WO2018179709A1 - 摺動部材及びピストンリング - Google Patents
摺動部材及びピストンリング Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018179709A1 WO2018179709A1 PCT/JP2018/001769 JP2018001769W WO2018179709A1 WO 2018179709 A1 WO2018179709 A1 WO 2018179709A1 JP 2018001769 W JP2018001769 W JP 2018001769W WO 2018179709 A1 WO2018179709 A1 WO 2018179709A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hard carbon
- carbon film
- amorphous hard
- ratio
- base material
- Prior art date
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- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 150
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 164
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 23
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
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- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
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- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
- C23C28/046—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material with at least one amorphous inorganic material layer, e.g. DLC, a-C:H, a-C:Me, the layer being doped or not
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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- C23C14/024—Deposition of sublayers, e.g. to promote adhesion of the coating
- C23C14/025—Metallic sublayers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/0605—Carbon
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
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- C23C14/325—Electric arc evaporation
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
- C23C28/048—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material with layers graded in composition or physical properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/343—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one DLC or an amorphous carbon based layer, the layer being doped or not
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/347—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with layers adapted for cutting tools or wear applications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F5/00—Piston rings, e.g. associated with piston crown
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J9/00—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction
- F16J9/26—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction characterised by the use of particular materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C14/027—Graded interfaces
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a sliding member in which an amorphous hard carbon film is coated on a sliding surface, and is particularly used for automobile parts, machine parts, and the like, and examples thereof include a piston ring.
- a piston ring in which an amorphous hard carbon film having a low friction coefficient is coated on a sliding surface is applied to some engines.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is also referred to as a DLC (diamond like carbon) film (or simply a hard carbon film).
- the amorphous hard carbon film is a mixture of diamond bonds (sp 3 bonds) and graphite bonds (sp 2 bonds) as carbon bonds.
- Amorphous hard carbon film has hardness, wear resistance and chemical stability similar to diamond, and has solid lubricity and low friction coefficient similar to graphite, so it is suitable as a protective film for sliding members It is.
- Patent Document 1 relates to a piston ring having a hard carbon film formed on at least an outer peripheral sliding surface of a piston ring base material.
- This hard carbon film has an sp 2 component ratio in the range of 40% or more and 80% or less, a hydrogen content in the range of 0.1 atomic% or more and 5 atomic% or less, and the amount of macro particles appearing on the surface.
- the area ratio is in the range of 0.1% to 10%.
- the piston ring having the above-described structure is easy to form a film and is excellent in wear resistance.
- the component ratio of "sp 2 component ratio" graphite component of the hard carbon film in Patent Document 1 (sp 2) and graphite component to the diamond component (sp 3) (sp 2) (sp 2 / (sp 2 + sp 3) ) And is measured by a TEM-EELS spectrum in which an electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is combined with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (see paragraphs [0054]-[0056] of Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 2 discloses a hard carbon thin film characterized by having an inclined structure in which the ratio of SP 2 bonds / SP 3 bonds of carbon atoms constituting the thin film once decreases from the base side toward the surface side and then increases. (Refer to claim 3 and FIGS. 5 and 6 of Patent Document 2).
- an amorphous hard carbon film substantially free of hydrogen (for example, a hydrogen content of less than 5 atomic%) can be formed to a film thickness of about 30 ⁇ m by adjusting the film formation conditions.
- a film having a high sp 3 ratio has a large residual stress due to film formation, and if the film is thick, adhesion to the base material is insufficient and peeling is likely to occur.
- a relatively soft film with a reduced sp 3 ratio has a problem that peeling is likely to occur due to wear due to sliding under high surface pressure or plastic deformation of the base material.
- the hard carbon film is easily peeled off from the base material (piston ring base material) even if the sp 2 component ratio of the hard carbon film is within the range of 40 to 80% as in the piston ring described in Patent Document 1.
- a film having a relatively low sp 2 component ratio (relatively hard film) is formed thick, adhesion to the base material is not sufficient, while a film having a relatively high sp 2 component ratio (relatively soft film).
- the interface portion with the base material is caused by the surface pressure during sliding.
- the film tends to be chipped or peeled off due to the deformation.
- a film having a low sp 2 / sp 3 at the center in the thickness direction (a film having a relatively hard center) has a large internal stress in the film. There is a risk of chipping or peeling.
- the amorphous hard carbon film has the following two essential properties, and due to these properties, low adhesion to the base material has a great practical application. It is an obstacle. (1) A large residual stress is inherent due to film formation. (2) The carbon bond is chemically stable.
- the present disclosure aims to provide a sliding member and a piston ring that can sufficiently prevent the amorphous hard carbon film from being peeled off from the base material and have sufficiently high wear resistance.
- the inventors have continuously or stepwise increased the sp 2 ratio in the film thickness direction of the amorphous hard carbon film formed on the sliding surface of the sliding member. Then, by reducing the configuration, a sliding member having an amorphous hard carbon coating excellent in adhesion to the base material, preventing chipping and peeling of the coating, and excellent in wear resistance is obtained. As a result, the inventors have completed the following invention.
- the sliding member of the present disclosure includes a base material and an amorphous hard carbon film formed on the surface of the base material, and the sp 2 ratio of the amorphous hard carbon film is from the inner surface side which is the base material side. It increases as it goes toward the outer surface, takes a maximum value, and further decreases toward the outer surface. According to studies by the present inventors, such a configuration is useful for achieving both excellent peel resistance and wear resistance at a sufficiently high level. That is, in the amorphous hard carbon film (hereinafter referred to as “coating” in some cases) of the sliding member, the relatively low sp 2 ratio on the base material side means that the amorphous hard carbon near the base material. This means that the film is relatively strong.
- Sp 2 ratio in the present disclosure is intended to indicate the ratio of sp 2 bonds to sp 2 bonds and sp 3 bonds in the amorphous hard carbon film (sp 2 / (sp 2 + sp 3)), electron energy loss spectroscopy It means a value calculated based on a spectrum obtained by the method (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, EELS).
- the increase and decrease in the sp 2 ratio in the thickness direction of the amorphous hard carbon film may be continuous, stepwise, or a combination thereof.
- the basic requirements of the present invention are requirements concerning the above-mentioned amorphous hard carbon film, and if these requirements are satisfied, an amorphous hard carbon film excellent in peeling resistance and wear resistance can be obtained. Therefore, a configuration in which an abrasion-resistant surface treatment layer is further formed on the outer surface side of the amorphous hard carbon film or a base film is formed on the inner surface side does not depart from the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, a configuration in which an intermediate layer made of a specific metal or a carbide or nitride thereof is formed between the base material and the amorphous hard carbon film does not depart from the scope of the present invention.
- the sp 2 ratio on the inner surface side of the amorphous hard carbon film is A%
- the maximum value of the sp 2 ratio in the amorphous hard carbon film is M%
- the sp 2 ratio on the outer surface side of the amorphous hard carbon film is Assuming B%, the value of (MA) is preferably 20 or more, and the value of (MB) is preferably 10 or more.
- the sp 2 ratio (A%) on the inner surface side of the amorphous hard carbon film is less than 40%, and the maximum value (M%) of the sp 2 ratio in the amorphous hard carbon film is 70% or less
- the sp 2 ratio (B%) on the outer surface side of the amorphous hard carbon film is preferably 50% or less.
- the hydrogen content of the amorphous hard carbon film can be less than 5 atomic% from the viewpoint of achieving a low friction coefficient.
- the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film is, for example, 3 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m.
- the density of droplets having a size of 300 ⁇ m 2 or more present on the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film is preferably 600 pieces / mm 2 or less.
- a droplet is a concave portion or a convex portion formed on the surface of an amorphous hard carbon film due to incorporation of droplet particles or dropout of particles.
- a steel material having a thermal conductivity of 30 W / (m ⁇ K) or more can be employed from the viewpoint of achieving excellent thermal conductivity of the sliding member.
- engine downsizing has been promoted in order to achieve both higher fuel efficiency and higher performance from the viewpoint of environmental protection.
- a system in which a supercharger is combined with a direct injection engine has been developed.
- sliding members such as piston rings are required to fully perform their functions in a very severe environment such as high temperature and high surface pressure.
- an increase in engine temperature tends to cause knocking that leads to a decrease in engine output.
- the piston ring is required to have excellent wear resistance, and is also required to have high thermal conductivity capable of efficiently releasing heat in the combustion chamber from the piston to the cylinder wall surface via the piston ring.
- This disclosure provides a piston ring made of the sliding member. Since the amorphous hard carbon film has the above configuration, the piston ring can sufficiently prevent the amorphous hard carbon film from peeling from the base material and has sufficiently high wear resistance.
- a sliding member and a piston ring that can sufficiently prevent the amorphous hard carbon film from peeling from the base material and have sufficiently high wear resistance.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the sliding member according to this embodiment.
- the sliding member 10 includes a base material 1, an amorphous hard carbon film 3 formed on the surface of the base material 1, and between the base material 1 and the amorphous hard carbon film 3. And an intermediate layer 5 formed on the substrate. That is, the sliding member 10 is manufactured by forming the amorphous hard carbon film 3 on the surface of the base material 1 via the intermediate layer 5.
- the shading represents the sp 2 ratio, specifically, the portion where the sp 2 ratio is low is thin, while the portion where the sp 2 ratio is high is dark. . That is, the sp 2 ratio of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 increases from the inner surface F1 side, which is the base material side, toward the outer surface F2 side, takes a maximum value, and then decreases further toward the outer surface F2 side. ing.
- the increase and decrease of the sp 2 ratio in the amorphous hard carbon film 3 may be continuous or stepwise.
- 2 and 3 are graphs showing examples of sp 2 ratio profiles in the amorphous hard carbon film 3, respectively, and the horizontal axis is the film position (the left side is the base material side and the right side is the outer surface side), The vertical axis represents the sp 2 ratio value.
- FIG. 2 shows how the sp 2 ratio continuously increases and decreases in the amorphous hard carbon film 3 from the inner surface F1 (base material 1 side) to the outer surface F2.
- FIG. 3 shows how the sp 2 ratio increases and decreases stepwise (stepwise) from the inner surface F1 (base material 1 side) to the outer surface F2 in the amorphous hard carbon film 3.
- the increase and decrease of the sp 2 ratio are continuous or stepwise is illustrated here, an aspect in which these are combined may be used.
- the region on the inner surface F1 side is composed of amorphous hard carbon having a low sp 2 ratio (high sp 3 ratio) and a relatively small deformability.
- a region having a low sp 2 ratio present on the inner surface F1 side serves as a base film. That is, the base material 1 is made of a material whose surface is not subjected to thermosetting treatment or surface modification for ensuring adhesion, or a material having a relatively high thermal conductivity (for example, 30 W / (m ⁇ K) or more).
- the region having a low sp 2 ratio serves to suppress the deformation of the interface and prevent the amorphous hard carbon film 3 from being chipped or peeled off.
- sp 2 ratio is low (sp 3 ratio is high) the amorphous hard carbon has a sp 2 ratio is high (sp 3 ratio is low) high thermal conductivity as compared with the amorphous hard carbon.
- the region on the outer surface F2 side has a sp 2 ratio lower than the maximum value of the intermediate region.
- the sp 2 ratio of the region on the outer surface F2 side is preferably higher (sp 3 ratio is lower) than the sp 2 ratio of the region on the inner surface F1 side.
- the value of (MA) is preferably 20 Above, more preferably 20 to 60, and still more preferably 20 to 40.
- the value of (MA) is 20 or more, it is easy to ensure sufficient adhesion of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 to the base material 1, and the chipping and peeling of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 are highly suppressed.
- the internal stress of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 can be sufficiently reduced.
- the amorphous hard carbon film 3 having an (MA) value of 60 or less is advantageous in that it is easy to form and is not easily chipped.
- the value of (MB) is preferably 10 or more, more preferably 10 to 40, and still more preferably 10 ⁇ 30.
- the value of (MB) is 10 or more, it is easy to achieve excellent wear resistance of the amorphous hard carbon film 3.
- the amorphous hard carbon film 3 having an (MB) value of 40 or less has an advantage that it can be easily formed and the residual stress can be suppressed.
- the position where the sp 2 ratio takes the maximum value in the thickness direction of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 does not necessarily have to be the center, and may be closer to the inner surface F1 side or closer to the outer surface F2 side. Good. For example, assuming that the value of (MA) is larger than the value of (MB), the position where the sp 2 ratio takes the maximum value is preferably close to the outer surface F2 side. By adopting such a configuration, it is possible to suppress an excessive increase in the increase and decrease in the sp 2 ratio, and it is easy to form the amorphous hard carbon film 3 having sufficient durability.
- the sp 2 ratio (A%) on the inner surface F1 side of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is preferably less than 40%, more preferably 20 to 40%, and still more preferably 20 to 30%.
- the sp 2 ratio (A%) on the inner surface F1 side is less than 40%, for example, the surface of the base material 1 can be applied to the base material 1 even if the surface of the base material 1 is not subjected to thermosetting treatment or surface modification for ensuring adhesion. It is easy to ensure sufficient adhesion of the amorphous hard carbon film 3.
- the amorphous hard carbon film 3 having an sp 2 ratio (A%) of 20% or more on the inner surface F1 side has an advantage that it is easy to form and is less likely to be chipped.
- the maximum value (M%) of the sp 2 ratio of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is preferably 70% or less, more preferably 40 to 60%, and further preferably 50 to 60%. When the maximum value (M%) of the sp 2 ratio is 60% or less, the hardness of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 can be sufficiently secured. On the other hand, if the maximum value (M%) of the sp 2 ratio is 40% or more, the region including this maximum value can more fully fulfill the role of stress relaxation.
- the sp 2 ratio (B%) on the outer surface F2 side of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 30% or more and 50% or less, and further preferably 30 to 40%.
- the sp 2 ratio (B%) on the outer surface F2 side is 50% or less, the initial conformability with the counterpart material is excellent, and chipping and peeling of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 can be highly suppressed, and amorphous. It is easy to achieve the excellent wear resistance of the hard carbon film 3. In addition to this, there is an advantage that the finish workability of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is excellent.
- the sp 2 ratio (B%) on the outer surface F2 side is 50% or less, the hardness and wear resistance of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 can be sufficiently ensured.
- the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is, for example, in the range of 3 to 40 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is 3 ⁇ m or more, an excessive increase in the slope of the sp 2 ratio can be suppressed, and the amorphous hard carbon film 3 having sufficient durability can be easily formed. On the other hand, if the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is 40 ⁇ m or less, the internal stress in the film can be prevented from becoming excessively large, and the occurrence of chipping and peeling can be easily suppressed. From the viewpoint of productivity of the sliding member 10, the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 12 ⁇ m.
- the sp 2 ratio is distributed so as to increase as it goes from the inner surface F1 side to the outer surface F2 side, to take a maximum value, and to decrease further toward the outer surface F2 side.
- the lower limit of the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 may be 8 ⁇ m or 10 ⁇ m.
- it may be 16 ⁇ m or 22 ⁇ m.
- the amorphous hard carbon film 3 does not substantially contain hydrogen from the viewpoint of achieving a low friction coefficient.
- the hydrogen content of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is preferably less than 5 atomic%, more preferably less than 3 atomic%, still more preferably less than 2 atomic%, and particularly preferably 1 Less than atomic percent. If the amorphous hard carbon film 3 does not substantially contain hydrogen, the dangling bonds of the surface carbon atoms of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 are not terminated with hydrogen, and therefore have OH groups in the lubricating oil. It has been confirmed that the oily agent constituent molecules are easily adsorbed on the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film 3, thereby exhibiting a very low coefficient of friction.
- amorphous hard carbon substantially free of hydrogen has excellent heat conduction characteristics.
- the hydrogen content of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 can be measured by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) or Hydrogen Forward Scattering (HFS).
- the density of relatively large droplets (for example, a size of 300 ⁇ m 2 or more) present on the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is preferably 600 / mm 2 or less.
- the density of droplets is more preferably 300 pieces / mm 2 or less.
- the density of droplets is determined by visually counting the number of recesses or projections having a size of 300 ⁇ m 2 or more caused by the incorporation of droplet particles existing in a predetermined range of the surface or dropout of particles. Can be calculated. Of course, you may count using image processing etc.
- Base material As the base material 1, a material suitable for the application of the sliding member 10 may be employed. When high thermal conductivity is required for the sliding member 10, for example, when manufacturing a piston ring having the configuration shown in FIG. 1, a material having a thermal conductivity of 30 W / (m ⁇ K) or more as the base material 1 (for example, It is preferable to employ steel materials.
- the thermal conductivity of the base material 1 is more preferably 35 W / (m ⁇ K) or more, and still more preferably 38 W / (m ⁇ K) or more.
- the piston ring is important for transferring the amount of heat received at the top of the piston to the cooled cylinder wall. It has various functions.
- the heat conductivity of steel materials is generally higher as the alloying element content is lower, but conversely, the high temperature characteristics are inferior, making it unusable as a sliding member for automobile engines in environments with high heat loads.
- it is possible to achieve both thermal conductivity and high temperature characteristics by controlling the structure to improve the high temperature characteristics by, for example, strengthening the dispersion of particles of spheroidized cementite.
- Examples of such steel materials include material symbols SUP9 and SUP10 defined in JIS G4801.
- the intermediate layer 5 is for further improving the adhesion between the base material 1 and the amorphous hard carbon film 3.
- the intermediate layer 5 is preferably made of an element that has lattice matching with the metal of the base material 1 and that can form carbon and carbide of the amorphous hard carbon film 3 more easily than the metal of the base material 1.
- the intermediate layer 5 is preferably made of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Si, Co, V, Mo, and W or a metal carbide thereof.
- the intermediate layer 5 is nitrided of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Cr, Si, and V. It is preferable to consist of a thing. In this case, even if the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is worn away, the presence of the intermediate layer 5 makes it possible to maintain the sliding characteristics.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer 5 is preferably thin enough that deformation of the intermediate layer 5 does not affect the adhesion of the amorphous hard carbon film 3. Specifically, the thickness of the intermediate layer 5 is preferably 0.01 to 0.4 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.03 to 0.3 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 0.05 to 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the intermediate layer 5 may not be provided.
- the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is substantially free of hydrogen, sufficient adhesion can be ensured without providing the intermediate layer 5 unless scale or oil adheres to the base material 1. It's easy to do.
- an oxide film on the surface of the base material 1 is formed by mechanical pre-processing. It is preferable to remove and clean using a hydrocarbon-based cleaning agent.
- the amorphous hard carbon film 3 can be formed using, for example, an arc ion plating apparatus provided with a graphite cathode as an evaporation source. According to this apparatus, a vacuum arc discharge is generated between a graphite cathode and an anode in a vacuum atmosphere, the carbon material is evaporated and ionized from the surface of the carbon cathode, and a base material (amorphous) to which a negative bias voltage is applied.
- the amorphous hard carbon film 3 is formed through a process of depositing carbon ions on the sliding surface of the sliding member before the hard carbon film is formed.
- the distribution of the SP 2 ratio in the amorphous hard carbon film 3 can be adjusted by, for example, the following method. That is, in the arc ion plating apparatus, the target SP 2 ratio distribution (gradient structure) can be obtained by appropriately adjusting the bias voltage applied to the sliding member during film formation.
- the film may be formed without introducing a carbon-based gas.
- hydrogen may be contained at less than 5 atomic% due to moisture remaining on the wall surface in the apparatus.
- Droplets formed characteristically in arc ion plating are taken into the amorphous hard carbon film 3 to reduce the film strength. Therefore, a filtered arc system equipped with a magnetic filter for removing droplets is used. It may be used. In this case, it is possible to form an amorphous hard carbon film 3 that is very homogeneous and has excellent wear resistance with fewer droplets.
- the sliding member 10 constituted by the base material 1, the amorphous hard carbon film 3, and the intermediate layer 5 formed between them as necessary is exemplified.
- an abrasion-resistant surface treatment layer may be further formed on the outer surface side of the amorphous hard carbon film 3, or a base film may be formed on the inner surface side.
- Example 1 A piston ring was manufactured using an arc ion plating apparatus as follows. First, a previously cleaned piston ring base material (SUP10 equivalent material) was set on a jig. An arc ion plating apparatus having a graphite cathode and a Cr cathode as an evaporation source was prepared. After the jig was attached to the rotation axis of the rotation / revolution table of this apparatus, the inside of the apparatus chamber was evacuated to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less. While introducing Ar gas into the chamber, a bias voltage was applied to the base material to clean the surface of the base material by glow discharge. Subsequently, an intermediate layer made of Cr was formed. Thereafter, the evaporation source of the graphite cathode was discharged to form an amorphous hard carbon film on the surface of the intermediate layer.
- SUP10 equivalent material a previously cleaned piston ring base material
- the amorphous hard carbon film is formed while keeping the arc current constant, while the pulse bias voltage is continuously changed from 1000 V to 300 V as the film formation time elapses. Then, it was continuously changed again to 1000 V or more.
- the piston ring according to the first embodiment has a configuration in which the sp 2 ratio increases and takes the maximum value (58%) as it goes from the inner surface side toward the outer surface side, and then decreases as it goes further toward the outer surface side. Manufactured. The relationship between the pulse bias voltage and the sp 2 ratio was measured by a preliminary experiment conducted separately.
- Example 2 With stepwise changes instead of continuously varying the pulse bias voltage, the other that the maximum value M% of sp 2 and 50%, to produce a piston ring in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 A piston is formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amorphous hard carbon film is formed while keeping the pulse bias voltage constant without continuously changing the pulse bias voltage as the film formation time elapses. A ring was manufactured.
- the vicinity of the inner surface may be a measured value of the sp 2 ratio at about 0.2 ⁇ m from the interface with the base material into the amorphous carbon film.
- the vicinity of the outer surface is a measured value of the sp 2 ratio at about 0.2 ⁇ m from the surface to the amorphous carbon film.
- the sp 2 ratio was calculated based on the spectrum obtained by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).
- the hard carbon layer of the sliced sample is observed by TEM-EELS, and the obtained observation value corrects the influence of the background signal and the like. Analysis is performed based on the corrected data, and the sp 2 ratio is calculated as follows. (1) The energy loss spectrum acquires data in a region from 240 eV or less to 550 eV or more. (2) An approximate curve is calculated for data with energy loss of 320 eV or more. (3) Normalize the observed value based on the obtained approximate curve. (4) Using the normalized data, peak separation is performed using a Gauss function in the range of 280 to 295 eV, the peak area on the low energy side is obtained, and the value is defined as S ⁇ .
- the area of 280 to 310 eV is calculated and set as S ⁇ + ⁇ .
- the diamond and graphite samples are observed by the procedures (1) to (5) above, and the peak area near 285 eV and the area between 280 and 310 eV are calculated.
- the areas obtained for diamond are Sd ⁇ and Sd ( ⁇ + ⁇ ), and for graphite, Sg ⁇ and Sg ( ⁇ + ⁇ ). Then, sp 2 ratio is calculated by the following equation.
- the hydrogen content of the amorphous hard carbon film was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and hydrogen forward scattering spectroscopy (HFS). The hydrogen content was measured on the outer surface side of the amorphous hard carbon film.
- RBS manufactured by CEA was used, and the measurement conditions were as follows. Incident ion: 2.275MeV 4He ++ (RBS, HFS) ⁇ Beam diameter: 1 ⁇ 2mm ⁇ -RBS detection angle: 160 ° ⁇ Grazing angle: 110 ° ⁇ HFS detection angle: 130 °
- a test apparatus having the structure shown in FIG. 4 was used.
- a plate 21 made of SUJ2 (JIS G4805: 2008 specified material) shown in FIG. 4 corresponds to a cylinder, and a piston ring piece 22 fixed to a jig (not shown) is made of SUJ2 plate in the presence of lubricating oil 23. 21 is configured to reciprocate in the thickness direction of the piston ring piece 22 (left and right direction in FIG. 4).
- a SUJ2 plate (21) having a surface roughness R zjis adjusted to 1.1 ⁇ m by polishing was used.
- a piston ring piece (22) was prepared by cutting the piston ring to a length of about 30 mm.
- Test conditions are vertical load (F) 500N, 600N, 700N, 800N or 900N, stroke 3mm, speed 3000rpm, plate temperature 120 ° C, lubrication with 3 drops of engine oil 0W-20 dropped, test time 30 minutes did.
- the evaluation of the peel resistance of the amorphous hard carbon film was performed by visually observing the presence or absence of peeling in the peripheral portion of the elliptical sliding portion 24 generated in the piston ring piece 22 after the test shown in FIG. .
- the abrasion resistance was evaluated based on the wear amount (vertical load: 500 N) of Example 1.
- a sliding member and a piston ring that can sufficiently prevent the amorphous hard carbon film from peeling from the base material and have sufficiently high wear resistance.
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Abstract
Description
(1)成膜に起因して大きな残留応力が内在すること。
(2)炭素結合が化学的に安定であること。
図1は本実施形態に係る摺動部材の構造を模式的に示す断面図である。同図に示すとおり、摺動部材10は、母材1と、母材1の表面上に形成された非晶質硬質炭素膜3と、母材1と非晶質硬質炭素膜3との間に形成された中間層5とを備える。すなわち、摺動部材10は、母材1の表面上に中間層5を介して非晶質硬質炭素膜3を形成することによって製造されたものである。
図1に示す非晶質硬質炭素膜3の断面において濃淡はsp2比を表しており、具体的にはsp2比が低い部分は薄く、他方sp2比が高い部分は濃く表されている。つまり、非晶質硬質炭素膜3のsp2比は母材側である内面F1側から外面F2側に向かうにしたがって増加して最大値をとり、その後、更に外面F2側に向かうにしたがって減少している。
母材1としては、摺動部材10の用途に応じて適した材料を採用すればよい。摺動部材10に対して高い熱伝導性が求められる場合、例えば図1に示す構成のピストンリングを製造する場合、母材1として熱伝導率が30W/(m・K)以上の材料(例えば鉄鋼材料)を採用することが好ましい。母材1の熱伝導率はより好ましくは35W/(m・K)以上であり、更に好ましくは38W/(m・K)以上である。ピストンリングは、ピストンとシリンダ壁との気密を保つガスシール機能及び適正な潤滑油膜をシリンダ壁に保持するオイルコントロール機能に加えて、ピストン頂部に受けた熱量を冷却されたシリンダ壁に伝達する重要な機能を有している。
中間層5は、母材1と非晶質硬質炭素膜3との密着性を更に向上させるためのものである。中間層5としては、母材1の金属と格子整合性があり、かつ母材1の金属よりも非晶質硬質炭素膜3の炭素と炭化物を形成しやすい元素から構成されるものが好ましい。具体的には、中間層5はTi、Cr、Si、Co、V、Mo及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種の金属又はその金属炭化物からなることが好ましい。また、摺動部材10が高面圧などの厳しい環境で使用されるものである場合、中間層5はTi、Zr、Cr、Si、及びVからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種の金属の窒化物からなることが好ましい。この場合、非晶質硬質炭素膜3が摩滅するようなことが生じても、中間層5の存在により摺動特性を維持することが可能となる。
非晶質硬質炭素膜3は、例えば、蒸発源にグラファイトカソードを備えたアークイオンプレーティング装置を用いて形成することができる。この装置によれば、真空雰囲気中、グラファイトカソードとアノードとの間で真空アーク放電を発生させ、炭素カソード表面から炭素材料を蒸発、イオン化し、負のバイアス電圧を印加した母材(非晶質硬質炭素膜が形成される前の摺動部材)の摺動面上に炭素イオンを堆積させる工程を経て非晶質硬質炭素膜3が形成される。
アークイオンプレーティング装置を使用し、以下のようにしてピストンリングを製造した。まず、予め洗浄したピストンリング母材(SUP10相当材)を治具にセットした。蒸発源にグラファイトカソードとCrカソードとを備えたアークイオンプレーティング装置を準備した。この装置の自公転テーブルの自転軸に上記治具を取り付けた後、装置のチャンバ内を1×10-3Pa以下の真空雰囲気とした。チャンバ内にArガスを導入するとともに、母材にバイアス電圧を加えてグロー放電により母材表面をクリーニングした。これに引き続きCrからなる中間層を成膜した。その後、グラファイトカソードの蒸発源を放電させて中間層の表面上に非晶質硬質炭素膜を成膜した。
パルスバイアス電圧を連続的に変化させる代わりに段階的に変化させるとともに、sp2の最大値M%を50%としたことの他は、実施例1と同様にしてピストンリングを製造した。
成膜時間の経過にしたがってパルスバイアス電圧を連続的に変化させることなく、パルスバイアス電圧を一定に保った状態で非晶質硬質炭素膜を形成したことの他は実施例1と同様にしてピストンリングを製造した。
硬質炭素被膜のsp2比の膜厚方向のプロファイルを以下のようにして評価した。すなわち、非晶質硬質炭素膜の断面を透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)で観察しながら、非晶質硬質炭素膜の内面側から外面側に向けて約2μm間隔でsp2比を測定した。表1の内面近傍は、中間層との界面から非晶質炭素膜内に約0.2μmにおけるsp2比の測定値である。なお、中間層を形成しない場合には、内面近傍は、基材との界面から非晶質炭素膜内に約0.2μmにおけるsp2比の測定値とすればよい。外面近傍は、表面から非晶質炭素膜内に約0.2μmにおけるsp2比の測定値である。sp2比は電子エネルギー損失分光法(EELS)によって得られるスペクトルに基づいて算出した。
(1)エネルギー損失スペクトルは240eV以下から550eV以上までの領域において、データを取得する。
(2)エネルギー損失が320eV以上のデータについて、近似曲線を算出する。
(3)得られた近似曲線に基づいて観測値を規格化する。
(4)規格化されたデータを用いて、280~295eVの範囲において、Gauss関数を用いてピーク分離を行い、低エネルギー側のピーク面積を求め、その値をSπとする。
(5)規格化されたデータにおいて、280~310eVの面積を算出し、Sπ+σとする。
(6)同様に、ダイヤモンド及びグラファイトの試料について、上記(1)~(5)までの手順で観測し、285eV付近のピークの面積及び280~310eVの面積をそれぞれ算出する。ダイヤモンドについて得られた面積をSdπ及びSd(π+σ)とし、グラファイトについては、Sgπ及びSg(π+σ)とする。そして、sp2比は下記の式で算出される。
非晶質硬質炭素膜の水素含有量をラザフォード後方散乱分光法(RBS)及び水素前方散乱分光法(HFS)によって求めた。水素含有量は非晶質硬質炭素膜の外面側を測定した。測定装置として、CEA社製RBSを使用し、測定条件は以下のとおりとした。
・入射イオン:2.275MeV 4He++(RBS、HFS)
・ビーム径:1~2mmφ
・RBS検出角度:160°
・Grazing angle:110°
・HFS検出角度:130°
SEM断面観察によって中間層及び非晶質硬質炭素膜の厚さをそれぞれ測定した。
往復摺動試験によって耐剥離性を評価した。試験装置として、図4に示す構成のものを使用した。図4に示すSUJ2(JIS G4805:2008規定材)製プレート21はシリンダに相当するものであり、治具(不図示)に固定されたピストンリング片22が潤滑油23の存在下、SUJ2製プレート21上をピストンリング片22の厚さ方向(図4の左右方向)に往復動するように構成されている。なお、SUJ2製プレート(21)として、研磨加工により表面粗さRzjisを1.1μmに調整したものを使用した。ピストンリングを長さ約30mmに切断することによってピストンリング片(22)を準備した。試験条件は、垂直加重(F)500N、600N、700N、800N又は900N、ストローク3mm、速度3000rpm、プレート温度120℃、エンジン油0W-20を3滴滴下した潤滑下とし、試験時間は30分とした。非晶質硬質炭素膜の耐剥離性の評価は図5に示す試験後のピストンリング片22に生じた楕円形状の摺動部24の周辺部分における剥離の有無を目視により観察することによって行った。また、耐摩耗性の評価を実施例1の摩耗量(垂直荷重:500N)を基準として評価した。
Claims (9)
- 母材と、
前記母材の表面上に形成された非晶質硬質炭素膜と、
を備え、
前記非晶質硬質炭素膜のsp2比が前記母材側である内面側から外面側に向かうにしたがって増加して最大値をとり、更に前記外面側に向かうにしたがって減少している、摺動部材。 - 前記非晶質硬質炭素膜の前記内面側のsp2比をA%とし、
前記非晶質硬質炭素膜におけるsp2比の前記最大値をM%とし、
前記非晶質硬質炭素膜の前記外面側のsp2比をB%とすると、
(M-A)の値が20以上であり、
(M-B)の値が10以上である、請求項1に記載の摺動部材。 - 前記非晶質硬質炭素膜の前記内面側のsp2比が40%未満であり、
前記非晶質硬質炭素膜におけるsp2比の前記最大値が70%以下であり、
前記非晶質硬質炭素膜の前記外面側のsp2比が50%以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の摺動部材。 - 前記非晶質硬質炭素膜の水素含有量が5原子%未満である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の摺動部材。
- 前記非晶質硬質炭素膜の厚さが3μm~40μmである、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の摺動部材。
- 前記非晶質硬質炭素膜の表面に存在する300μm2以上の大きさのドロップレットの密度が600個/mm2以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の摺動部材。
- 前記母材が熱伝導率30W/(m・K)以上の鉄鋼材料からなる、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の摺動部材。
- 前記母材と前記非晶質硬質炭素膜との間に中間層を更に備える、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の摺動部材。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の摺動部材からなるピストンリング。
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