WO2022163832A1 - 柱状体、該柱状体を含む吸着材並びに該吸着材を使用した金属及び/又は金属イオンの除去方法 - Google Patents
柱状体、該柱状体を含む吸着材並びに該吸着材を使用した金属及び/又は金属イオンの除去方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022163832A1 WO2022163832A1 PCT/JP2022/003430 JP2022003430W WO2022163832A1 WO 2022163832 A1 WO2022163832 A1 WO 2022163832A1 JP 2022003430 W JP2022003430 W JP 2022003430W WO 2022163832 A1 WO2022163832 A1 WO 2022163832A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- group
- columnar body
- groups
- nitrogen atom
- adsorbent
- Prior art date
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 6
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 83
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 53
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 32
- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000002648 azanetriyl group Chemical group *N(*)* 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 17
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 14
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- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 8
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- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
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- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
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Images
Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/103—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate comprising silica
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a columnar body, an adsorbent containing the columnar body, and a method for removing metals and/or metal ions using the adsorbent.
- the shape of conventionally existing monolithic adsorbents is in the form of fine particles, as described in Patent Document 1, for example.
- a particulate monolithic adsorbent When a particulate monolithic adsorbent is packed in a column and used, the back pressure of the column tends to increase and the flow rate of the liquid to be treated tends to decrease when the liquid to be treated is passed through the column. For this reason, when the amount of the liquid to be treated is large, it is difficult to increase the collection speed of metals and/or metal ions in the liquid to be treated.
- the present invention provides a monolithic columnar body that enables both adsorption performance and durability, a monolithic adsorbent using the monolithic columnar body, and a metal and / or It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for removing metal ions.
- the present invention provides the following columnar body, adsorbent and method.
- a monolithic columnar body that enables both adsorption performance and durability, a monolithic adsorbent using the monolithic columnar body, and a metal and / or from a liquid to be treated using the monolithic adsorbent A method for removing metal ions is provided.
- FIG. 1 is a side view of a columnar body according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view for explaining how to determine the average diameter of the columnar bodies according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view for explaining how to determine the average diameter of the columnar bodies according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of region R (part of the surface of the columnar body according to one embodiment of the present invention) in FIG. 4A is an SEM image obtained by observing the surface structure of the silica monolith pellet obtained in Production Example 1 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- FIG. 4B is an SEM image (higher magnification than FIG.
- FIG. 4A is an SEM image obtained by observing the surface structure of the silica monolith adsorbent obtained in Production Example 14 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the flow adsorption apparatus used in Test Example 4.
- the columnar body 1 has an axial direction X.
- the axial direction X coincides with the direction in which the columnar body 1 extends.
- the columnar body 1 includes a first end surface S1 located on one side in the axial direction X, a second end surface S2 located on the other side in the axial direction X, the first end surface S1 and the second end surface S2 located on the other side in the axial direction X. It has a side surface S3 positioned between two end surfaces S2.
- first end surface S1 and the second end surface S2 shown in FIG. 1 are flat, one or both of the first end surface S1 and the second end surface S2 may be curved.
- side surface S3 shown in FIG. 1 is flat, the side surface S3 may be curved.
- the columnar body 1 has, for example, a cylindrical shape, an elliptical columnar shape, a square columnar shape, a hexagonal columnar shape, an octagonal columnar shape, or a polygonal columnar shape.
- the columnar shape, elliptical columnar shape, square columnar shape, hexagonal columnar shape, and octagonal columnar shape are circular, elliptical, square, hexagonal, and octagonal cross sections, respectively, when the columnar body 1 is cut along a plane perpendicular to the axial direction X. means a shape.
- the columnar body 1 may have a partially missing shape such as a columnar shape, an elliptical columnar shape, or a polygonal columnar shape. A missing shape.
- the average diameter of the columnar bodies 1 is preferably 1.5 mm or more, more preferably 2.5 mm or more, still more preferably 3.0 mm or more, still more preferably 3.5 mm or more, and still more preferably 3.5 mm or more. Preferably, it is 4.0 mm or more.
- the average diameter of the columnar bodies 1 is preferably 20 mm or less, more preferably 14 mm or less, even more preferably 12 mm or less, even more preferably 10 mm or less, and even more preferably 8.0 mm or less, from the viewpoint of improving adsorption performance. is. Each of these upper limits may be combined with any of the lower limits described above.
- the method for obtaining the average diameter of the columnar bodies 1 is as follows. As shown in FIG. 1, three arbitrary points Q1, Q2 and Q3 of the columnar body 1 (for example, Q1 is an arbitrary one point in the upper part of the columnar body 1 and Q2 is an arbitrary central part of the columnar body 1). and Q3 is an arbitrary one point at the bottom of the columnar body 1) are cut by planes P1, P2 and P3 perpendicular to the axial direction X, respectively, and three cross sections C1, C2 and C3 The diameters are obtained, and the arithmetic average value thereof is taken as the average diameter of the columnar body 1 . At this time, as shown in FIG.
- the diameter D1 of the cross section C1 is the diameter of the cross section C1, and as shown in FIG. , ellipse, quadrangle, hexagon, octagon, etc.), the diameter of the cross section C1 is defined as the diameter D1′ of the circle that circumscribes the cross section C1.
- the method of determining the diameters of the cross sections C2 and C3 is also the same as the method of determining the diameter of the cross section C1.
- the cross section C1 shown in FIG. 2B is quadrangular, this is an example in which the cross section C1 has a shape other than a circle, and the cross section C1 may have a shape other than a quadrangle.
- the columnar body 1 has a length L. Length is the dimension in the X-axis direction.
- the method for obtaining the length of the columnar body 1 is as follows. As shown in FIG. 1, the length L of a quadrangle T circumscribing the side view shape of the columnar body 1 is defined as the length of the columnar body 1 .
- the length of the columnar body 1 is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of convenience in practical use, it can be, for example, 1 mm or more and 500 mm or less.
- the aspect ratio of the columnar bodies 1 is preferably 0.70 or more, more preferably 1.0 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 or more.
- the aspect ratio of the columnar body 1 is preferable from the viewpoint of workability when packed in a column or the like and from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration in durability that may occur when the aspect ratio of the columnar body 1 is too large. is 10 or less, more preferably 7.0 or less, even more preferably 5.0 or less, still more preferably 4.0 or less. Each of these upper limits may be combined with any of the lower limits described above.
- the columnar body 1 has a co-continuous structure formed by the ceramic skeleton 2 including the mesopores 4 and the macropores 3 .
- the ceramic skeleton 2 and the macropores 3 each have a continuous three-dimensional network structure and are intertwined with each other, thereby forming a co-continuous structure of the ceramic skeleton 2 and the macropores 3.
- the columnar body 1 has a co-continuous structure of the ceramic skeleton 2 and the macropores 3 can be confirmed by observing the surface or cross section of the columnar body 1 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the mode diameter of the macropores 3 is preferably 0.20 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.50 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 0.80 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of improving adsorption performance. From the same viewpoint, the macropores 3 preferably have a mode diameter of 4.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3.0 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less. Each of these upper limits may be combined with any of the lower limits described above.
- the most frequent pore diameter of macropores 3 refers to the most frequent pore diameter of macropores measured in the range of pore diameters of 50 nm to 500 ⁇ m by a mercury porosimetry method, as described in the examples below.
- the mode diameter of the mesopores 4 is preferably 2.0 nm or more, more preferably 5.0 nm or more, and still more preferably 10 nm or more, from the viewpoint of improving adsorption performance. From the same viewpoint, the mode diameter of the mesopores 4 is 50 nm or less, preferably 30 nm or less, and still more preferably 25 nm or less. Each of these upper limits may be combined with any of the lower limits described above.
- the modal pore diameter of the mesopores 4" refers to the modal pore diameter of the mesopores measured by the BJH method from the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, as described in the examples below.
- the ratio of the mode pore diameter of the macropores 3 to the mode pore diameter of the mesopores 4 is preferably 15 or more, more preferably 20 or more, still more preferably 30 or more, and still more preferably, from the viewpoint of improving adsorption performance. 40 or more. From the same viewpoint, the ratio is preferably 200 or less, more preferably 150 or less, even more preferably 130 or less, and even more preferably 120 or less. Each of these upper limits may be combined with any of the lower limits described above.
- the specific surface area of the columnar body 1 measured by the BET method from the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm is preferably 100 m 2 /g or more, more preferably 120 m 2 /g or more, and even more preferably 130 m 2 /g or more, from the viewpoint of improving the adsorption performance. 2 /g or more.
- the upper limit of the specific surface area of the columnar body 1 is not particularly limited.
- the method for measuring the specific surface area by the BET method from the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm is as described in Examples below.
- the total pore volume of the columnar body 1 measured by the mercury intrusion method is preferably 1.5 mL/g or more and 4.0 mL/g or less, more preferably 1.8 mL/g or more, from the viewpoint of improving the adsorption performance. .5 mL/g or less, more preferably 2.0 mL/g or more and 3.0 mL/g or less.
- the method for measuring the total pore volume by mercury porosimetry is as described in the examples below.
- the porosity of the columnar body 1 measured by the mercury intrusion method is preferably 70% or more and 90% or less, more preferably 70% or more and 85% or less, and even more preferably 70% or more and 80%, from the viewpoint of improving the adsorption performance. % or less.
- a method for measuring the porosity by the mercury intrusion method is as described in Examples described later.
- the ceramics forming the ceramic skeleton 2 are, for example, oxide ceramics containing a semi-metallic element or a metallic element.
- metalloid elements include silicon.
- Silicon-containing oxide ceramics include, for example, silica (SiO 2 ).
- metal elements include transition metal elements such as aluminum, tin, cerium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold and zinc.
- aluminum, tin, cerium, titanium, and zirconium are preferable from the viewpoint of ease of manufacturing the columnar body 1 .
- oxide ceramics containing aluminum, tin, cerium, titanium or zirconium include alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), ceria (CeO 2 ), titania (TiO 2 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ).
- oxide ceramics are selected from alkali metal elements such as lithium and sodium, alkaline earth metal elements such as magnesium and calcium, and rare earth elements such as lanthanum, scandium, yttrium and gadolinium. It may further contain elements.
- the columnar body 1 is produced, for example, by the following steps: (a) a step of producing a polymetalloxane gel by a sol-gel method; (b) forming pores in the skeleton of the polymetalloxane gel produced in step (a); and (c) washing and/or washing and/or Alternatively, it can be produced by a method including a step of drying and then sintering to produce a ceramic monolith. Each step will be described below.
- step (a) In step (a), a polymetalloxane gel is produced by a sol-gel method.
- Polymetalloxane is an inorganic polymer with a metalloxane bond as its main chain skeleton.
- a metalloxane bond is a bond between a metalloid element or metal element and an oxygen atom, ie, an MO bond (M represents a metalloid element or metal element).
- metalloid elements represented by M include silicon.
- metal elements represented by M include transition metal elements such as aluminum, tin, cerium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold and zinc.
- aluminum, tin, cerium, titanium, or zirconium is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of manufacturing the columnar body 1 .
- the sol-gel method can be performed according to a conventional method.
- An example of a sol-gel method is as follows.
- the sol-gel method includes a sol manufacturing process and a gel manufacturing process.
- a sol is produced by stirring a reaction solution containing a ceramic precursor, a catalyst, and a macropore-forming agent.
- the ceramic precursor is not particularly limited as long as it can form a polymetalloxane gel.
- Ceramic precursors include, for example, metalloid compounds having hydroxyl groups and/or hydrolyzable functional groups (e.g., silicon compounds), metal compounds having hydroxyl groups and/or hydrolyzable functional groups (e.g., aluminum compounds, tin compounds, cerium compounds, titanium compounds, zirconium compounds, etc.).
- the total number of hydroxy groups and hydrolyzable functional groups possessed by the ceramic precursor may be 1 or 2, but from the viewpoint of producing a polymetalloxane gel having a highly crosslinked structure by metalloxane bonds (MO bonds) Therefore, it is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 4.
- the types of the two or more hydrolyzable functional groups may be the same or different.
- a hydrolyzable functional group is a functional group that is converted to a hydroxy group by hydrolysis.
- hydrolyzable functional groups include alkoxy groups, acetoxy groups, halide groups, and hydride groups, with alkoxy groups being preferred.
- the alkoxy group is preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, still more preferably a methoxy group, an ethoxy group or a propyl group.
- Alkoxy groups may be linear or branched.
- the ceramic precursor may have functional groups other than hydroxyl groups and hydrolyzable functional groups.
- Functional groups other than hydroxy groups and hydrolyzable functional groups include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, phenyl groups, phenoxy groups, carboxyl groups, epoxy groups, aldehyde groups, thiol groups, amino groups, acryloyl groups, methacryloyl groups, and the like. be done.
- the alkyl group is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and even more preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group or a propyl group.
- Alkyl groups may be linear or branched.
- the alkenyl group is preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, and even more preferably a vinyl group.
- An alkenyl group may be linear or branched.
- the silicon compound having a hydroxy group and/or a hydrolyzable functional group is preferably an alkoxysilane.
- alkoxysilanes include tetraalkoxysilanes, trialkoxysilanes, dialkoxysilanes, monoalkoxysilanes, and the like. Among these, tetraalkoxysilanes are preferred from the viewpoint of facilitating the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions. .
- Examples of tetraalkoxysilanes include tetramethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane.
- the aluminum compound having a hydroxy group and/or a hydrolyzable functional group is preferably aluminum hydroxide, aluminum alkoxide, or the like.
- the tin compound having a hydroxy group and/or a hydrolyzable functional group is preferably tin hydroxide, tin alkoxide, or the like.
- the cerium compound having a hydroxyl group and/or a hydrolyzable functional group is preferably cerium hydroxide, cerium alkoxide, or the like.
- a titanium compound having a hydroxy group and/or a hydrolyzable functional group is preferably a titanium alkoxide.
- Titanium alkoxides include titanium monoalkoxide, titanium dialkoxide, titanium trialkoxide, titanium tetraalkoxide, and the like. Among these, titanium tetraalkoxide is preferable from the viewpoint of facilitating the hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction. . Titanium tetraalkoxides include, for example, titanium tetraisopropoxide.
- a zirconium compound having a hydroxy group and/or a hydrolyzable functional group is preferably a zirconium alkoxide.
- Zirconium alkoxides include zirconium monoalkoxides, zirconium dialkoxides, zirconium trialkoxides, zirconium tetraalkoxides, and the like. Among these, zirconium tetraalkoxides are preferred from the viewpoint of facilitating the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions. .
- Zirconium tetraalkoxides include, for example, zirconium tetraisopropoxide.
- the ceramic precursor may be a metal salt (eg, aluminum salt, tin salt, cerium salt, etc.) that is converted to hydroxide by hydrolysis.
- metal salts include aluminum nitrate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride and the like.
- Tin salts include, for example, tin nitrate, tin sulfate, tin chloride, and the like.
- Cerium salts include, for example, cerium nitrate, cerium sulfate, and cerium chloride.
- aluminum chloride, tin chloride, or cerium chloride is preferable from the viewpoint of facilitating the progress of hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction.
- the catalyst functions as a catalyst for the hydrolysis reaction.
- catalysts include acids, bases, and the like.
- acids include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid; and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid and citric acid.
- the base include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, amines such as trimethylammonium, ammonium hydroxides such as tert-butylammonium hydroxide, and alkalis such as sodium methoxide. metal alkoxides and the like.
- a macropore-forming agent contributes to the formation of macropores in a ceramic monolith.
- macropore-forming agents include water-soluble polymers, surfactants, and the like, and among these, water-soluble polymers are preferred.
- Water-soluble polymers induce a sol-gel transition accompanied by a phase separation process (typically spinodal decomposition) leading to the formation of a co-continuous structure between the skeleton and solvent phases in gels, and thus the formation of macropores in ceramic monoliths. contribute to
- water-soluble polymers include polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol block copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium polystyrenesulfonate, and polyallylamine hydrochloride. .
- the weight-average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is preferably 8000 or more and 15000 or less from the viewpoint of efficiently performing the phase separation process (typically spinodal decomposition). Weight average molecular weight is measured by GPC (gel permeation chromatography).
- surfactants include cationic surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, and nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers. .
- the reaction solution may contain a mesopore-forming agent.
- the mesopore-forming agent contributes to the formation of mesopores in the ceramic monolith.
- mesopore-forming agents include nitrogen compounds.
- nitrogen compounds that can be used as mesopore-forming agents include amide compounds such as urea, formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide;
- Examples include heterocyclic compounds such as methylenetetramine, and among these, urea is preferred from the viewpoint of efficient formation of mesopores.
- the reaction solution may contain one or more solvents.
- solvents include water, organic solvents, mixed solvents of water and organic solvents, and the like.
- organic solvents include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
- the solvent is a mixed solvent of water and an organic solvent, the content of the organic solvent is preferably 65% by mass or less based on the mass of the mixed solvent.
- the reaction solution is preferably prepared by adding a ceramic precursor to a mixed liquid containing a catalyst, a macropore-forming agent, and optionally a mesopore-forming agent.
- the reaction is initiated by adding the ceramic precursor to a mixture containing catalyst, macropore former and optionally mesopore former.
- the reaction solution When stirring the reaction solution, the reaction solution may be cooled.
- the reaction solution is cooled, for example, to a temperature at which sol-gel transition accompanied by a phase separation process (typically spinodal decomposition) easily progresses, preferably 60° C. or less.
- the lower limit is the temperature at which the reaction solution does not freeze, for example, about 1°C.
- tetramethoxysilane which is a metalloid compound having a hydrolyzable functional group
- the reaction solution becomes a sol as the hydrolysis reaction and polycondensation reaction progress.
- the hydrolyzable functional groups of the ceramic precursor are hydrolyzed to form hydroxy groups.
- metalloxane oligomers are formed by dehydration condensation reaction between hydroxy groups and dealcoholization condensation reaction between hydroxy groups and non-hydrolyzed hydrolyzable functional groups.
- the ceramic precursor is a silicon compound having a hydrolyzable functional group
- a siloxane oligomer is formed by the dehydration condensation reaction represented by the following formula (1) and the dealcoholization condensation reaction represented by the following formula (2).
- formula (2) represents a hydrolyzable functional group that is not hydrolyzed.
- reaction solution becomes a sol.
- a mold is added to the sol obtained in the sol production process, if necessary, and then heated to the gelation temperature to produce polymetalloxane gel.
- hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions further proceed to form a metalloxane polymer, induced a sol-gel transition accompanied by a phase separation process (typically spinodal decomposition), and polymetalloxane gel ( Wet gel) is produced.
- the produced polymetalloxane gel has a co-continuous structure of skeleton phase and solvent phase.
- the skeletal phase is rich in metalloxane polymers resulting from hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions, and the solvent phase is solvent-rich.
- the skeleton phase and the solvent phase each have a continuous three-dimensional network structure and are intertwined with each other, thereby forming a co-continuous structure of the skeleton phase and the solvent phase.
- the molding mold is a mold for molding the gel into a desired shape, and examples of materials for the molding mold include polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), silicone, and polytetrafluoroethylene. Synthetic resins such as (PTFE) and metals such as aluminum and stainless steel can be used.
- the gelation temperature is preferably 20°C or higher and 80°C or lower, more preferably 25°C or higher and 40°C or lower, from the viewpoint of appropriately forming a co-continuous structure of the skeleton phase and the solvent phase in the gel.
- the heating time at the gelling temperature is preferably 4 hours or more and 24 hours or less.
- step (b) pores are formed in the skeleton of the polymetalloxane gel produced in step (a).
- Pores can be formed in the skeleton of the polymetalloxane gel according to a conventional method.
- the polymetalloxane gel produced in step (a) may be reacted with a mesopore-forming agent.
- the explanation regarding the mesopore-forming agent is the same as above.
- the mesopore-forming agent may be contained in the polymetalloxane gel produced in step (a), or may be contained in the reaction solution containing the polymetalloxane gel and the mesopore-forming agent, It may be included in both of these.
- step (b) pores (pores that become mesopores in the ceramic monolith) are formed in the skeleton of the gel.
- the reaction solution may contain one or more solvents.
- the explanation regarding the solvent is the same as above.
- the polymetalloxane gel and the mesopore-forming agent When the polymetalloxane gel and the mesopore-forming agent are reacted, they may be reacted under heating under reflux.
- the heating temperature in the heating under reflux is preferably 50°C or higher and 120°C or lower.
- the heating time for heating under reflux is preferably 1 hour or more and 36 hours or less, more preferably 4 hours or 24 hours or less.
- the ceramic precursor When a metalloid compound having a hydrolyzable functional group is used as the ceramic precursor, it is preferable to react the polymetalloxane gel and the mesopore-forming agent while heating under reflux.
- step (c) In step (c), the polymetalloxane gel subjected to step (b) is washed and/or dried as necessary, and then fired to produce a ceramic monolith.
- Examples of the cleaning liquid used for cleaning include water, an organic solvent, a mixed solvent of water and an organic solvent, an aqueous solution containing an acid or a base, and the like.
- organic solvents include alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propanol, 2-propanol (IPA) and butanol.
- Acids include, for example, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, and phosphoric acid.
- Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, water-soluble amines, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate and the like.
- drying methods include natural drying, heat drying, drying using a low surface tension solvent, drying by freeze sublimation, and supercritical drying.
- the firing temperature is preferably 500° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower, more preferably 600° C. or higher and 800° C. or lower, and the firing time is preferably 1 hour or longer and 8 hours or shorter, more preferably 3 hours or longer and 5 hours or shorter. is. Firing is usually performed in an air atmosphere.
- a ceramic monolith has a co-continuous structure formed by a ceramic skeleton containing mesopores and macropores.
- the skeleton phase of the polymetalloxane gel forms the ceramics skeleton of the ceramics monolith, and the solvent phase of the polymetalloxane gel forms the macropores of the ceramics monolith.
- the ceramic monolith is a silica monolith.
- a silica monolith has a co-continuous structure formed by a silica skeleton containing mesopores and macropores.
- the ceramic monolith can be an alumina, tin oxide, ceria, titania or zirconia monolith.
- the monolith has a co-continuous structure formed by a mesoporous alumina, tin oxide, ceria, titania or zirconia framework and macropores.
- the manufactured ceramic monolith may be molded and used as the columnar body 1, or the ceramic monolith molded using a mold or the like may be manufactured and molded as it is or as needed to be used as the columnar body 1.
- a molded ceramic monolith can be produced by using a molding mold for molding the gel into a desired shape in the gel manufacturing process.
- the average diameter of the molded ceramic monolith is smaller than the average diameter of the gel molded using the mold.
- the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 is preferably modified with functional groups capable of adsorbing metals and/or metal ions.
- the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 may be modified with two or more functional groups capable of adsorbing metals and/or metal ions.
- a functional group capable of adsorbing a metal and/or a metal ion may be directly bonded to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 or may be bonded to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 via a linker.
- the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 includes the inner surface and the outer surface of the ceramic skeleton 2.
- the inner surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 includes the inner surfaces of the macropores 3 and the mesopores 4 existing inside the ceramic skeleton 2 (that is, not exposed to the outer surface of the ceramic skeleton 2).
- the outer surface of 2 includes the inner surfaces of macropores 3 and mesopores 4 exposed to the outer surface of ceramic skeleton 2 .
- At least the inner surface of the surfaces of the ceramic skeleton 2 is preferably modified with functional groups capable of adsorbing metals and/or metal ions.
- metals examples include scandium (Sc), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and vanadium (V). , platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), gold (Au), silver (Ag), rhenium (Re), tungsten (W) transition metals such as Among these, noble metals such as Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Au, Ag, Re are preferable from the viewpoint of high demand for adsorption recovery, and Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, etc. is more preferred, and Pt, Pd or Rh is even more preferred.
- the form of the metal adsorbed on the functional group includes, for example, metal nanoparticles.
- metal ions include the transition metal ions described above.
- the transition metal ion is preferably a noble metal ion, more preferably a platinum group metal ion, and even more preferably a Pt ion, a Pd ion, or a Rh ion.
- Functional groups capable of adsorbing metals and/or metal ions include, for example, primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, imino groups, nitrilo groups, nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups, and the like.
- the nitrogen atom-containing group is preferably at least one selected from a primary amino group, a secondary amino group, a tertiary amino group, an imino group, a nitrilo group and a nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group, and a primary amino group , a secondary amino group, a tertiary amino group, an imino group and a nitrilo group.
- a thiol group can adsorb metals and/or metal ions such as silver, cobalt, copper, iron, iridium, nickel, osmium, palladium, gold, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, scandium, zinc, and rhenium.
- Carboxyl groups can adsorb metals and/or metal ions such as cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, iridium, nickel, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, scandium, zinc, vanadium, manganese, and rhenium.
- metals and/or metal ions such as cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, iridium, nickel, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, scandium, zinc, vanadium, manganese, and rhenium.
- Nitrogen atom-containing groups such as primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, quaternary ammonium group, imino group, nitrilo group, nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group are, for example, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, It can adsorb metals and/or metal ions such as nickel, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, iridium, tungsten, zinc, vanadium, manganese, rhenium.
- a primary amino group is represented by the formula: —NH 2 .
- a secondary amino group is represented by the formula: —NHR 1 .
- a tertiary amino group is represented by the formula: —NR 1 R 2 .
- a quaternary ammonium group is represented by the formula: -N + R 1 R 2 R 3 .
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently, for example, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl group etc.
- the secondary amino group and the tertiary amino group may be aliphatic amino groups or aromatic amino groups, but aliphatic amino groups are preferred.
- aliphatic amino groups include secondary amino groups in which R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, tertiary amino groups in which both R 1 and R 2 are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, and the like. be done.
- the aromatic amino group includes, for example, a secondary amino group in which R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl group, R 1 and R 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl group, such as a tertiary amino group.
- the quaternary ammonium group may be an aliphatic ammonium group or an aromatic ammonium group, preferably an aliphatic ammonium group.
- aliphatic ammonium groups include quaternary ammonium groups in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups.
- the aromatic ammonium group for example, at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl group.
- alkyl group is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Alkyl groups may be linear or branched.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-6, even more preferably 1-5, still more preferably 1-4.
- An aryl group is, for example, a monocyclic or polycyclic (eg, bicyclic or tricyclic) aromatic hydrocarbon ring group having 4 to 14 carbon atoms. Polycyclics may be fused rings. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl groups and naphthyl groups. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6-14, more preferably 6-10.
- An arylalkyl group is an alkyl group having one or more aryl groups, and the description of the alkyl group and the aryl group is as described above.
- the number of aryl groups possessed by the arylalkyl group is, for example, 1, 2 or 3.
- An alkylaryl group is an aryl group having one or more alkyl groups, and the description of the alkyl group and the aryl group is as described above.
- the number of alkyl groups possessed by the alkylaryl group is, for example, 1, 2 or 3.
- the number of substituents that the alkyl group, aryl group, arylalkyl group or alkylaryl group can have is, for example, 1, 2 or 3.
- substituents include hydroxyl groups, halogen atoms, thiol groups, carboxyl groups, phosphoric acid groups, sulfate groups, keto groups, alkoxy groups, and oxo groups.
- Halogen atoms are selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
- An alkoxy group is a group represented by the formula: —O-alkyl group or aryl group, and the description of the alkyl group is as described above.
- secondary amino groups include aliphatic amino groups such as N-methylamino group, N-ethylamino group, N-propylamino group and N-isopropylamino group, N-phenylamino groups (anilino groups) and the like.
- An aromatic amino group and the like can be mentioned.
- Tertiary amino groups include, for example, N,N-dimethylamino group, N,N-diethylamino group, N,N-methylethylamino group, N,N-dipropylamino group, N,N-diisopropylamino group and the like. and aromatic amino groups such as an N,N-diphenylamino group.
- quaternary ammonium groups include trialkylammonium groups such as trimethylammonium group, triethylammonium group and tributylammonium group.
- the counter ion for the nitrogen atom constituting the quaternary ammonium group include chloride ion, bromide ion, hydroxide ion and the like.
- the imino group is a divalent group represented by the formula: ⁇ NH or the formula: —NH—.
- the imino group can be attached to one carbon atom with a double bond (ie, C ⁇ NH) or two carbon atoms with a single bond (ie, C—NH -C), the latter being preferred.
- —NH— in the secondary amino group (—NHR 1 ) can correspond to an imino group, but the secondary amino group is preferably a terminal group.
- R 1 in the secondary amino group (-NHR 1 ) is selected from a primary amino group, a secondary amino group, a tertiary amino group, a quaternary ammonium group, an imino group, a nitrilo group and a nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group. preferably does not have at least one nitrogen atom-containing group.
- a nitrilo group is a trivalent group represented by the formula: ⁇ N or the formula: -N ⁇ .
- the nitrilo group can be attached to one carbon atom through a triple bond (ie, C ⁇ N) or three carbon atoms through single bonds (ie, C—N( -C)-C), the latter being preferred.
- the nitrilo group forms a cyano group (--CN) with one carbon atom.
- —N ⁇ in the tertiary amino group (—NR 1 R 2 ) can correspond to a nitrilo group, but the tertiary amino group is preferably a terminal group.
- both R 1 and R 2 in the tertiary amino group are primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, quaternary ammonium group, imino group, nitrilo group and nitrogen It is preferred not to have at least one nitrogen atom-containing group selected from atom-containing heterocyclic groups.
- a nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group is a monovalent group containing at least one (eg, 1, 2 or 3) nitrogen atoms as ring-constituting atoms.
- the nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group contains, in addition to at least one nitrogen atom, one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) heteroatoms selected from oxygen and sulfur atoms as ring-constituting atoms. You can stay.
- Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic (eg, bicyclic or tricyclic). The number of ring members of the monocyclic nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group is, for example, 3 to 8, preferably 5 or 6.
- the number of ring members of the polycyclic nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group is, for example, 9-14, preferably 9 or 10.
- the nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group may or may not have aromaticity (that is, it may be an aromatic heterocyclic group or an aliphatic heterocyclic group may be).
- the nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group may have a substituent.
- the number of substituents is, for example, 1, 2 or 3. Examples of substituents include hydroxyl groups, halogen atoms, thiol groups, carboxyl groups, phosphoric acid groups, sulfate groups, keto groups, alkoxy groups, and oxo groups. Specific examples of halogen are as described above. A description of the alkoxy group is given above.
- nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups include 5- or 6-membered monocyclic nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups.
- aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups include pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl groups. , tetrazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyridazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyrazinyl group and the like.
- Non-aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups include, for example, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholino and thiomorpholino groups. .
- Non-aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups may have 1 or 2 unsaturated bonds in the ring, such nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups Examples include 1,2-dihydropyridyl group, 1,4-dihydropyridyl group, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl group and the like.
- a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group with or without aromaticity may be fused with a benzene ring and a polycyclic (e.g. bicyclic or tricyclic) nitrogen atom
- the heterocyclic group contained include an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzotriazolyl group, an oxazolopyrimidinyl group, a thiazolopyrimidinyl group, a pyrrolopyridinyl group, a pyrrolopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, purinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, cinnolinyl group, phthalazinyl group, quinazolinyl group, quinoxalinyl group, naphthyridinyl group and the like.
- the bond of the nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group may be formed by any ring-constituting atom.
- a bond of a nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group is usually formed by a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.
- the bond of the nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group is formed by a nitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group corresponds to a heterocyclic amino group.
- the aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclic amino group includes, for example, 1-pyrrolyl group, 1-imidazolyl group, 1-pyrazolyl group, 3-oxazolyl group, 3-thiazolyl group, 1- Examples include pyridyl group, 1-pyridazinyl group, 1-pyrimidinyl group, 1-pyrazinyl group and the like.
- Non-aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclic amino groups include, for example, 1-pyrrolidinyl group, 1-pyrazolidinyl group, 1-imidazolidinyl group, 1-piperidinyl group, 1-piperazinyl group, morpholino group, thiomorpholino group and the like.
- the amount of the metal and/or functional group capable of adsorbing metal ions contained in the columnar body 1 is preferably 0.10 mmol/g or more and 6.0 mmol/mL or less, more preferably 0.10 mmol/g or more and 6.0 mmol/mL or less, based on the mass of the columnar body 1. It is 0.10 mmol/g or more and 4.0 mmol/g or less, more preferably 1.0 mmol/g or more and 3.0 mmol/g or less, and still more preferably 1.5 mmol/g or more and 2.5 mmol/g or less.
- the amount of functional groups can be measured according to conventional methods.
- the amount of nitrogen atom-containing groups such as amino groups, imino groups, and nitrilo groups can be measured by the method described in Examples below.
- the nitrogen atom-containing group contained in the columnar body 1 is derived from a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group that modifies the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 .
- “Amount of nitrogen atom-containing group” means the amount of one nitrogen atom-containing group when columnar structure 1 contains one type of nitrogen atom-containing group, and columnar structure 1 contains two or more types of nitrogen atom-containing groups. When an atom-containing group is included, it means the total amount of the two or more nitrogen atom-containing groups.
- the amount of nitrogen atom-containing group means the amount in terms of nitrogen atoms.
- Methods for introducing a desired functional group onto the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 include, for example, a method of chemically fixing a compound having a desired functional group to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 via covalent bonding, ionic bonding, A method of physically fixing a compound having a desired functional group on the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 through physical interaction such as hydrophobic interaction, and the like.
- a method of chemically introducing a desired functional group to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 for example, a functional group (for example, a hydroxyl group) on the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 is reacted with a silane coupling agent having a desired functional group. and chemically fixing a silane coupling agent having a desired functional group to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 .
- the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 is modified with the nitrogen atom-containing group by fixing a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 .
- a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group for example, a silane coupling agent having a nitrogen atom-containing group
- a method of chemically introducing a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group onto the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 for example, a functional group (e.g., hydroxyl group) on the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 and a silane coupling agent containing a nitrogen atom-containing group. and chemically fixing the silane coupling agent to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 by reacting with.
- a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group may be fixed to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 via a linker.
- FIG. 1 As a method for introducing a functional group that reacts with a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group to the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2, a functional group (for example, a hydroxyl group) on the surface of the ceramic skeleton 2 reacts with a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group.
- Silane coupling agents having a functional group that reacts with a compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group include, for example, silane coupling agents having an epoxy group and/or a haloalkyl group.
- Silane coupling agents having an epoxy group include 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and the like.
- Silane coupling agents having a haloalkyl group include 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and the like.
- An amine compound can be used as the compound having a nitrogen atom-containing group.
- the amine compound contains at least one nitrogen atom-containing group selected from primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, imino groups, nitrilo groups and nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups. is not particularly limited.
- the portion other than the nitrogen atom-containing group may be composed of hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms, and in addition to the hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms, one or more other elements (e.g., oxygen atom, sulfur atom, halogen atom, silicon atom, etc.).
- amine compound for example, at least one selected from monoamines, diamines, triamines and polyamines can be used. Two or more amine compounds may be used.
- the amine compound may be a silane coupling agent.
- Silane coupling agent containing at least one nitrogen atom-containing group selected from primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, quaternary ammonium group, imino group, nitrilo group and nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group examples thereof include silane coupling agents represented by the following formulas A, B or C.
- Formula A R a -R d -Si(-R b ) n (-R c ) 3-n
- Formula B R a —R d —NH—R e —Si(—R b ) n (—R c ) 3-n
- Formula C R a —R d —NH—R e —NH—R f —Si(—R b ) n (—R c ) 3-n
- R a represents a primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, quaternary ammonium group or nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group
- n R b are each independently represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R c each independently have 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to 4 linear or branched alkoxy group or halogen group
- R d , R e and R f each independently represent 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6, more preferably 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 4 linear or branched alkylene groups, 4 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 14, more preferably 6 to 10 arylene groups or a combination thereof
- n represents an integer of 0 to 2.
- An alkylene group and an arylene group are divalent functional groups generated by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkyl group and an aryl group, respectively, and the description of the alkyl group and the aryl group is as described above. .
- R a is preferably selected from primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups and nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups, and is selected from primary amino groups, secondary amino groups and tertiary amino groups; is more preferable.
- Examples of the alkyl group represented by Rb include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group and the like.
- Examples of the alkoxy group or halogen group represented by Rc include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, chloro, bromo, and iodo groups. Of the alkoxy groups represented by Rc , a methoxy group or an ethoxy group is preferred. A chloro group is preferred among the halogen groups represented by Rc .
- Examples of the alkylene group represented by R d , R e or R f include methylene group, ethylene group, propylene group and butylene group.
- Examples of the arylene group represented by R d , R e or R f include phenylene group, naphthylene group, biphenylene group and the like.
- Combinations of an alkylene group and an arylene group represented by R d , R e or R f include, for example, the formula: -XY-, the formula: -YX-, the formula: -X-Y-X- Or a group represented by the formula: -YXY-.
- X represents an alkylene group and Y represents an arylene group.
- An alkylene group, an arylene group, or a combination thereof represented by R d , R e and R f may have a substituent.
- the number of substituents is, for example, 1, 2 or 3.
- substituents include hydroxyl groups, halogen atoms, thiol groups, carboxyl groups, phosphoric acid groups, sulfate groups, keto groups, alkoxy groups, and oxo groups. Specific examples of halogen are as described above. A description of the alkoxy group is given above.
- the monoamine has one nitrogen atom-containing group selected from a primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, quaternary ammonium group, imino group, nitrilo group and nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group.
- Monoamines include, for example, silane coupling agents represented by Formula A, and examples of silane coupling agents represented by Formula A include 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. , 3-(N-phenyl)aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(4-pyridyl)propyltrimethoxysilane, and the like.
- the diamine has two nitrogen atom-containing groups selected from primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, imino groups, nitrilo groups and nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups.
- the two nitrogen atom-containing groups may be the same or different.
- Examples of diamines include silane coupling agents represented by Formula B.
- silane coupling agents represented by Formula B include 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, N-2 -(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N- (vinylbenzyl)-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane hydrochloride and the like.
- the triamine has three nitrogen atom-containing groups selected from primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, imino groups, nitrilo groups and nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups.
- the three nitrogen atom-containing groups may be the same or different.
- Triamines include, for example, silane coupling agents represented by Formula C, and examples of silane coupling agents represented by Formula C include 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltriamine. methoxysilane and the like.
- the polyamine has 4 or more nitrogen atom-containing groups selected from primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, imino groups, nitrilo groups and nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups.
- nitrogen atom-containing groups may be the same or different.
- Polyamines include, for example, polyalkyleneimine, polyvinylamine, polyallylamine, and the like.
- polyalkyleneimines examples include polymers obtained by polymerizing one or more alkyleneamines by a conventional method.
- the polyalkyleneimine may be a chemically modified polymer obtained by reacting a polymer obtained by polymerizing one or more alkyleneamines by a conventional method with a desired compound.
- the polyalkyleneimine may be linear or branched.
- Examples of polyalkyleneimines include triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, polyethyleneimine, polypropyleneimine, polybutyleneimine, and the like.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyalkyleneimine is, for example, 146 or more and 30,000 or less, preferably 146 or more and 15,000 or less, more preferably 146 or more and 5,000 or less, and still more preferably 146 or more and 1,800 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight of polyvinylamine is, for example, 174 or more and 25000 or less, preferably 174 or more and 6000 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight of polyallylamine is, for example, 230 or more and 150,000 or less, preferably 230 or more and 15,000 or less, more preferably 230 or more and 8,000 or less, and still more preferably 230 or more and 5,000 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight can be measured, for example, by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene as a standard substance.
- the adsorbent of the present invention contains the columnar body of the present invention.
- the surface of the ceramic skeleton is modified with functional groups capable of adsorbing metals and/or metal ions.
- the adsorbent of the present invention is an adsorbent for adsorbing metals and/or metal ions.
- the adsorbent of the present invention is, for example, packed in a column and used to adsorb metals and/or metal ions. Since the adsorbent of the present invention has both adsorption performance and durability, it is particularly useful when repeatedly recycled to adsorb metals and/or metal ions.
- the adsorbent of the present invention can exhibit excellent adsorption performance even when repeatedly reused.
- the method of using the adsorbent of the present invention is a method of removing metals and/or metal ions from a solution containing metals and/or metal ions, and a solution containing metals and/or metal ions (hereinafter referred to as "liquid to be treated”) .) with the adsorbent of the present invention.
- the metal and/or metal ions contained in the liquid to be treated are adsorbed by the adsorbent of the present invention. This removes metals and/or metal ions from the liquid to be treated.
- Liquids to be treated include, for example, waste liquids discharged from plants and wastewater containing valuable metals discharged from metal refining processes.
- the liquid to be treated usually contains water.
- the waste liquid may be brought into contact with the adsorbent of the present invention after pretreatment if necessary.
- the metals and/or metal ions contained in the liquid to be treated are not limited as long as they can be adsorbed by the adsorbent of the present invention. Details of metals and metal ions are as described above.
- Examples of the method for contacting the liquid to be treated with the adsorbent of the present invention include a method of immersing the adsorbent of the present invention in the liquid to be treated, and passing the liquid to be treated through a column filled with the adsorbent of the present invention. and the like.
- Liquid feeding can be performed using, for example, a liquid feeding pump.
- the adsorbent of the present invention When the adsorbent of the present invention is used as the adsorbent in the method of immersing the adsorbent in the liquid to be treated, there is also the advantage that the adsorbent and the liquid to be treated can be easily separated by solid-liquid separation such as filtration.
- the adsorbent of the present invention has a low concentration of metals and/or metal ions (the concentration of metals and/or metal ions is, for example, 0.2 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less, particularly 0.2 ppm or more and 200 ppm or less). It is particularly useful for removing metals and/or metal ions.
- a mold for forming cylindrical silica monolith pellets with an average diameter of 4.6 mm was added to the reaction vessel, the reaction solution was heated in a hot bath at 30 ° C., and then allowed to stand overnight in an incubator at 30 ° C.
- a siloxane gel was prepared.
- the obtained polysiloxane gel was added to another reaction vessel containing 100 mL of 3 mol/L urea water, and heated under reflux for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the obtained polysiloxane gel was washed with water and dried for 12 hours in a dryer set at 60°C. After drying, it was calcined at 600°C for 5 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain 15 g of cylindrical silica monolith pellets with an average diameter of 4.6 mm. The resulting silica monolith pellet was cut to adjust the length to 7.4 mm to produce a silica monolith pellet having an aspect ratio of 1.6.
- the BJH method is a method of analyzing the distribution of pore volume with respect to the diameter of pores assumed to be cylindrical according to the standard model of Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (details are J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 73, 373, 1951 etc.). In the present invention, the pore range with a diameter of 2-200 nm was analyzed.
- Table 1 shows the results of (3) and (4) above.
- Test Example 1 Pellet strength test The sides of the dry silica monolith pellets obtained in Production Examples 1 to 13 are pressed using a digital hardness tester KHT-40N (pressurized diameter 3 mm) manufactured by Fujiwara Seisakusho Co., Ltd., and destroyed. The pressure (N) when the pressure was applied was measured. In addition, the pressure (N) at the time of breakage was measured in the same manner as described above for the silica monolith pellets that had been soaked in pure water for 30 minutes and were in a water-absorbing state. The strength test of the silica monolith pellets of each production example was performed using 5 pellets, and the arithmetic mean value of the 5 measured values was obtained. Tables 2 and 3 show the measurement results.
- the silica monolith adsorbent obtained in Production Example 14 was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Production Example 1. The observation results are shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 5, having a similar appearance to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the silica monolith adsorbent had a co-continuous structure formed by a silica framework containing mesopores and macropores.
- the strength of the silica monolith adsorbent obtained in Production Example 14 was measured in the same manner as in Test Example 1. Table 4 shows the measurement results.
- the amount of nitrogen atom-containing groups (—NH 2 ) contained in the silica monolith adsorbent obtained in Production Example 14 was quantified using an oxygen nitrogen hydrogen analyzer ONH836 manufactured by LECO Japan LLC. Quantification results are shown in Table 5A.
- a silica monolith adsorbent was produced in the same manner as in Production Example 14, except that the silica monolith pellets obtained in Production Example 4 were used instead of the silica monolith pellets obtained in Production Example 1.
- the amount of nitrogen atom-containing groups (—NH 2 ) contained in the silica monolith adsorbent obtained in Production Example 15 was quantified in the same manner as in Production Example 14. Quantification results are shown in Table 5A.
- a silica monolith adsorbent was produced in the same manner as in Production Example 14, except that the silica monolith pellets obtained in Production Example 6 were used instead of the silica monolith pellets obtained in Production Example 1.
- the amount of nitrogen atom-containing groups (—NH 2 ) contained in the silica monolith adsorbent obtained in Production Example 16 was quantified in the same manner as in Production Example 14. Quantification results are shown in Table 5A.
- a silica monolith adsorbent was produced in the same manner as in Production Example 14, except that the silica monolith pellets obtained in Production Example 7 were used instead of the silica monolith pellets obtained in Production Example 1.
- the amount of nitrogen atom-containing groups (—NH 2 ) contained in the silica monolith adsorbent obtained in Production Example 17 was quantified in the same manner as in Production Example 14. Quantification results are shown in Table 5A.
- platinum adsorption rate Percentage of the amount of platinum element adsorbed on the silica monolith adsorbent (hereinafter referred to as "platinum adsorption rate") to the amount of platinum element initially contained in the aqueous solution, relative to the amount of palladium element initially contained in the aqueous solution , the percentage of the amount of palladium element adsorbed on the silica monolith adsorbent (hereinafter referred to as "palladium adsorption rate”), and the amount of rhodium element initially contained in the aqueous solution, rhodium adsorbed on the silica monolith adsorbent The percentage of the amount of element (hereinafter referred to as "rhodium adsorption rate”) was calculated.
- the platinum adsorption rate, palladium adsorption rate and rhodium adsorption rate are shown in Table 5A. ">95" in Table 5A indicates that the analysis guaranteed value of 95% was exceeded.
- Silica monolith pellets were produced in the same manner as in Production Example 1, except that the amount of polyethylene glycol 10000 (manufactured by SIGMA-ALDRICH) was changed to 8.7 g.
- a silica monolith adsorbent was produced in the same manner as in Production Example 14 using the obtained silica monolith pellets.
- Silica monolith pellets were produced in the same manner as in Production Example 1, except that the amount of polyethylene glycol 10000 (manufactured by SIGMA-ALDRICH) was changed to 9.5 g.
- a silica monolith adsorbent was produced in the same manner as in Production Example 14 using the obtained silica monolith pellets.
- reference numeral 60 denotes a flow adsorption device
- reference numeral 61 denotes a stainless steel column
- reference numeral 62 denotes a stainless steel pipe
- reference numeral 63 denotes a liquid feed pump
- reference numeral 64 denotes a recovery container
- arrows indicate the direction of liquid flow.
- Pure water was fed from the liquid feed pump at a flow rate of 5 mL/min for 2 minutes to fill the flow path with water, and then an aqueous solution containing 10 ppm each of platinum nitrate, palladium nitrate, and rhodium nitrate was added at 0.5 mL/min. was sent at a flow rate of From 10 minutes after the start of feeding, the aqueous solution passed through the column was collected in a container every 100 mL. This collection operation was repeated 10 times. The metal content of the aqueous solution collected every 100 mL was analyzed using an ICP emission spectrometer (PS3520 UVDD manufactured by HITACHI).
- the liquid mixture flowing through the discharge pipe was cooled with cooling water at 2°C.
- the mixed liquid discharged from the discharge tube was collected in a beaker cooled with cooling water at 15° C. and cooled and stirred for 30 minutes. After stirring, the solution was collected in a gelling container (600 mL), a mold for forming cylindrical silica monolith pellets with an average diameter of 4.6 mm was added, and then allowed to stand at 30 ° C. for 19 hours to form a polysiloxane gel. was prepared.
- the obtained polysiloxane gel was added to a reaction vessel containing 10 L of 3M urea water, and heated under reflux at 90°C for 12 hours. After completion of the reflux, the obtained polysiloxane gel was washed with water and dried for 20 hours in a dryer set at 60°C. After drying, it was calcined at 600° C. for 5 hours in an air atmosphere to prepare a silica monolith.
- silica monolith adsorbent (2) Preparation of silica monolith adsorbent The above ( After adding 1 kg of the silica monolith obtained in 1), the mixture was heated under reflux at 90° C. for 5 hours. The silica monolith was separated from the solution by filtration, washed with ion-exchanged water three times, and dried in a dryer set at 80°C for 20 hours to obtain a silica monolith adsorbent.
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Abstract
Description
[A]メソ孔を含むセラミックス骨格とマクロ孔とによって形成された共連続構造を有する柱状体であって、前記柱状体の平均径が、1.5mm以上20mm以下であり、前記マクロ孔の最頻細孔径が、0.20μm以上4.0μm以下であり、前記メソ孔の最頻細孔径が、2.0nm以上50nm以下である、柱状体。
[B]前記セラミックス骨格の表面が、金属及び/又は金属イオンを吸着可能な官能基で修飾されている、[A]に記載の柱状体。
[C][B]に記載の柱状体を含む、吸着材。
[D]金属及び/又は金属イオンを含む溶液から前記金属及び/又は前記金属イオンを除去する方法であって、前記溶液と[C]に記載の吸着材とを接触させる工程を含む、方法。
以下、本発明の柱状体について説明する。
以下、図1、2A及び2Bを参照して、本発明の一実施形態に係る柱状体1の形状について説明する。
柱状体1のアスペクト比=柱状体1の長さL/柱状体1の平均径
以下、図3を参照して、金属及び/又は金属イオンを吸着可能な官能基で修飾される前の柱状体1の構造について説明する。
セラミックス骨格2を構成するセラミックスは、例えば、半金属元素又は金属元素を含む酸化物セラミックスである。
柱状体1は、例えば、下記工程:
(a)ゾル-ゲル法によりポリメタロキサンゲルを製造する工程;
(b)工程(a)で製造されたポリメタロキサンゲルの骨格に細孔を形成する工程;並びに
(c)工程(b)に供されたポリメタロキサンゲルを、必要に応じて洗浄及び/又は乾燥した後、焼成し、セラミックスモノリスを製造する工程
を含む方法により製造することができる。以下、各工程について説明する。
工程(a)では、ゾル-ゲル法によりポリメタロキサンゲルを製造する。
≡Si-OH + HO-Si≡ → ≡Si-O-Si≡ + H2O・・・(1)
≡Si-OR + HO-Si≡ → ≡Si-O-Si≡ + ROH・・・(2)
工程(b)では、工程(a)で製造されたポリメタロキサンゲルの骨格に細孔を形成する。
工程(c)では、工程(b)に供されたポリメタロキサンゲルを、必要に応じて洗浄及び/又は乾燥した後、焼成し、セラミックスモノリスを製造する。
柱状体1において、セラミックス骨格2の表面は、金属及び/又は金属イオンを吸着可能な官能基で修飾されていることが好ましい。セラミックス骨格2の表面は、金属及び/又は金属イオンを吸着可能な2種以上の官能基で修飾されていてもよい。金属及び/又は金属イオンを吸着可能な官能基は、直接、セラミックス骨格2の表面に結合していてもよいし、リンカーを介してセラミックス骨格2の表面に結合していてもよい。
式A:Ra-Rd-Si(-Rb)n(-Rc)3-n
式B:Ra-Rd-NH-Re-Si(-Rb)n(-Rc)3-n
式C:Ra-Rd-NH-Re-NH-Rf-Si(-Rb)n(-Rc)3-n
本発明の吸着材は、本発明の柱状体を含む。本発明の吸着材において、セラミックス骨格の表面は、金属及び/又は金属イオンを吸着可能な官能基で修飾されている。
本発明の吸着材の使用方法は、金属及び/又は金属イオンを含む溶液から金属及び/又は金属イオンを除去する方法であり、金属及び/又は金属イオンを含む溶液(以下「処理対象液」という。)と本発明の吸着材とを接触させる工程を含む。
(1)シリカモノリスペレットの作製
150mLの反応容器に、ポリエチレングリコール10000(SIGMA-ALDRICH社製) 9.10g、尿素 7.80g及び6.06質量%の酢酸水溶液 86.7gを加え、室温で10分間攪拌した。反応容器を氷浴に入れ、15分間攪拌しながら反応溶液を冷却した。冷却した反応溶液にテトラメトキシシラン 43.3gを加え、氷浴中で冷却しながら30分間攪拌した。平均径4.6mmの円柱状のシリカモノリスペレットを形成するための鋳型を反応容器に加え、反応溶液を30℃の温浴で加温した後、30℃のインキュベーター内で一晩静置し、ポリシロキサンゲルを作製した。
上記(1)で得られたシリカモノリスペレットの表面の構造を、走査型電子顕微鏡(JEOL製のJSM-7900F)で観察した。観察結果を図4A及び図4Bに示す。図4A及び図4Bに示すように、シリカモノリスペレットは、メソ孔を含むシリカ骨格とマクロ孔とによって形成された共連続構造を有していた。なお、図4B中の符号は、図3中の符号と同意義である。
比表面積及びメソ孔の最頻細孔径の測定は、マイクロトラック・ベル社製の比表面積・細孔分布測定装置「BELSORP-miniX」を使用して行った。400℃で3時間、減圧脱気したシリカモノリスペレットに対して、液体窒素を使用して77Kの温度での窒素吸脱着量を多点法で測定し、吸脱着等温線を求め、吸脱着等温線に基づいて、比表面積及び最頻細孔径を算出した。比表面積は、BET法により算出し、細孔最頻径は、BJH法により算出した。
水銀ポロシメータ(Micromeritics社製「AutoPore IV 9520」)を使用して、水銀圧入法により全細孔容積、マクロ孔の最頻細孔径及び気孔率の測定を行った。水銀圧入法では、シリカモノリスペレットの細孔に圧力を加えて水銀を浸入させ、圧力と圧入された水銀量から細孔容積及び比表面積を求め、細孔を円筒と仮定したときの細孔容積と比表面積との関係から細孔直径を算出した。本発明においては、水銀圧入法にて50nm~500μmの直径を有する細孔範囲で分析した。測定は下記条件及び手順で行った。
・水銀パラメータ
前進接触角:130.0°
後退接触角:130.0°
表面張力:485.0mN/m(485.0dynes/cm)
水銀密度:13.5335g/mL
・低圧パラメータ
排気圧力:50μmHg
排気時間:5.0分
水銀注入圧力:0.0035MPa
平衡時間:10秒
・高圧パラメータ
平衡時間:10秒
・圧入体積:25%以上90%以下になるように調節
・測定環境:20℃
(i)サンプルを、約0.5g秤量し試料セルに入れ、秤量値を入力。
(ii)低圧部で0.0048~0.2068MPaの範囲を測定。
(iii)高圧部で0.2068~255.1060MPaの範囲を測定。
(ii)、(iii)は装置付属のソフトウエアにて、自動で行った。
平均径1.2mm、1.5mm、3.0mm、3.7mm、6.0mm、11.0mm又は20.0mmの円柱状のシリカモノリスペレットを形成するための鋳型を使用した点、及び、得られた平均径1.2mm、1.5mm、3.0mm、3.7mm、6.0mm、11.0mm又は20.0mmの円柱状のシリカモノリスペレットの長さをアスペクト比が1.6となるように表2に記載の通り調整した点を除き、製造例1と同様にして、円柱状のシリカモノリスペレットを作製した。
アスペクト比が0.5、0.9、1.0、1.9又は3.3となるように、シリカモノリスペレットの長さを表3に記載の通り調整した点を除き、製造例1と同様にして、円柱状のシリカモノリスペレットを作製した。
製造例1~13で得られた乾燥状態のシリカモノリスペレットの側面を、藤原製作所製デジタル硬度計KHT-40N(加圧直径3mm)を使用して加圧し、破壊された際の圧力(N)を測定した。また、純水に30分間入れ、吸水状態となったシリカモノリスペレットに関しても、上記と同様にして、破壊された際の圧力(N)を測定した。なお、各製造例のシリカモノリスペレットの強度試験は、5個のペレットを使用して行い、5つの測定値の算術平均値を求めた。測定結果を表2及び3に示す。
製造例1で得られたシリカモノリスペレット 10.0gを反応容器に加え、トルエン 60mL、3-アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン 7.45gを加えた後、110℃、12時間で加熱還流した。ろ過によりシリカモノリスペレットをトルエン溶液から分離し、エタノール 30mLで3回洗浄し、減圧乾燥し、シリカモノリス吸着材 12.0gを得た。
製造例1で得られたシリカモノリスペレットに代えて、製造例4で得られたシリカモノリスペレットを使用した点を除き、製造例14と同様にして、シリカモノリス吸着材を作製した。製造例15で得られたシリカモノリス吸着材に含まれる窒素原子含有基(-NH2)量を、製造例14と同様にして定量した。定量結果を表5Aに示す。
製造例1で得られたシリカモノリスペレットに代えて、製造例6で得られたシリカモノリスペレットを使用した点を除き、製造例14と同様にして、シリカモノリス吸着材を作製した。製造例16で得られたシリカモノリス吸着材に含まれる窒素原子含有基(-NH2)量を、製造例14と同様にして定量した。定量結果を表5Aに示す。
製造例1で得られたシリカモノリスペレットに代えて、製造例7で得られたシリカモノリスペレットを使用した点を除き、製造例14と同様にして、シリカモノリス吸着材を作製した。製造例17で得られたシリカモノリス吸着材に含まれる窒素原子含有基(-NH2)量を、製造例14と同様にして定量した。定量結果を表5Aに示す。
製造例14~17のそれぞれのシリカモノリス吸着材 0.5gを、硝酸白金、硝酸パラジウム及び硝酸ロジウムをそれぞれ100ppm含む水溶液 30mLに浸漬し、室温で30分間攪拌した。反応終了後、シリカモノリス吸着材をろ過により分離し、得られたろ液に含まれる金属元素量をICP発光分析装置(HITACHI社製 PS3520 UVDD)を使用して分析した。水溶液に当初含まれていた白金元素の量に対する、シリカモノリス吸着材に吸着された白金元素の量の百分率(以下「白金吸着率」という。)、水溶液に当初含まれていたパラジウム元素の量に対する、シリカモノリス吸着材に吸着されたパラジウム元素の量の百分率(以下「パラジウム吸着率」という。)、及び、水溶液に当初含まれていたロジウム元素の量に対する、シリカモノリス吸着材に吸着されたロジウム元素の量の百分率(以下「ロジウム吸着率」という。)を算出した。白金吸着率、パラジウム吸着率及びロジウム吸着率を表5Aに示す。なお、表5Aにおける「>95」は、分析保証値である95%を超えていたことを示す。
製造例14のシリカモノリス吸着材 2.5gを、TraceCERT Transition metal mix 1 for ICP溶液(SIGMA-ALDRICH社製)を純水で10倍希釈した水溶液(Cd、Cr、Co、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Ag、V、Znの各金属元素を10ppm含む) 50mLに浸漬し、室温で24時間静置した。反応終了後、シリカモノリス吸着材をろ過により分離し、得られたろ液に含まれる金属元素量をICP発光分析装置(HITACHI社製 PS3520 UVDD)を使用して分析した。各金属元素に関し、水溶液に当初含まれていた金属元素の量に対する、シリカモノリス吸着材に吸着された金属元素の量の百分率(以下「吸着率」という。)を算出した。各金属元素の吸着率を表5Bに示す。
製造例14のシリカモノリス吸着材 2.5gを、TraceCERT Transition metal mix 3 for ICP溶液(SIGMA-ALDRICH社製)を純水で10倍希釈した水溶液(Au、Ir、Os、Pd、Pt、Rh、Ruの各金属元素を10ppm含む) 50mLに浸漬し、室温で24時間静置した。反応終了後、シリカモノリス吸着材をろ過により分離し、得られたろ液に含まれる金属元素量をICP発光分析装置(HITACHI社製 PS3520 UVDD)を使用して分析した。各金属元素に関し、水溶液に当初含まれていた金属元素の量に対する、シリカモノリス吸着材に吸着された金属元素の量の百分率(以下「吸着率」という。)を算出した。各金属元素の吸着率を表5Cに示す。なお、表5Cにおける「>95」は、本測定条件における分析保証値である95%を超えていたことを示す。
シリカモノリスペレットの作製において、ポリエチレングリコール10000(SIGMA-ALDRICH社製)の使用量を8.7gに変更した点を除き、製造例1と同様の操作を行い、シリカモノリスペレットを作製した。得られたシリカモノリスペレットを使用して、製造例14と同様にして、シリカモノリス吸着材を作製した。
シリカモノリスペレットの作製において、ポリエチレングリコール10000(SIGMA-ALDRICH社製)の使用量を9.5gに変更した点を除き、製造例1と同様にして、シリカモノリスペレットを作製した。得られたシリカモノリスペレットを使用して、製造例14と同様にして、シリカモノリス吸着材を作製した。
シリカモノリスペレットの作製において、3mol/Lの尿素水を使用した24時間の加熱還流に代えて、1.5mol/Lの尿素水を使用した12時間の加熱還流を行った点を除き、製造例1と同様にして、シリカモノリスペレットを作製した。得られたシリカモノリスペレットを使用して、製造例14と同様にして、シリカモノリス吸着材を作製した。
シリカモノリスペレットの作製において、3mol/Lの尿素水を使用した24時間の加熱還流に代えて、1.5mol/Lの尿素水を使用した4時間の加熱還流を行った点を除き、製造例1と同様にして、シリカモノリスペレットを作製した。得られたシリカモノリスペレットを使用して、製造例14と同様にして、シリカモノリス吸着材を作製した。
製造例14及び18~21で得られたシリカモノリス吸着材について、試験例2Aと同様にして金属吸着試験を行った。白金吸着率、パラジウム吸着率及びロジウム吸着率を表7に表す。なお、表7における「>95」は、分析保証値である95%を超えていたことを示す。
製造例14、18、19及び21のそれぞれで得られた平均径4.6mmのシリカペレット吸着材 3.0gをステンレスカラム(直径20mm、長さ50mm)に充填し、ステンレス配管を介して送液ポンプに接続することにより、図6に示す流通吸着装置を作製した。
(1)シリカモノリスの作製
特許第6924338号に記載のゾル製造装置を用いて、次のようにシリカモノリスペレットの作製を行った。テトラメトキシシランを45mL/分の流量で、マクロ孔形成剤であるポリエチレングリコール10000 171gと、メソ孔形成剤である尿素180gと、触媒である酢酸1.2gとを、溶液重量が2000gとなるようにイオン交換水で溶解して調製した水溶液を90mL/分の流量で、それぞれ、混合部に連続して供給および混合し、混合液を調製した。混合部に接続された排出管を通じて混合部から混合液を排出しながら、排出管を流れる混合液を2℃の冷却水で冷却した。排出管から排出される混合液を、15℃の冷却水で冷却されたビーカー内に収集し、30分間冷却攪拌した。攪拌後、ゲル化容器(600mL)に溶液を収集し、平均径4.6mmの円柱状のシリカモノリスペレットを形成するための鋳型を加えた後、30℃で19時間静置し、ポリシロキサンゲルを調製した。
酢酸水溶液(酢酸濃度:0.3質量%)とエタノールとの混合溶液 3.5L及び3-メルカプトプロピルトリメトキシシラン 4.16molが入った反応容器に、上記(1)で得られたシリカモノリス 1kgを加えた後、90℃で5時間、加熱還流した。ろ過によりシリカモノリスを溶液から分離し、イオン交換水で3回洗浄し、80℃に設定された乾燥機にて、20時間、乾燥し、シリカモノリス吸着材を得た。
製造例22のチオール修飾シリカモノリス吸着材 0.5gを、100mL容器に計り取り、Au又はAgを100ppm含む水溶液 30mLを加えた。500rpmで30分振とうさせた後、室温で7時間静置した。反応終了後、シリカモノリス吸着材をろ過により回収した。得られたろ液に含まれる金属元素量をICP発光分析装置(HITACHI社製 PS3520 UVDD)を使用して分析し、試験例2Aと同様にして、Au吸着率及びAg吸着率を算出した。Au吸着率は>95%、Ag吸着率は>95%であった。なお、「>95%」は、分析保証値である95%を超えていたことを示す。
2・・・セラミックス骨格
3・・・マクロ孔
4・・・メソ孔
60・・・流通吸着装置
61・・・ステンレスカラム
62・・・ステンレス配管
63・・・送液ポンプ
64・・・回収容器
Claims (11)
- メソ孔を含むセラミックス骨格とマクロ孔とによって形成された共連続構造を有する柱状体であって、
前記柱状体の平均径が、1.5mm以上20mm以下であり、
前記マクロ孔の最頻細孔径が、0.20μm以上4.0μm以下であり、
前記メソ孔の最頻細孔径が、2.0nm以上50nm以下である、柱状体。 - アスペクト比が0.70以上である、請求項1に記載の柱状体。
- 前記メソ孔の最頻細孔径に対する前記マクロ孔の最頻細孔径の比が、15以上200以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の柱状体。
- 前記セラミックス骨格が、ケイ素、アルミニウム、スズ、セリウム、チタン及びジルコニウムから選択される元素を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の柱状体。
- 前記セラミックス骨格の表面が、金属及び/又は金属イオンを吸着可能な官能基で修飾されている、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の柱状体。
- 前記官能基が、1級アミノ基、2級アミノ基、3級アミノ基、4級アンモニウム基、イミノ基、ニトリロ基、窒素原子含有複素環基、チオール基及びカルボキシル基から選択される、請求項5に記載の柱状体。
- 前記柱状体に含まれる前記官能基の量が、前記柱状体の質量を基準として、0.10mmol/g以上6.0mmol/g以下である、請求項5又は6に記載の柱状体。
- 前記金属が遷移金属であり、前記金属イオンが遷移金属イオンである、請求項5~7のいずれか一項に記載の柱状体。
- 前記遷移金属が貴金属であり、前記遷移金属イオンが貴金属イオンである、請求項8に記載の柱状体。
- 請求項5~9のいずれか一項に記載の柱状体を含む、吸着材。
- 金属及び/又は金属イオンを含む溶液から前記金属及び/又は前記金属イオンを除去する方法であって、
前記溶液と請求項10に記載の吸着材とを接触させる工程を含む、方法。
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WO2022163834A1 (ja) | 2022-08-04 |
EP4286331A1 (en) | 2023-12-06 |
US20240082812A1 (en) | 2024-03-14 |
CN116806208A (zh) | 2023-09-26 |
JPWO2022163834A1 (ja) | 2022-08-04 |
KR20230135080A (ko) | 2023-09-22 |
US20240157330A1 (en) | 2024-05-16 |
JP7186335B1 (ja) | 2022-12-08 |
KR20230137904A (ko) | 2023-10-05 |
EP4286332A4 (en) | 2024-08-28 |
WO2022163833A1 (ja) | 2022-08-04 |
KR20230132794A (ko) | 2023-09-18 |
EP4286333A1 (en) | 2023-12-06 |
CN116761782A (zh) | 2023-09-15 |
EP4286331A4 (en) | 2024-08-28 |
EP4286333A4 (en) | 2024-08-28 |
US20240165582A1 (en) | 2024-05-23 |
EP4286332A1 (en) | 2023-12-06 |
JPWO2022163833A1 (ja) | 2022-08-04 |
JPWO2022163832A1 (ja) | 2022-08-04 |
CN116963998A (zh) | 2023-10-27 |
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