e.g., including but not limited to that from the T7, T3 and SP6 coliphage) linked to a downstream sequence encoding the gene of interest.
• Template DNA can be prepared for in vitro transcription from a number of sources with appropriate techniques which are well known in the art including, but not limited to, plasmid DNA and polymerase chain reaction amplification (see Linpinsel, J.L and Conn, G.L., General protocols for preparation of plasmid DNA template and Bowman, J.C., Azizi, B., Lenz, T.K., Ray, P., and Williams, L.D.
• RNA in vitro transcription and RNA purification by denaturing PAGE in Recombinant and in vitro RNA syntheses Methods v.941 Conn G.L. (ed), New York, N.Y. Humana Press, 2012)
• Transcription of the RNA occurs in vitro using the linearized DNA template in the presence of the corresponding RNA polymerase and adenosine, guanosine, uridine and cytidine ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs) under conditions that support polymerase activity while minimizing potential degradation of the resultant mRNA transcripts.
• rNTPs adenosine, guanosine, uridine and cytidine ribonucleoside triphosphates
• In vitro transcription can be performed using a variety of commercially available kits including, but not limited to RiboMax Large Scale RNA Production System (Promega), MegaScript Transcription kits (Life Technologies) as well as with commercially available reagents including RNA polymerases and rNTPs.
• the methodology for in vitro transcription of mRNA is well known in the art. (see, e.g., Losick, R., 1972, In vitro transcription, Ann Rev Biochem v.41409-46; Kamakaka, R. T. and Kraus, W. L.2001. In Vitro Transcription. Current Protocols in Cell Biology.2:11.6:11.6.1– 11.6.17; Beckert, B.
• RNA by In Vitro Transcription in RNA in Methods in Molecular Biology v.703 (Neilson, H. Ed), New York, N.Y. Humana Press, 2010; Brunelle, J.L. and Green, R., 2013, Chapter Five – In vitro transcription from plasmid or PCR-amplified DNA, Methods in Enzymology v.530, 101-114; all of which are incorporated herein by reference).
• the desired in vitro transcribed mRNA is then purified from the undesired components of the transcription or associated reactions (including unincorporated rNTPs, protein enzyme, salts, short RNA oligos, etc.).
• Techniques for the isolation of the mRNA transcripts are well known in the art.
• Well known procedures include phenol/chloroform extraction or precipitation with either alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol) in the presence of monovalent cations or lithium chloride.
• Additional, non-limiting examples of purification procedures which can be used include size exclusion chromatography (Lukavsky, P.J.
• RNA purification can be performed using a variety of commercially available kits including, but not limited to SV Total Isolation System (Promega) and In Vitro Transcription Cleanup and Concentration Kit (Norgen Biotek). Furthermore, while reverse transcription can yield large quantities of mRNA, the products can contain a number of aberrant RNA impurities associated with undesired polymerase activity which may need to be removed from the full-length mRNA preparation. These include short RNAs that result from abortive transcription initiation as well as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) generated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity, RNA-primed transcription from RNA templates and self-complementary 3’ extension.
• dsRNA double-stranded RNA
• HPLC purification eliminates immune activation and improves translation of nucleoside-modified, protein-encoding mRNA, Nucl Acid Res, v.39 e142; Weissman, D., Pardi, N., Muramatsu, H., and Kariko, K., HPLC Purification of in vitro transcribed long RNA in Synthetic Messenger RNA and Cell Metabolism Modulation in Methods in Molecular Biology v.969 (Rabinovich, P.H. Ed), 2013). HPLC purified mRNA has been reported to be translated at much greater levels, particularly in primary cells and in vivo.
• Endogenous eukaryotic mRNA typically contain a cap structure on the 5′-end of a mature molecule which plays an important role in mediating binding of the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (CBP), which is in turn responsible for enhancing mRNA stability in the cell and efficiency of mRNA translation. Therefore, highest levels of protein expression are achieved with capped mRNA transcripts.
• CBP mRNA Cap Binding Protein
• the 5′-cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide and guanine nucleotide.
• the conjugated guanine nucleotide is methylated at the N7 position. Additional modifications include methylation of the ultimate and penultimate most 5′-nucleotides on the 2′- hydroxyl group.
• Multiple distinct cap structures can be used to generate the 5′-cap of in vitro transcribed synthetic mRNA.5’-capping of synthetic mRNA can be performed co-transcriptionally with chemical cap analogs (i.e. capping during in vitro transcription).
• the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate guanine-guanine linkage where one guanine contains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3′-O-methyl group.
• synthetic cap analog is not identical to the 5′-cap structure of an authentic cellular mRNA, potentially reducing translatability and cellular stability.
• synthetic mRNA molecules may also be enzymatically capped post-transcriptionally. These may generate a more authentic 5′-cap structure that more closely mimics, either structurally or functionally, the endogenous 5’-cap which have enhanced binding of cap binding proteins, increased half-life, reduced susceptibility to 5′ endonucleases, and/or reduced 5′ decapping.
• poly-A tail On the 3’-terminus, a long chain of adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail) is normally added to mRNA molecules during RNA processing. Immediately after transcription, the 3′ end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3′ hydroxyl to which poly-A polymerase adds a chain of adenine nucleotides to the RNA in a process called polyadenylation.
• the poly-A tail has been extensively shown to enhance both translational efficiency and stability of mRNA (see Bernstein, P. and Ross, J., 1989, Poly (A), poly (A) binding protein and the regulation of mRNA stability, Trends Bio Sci v.14373-377; Guhaniyogi, J.
• Poly (A) tail of mRNAs Bodyguard in eukaryotes, scavenger in bacteria, Cell, v.111, 611- 613).
• Poly (A) tailing of in vitro transcribed mRNA can be achieved using various approaches including, but not limited to, cloning of a poly (T) tract into the DNA template or by post- transcriptional addition using Poly (A) polymerase.
• the first case allows in vitro transcription of mRNA with poly (A) tails of defined length, depending on the size of the poly (T) tract, but requires additional manipulation of the template.
• the latter case involves the enzymatic addition of a poly (A) tail to in vitro transcribed mRNA using poly (A) polymerase which catalyzes the incorporation of adenine residues onto the 3’termini of RNA, requiring no additional manipulation of the DNA template, but results in mRNA with poly(A) tails of heterogeneous length.
• 5’-capping and 3’-poly (A) tailing can be performed using a variety of commercially available kits including, but not limited to Poly (A) Polymerase Tailing kit (EpiCenter), mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra kit and Poly (A) Tailing kit (Life Technologies) as well as with commercially available reagents, various ARCA caps, Poly (A) polymerase, etc.
• Poly (A) Polymerase Tailing kit EpiCenter
• mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra kit and Poly
• A Tailing kit
• other modifications of the in vitro transcripts have been reported to provide benefits as related to efficiency of translation and stability. It is well known in the art that pathogenic DNA and RNA can be recognized by a variety of sensors within eukaryotes and trigger potent innate immune responses.
• modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the synthesis of modified RNAs can be prepared monitored and utilized using general methods and procedures known in the art.
• nucleoside modifications are available that may be incorporated alone or in combination with other modified nucleosides to some extent into the in vitro transcribed mRNA (see e.g.US2012/0251618).
• In vitro synthesis of nucleoside-modified mRNA have been reported to have reduced ability to activate immune sensors with a concomitant enhanced translational capacity.
• Other components of mRNA which can be modified to provide benefit in terms of translatability and stability include the 5′ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTR).
• oligonucleotides For oligonucleotides, methods of preparation include but are not limited to chemical synthesis and enzymatic, chemical cleavage of a longer precursor, in vitro transcription as described above, etc. Methods of synthesizing DNA and RNA nucleotides are widely used and well known in the art (see, e.g. Gait, M. J. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: a practical approach, Oxford [Oxfordshire], Washington, D.C.: IRL Press, 1984; and Herdewijn, P.
• plasmid DNA preparation for use with embodiments of this invention commonly utilizes but is not limited to expansion and isolation of the plasmid DNA in vitro in a liquid culture of bacteria containing the plasmid of interest.
• a gene in the plasmid of interest that encodes resistance to a particular antibiotic (penicillin, kanamycin, etc.) allows those bacteria containing the plasmid of interest to selectively grow in antibiotic-containing cultures.
• Plasmid isolation can be performed using a variety of commercially available kits including, but not limited to Plasmid Plus (Qiagen), GenJET plasmid MaxiPrep (Thermo) and PureYield MaxiPrep (Promega) kits as well as with commercially available reagents.
• Plasmid Plus Qiagen
• GenJET plasmid MaxiPrep Thermo
• PureYield MaxiPrep Promega
• test sample e.g. a sample of cells in culture expressing the desired protein
• test mammal e.g. a mammal such as a human or an animal model such as a rodent (e.g.
• a nucleic acid e.g. nucleic acid in combination with a lipid of the present invention.
• a control sample e.g. a sample of cells in culture expressing the desired protein
• a control mammal e.g., a mammal such as a human or an animal model such as a rodent (e.g. mouse) or non-human primate (e.g. monkey) model
• rodent e.g. mouse
• non-human primate e.g. monkey
• the expression of a desired protein in a control sample or a control mammal may be assigned a value of 1.0.
• inducing expression of a desired protein is achieved when the ratio of desired protein expression in the test sample or the test mammal to the level of desired protein expression in the control sample or the control mammal is greater than 1, for example, about 1.1, 1.5, 2.0.5.0 or 10.0.
• inducing expression of a desired protein is achieved when any measurable level of the desired protein in the test sample or the test mammal is detected.
• a test sample e.g. a sample of cells in culture expressing the target gene
• a test mammal e.g.
• a mammal such as a human or an animal model such as a rodent (e.g. mouse) or a non-human primate (e.g. monkey) model
• a nucleic acid that silences, reduces, or inhibits expression of the target gene.
• Expression of the target gene in the test sample or test animal is compared to expression of the target gene in a control sample (e.g. a sample of cells in culture expressing the target gene) or a control mammal (e.g. a mammal such as a human or an animal model such as a rodent (e.g. mouse) or non-human primate (e.g. monkey) model) that is not contacted with or administered the nucleic acid.
• a control sample e.g. a sample of cells in culture expressing the target gene
• a control mammal e.g. a mammal such as a human or an animal model such as a rodent (e.g. mouse) or non-human primate (e.g
• the expression of the target gene in a control sample or a control mammal may be assigned a value of 100%.
• silencing, inhibition, or reduction of expression of a target gene is achieved when the level of target gene expression in the test sample or the test mammal relative to the level of target gene expression in the control sample or the control mammal is about 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0%.
• the nucleic acids are capable of silencing, reducing, or inhibiting the expression of a target gene by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% in a test sample or a test mammal relative to the level of target gene expression in a control sample or a control mammal not contacted with or administered the nucleic acid.
• Suitable assays for determining the level of target gene expression include, without limitation, examination of protein or mRNA levels using techniques known to those of skill in the art, such as, e.g., dot blots, northern blots, in situ hybridization, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, enzyme function, as well as phenotypic assays known to those of skill in the art.
• An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” of an active agent or therapeutic agent such as a therapeutic nucleic acid is an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect, e.g. an increase or inhibition of expression of a target sequence in comparison to the normal expression level detected in the absence of the nucleic acid.
• An increase in expression of a target sequence is achieved when any measurable level is detected in the case of an expression product that is not present in the absence of the nucleic acid.
• an in increase in expression is achieved when the fold increase in value obtained with a nucleic acid such as mRNA relative to control is about 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 5000, 10000 or greater.
• Inhibition of expression of a target gene or target sequence is achieved when the value obtained with a nucleic acid such as antisense oligonucleotide relative to the control is about 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0%.
• Suitable assays for measuring expression of a target gene or target sequence include, e.g., examination of protein or RNA levels using techniques known to those of skill in the art such as dot blots, northern blots, in situ hybridization, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, enzyme function, fluorescence or luminescence of suitable reporter proteins, as well as phenotypic assays known to those of skill in the art.
• nucleic acid refers to a polymer containing at least two deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides in either single- or double-stranded form and includes DNA, RNA, and hybrids thereof.
• DNA may be in the form of antisense molecules, plasmid DNA, cDNA, PCR products, or vectors.
• RNA may be in the form of small hairpin RNA (shRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), antisense RNA, miRNA, micRNA, multivalent RNA, dicer substrate RNA or viral RNA (vRNA), and combinations thereof.
• Nucleic acids include nucleic acids containing known nucleotide analogs or modified backbone residues or linkages, which are synthetic, naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring, and which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid.
• analogs include, without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2′-O- methyl ribonucleotides, and peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs).
• PNAs peptide-nucleic acids
• the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid.
• a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions), alleles, orthologs, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated.
• degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res., 19:5081 (1991); Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem., 260:2605-2608 (1985); Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes, 8:91-98 (1994)).
• “Nucleotides” contain a sugar deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA), a base, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are linked together through the phosphate groups.
• Bases include purines and pyrimidines, which further include natural compounds adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, inosine, and natural analogs, and synthetic derivatives of purines and pyrimidines, which include, but are not limited to, modifications which place new reactive groups such as, but not limited to, amines, alcohols, thiols, carboxylates, and alkylhalides.
• the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence that comprises partial length or entire length coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide or precursor polypeptide.
• Gene product refers to a product of a gene such as an RNA transcript or a polypeptide.
• lipid refers to a group of organic compounds that include, but are not limited to, esters of fatty acids and are generally characterized by being poorly soluble in water, but soluble in many organic solvents. They are usually divided into at least three classes: (1) “simple lipids,” which include fats and oils as well as waxes; (2) “compound lipids,” which include phospholipids and glycolipids; and (3) “derived lipids” such as steroids.
• a “steroid” is a compound comprising the following carbon skeleton: . Non-limiting examples of steroids include cholesterol, and the like.
• a “cationic lipid” refers to a lipid capable of being positively charged.
• Exemplary cationic lipids include one or more amine group(s) which bear the positive charge.
• Preferred cationic lipids are ionizable such that they can exist in a positively charged or neutral form depending on pH. The ionization of the cationic lipid affects the surface charge of the lipid nanoparticle under different pH conditions. This charge state can influence plasma protein absorption, blood clearance and tissue distribution (Semple, S.C., et al., Adv.
• polymer conjugated lipid refers to a molecule comprising both a lipid portion and a polymer portion.
• An example of a polymer conjugated lipid is a pegylated lipid.
• pegylated lipid refers to a molecule comprising both a lipid portion and a polyethylene glycol portion.
• Pegylated lipids are known in the art and include 1-(monomethoxy-polyethyleneglycol)-2,3-dimyristoylglycerol (PEG-DMG) and the like.
• neutral lipid refers to any of a number of lipid species that exist either in an uncharged or neutral zwitterionic form at a selected pH.
• such lipids include, but are not limited to, phosphotidylcholines such as 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DMPC), 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1,2- dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), phophatidylethanolamines such as 1,2-Dioleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), sphingomyelins (SM), ceramides, steroids such as sterols and their derivatives.
• DSPC 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
• Neutral lipids may be synthetic or naturally derived.
• the term “charged lipid” refers to any of a number of lipid species that exist in either a positively charged or negatively charged form independent of the pH within a useful physiological range e.g. pH ⁇ 3 to pH ⁇ 9.
• Charged lipids may be synthetic or naturally derived. Examples of charged lipids include phosphatidylserines, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylinositols, sterol hemisuccinates, dialkyl trimethylammonium-propanes, (e.g.
• lipid nanoparticle refers to particles having at least one dimension on the order of nanometers (e.g., 1-1,000 nm) which include one or more of the compounds of structure (I) or other specified cationic lipids.
• lipid nanoparticles are included in a formulation that can be used to deliver an active agent or therapeutic agent, such as a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) to a target site of interest (e.g., cell, tissue, organ, tumor, and the like).
• the lipid nanoparticles of the invention comprise a nucleic acid.
• Such lipid nanoparticles typically comprise a compound of structure (I) and one or more excipient selected from neutral lipids, charged lipids, steroids and polymer conjugated lipids.
• the active agent or therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid, may be encapsulated in the lipid portion of the lipid nanoparticle or an aqueous space enveloped by some or all of the lipid portion of the lipid nanoparticle, thereby protecting it from enzymatic degradation or other undesirable effects induced by the mechanisms of the host organism or cells e.g. an adverse immune response.
• the lipid nanoparticles have a mean diameter of from about 30 nm to about 150 nm, from about 40 nm to about 150 nm, from about 50 nm to about 150 nm, from about 60 nm to about 130 nm, from about 70 nm to about 110 nm, from about 70 nm to about 100 nm, from about 80 nm to about 100 nm, from about 90 nm to about 100 nm, from about 70 to about 90 nm, from about 80 nm to about 90 nm, from about 70 nm to about 80 nm, or about 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 n
• nucleic acids when present in the lipid nanoparticles, are resistant in aqueous solution to degradation with a nuclease.
• Lipid nanoparticles comprising nucleic acids and their method of preparation are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication Nos.2004/0142025, 2007/0042031 and PCT Pub. Nos. WO 2017/004143, WO 2015/199952, WO 2013/016058 and WO 2013/086373, the full disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
• lipid encapsulated refers to a lipid nanoparticle that provides an active agent or therapeutic agent, such as a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA), with full encapsulation, partial encapsulation, or both.
• a nucleic acid e.g., mRNA
• aqueous solution refers to a composition comprising water.
• “Serum-stable” in relation to nucleic acid-lipid nanoparticles means that the nucleotide is not significantly degraded after exposure to a serum or nuclease assay that would significantly degrade free DNA or RNA.
• Suitable assays include, for example, a standard serum assay, a DNAse assay, or an RNAse assay.
• Systemic delivery refers to delivery of a therapeutic product that can result in a broad exposure of an active agent within an organism. Some techniques of administration can lead to the systemic delivery of certain agents, but not others. Systemic delivery means that a useful, preferably therapeutic, amount of an agent is exposed to most parts of the body.
• Systemic delivery of lipid nanoparticles can be by any means known in the art including, for example, intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal delivery. In some embodiments, systemic delivery of lipid nanoparticles is by intravenous delivery.
• Local delivery refers to delivery of an active agent directly to a target site within an organism.
• an agent can be locally delivered by direct injection into a disease site such as a tumor, other target site such as a site of inflammation, or a target organ such as the liver, heart, pancreas, kidney, and the like.
• Local delivery can also include topical applications or localized injection techniques such as intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal injection. Local delivery does not preclude a systemic pharmacological effect.
• Alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which is saturated, having, for example, from one to twenty-four carbon atoms (C 1 -C 24 alkyl), four to twenty carbon atoms (C 4 -C 20 alkyl), six to sixteen carbon atoms (C6-C16 alkyl), six to nine carbon atoms (C6-C9 alkyl), one to fifteen carbon atoms (C1-C15 alkyl),one to twelve carbon atoms (C 1 -C 12 alkyl), one to eight carbon atoms (C 1 -C 8 alkyl) or one to six carbon atoms (C1-C6 alkyl) and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1 methylethyl (iso propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1
• alkyl group is optionally substituted.
• Alkoxy refers to a radical of the formula ⁇ OR a where R a is an alkyl radical as defined above containing one to twelve carbon atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group is optionally substituted.
• Alkylaminyl refers to a radical of the formula ⁇ NHRa or ⁇ NRaRa where each Ra is, independently, an alkyl radical as defined above containing one to twelve carbon atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylaminyl group is optionally substituted.
• Alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and having, for example, from two to twenty-four carbon atoms (C 2 -C 24 alkenyl), four to twenty carbon atoms (C4-C20 alkenyl), six to sixteen carbon atoms (C6-C16 alkenyl), six to nine carbon atoms (C 6 -C 9 alkenyl), two to fifteen carbon atoms (C 2 -C 15 alkenyl), two to twelve carbon atoms (C2-C12 alkenyl), two to eight carbon atoms (C2-C8 alkenyl) or two to six carbon atoms (C2-C6 alkenyl) and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., ethenyl, prop-1- enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1
• alkenyl group is optionally substituted.
• “Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, which is saturated, and having, for example, from one to twenty-four carbon atoms (C 1 -C 24 alkylene), two to twenty-four carbon atoms (C 2 -C 24 alkylene),one to fifteen carbon atoms (C1-C15 alkylene),one to twelve carbon atoms (C1-C12 alkylene), one to eight carbon atoms (C1- C 8 alkylene), one to six carbon atoms (C 1 -C 6 alkylene), two to four carbon atoms (C 2 -C 4 alkylene), one to two carbon atoms (C1-C2 alkylene), e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, and the like.
• the alkylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single bond and to the radical group through a single bond.
• the points of attachment of the alkylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon or any two carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene chain may be optionally substituted.
• Alkenylene or “alkenylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, which contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and having, for example, from two to twenty-four carbon atoms (C 2 -C 24 alkenylene), two to fifteen carbon atoms (C 2 -C 15 alkenylene), two to twelve carbon atoms (C2-C12 alkenylene), two to eight carbon atoms (C2-C8 alkenylene), two to six carbon atoms (C 2 -C 6 alkenylene) or two to four carbon atoms (C 2 -C 4 alkenylene), e.g., ethenylene, propenylene, n-butenylene, and the like.
• alkenylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single or double bond and to the radical group through a single or double bond.
• the points of attachment of the alkenylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon or any two carbons within the chain.
• an alkenylene chain may be optionally substituted.
• Aryl refers to a carbocyclic ring system radical comprising hydrogen, 6 to 18 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring.
• the aryl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems.
• Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene.
• aryl or the prefix “ar-“ (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.
• Alkyl refers to a radical of the formula -Rb-Rc where Rb is an alkylene or alkenylene as defined above and R c is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyl group is optionally substituted.
• Heterocyclic ring refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring radical which consists of two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated.
• heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thio
• heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted.
• “Heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen ring carbon atoms, one to six ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring comprising a heteroatom.
• the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized.
• Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furany
• a heteroaryl group is optionally substituted.
• “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.
• “optionally substituted alkyl” means that the alkyl radical may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted alkyl radicals and alkyl radicals having no substitution.
• “Prodrug” is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound of structure (I).
• the term “prodrug” refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound of structure (I) that is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• a prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound of structure (I).
• Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of structure (I), for example, by hydrolysis in blood.
• the prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam)).
• a discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi, T., et al., A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol.14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.
• prodrug is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers, which release the active compound of structure (I) in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject.
• Prodrugs of a compound of structure (I) may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound of structure (I) in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound of structure (I).
• Prodrugs include compounds of structure (I) wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the compound of structure (I) is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively.
• prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol or amide derivatives of amine functional groups in the compounds of structure (I) and the like.
• Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are also meant to encompass all pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of the compound of structure (I) being isotopically- labelled by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 123 I, and 125 I, respectively.
• radiolabeled compounds could be useful to help determine or measure the effectiveness of the compounds, by characterizing, for example, the site or mode of action, or binding affinity to pharmacologically important site of action.
• isotopically-labelled compounds of structure (I) or (II), for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
• the radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.
• Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2 H may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Isotopically-labeled compounds of structure (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Preparations and Examples as set out below using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
• Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are also meant to encompass the in vivo metabolic products of the disclosed compounds.
• embodiments of the invention include compounds produced by a process comprising administering a compound of this invention to a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof.
• Such products are typically identified by administering a radiolabeled compound of structure (I) in a detectable dose to an animal, such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to human, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur, and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.
• “Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• “Mammal” includes humans and both domestic animals such as laboratory animals and household pets (e.g., cats, dogs, swine, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits), and non-domestic animals such as wildlife and the like.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
• Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like.
• basic ion exchange resins such as
• Particularly preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine. Often crystallizations produce a solvate of the compound of structure (I).
• the term “solvate” refers to an aggregate that comprises one or more molecules of a compound of structure (I) with one or more molecules of solvent.
• the solvent may be water, in which case the solvate may be a hydrate.
• the solvent may be an organic solvent.
• the compounds of the present invention may exist as a hydrate, including a monohydrate, dihydrate, hemihydrate, sesquihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate and the like, as well as the corresponding solvated forms.
• the compound of structure (I) may exist as a true solvate, while in other cases, the compound of structure (I) may merely retain adventitious water or be a mixture of water plus some adventitious solvent.
• a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation of a compound of structure (I) and a medium generally accepted in the art for the delivery of the biologically active compound to mammals, e.g., humans. Such a medium includes all pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients therefor.
• Effective amount refers to that amount of a compound of structure (I) which, when administered to a mammal, preferably a human, is sufficient to effect treatment in the mammal, preferably a human.
• the amount of a lipid nanoparticle of embodiments the invention which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the condition and its severity, the manner of administration, and the age of the mammal to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure.
• Treating” or “treatment” as used herein covers the treatment of the disease or condition of interest in a mammal, preferably a human, having the disease or condition of interest, and includes: (i) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e., arresting its development; (iii) relieving the disease or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease or condition; or (iv) relieving the symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, i.e., relieving pain without addressing the underlying disease or condition.
• the terms “disease” and “condition” may be used interchangeably or may be different in that the particular malady or condition may not have a known causative agent (so that etiology has not yet been worked out) and it is therefore not yet recognized as a disease but only as an undesirable condition or syndrome, wherein a more or less specific set of symptoms have been identified by clinicians.
• the compounds of structure (I), or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids.
• Embodiments of the present invention are meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms.
• Optically active (+) and (-), (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization.
• Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
• a “stereoisomer” refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable.
• the present invention contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers”, which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeable mirror images of one another.
• a “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule.
• the present invention includes tautomers of any said compounds.
• Compounds in an aspect, the invention provides novel lipid compounds which are capable of combining with other lipid components such as neutral lipids, charged lipids, steroids and/or polymer conjugated-lipids to form lipid nanoparticles with oligonucleotides. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that these lipid nanoparticles shield oligonucleotides from degradation in the serum and provide for effective delivery of oligonucleotides to cells in vitro and in vivo.
• At least one alkyl, alkenyl, alkylene, alkenylene, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aralkyl is substituted with one or more fluorine and/or one or more oxo and/or one or more NH2 and/or one or more alkylaminyl.
• At least one alkyl, alkenyl, alkylene, alkenylene, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aralkyl is substituted with one or more fluorine and/or one or more oxo and/or one or more NH 2 and/or one or more alkylaminyl.
• G 3 is unsubstituted.
• G 3 is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• G 3 is C 1 -C 12 alkylene, for example.
• G 3 is C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 alkylene.
• G 3 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, or n-octyl.
• G 1 and/or G 2 is unsubstituted.
• G 1 and/or G 2 is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• G 1 and/or G 2 is C 1 -C 12 alkylene, for example.
• G 1 and/or G 2 is C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , or C8 alkylene.
• IB) (IC) are each independently an integer ranging from 2 to 10, 2 to 8, from 4 to 10 or from 4 to 7.
• y is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
• z is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
• y and z are each integers of 5.
• y and z are each integers of 6.
• y and z are each integers of 7. In some certain embodiments, y and z are each integers of 9. In some embodiments, y and z are the same, while in other embodiments y and z are different. In some of the foregoing embodiments, R 1 or R 2 , or both is branched C 6 -C 24 alkyl.
• R 1 and R 2 each, independently have the following structure: , wherein: R 7a and R 7b are, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl, or (b) R 7a is H or C 1 -C 12 alkyl, and R 7b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R 7b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; and a is an integer from 2 to 12, wherein R 7a , R 7b and a are each selected such that R 1 and R 2 are each independently linear or branched and independently comprise from 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• a is an integer ranging from 5 to 9 or from 8 to 12.
• at least one occurrence of R 7a is H.
• R 7a is H at each occurrence.
• at least one occurrence of R 7b is C1-C8 alkyl.
• C1- C 8 alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl or n-octyl.
• R 1 or R 2 has one of the following structures: In different embodiments, R 1 or R 2 , or both, has one of the following structures: In some of the foregoing embodiments, R b , R c , R e and R f are each independently C3-C12 alkyl or C 3 -C 16 alkyl.
• R b , R c , R e and R f are selected from n- hexyl (-(CH2)5CH3), n-octyl (-(CH2)7CH3), are n-decanyl (-(CH2)9CH3), n-dodecyl (- (CH 2 ) 11 CH 3 ), (-(CH 2 ) 14 CH 3 ), (-(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ).
• R b , R c , R e and R f are n-hexyl (-(CH2)5CH3) and in other embodiments R b , R c , R e and R f are n-octyl (- (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ). In another example in some embodiments R b , R c , R e and R f are n-decanyl (- (CH2)9CH3). In other embodiments, R b , R c , R e and R f are n-dodecyl (-(CH2)11CH3).
• R a and R d are each independently C 1 -C 12 alkyl or C 2 -C 12 alkenyl and R 1 and R 2 are each independently C6-C18 alkyl or C6-C18 alkenyl.
• R a and R d are n-hexyl (-(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 ) and R 1 and R 2 are dodecapentyl (- (CH 2 ) 14 CH 3 ).
• R a and R d are n-hexyl and R 1 and R 2 are (6Z, 9Z)-heptadeca-6,9-diene (-(CH2)7CHCHCH2CHCH(CH2)4CH3).
• R a and R d are n-hexyl and R 1 and R 2 are 7-pentadecane (- CH((CH2)5CH3)((CH2)7CH3)).
• R 3 is H.
• R 3 is –OH.
• R 6 is C1-C12 branched alkyl.
• R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• R 6 is C1-C2 alkyl.
• R 6 is an ethyl. In some certain embodiments, R 6 is 5-methyl dodecyl. In other embodiments, R 3 is -N(R 4 )R 5 , for example in some of these embodiments R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1 -C 12 alkyl, optionally substituted with hydroxyl. In another example in some embodiments R 4 and R 5 are each independently C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted with hydroxyl. In yet another example in some embodiments R 4 and R 5 are each independently C1-C2 alkyl, optionally substituted with hydroxyl. In some certain embodiments, R 4 and R 5 are each methyl. In some certain embodiments, R 4 and R 5 are each n-hexyl.
• one of R 4 or R 5 is H and the other one of R 4 or R 5 is C 1 -C 12 alkyl.
• one of R 4 or R 5 is H and the other one of R 4 or R 5 is C1-C12 alkyl substituted with hydroxyl.
• both R 4 and R 5 are C 1 -C 12 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• both R 4 and R 5 are C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydroxyl.
• one of R 4 or R 5 is H and the other one of R 4 or R 5 is n-decyl. In some certain embodiments, one of R 4 or R 5 is H and the other one of R 4 or R 5 is n-tridecyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is aryl. In some embodiments, R 3 is substituted aryl. In some certain embodiments, R 3 is a phenyl. In other embodiments, R 3 is -N(R 4 )R 5 , and one of R 4 and R 5 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkenyl.
• R 3 is -N(R 4 )R 5 , R 4 is H and R 5 is C3-C6 cycloalkenyl.
• R 3 is -OR 7 and R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with OH or OCH3.
• R 3 is heteroaryl, for example imidazolyl.
• R 3 has one of the following structures: In some more specific embodiments, R 3 is H or has one of the following structures: In various different embodiments, the compound has one of the structures set forth in Table 1 below. No. Structure I-25 I-26 I-27 I-28 I-29 I-30 I-31
• compositions comprising a compound of structure (I) are provided.
• the compositions comprise lipid nanoparticles comprising a compound of structure (I) are provided.
• the lipid nanoparticles optionally include excipients selected from a neutral lipid, a steroid and a polymer conjugated lipid.
• lipid nanoparticles comprising any one or more of the compounds of structure (I) and a therapeutic agent are provided.
• the lipid nanoparticles comprise any of the compounds of structure (I) and a therapeutic agent and one or more excipient selected from neutral lipids, steroids and polymer conjugated lipids.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or carriers are also included in various embodiments of the lipid nanoparticles.
• the neutral lipid is selected from DSPC, DPPC, DMPC, DOPC, POPC, DOPE and SM. In some embodiments, the neutral lipid is DSPC. In various embodiments, the molar ratio of the compound to the neutral lipid ranges from about 2:1 to about 8:1. In various embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles s further comprise a steroid or steroid analogue. In certain embodiments, the steroid or steroid analogue is cholesterol. In some of these embodiments, the molar ratio of the compound to cholesterol ranges from about 5:1 to 1:1 or about 2:1 to 1:1. In various embodiments, the polymer conjugated lipid is a pegylated lipid.
• some embodiments include a pegylated diacylglycerol (PEG-DAG) such as 1-(monomethoxy-polyethyleneglycol)-2,3-dimyristoylglycerol (PEG-DMG), a pegylated phosphatidylethanoloamine (PEG-PE), a PEG succinate diacylglycerol (PEG-S-DAG) such as 4- O-(2’,3’-di(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl-1-O-( ⁇ -methoxy(polyethoxy)ethyl)butanedioate (PEG-S- DMG), a pegylated ceramide (PEG-cer), or a PEG dialkoxypropylcarbamate such as ⁇ - methoxy(polyethoxy)ethyl-N-(2,3-di(tetradecanoxy)propyl)carbamate or 2,3- di(te)
• the molar ratio of the compound to the pegylated lipid ranges from about 100:1 to about 20:1 or about 100:1 to 10:1.
• the composition comprises a pegylated lipid having the following structure (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R 10 and R 11 are each independently a straight or branched, alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl containing from 10 to 30 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is optionally interrupted by one or more ester bonds; and w has a mean value ranging from 30 to 60.
• R 10 and R 11 are each independently straight alkyl containing from 10 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, R 10 and R 11 are each independently straight alkyl containing 12 to 16 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, w has a mean value ranging from 30 to 60. In some embodiments, w has a mean value ranging 43 to 53. In other embodiments, the average w is about 45. In other different embodiments, the average w is about 49. Preparation methods for the above lipids, lipid nanoparticles and compositions are described herein below and/or known in the art, for example, in PCT Pub. No.
• the therapeutic agent comprises a nucleic acid.
• the nucleic acid is selected from antisense and messenger RNA.
• the invention is directed to a method for administering a therapeutic agent to a patient in need thereof, the method comprising preparing or providing any of the foregoing compositions and administering the composition to the patient
• the compounds of structure (I) typically in the form of lipid nanoparticles in combination with a therapeutic agent
• compositions of embodiments of the present invention comprise a compound of structure (I) (e.g., as a component in an LNP) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
• the compound of structure (I) is present in the composition in an amount which is effective to form a lipid nanoparticle and deliver the therapeutic agent, e.g., for treating a particular disease or condition of interest.
• Appropriate concentrations and dosages can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
• Administration of the compositions and/or LNPs of embodiments of the invention can be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration of agents for serving similar utilities.
• compositions of embodiments of the invention may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suspensions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, gels, microspheres, and aerosols.
• Typical routes of administering such pharmaceutical compositions include, without limitation, oral, topical, transdermal, inhalation, peritoneal, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, and intranasal.
• peritoneal as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques.
• compositions of the invention are formulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to a patient.
• Compositions that will be administered to a subject or patient take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet may be a single dosage unit, and a container of a compound of structure (I) in aerosol form may hold a plurality of dosage units.
• Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, 2000).
• composition to be administered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structure (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of a disease or condition of interest in accordance with the teachings of embodiments of this invention.
• a pharmaceutical composition of embodiments of the invention may be in the form of a solid or liquid.
• the carrier(s) are particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form.
• the carrier(s) may be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, oral syrup, injectable liquid or an aerosol, which is useful in, for example, inhalatory administration.
• the pharmaceutical composition When intended for oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition is preferably in either solid or liquid form, where semi-solid, semi-liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer or the like form.
• Such a solid composition will typically contain one or more inert diluents or edible carriers.
• binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primogel, corn starch and the like; lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring; and a coloring agent.
• excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primogel, corn starch and the like
• lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex
• glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide
• sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin
• a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl sal
• the pharmaceutical composition When the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a capsule, for example, a gelatin capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol or oil.
• a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol or oil.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a liquid, for example, an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension.
• the liquid may be for oral administration or for delivery by injection, as two examples.
• preferred composition contain, in addition to the present compounds or LNPs, one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer.
• liquid pharmaceutical compositions of embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer’s solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides which may serve as the solvent or suspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium
• the peritoneal preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
• Physiological saline is a preferred adjuvant.
• An injectable pharmaceutical composition is preferably sterile.
• a liquid pharmaceutical composition of embodiments of the invention intended for either peritoneal or oral administration should contain an amount of a compound of structure (I) such that a suitable LNP will be obtained.
• the pharmaceutical composition of embodiments of the invention may be intended for topical administration, in which case the carrier may suitably comprise a solution, emulsion, ointment or gel base.
• the base may comprise one or more of the following: petrolatum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, bee wax, mineral oil, diluents such as water and alcohol, and emulsifiers and stabilizers.
• Thickening agents may be present in a pharmaceutical composition for topical administration. If intended for transdermal administration, the composition may include a transdermal patch or iontophoresis device.
• the pharmaceutical composition of embodiments of the invention may be intended for rectal administration, in the form, for example, of a suppository, which will melt in the rectum and release the drug.
• the composition for rectal administration may contain an oleaginous base as a suitable nonirritating excipient.
• the pharmaceutical composition of embodiments of the invention may include various materials, which modify the physical form of a solid or liquid dosage unit.
• the composition may include materials that form a coating shell around the active ingredients.
• the materials that form the coating shell are typically inert, and may be selected from, for example, sugar, shellac, and other enteric coating agents.
• the active ingredients may be encased in a gelatin capsule.
• the pharmaceutical composition of embodiments of the invention in solid or liquid form may include an agent that binds to the compound of structure (I) and thereby assists in the delivery of the compound. Suitable agents that may act in this capacity include a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, or a protein.
• the pharmaceutical composition of embodiments of the invention may consist of dosage units that can be administered as an aerosol.
• aerosol is used to denote a variety of systems ranging from those of colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages. Delivery may be by a liquefied or compressed gas or by a suitable pump system that dispenses the active ingredients. Aerosols of compounds of structure (I) may be delivered in single phase, bi-phasic, or tri-phasic systems in order to deliver the active ingredient(s). Delivery of the aerosol includes the necessary container, activators, valves, sub-containers, and the like, which together may form a kit. One skilled in the art, without undue experimentation may determine preferred aerosols.
• compositions of embodiments of the invention may be prepared by methodology well known in the pharmaceutical art.
• a pharmaceutical composition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared by combining the lipid nanoparticles of the invention with sterile, distilled water or other carrier so as to form a solution.
• a surfactant may be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension.
• Surfactants are compounds that non-covalently interact with the compound of structure (I) so as to facilitate dissolution or homogeneous suspension of the compound in the aqueous delivery system.
• compositions of embodiments of the invention are administered in a therapeutically effective amount, which will vary depending upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific therapeutic agent employed; the metabolic stability and length of action of the therapeutic agent; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the particular disorder or condition; and the subject undergoing therapy.
• Compositions of embodiments of the invention may also be administered simultaneously with, prior to, or after administration of one or more other therapeutic agents.
• Such combination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical dosage formulation of a composition of embodiments of the invention and one or more additional active agents, as well as administration of the composition of the invention and each active agent in its own separate pharmaceutical dosage formulation.
• a composition of embodiments of the invention and the other active agent can be administered to the patient together in a single oral dosage composition such as a tablet or capsule, or each agent administered in separate oral dosage formulations.
• the compounds of structure (I) and one or more additional active agents can be administered at essentially the same time, i.e., concurrently, or at separately staggered times, i.e., sequentially; combination therapy is understood to include all these regimens.
• Suitable protecting groups include trialkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl (for example, t- butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl or trimethylsilyl), tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, and the like.
• Suitable protecting groups for amino, amidino and guanidino include t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.
• Suitable protecting groups for mercapto include -C(O)-R′′ (where R′′ is alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl), p-methoxybenzyl, trityl and the like.
• Suitable protecting groups for carboxylic acid include alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl esters. Protecting groups may be added or removed in accordance with standard techniques, which are known to one skilled in the art and as described herein. The use of protecting groups is described in detail in Green, T.W. and P.G.M.
• the protecting group may also be a polymer resin such as a Wang resin, Rink resin or a 2-chlorotrityl-chloride resin.
• a polymer resin such as a Wang resin, Rink resin or a 2-chlorotrityl-chloride resin.
• all compounds of structure (I) which exist in free base or acid form can be converted to their pharmaceutically acceptable salts by treatment with the appropriate inorganic or organic base or acid by methods known to one skilled in the art. Salts of the compounds of structure (I) can be converted to their free base or acid form by standard techniques.
• the compounds of structure (I), and lipid nanoparticles comprising the same can be prepared according to methods known or derivable by one of ordinary skill in the art, for example those methods disclosed in PCT Pub. No. WO 2015/199952, WO 2017/004143 and WO 2017/075531, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
• starting components may be obtained from sources such as Sigma Aldrich, Lancaster Synthesis, Inc., Maybridge, Matrix Scientific, TCI, and Fluorochem USA, etc. or synthesized according to sources known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th edition (Wiley, December 2000)) or prepared as described in this invention.
• GENERAL REACTION SCHEME 1 Embodiments of the compound of structure (I) (e.g., compound A-5) can be prepared according to General Reaction Scheme 1 (“Method A”), wherein R, at each occurrence, independently represents R b , R c , R e or R f , and each n is independently an integer from 2 to 12.
• compounds of structure A-1 can be purchased from commercial sources or prepared according to methods familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• a mixture of A-1, A-2 and DMAP is treated with DCC to give the bromide A-3.
• a mixture of the bromide A-3, a base (e.g., N,N-diisopropylethylamine) and the N,N-dimethyldiamine A-4 is heated at a temperature and time sufficient to produce A-5 after any necessary workup and or purification step.
• Embodiments of the compound of structure (I) can be prepared according to General Reaction Scheme 2 (“Method B”), wherein R, at each occurrence, independently represents R a or R d , L, at each occurrence, independently represents R 1 or R 2 , and each n is independently an integer from 2 to 12.
• Method B General Reaction Scheme 2
• compounds of structure B-1 can be purchased from commercial sources or prepared according to methods familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• a nitrogen of B-2 is alkylated with B-1 to afford a diol product B-3, which is then converted into the bromide B-4 with a slow addition of HBr solution followed by a reflux.
• the R 3 moiety may include a substituent, such as hydroxyl, and appropriate protecting groups may be required to mask the substituent, or the substituent may be added after R 5 is added to the remainder of the molecule.
• protecting groups as needed and other modification to the above General Reaction Scheme 1 will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. The following examples are provided for purpose of illustration and not limitation.
• EXAMPLE 1 LUCIFERASE MRNA IN VIVO EVALUATION USING LIPID NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS
• a lipid of structure (I), DSPC, cholesterol and PEG-lipid are solubilized in ethanol at a molar ratio of 50:10:38.5:1.5 or 47.5:10:40.7:1.8.
• Lipid nanoparticles are prepared at a total lipid to mRNA weight ratio of approximately 10:1 to 40:1. Briefly, the mRNA is diluted to 0.2 mg/mL in 10 to 50 mM citrate buffer, pH 4 or 10 to 25 mM acetate buffer, pH 4. Syringe pumps are used to mix the ethanolic lipid solution with the mRNA aqueous solution at a ratio of about 1:5 to 1:3 (vol/vol) with total flow rates above 15 mL/min. The ethanol is then removed and the external buffer replaced with PBS by dialysis. Finally, the lipid nanoparticles are filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ m pore sterile filter.
• mice Studies are performed in 6-8 week old female C57BL/6 mice (Charles River) 8-10 week old CD-1 (Harlan) mice (Charles River) according to guidelines established by an institutional animal care committee (ACC) and the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). Varying doses of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle are systemically administered by tail vein injection and animals euthanized at a specific time point (e.g., 4 hours) post-administration. Liver and spleen are collected in pre-weighed tubes, weights determined, immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C until processing for analysis. For liver, approximately 50 mg is dissected for analyses in a 2 mL FastPrep tubes (MP Biomedicals, Solon OH).
• 1 ⁇ 4 ceramic sphere (MP Biomedicals) is added to each tube and 500 ⁇ L of Glo Lysis Buffer – GLB (Promega, Madison WI) equilibrated to room temperature is added to liver tissue. Liver tissues are homogenized with the FastPrep24 instrument (MP Biomedicals) at 2 ⁇ 6.0 m/s for 15 seconds. Homogenate is incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes prior to a 1:4 dilution in GLB and assessed using SteadyGlo Luciferase assay system (Promega).
• the FLuc mRNA (L-6107) from Trilink Biotechnologies will express a luciferase protein, originally isolated from the firefly, photinus pyralis. FLuc is commonly used in mammalian cell culture to measure both gene expression and cell viability. It emits bioluminescence in the presence of the substrate, luciferin. This capped and polyadenylated mRNA is fully substituted with 5-methylcytidine and pseudouridine.
• IMMUNOGLOBULIN G MRNA IN VIVO EVALUATION USING LIPID NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS
• a lipid of structure (I), DSPC, cholesterol and PEG-lipid are solubilized in ethanol at a molar ratio of 50:10:38.5:1.5 or 47.5:10:40.7:1.8.
• Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are prepared at a total lipid to mRNA weight ratio of approximately 10:1 to 40:1. Briefly, the mRNA is diluted to 0.2 mg/mL in 10 to 50 mM citrate buffer, pH 4 or 10 to 25 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.
• Syringe pumps are used to mix the ethanolic lipid solution with the mRNA aqueous solution at a ratio of about 1:5 to 1:3 (vol/vol) with total flow rates above 15 mL/min.
• the ethanol is then removed and the external buffer replaced with PBS by dialysis.
• the lipid nanoparticles are filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ m pore sterile filter.
• Studies are performed in 6-8 week old CD-1/ICR mice (Envigo) according to guidelines established by an institutional animal care committee (ACC) and the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). Varying doses of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle are systemically administered by tail vein injection and animals euthanized at a specific time point (e.g., 24 hours) post- administration.
• the whole blood is collected, and the serum subsequentially separated by centrifuging the tubes of the whole blood at 2000 x g for 10 minutes at 4 °C and stored at -80 °C until use for analysis.
• immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA Life Diagnostics Human IgG ELISA kit
• the serum samples are diluted at 100 to 15000 folds with 1x diluent solution.100 ⁇ L of diluted serum is dispensed into anti-human IgG coated 96-well plate in duplicate alongside human IgG standards and incubated in a plate shaker at 150 rpm at 25 °C for 45 minutes.
• the wells are washed 5 times with 1x wash solution using a plate washer (400 ⁇ L/well).100 ⁇ L of HRP conjugate is added into each well and incubated in a plate shaker at the same condition above.
• the wells are washed 5 times again with 1x wash solution using a plate washer (400 ⁇ L/well). 100 ⁇ L of TMB reagent is added into each well and incubated in a plate shaker at the same condition above.
• the reaction is stopped by adding 100 ⁇ L of Stop solution to each well.
• the absorbance is read at 450 nm (A450) with a microplate reader.
• the amount of human IgG in mouse serum is determined by plotting A450 values for the assay standard against human IgG concentration.
• EXAMPLE 3 DETERMINATION OF PKA OF FORMULATED LIPIDS
• the pKa of formulated lipids is correlated with the effectiveness of LNPs for delivery of nucleic acids (see Jayaraman et al, Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2012), 51(34), 8529-8533; Semple et al, Nature Biotechnology 28, 172–176 (2010)).
• the preferred range of pKa is ⁇ 5 to ⁇ 7.
• the pKa of each lipid is determined in lipid nanoparticles using an assay based on fluorescence of 2-(p-toluidino)-6-napthalene sulfonic acid (TNS).
• Lipid nanoparticles comprising compound of structure (I)/DSPC/cholesterol/PEG-lipid (50/10/38.5/1.5 or 47.5:10:40.7:1.8 mol%) in PBS at a concentration of 0.4 mM total lipid are prepared using the in-line process as described in Example 1.
• TNS is prepared as a 100 ⁇ M stock solution in distilled water.
• Vesicles are diluted to 24 ⁇ M lipid in 2 mL of buffered solutions containing 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM MES, 10 mM ammonium acetate, and 130 mM NaCl, where the pH ranged from 2.5 to 11.
• EXAMPLE 4 DETERMINATION OF EFFICACY OF LIPID NANOPARTICLE FORMULATIONS CONTAINING VARIOUS CATIONIC LIPIDS USING AN IN VIVO LUCIFERASE/IGG MRNA
• Representative compounds of the disclosure shown in Table 2 were formulated using the following molar ratio: 50% cationic lipid / 10% distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) / 38.5% Cholesterol / 1.5% PEG lipid 2-[2-( ⁇ -methoxy(polyethyleneglycol2000)ethoxy]-N,N- ditetradecylacetamide) or 47.5% cationic lipid / 10% DSPC / 40.7% Cholesterol / 1.8% PEG lipid.
• Relative activity was determined by measuring luciferase expression in the liver 4 hours following administration via tail vein injection as described in Example 1 or by measuring the amount of human IgG in mouse serum as described in example 2. The activity was compared at a dose of 1.0 or 0.5 or 0.3 mg mRNA/kg and expressed as ng luciferase/g liver measured 4 hours after administration, as described in Example 1 or as ⁇ g IgG/mL serum measured 24 hours after administration, as described in Example 2.
• Compound numbers in Table 2 refer to the compound numbers of Table 1. Table 2.
• the mixture was heated at 80 °C for 16h in a sealed pressure flask.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated.
• the crude product was purified by flash dry column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc/Et3N, 95:5:0 to 80:20:1) and further purified using 0 to 5% MeOH in chloroform as elution solvent mixture.
• the desired product was obtained as a colorless oil (173 mg, 0.22 mmol, 36%).
• EXAMPLE 10 8,8'-(METHYLAZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-6) Synthesis of 8-bromo-N,N-didecyloctanamide (Intermediate D) To a solution of 8-bromooctanoic acid (1 eq.10.78 mmol, 2.41 g) in DCM (20 mL) and DMF (d 0.944; 0.1 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (2.5 eq, 27 mmol, 3.42 g, 2.35 mL) at RT under Ar. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. Next, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated.
• the crude product was purified by flash dry column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc/Et 3 N, 95:5:0 to 80:20:1).
• the desired product was obtained as a colorless oil (233 mg, 0.31 mmol, 26%).
• EXAMPLE 18 10,10'-((2-HYDROXYETHYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLDECANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-20)
• Compound I-20 was prepared according to the general procedures of example 13 to yield the desired product as a colorless oil (248 mg, 0.26 mmol, 49%).
• EXAMPLE 21 8,8'-((6-HYDROXYHEXYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-24)
• Compound I-24 was prepared according to the general procedures of example 13 to yield the desired product as a colorless oil (229 mg, 0.24 mmol, 48%).
• EXAMPLE 22 8,8'-((2-HYDROXYETHYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-22)
• Compound I-22 was prepared according to the general procedures of example 13 to yield the desired product as a colorless oil (165 mg, 0.18 mmol, 35%).
• the oil was taken up in DCM (100 mL) and loaded on a short column of silica gel under reduced pressure. The column was eluted with a mixture of DCM, methanol and conc. ammonia solution (100:0:0 to 85:15:1). Fractions containing the desired product were combined and concentrated. The residue was taken up in DCM and filtered. The filtrated was concentrated to dryness to give the desired product as brown viscous oil (1.40 g, 6.05 mmol, 50%). The product was used for the next step without further purification.
• EXAMPLE 26 (9Z,9'Z,12Z,12'Z)-N,N'-((METHYLAZANEDIYL)BIS(HEXANE-6,1-DIYL))BIS(N-HEXYLOCTADECA- 9,12-DIENAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-14) Synthesis of I-14 To a solution of linoleic acid (2.5 mmol, 0.70 g) in DCM (12 mL) and DMF (2 drops from a small size needle) was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (1.5 eq, 3.75 mmol, 484 mg, 0.33 mL) at RT. The resulting mixture was then stirred at RT overnight.
• oxalyl chloride 1.5 eq, 3.75 mmol, 484 mg, 0.33 mL
• the reaction mixture was filtered into a flask containing hexadecylamine (1 equiv, 11.36 mmol, 2.743 g) and washed with DCM (ca 20 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. After concentration of the reaction mixture, a white solid was obtained. The solid was taken up in DCM (100 mL) and ultrasonicated to get a slightly cloudy solution. The cloudy solution was loaded on a short silica gel column under reduced pressure. The column was eluted with a mixture of DCM and MeOH (100:0 to 98.75:1.25) under reduced pressure. The desired product was obtained as a white solid (4.50 g, 10.1 mmol, 89%).
• EXAMPLE 28 8,8'-((8-(DECYLAMINO)-8-OXOOCTYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-33) Synthesis of I-13 To a mixture of Intermediate D (1.9 eq, 2.0 g, 3.98 mmol), anhydrous acetonitrile (25 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.08 mL) in a pressure flask was added benzylamine (2.09 mmol, 224 mg, 0.23 mL). the resulting mixture was heated at 75 °C (oil bath) overnight. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated.
• the crude product was purified by flash dry column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc/Et 3 N, 90:10:0 to 80:20:1). Concentration of the fractions containing the desired product gave a brown oil (1.43 g) which was pure enough to use for the next step without further purification. A small amount of the product was further purified by flash dry column chromatography on silica gel using 0 to 5% MeOH in chloroform with a trace of Et 3 N as elution solvent mixture for analysis and testing.
• EXAMPLE 29 8,8'-((6-(DIHEXYLAMINO)-6-OXOHEXYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-32) Synthesis of I-32 A mixture of 6-bromo-N,N-dihexylhexanamide (1 eq, 0.35 mmol, 127 mg; made from 6- bromohexanoic acid and dihexylamine in a similar way to Intermediate D), anhydrous acetonitrile (15 mL), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.12 mL), 8,8'-azanediylbis(N,N- didecyloctanamide) (Intermediate H, 300 mg, 0.35 mmol) and NaI (44 mg) in a pressure flask was heated at 80 °C (oil bath) overnight.
• EXAMPLE 30 8,8'-((5-(DECYLAMINO)-5-OXOPENTYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-30) Synthesis of 5-bromo-N-decylpentanamide To a mixture of 5-bromovaleric acid (1.0 equiv, 2.06 g 11.36 mmol), and 4- dimethylaminopyridine (0.3 eq., 3.41 mmol, 416 mg) in 20 mL of DCM was added N- hydroxysuccinimide (1.0 equiv, 11.36 mmol, 1.31 g), followed by addition of DCC (1.05 equiv, 11.93 mmol, 2.46 g).
• the crude product was passed down a silica gel column using dichloromethane to remove polar impurities.
• a solution of the resultant product (3 g) in THF was treated with 4-aminobutan-1-ol (0.22 g) and N,N- diisopropylethylamine (1 mL).
• the reaction was refluxed for three days, then partitioned between dilute hydrochloric acid and dichloromethane.
• the solvent was removed from the organic fraction and the residue passed down a silica gel (55 g) column using a methanol/dichloromethane gradient, yielding I-27 (1.6 g).
• EXAMPLE 36 8,8'-((2-HYDROXYETHYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDODECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-37)
• Compound I-37 was prepared according to the general procedures of example 13 to yield the desired product as a colorless oil (148 mg, 0.15 mmol, 32%).
• EXAMPLE 39 8,8'-(METHYLAZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDODECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-40)
• Compound I-40 was prepared according to the general procedures of example 10 to yield the desired product as a colorless oil (235 mg, 0.24 mmol, 53%).
• EXAMPLE 40 8,8'-((3-HYDROXYPROPYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-41)
• Compound I-41 was prepared according to the general procedures of example 13 to yield the desired product (100 mg, 22%).
• EXAMPLE 44 8,8'-((7-HYDROXYHEPTYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-45)
• Compound I-45 was prepared according to the general procedures of example 13 to yield the desired product (320 mg, 55%).
• EXAMPLE 58 10,10'-((3-((2-(METHYLAMINO)-3,4-DIOXOCYCLOBUT-1-EN-1- YL)AMINO)PROPYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLDECANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-60) Synthesis of Intermediate K A mixture of I-56 (0.42 mmol, 455 mg) and TFA (2.0 mL) in DCM (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was partitioned between EtOAc and sat.
• the reaction was carried out in a sealed tube at 80 oC for 24 h. Then, more Int 4-1 or Int 4-2 (0.5 eq) in ACN (2.0 mL/mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and stirring continued for another 24 h at 80 oC. The reaction mixture was then cooled to RT and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (Hex/1% NEt 3 in EtOAc, 95:5 to 0:100).
• N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-hexylhexanamide) (I-61) N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-hexylhexanamide) (I-61) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 3-1 (500 mg, 1.5 mmol) and methylamine (2 M in MeOH, 0.26 mL, 0.52 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (250 mg, 0.38 mmol, 73 %).
• N,N'-(((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-hexylhexanamide) (I- 62) N,N'-(((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-hexylhexanamide) (I-62) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 3-1 (500 mg, 1.5 mmol) and 5- aminopentan-1-ol (54 mg, 0.52 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (242 mg, 0.34 mmol, 66 %).
• N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-octyloctanamide) (I-63) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 3-2 (450 mg, 1.2 mmol) and methylamine (2 M in MeOH, 0.21 mL, 0.42 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (180 mg, 0.24 mmol, 65 %).
• N,N’-(((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-octyloctanamide) (I-64) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 3-2 (450 mg, 1.2 mmol) and 5- aminopentan-1-ol (43.3 mg, 0.42 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (220 mg, 0.26 mmol, 66 %).
• N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-octyloctanamide) (I-65) N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-octyloctanamide) (I-65) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 4-1 (493 mg, 1.1 mmol) and methylamine (2 M in MeOH, 0.19 mL, 0.385 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (232 mg, 0.27 mmol, 66 %).
• N,N'-(((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-decyldecanamide) (I-66) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 4-1 (493 mg, 1.1 mmol) and 5- aminopentan-1-ol (40 mg, 0.385 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (247 mg, 0.26 mmol, 65 %).
• N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-dodecyldodecanamide) (I-67) N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-dodecyldodecanamide) (I-67) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 4-2 (700 mg, 1.25 mmol) and methylamine (2 M in MeOH, 0.21 mL, 0.425 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (510 mg, 0.52 mmol, 84 %).
• N,N'-(((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(N-dodecyldodecanamide) (I- 68) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 4-2 (700 mg, 1.25 mmol) and 5- aminopentan-1-ol (44 mg, 0.425 mmol).
• N,N’-(((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(2-hexyldecanamide) (I-71) was prepared according to the general procedures of example 59 from Int 6 (458 mg, 1.20 mmol) and 5-Amino-1-pentanol (22 mg, 0.40 mmol). The product was obtained as pale- yellow oil (250 mg, 0.30 mmol, 25%).
• N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(2-hexyl-N-methyldecanamide) (I- 70) N,N'-((methylazanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(2-hexyl-N-methyldecanamide) (I-70) was prepared according to the general procedure of example 59 from Int 10 (500 mg, 1.26 mmol) and methylamine (2 M in MeOH, 13.4 mg, 0.225 mL, 0.43 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (200 mg, 0.25 mmol, 20 %).
• N,N'-(((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(2-hexyl-N- methyldecanamide) (I-72) was prepared according to the general procedure of example 59 from Int-10 (500 mg, 1.26 mmol) and 5-Amino-1-pentanol (44.4 mg, 0.43 mmol).
• N-decyl-N-(8-((8-(didecylamino)-8-oxooctyl)(5- hydroxypentyl)amino)octyl)decanamide (I-74) N-decyl-N-(8-((8-(didecylamino)-8-oxooctyl)(5-hydroxypentyl)amino)octyl)decanamide (I-74) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int 12-2 (0.4 g, 0.76 mmol) and Int 4-1 (0.46 g, 0.91 mmol).
• Step 2 To a solution of N-methyldecylamine (3 g, 17.25 mmol), triethylamine (13.2 mL, 94.12 mmol) and DMAP (cat.) in DCM (50 mL) was added a solution of 8-bromooctanoyl chloride ( ⁇ 15.69 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). After stirring at RT overnight, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the remaining residue was partitioned between EtOAc and brine.
• N,N-didecyl-8-((8-(decyl(methyl)amino)-8-oxooctyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)octanamide (I-80) was prepared according to the general procedure from Int12-3 (0.5 g, 1.03 mmol) and Int-15 (0.47 g, 1.24 mmol). The product was obtained as pale-yellow oil (0.260 g, 0.33 mmol 32.4%).
• EXAMPLE 65 8,8'-((5-HYDROXYPENTYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DINONYLOCTANAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-81) Synthesis of 8,8'-((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)bis(N,N-dinonyloctanamide) (I-81) A mixture of 8-bromo-N,N-dinonyloctanamide (was prepared according to the general procedures of example 5, 0.7 mmol, 330 mg), 5-aminopentan-1-ol (0.42 mmol, 43 mg), DIEA (1.3 mmol, 0.23 mL), and potassium iodide (0.7 mmol, 116 mg) in ACN (4 mL) was heated at 75 °C for 48 h.
• EXAMPLE 68 2,2'-((5-HYDROXYPENTYL)AZANEDIYL)BIS(N,N-DIDECYLACETAMIDE) (COMPOUND I-84) Synthesis of diethyl 2,2'-((5-hydroxypentyl)azanediyl)diacetate A mixture of ethyl 2-bromoacetate (14.2 mmol, 2.38g, 1.57 ml), 5-aminopentan-1-ol (7.3 mmol, 0.75 g) DIEA (26.0 mmol, 2.5 mL), in ACN (10 mL) was stirred at 90 o C for 1.5 h in a pressure flask.

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