WO2017077805A1 - 半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板、半導体素子、および、半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板、半導体素子、および、半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/28008—Making conductor-insulator-semiconductor electrodes
- H01L21/28017—Making conductor-insulator-semiconductor electrodes the insulator being formed after the semiconductor body, the semiconductor being silicon
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/20—Deposition of semiconductor materials on a substrate, e.g. epitaxial growth solid phase epitaxy
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- H10D30/40—FETs having zero-dimensional [0D], one-dimensional [1D] or two-dimensional [2D] charge carrier gas channels
- H10D30/47—FETs having zero-dimensional [0D], one-dimensional [1D] or two-dimensional [2D] charge carrier gas channels having 2D charge carrier gas channels, e.g. nanoribbon FETs or high electron mobility transistors [HEMT]
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- H10D30/47—FETs having zero-dimensional [0D], one-dimensional [1D] or two-dimensional [2D] charge carrier gas channels having 2D charge carrier gas channels, e.g. nanoribbon FETs or high electron mobility transistors [HEMT]
- H10D30/471—High electron mobility transistors [HEMT] or high hole mobility transistors [HHMT]
- H10D30/475—High electron mobility transistors [HEMT] or high hole mobility transistors [HHMT] having wider bandgap layer formed on top of lower bandgap active layer, e.g. undoped barrier HEMTs such as i-AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
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- H10D62/82—Heterojunctions
- H10D62/824—Heterojunctions comprising only Group III-V materials heterojunctions, e.g. GaN/AlGaN heterojunctions
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- H01L2924/1025—Semiconducting materials
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- H10D62/854—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers characterised by the materials being Group III-V materials, e.g. GaAs further characterised by the dopants
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor element, and more particularly to a semiconductor element configured using a self-standing substrate made of semi-insulating GaN.
- Nitride semiconductors have a wide band gap of direct transition type, a high dielectric breakdown electric field, and a high saturation electron velocity. Therefore, they are used as light-emitting devices such as LEDs and LDs, and as semiconductor materials for high-frequency / high-power electronic devices. It's being used.
- HEMT high electron mobility transistor
- Nitride electronic devices are generally manufactured using a commercially available heterogeneous material base substrate such as sapphire, SiC, or Si.
- a commercially available heterogeneous material base substrate such as sapphire, SiC, or Si.
- GaN films heteroepitaxially grown on these dissimilar material substrates many defects are generated due to differences in lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients between GaN and dissimilar material substrates. There is.
- the mobility of the two-dimensional electron gas existing at the AlGaN / GaN laminated interface is improved, so that the HEMT element (semiconductor element) produced using the structure is improved. Improvement in characteristics can be expected.
- a commercially available GaN substrate manufactured by a hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE method) generally exhibits an n-type conductivity due to oxygen impurities incorporated in the crystal. .
- the conductive GaN substrate becomes a leakage current path between the source and drain electrodes when the HEMT device is driven at a high voltage. Therefore, it is desirable to use a semi-insulating GaN substrate to produce a HEMT element.
- a semi-insulating GaN substrate In order to realize a semi-insulating GaN substrate, it is effective to dope a GaN crystal with an element that forms a deep acceptor level such as a transition metal element (for example, Fe) or a group 2 element (for example, Mg). It has been.
- a transition metal element for example, Fe
- a group 2 element for example, Mg
- a high-quality semi-insulating GaN single crystal substrate can be realized by selecting zinc element (Zn) among group 2 elements (see, for example, Patent Document 1). Further, a high resistance layer doped with iron (Fe), which is a transition metal element, is formed on the substrate, and an intermediate layer having a high effect of capturing Fe is formed between the high resistance layer and the electron transit layer. Thus, an aspect of preventing Fe from entering the electron transit layer is already known (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
- silicon (Si) element When a nitride film is epitaxially grown on a semi-insulating GaN substrate, silicon (Si) element may be taken from the outside into the interface between the semi-insulating GaN substrate and the nitride film (nitride epitaxial film). Since such silicon (residual silicon) acts as a donor element, a conductive layer is generated at the nitride film / substrate interface. Since this conductive layer serves as a drain-source current leakage path in the HEMT device, it causes a decrease in pinch-off characteristics and a breakdown voltage.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an epitaxial substrate for a semiconductor device having a high withstand voltage, in which leakage current is suppressed.
- a semiconductor device epitaxial substrate comprising a semi-insulating self-standing substrate made of GaN doped with Zn and a group 13 formed adjacent to the self-standing substrate.
- a part of the first region including the free-standing substrate and the buffer layer is a second region containing Si at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more, The minimum value of Zn concentration in the region 2 was set to 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the second region exists in the first region including an interface between the free-standing substrate and the buffer layer. I made it.
- the buffer layer is made of GaN
- the channel layer is made of GaN
- the barrier layer is made of AlGaN. I made it.
- the buffer layer is a multilayer buffer layer in which two or more group 13 nitride layers having different compositions are stacked, or 2 Alternatively, it is a composition gradient buffer layer made of a group 13 nitride containing a group 13 element higher than that, and the abundance ratio of the group 13 element changing in the thickness direction, the channel layer made of GaN, and the barrier layer made of AlGaN. And so on.
- a semiconductor element includes a semi-insulating self-standing substrate made of Zn-doped GaN, a buffer layer made of a group 13 nitride adjacent to the self-standing substrate, and the buffer.
- a channel layer made of a group 13 nitride adjacent to the layer, a barrier layer made of a group 13 nitride formed on the opposite side of the buffer layer across the channel layer, and the barrier layer
- the minimum value of the Zn concentration in the second region is 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the second region exists in the first region including the interface between the free-standing substrate and the buffer layer.
- the buffer layer is made of GaN
- the channel layer is made of GaN
- the barrier layer is made of AlGaN.
- the buffer layer is a multilayer buffer layer in which two or more group 13 nitride layers having different compositions are laminated, or two or more.
- a composition-gradient buffer layer made of a group 13 nitride containing a group 13 element, wherein the abundance ratio of the group 13 element varies in the thickness direction, the channel layer is made of GaN, and the barrier layer is made of AlGaN. did.
- a method for producing an epitaxial substrate for a semiconductor device comprising: a) a preparatory step of preparing a semi-insulating self-standing substrate made of Zn-doped GaN; and b) A buffer layer forming step for forming a buffer layer made of a group 13 nitride adjacent to the buffer layer; c) a channel layer step for forming a channel layer made of a group 13 nitride adjacent to the buffer layer; A barrier layer forming step of forming a barrier layer made of a group 13 nitride at a position opposite to the buffer layer across the channel layer, and forming the buffer layer on the free-standing substrate prepared in the preparation step A second region containing Si at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more in a part of the first region composed of the free-standing substrate and the buffer layer due to Si taken in from the outside until the completion of the process Shape
- the second region is present including the interface between the free-standing substrate and the buffer layer in the first region. I did it.
- the self-supporting substrate is manufactured by a flux method.
- the buffer layer is formed of GaN, and is formed of the channel layer GaN.
- the barrier layer is made of AlGaN.
- the buffer layer is formed by laminating two or more group 13 nitride layers having different compositions. Formed of a multi-layer buffer layer or a composition gradient buffer layer made of a group 13 nitride containing two or more group 13 elements and having an abundance ratio of group 13 elements changing in the thickness direction, and formed by the channel layer GaN.
- the barrier layer is made of AlGaN.
- the present invention it is possible to reduce the leakage current when driving the semiconductor element, and to improve the breakdown voltage (element voltage) of the semiconductor element.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing a cross-sectional structure of a HEMT element 20.
- FIG. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing concentration profiles of Zn element and Si element in the vicinity of the interface between the GaN buffer layer and the GaN substrate in Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a concentration profile of Zn element and Si element in the vicinity of the interface between the GaN buffer layer and the GaN substrate in Comparative Example 1.
- Example 7 it is a figure which shows the concentration profile of Zn element and Si element in the depth direction from the surface of the barrier layer 4, and the secondary ion signal profile of Al element.
- Group 13 refers to aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), etc.
- Group 14 refers to silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), etc.
- 15 refers to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and the like.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure of a HEMT device 20 as an embodiment of a semiconductor device according to the present invention, which includes an epitaxial substrate 10 as an embodiment of an epitaxial substrate for a semiconductor device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure of a HEMT device 20 as an embodiment of a semiconductor device according to the present invention, which includes an epitaxial substrate 10 as an embodiment of an epitaxial substrate for a semiconductor device according to the present invention.
- the epitaxial substrate 10 includes a free-standing substrate 1, a buffer layer 2, a channel layer 3, and a barrier layer 4.
- the HEMT device 20 is provided with a source electrode 5, a drain electrode 6, and a gate electrode 7 on the epitaxial substrate 10 (on the barrier layer 4).
- the ratio of the thickness of each layer in FIG. 1 does not reflect the actual one.
- the free-standing substrate 1 is a (0001) -oriented GaN substrate doped with Zn of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more, has a specific resistance at room temperature of 1 ⁇ 10 2 ⁇ cm or more, and exhibits semi-insulating properties.
- the size of the self-supporting substrate 1 is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to have a thickness of about several hundred ⁇ m to several mm in consideration of ease of handling.
- Such a self-supporting substrate 1 can be manufactured by, for example, a flux method.
- the formation of the self-supporting substrate 1 by the flux method is generally performed by using a seed substrate in a melt containing metal Ga, metal Na, metal Zn, and C (carbon) in a growth vessel (alumina crucible) that is horizontally rotatable in a pressure vessel.
- the GaN single crystal formed on the seed substrate is separated from the seed substrate by maintaining a predetermined temperature and a predetermined pressure in the growth container while introducing nitrogen gas while the growth container is horizontally rotated. Obtained by.
- a so-called template substrate in which a GaN thin film is formed on a sapphire substrate by MOCVD can be suitably used.
- the buffer layer 2 is a layer made of a group 13 nitride formed (adjacent) on one main surface of the free-standing substrate 1.
- the buffer layer 2 may be a single layer composed entirely of one group 13 nitride, or may be a multilayer buffer layer composed of two or more group 13 nitride layers having different compositions.
- Examples of the single layer include a GaN buffer layer made entirely of GaN.
- Examples of the multilayer buffer layer include a configuration in which a GaN layer is stacked on an Al a Ga 1-a N layer (0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1).
- the buffer layer 2 is composed of a group 13 nitride containing two or more group 13 elements (eg, Ga and Al), and the composition gradient buffer in which the abundance ratio (molar fraction) of each element varies in the thickness direction. It may be provided as a layer.
- the buffer layer 2 is formed to a thickness of about 50 nm to 1000 nm.
- the buffer layer 2 is different from a so-called low-temperature buffer layer formed at a low temperature of less than 800 ° C., or at a temperature similar to the formation temperature of the channel layer 3 or the barrier layer 4 or more. It is formed at a high temperature.
- Zn doped in the free-standing substrate 1 is diffused at least to the buffer layer 2. This point will be described later.
- the channel layer 3 is a layer formed on (adjacent to) the buffer layer 2.
- the channel layer 3 is formed to a thickness of about 50 nm to 5000 nm.
- the barrier layer 4 is a layer provided on the side opposite to the buffer layer 2 with the channel layer 3 interposed therebetween.
- the barrier layer 4 is formed to a thickness of about 2 nm to 40 nm.
- the barrier layer 4 may be formed adjacent to the channel layer 3 as shown in FIG. 1, and in this case, the interface between the two layers is a heterojunction interface.
- a spacer layer (not shown) may be provided between the channel layer 3 and the barrier layer 4, and in this case, a region from the interface between the channel layer 3 and the spacer layer to the interface between the barrier layer 4 and the spacer layer is heterogeneous. It becomes a bonding interface region.
- the channel layer 3 is made of GaN
- the barrier layer 4 is made of AlGaN (Al x Ga 1-x N, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) or InAlN (In y Al 1-y N, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ A preferred example is that formed in 1).
- the combination of the channel layer 3 and the barrier layer 4 is not limited to this.
- the formation of the buffer layer 2, the channel layer 3, and the barrier layer 4 is realized by, for example, the MOCVD method.
- the layer formation by the MOCVD method is an organic metal (MO) source gas (TMG, Ga, Al). TMA), ammonia gas, hydrogen gas, and nitrogen gas, using a known MOCVD furnace configured to be able to supply into the reactor, while heating the free-standing substrate 1 placed in the reactor to a predetermined temperature, This can be done by sequentially depositing on the free-standing substrate 1 GaN crystals or AlGaN crystals generated by a gas phase reaction between an organometallic source gas corresponding to each layer and ammonia gas.
- MO organic metal
- the source electrode 5 and the drain electrode 6 are metal electrodes each having a thickness of about 10 to 100 nm.
- the source electrode 5 and the drain electrode 6 are preferably formed as multilayer electrodes made of, for example, Ti / Al / Ni / Au.
- the source electrode 5 and the drain electrode 6 are in ohmic contact with the barrier layer 4.
- the source electrode 5 and the drain electrode 6 are preferably formed by a vacuum deposition method and a photolithography process. In order to improve the ohmic contact between both electrodes, it is preferable to perform heat treatment for several tens of seconds in a nitrogen gas atmosphere at a predetermined temperature between 650 ° C. and 1000 ° C. after the electrodes are formed.
- the gate electrodes 7 are metal electrodes each having a thickness of about 10 to 100 nm.
- the gate electrode 7 is preferably configured as a multilayer electrode made of Ni / Au, for example.
- the gate electrode 7 has a Schottky contact with the barrier layer 4.
- the gate electrode 7 is preferably an example formed by a vacuum deposition method and a photolithography process.
- a c-plane sapphire substrate having a diameter similar to that of the free-standing substrate 1 to be manufactured is prepared, and a GaN low-temperature buffer layer is formed on the surface at a temperature of 450 ° C. to 750 ° C. to a thickness of about 10 nm to 50 nm.
- a GaN thin film having a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m is formed by MOCVD at a temperature of 1000 ° C. to 1200 ° C. to obtain a MOCVD-GaN template that can be used as a seed substrate.
- a Zn-doped GaN single crystal layer is formed using the Na flux method.
- an MOCVD-GaN template is placed in an alumina crucible, and subsequently, 10 g to 60 g of metal Ga, 15 g to 90 g of metal Na, and 0.4 g of metal Zn are placed in the alumina crucible. 5 g and 10 mg to 500 mg of C are charged respectively.
- the alumina crucible is placed in a heating furnace, the furnace temperature is set to 800 ° C. to 950 ° C., the furnace pressure is set to 3 MPa to 5 MPa, and heated for about 20 hours to 400 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. After cooling is complete, the alumina crucible is removed from the furnace.
- an MOCVD-GaN template having a brown GaN single crystal layer deposited on the surface with a thickness of 300 ⁇ m to 3000 ⁇ m is obtained.
- the GaN single crystal layer thus obtained is polished using diamond abrasive grains, and the surface thereof is flattened. Thereby, a flux-GaN template in which a GaN single crystal layer is formed on the MOCVD-GaN template is obtained.
- the polishing is performed in such a range that the total thickness of the nitride layer in the flux-GaN template is maintained at a value sufficiently larger than the target thickness of the free-standing substrate 1 to be finally obtained.
- the seed substrate is separated from the flux-GaN template by irradiating laser light from the seed substrate side while scanning at a scanning speed of 0.1 mm / second to 100 mm / second by a laser lift-off method.
- the laser light for example, it is preferable to use a third harmonic of Nd: YAG having a wavelength of 355 nm.
- the pulse width may be about 1 ns to 1000 ns and the pulse period may be about 1 kHz to 200 kHz.
- the laser light irradiation is preferably performed while heating the flux-GaN template at a temperature of about 30 ° C. to 600 ° C. from the side opposite to the seed substrate.
- the self-supporting substrate 1 made of GaN doped with Zn at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more is obtained.
- the epitaxial substrate 10 is formed by stacking the buffer layer 2, the channel layer 3, and the barrier layer 4 in this order under the following conditions with the free-standing substrate 1 placed on a susceptor provided in the reactor of the MOCVD furnace. It is obtained by doing.
- the buffer layer 2 a case where a single GaN buffer layer, a multilayer buffer layer containing Ga and Al as a group 13 element, or a composition gradient buffer layer is illustrated.
- the formation temperature means a susceptor heating temperature.
- the group 15 / group 13 gas ratio is the total of TMG (trimethyl gallium), TMA (trimethyl aluminum), and TMI (trimethyl indium), which are group 13 (Ga, Al, In) raw materials. It is the ratio (molar ratio) of the supply amount of ammonia which is a Group 15 (N) raw material to the supply amount.
- the Al source gas / Group 13 source gas ratio when the barrier layer 4 is formed of AlGaN is the ratio (molar ratio) of the total supply amount of the Group 13 (Ga, Al) source to the supply amount of the Al source
- the Al source gas / Group 13 source gas ratio when the barrier layer 4 is formed of InAlN is the ratio (molar ratio) of the supply amount of the entire Group 13 (In, Al) source to the supply amount of the In source. Both are determined according to the desired composition of the barrier layer 4 (Al molar ratio x or In composition ratio y).
- Fabrication of the HEMT element 20 using the epitaxial substrate 10 can be realized by applying a known technique.
- the surface of the epitaxial substrate 10 (the surface of the barrier layer 4) is removed.
- a SiO 2 film having a thickness of 50 nm to 500 nm is formed, and then the SiO 2 film at the portions where the source electrode 5 and the drain electrode 6 are to be formed is removed by etching using photolithography to obtain a SiO 2 pattern layer.
- the source electrode 5 and the drain electrode 6 are formed by forming a metal pattern made of Ti / Al / Ni / Au at a place where the source electrode 5 and the drain electrode 6 are to be formed using a vacuum deposition method and a photolithography process.
- the thickness of each metal layer is preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, 40 nm to 400 nm, 4 nm to 40 nm, and 20 nm to 200 nm in order.
- heat treatment is performed for 10 seconds to 1000 seconds in a nitrogen gas atmosphere at 600 ° C. to 1000 ° C.
- the SiO 2 film at the location where the gate electrode 7 is to be formed is removed from the SiO 2 pattern layer using a photolithography process.
- the gate electrode 7 is formed by forming a Schottky metal pattern made of Ni / Au at a place where the gate electrode 7 is to be formed by using a vacuum deposition method and a photolithography process.
- the thickness of each metal layer is preferably 4 nm to 40 nm and 20 nm to 200 nm.
- the HEMT element 20 is obtained by the above process.
- Si uneven distribution and Zn diffusion>
- Si is 1 in a part of the first region.
- the second region is included at a concentration of ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more. Since Si is not intentionally contained in the process of manufacturing the HEMT element 20, particularly in the process of producing the free-standing substrate 1 and forming the buffer layer 2 adjacent to the free-standing substrate 1, the second The inclusion of Si at the above-described concentration in the region is presumed that Si taken in from the outside during the process remains after the HEMT element 20 is formed. More specifically, the second region includes the interface between the free-standing substrate 1 and the buffer layer 2. However, it is not formed inside the freestanding substrate 1.
- Zn doped in the freestanding substrate 1 is diffused at least to the buffer layer 2.
- Zn is present at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more in the entire range of the second region described above (the minimum value of the concentration in the second region is 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ). Exist)).
- a leakage current during driving is reduced and a high breakdown voltage (high device voltage) is realized.
- the present embodiment it is possible to obtain a semiconductor element in which the leakage current during driving is reduced and the withstand voltage (element voltage) is improved.
- Example 1 [Preparation of Zn-doped GaN single crystal substrate by flux method] A GaN low temperature buffer layer of 30 nm is formed on the surface of a c-plane sapphire substrate having a diameter of 2 inches and a thickness of 0.43 mm at 550 ° C., and then a 3 ⁇ m thick GaN thin film is formed by MOCVD at 1050 ° C. Thus, an MOCVD-GaN template that can be used as a seed substrate was obtained.
- a Zn-doped GaN single crystal layer was formed using the Na flux method.
- an MOCVD-GaN template is placed in an alumina crucible, and then 30 g of metal Ga, 45 g of metal Na, 1 g of metal zinc, and 100 mg of carbon are filled in the alumina crucible. did.
- the alumina crucible was placed in a heating furnace, the furnace temperature was 850 ° C., the furnace pressure was 4.5 MPa, and the mixture was heated for about 100 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. After the cooling was completed, the alumina crucible was taken out of the furnace, and a brown GaN single crystal layer was deposited to a thickness of about 1000 ⁇ m on the surface of the MOCVD-GaN template.
- the GaN single crystal layer thus obtained is polished using diamond abrasive grains, the surface thereof is flattened, and the total thickness of the nitride layer formed on the base substrate is 900 ⁇ m. did.
- a flux-GaN template in which a GaN single crystal layer was formed on the MOCVD-GaN template was obtained.
- the Flux-GaN template was observed with the naked eye, no cracks were confirmed.
- the seed substrate was separated from the flux-GaN template by irradiating laser light from the seed substrate side while scanning at a scanning speed of 30 mm / second by the laser lift-off method.
- As the laser light a third harmonic of Nd: YAG having a wavelength of 355 nm was used.
- the pulse width was about 30 ns and the pulse period was about 50 kHz.
- the laser light was condensed into a circular beam having a diameter of about 20 ⁇ m so that the light density was about 1.0 J / cm.
- the laser beam irradiation was performed while heating the flux-GaN template at a temperature of about 50 ° C. from the side opposite to the seed substrate.
- the surface of the obtained laminated structure peeled from the seed substrate was polished to obtain a Zn-doped GaN free-standing substrate having a total thickness of 430 ⁇ m.
- the crystallinity of the obtained Zn-doped GaN substrate was evaluated using an X-ray rocking curve.
- the half width of (0002) plane reflection was 120 seconds, and the half width of (10-12) plane reflection was 150 seconds.
- the group 15 / group 13 gas ratio is the ratio (molar ratio) of the supply amount of the group 15 (N) raw material to the supply amount of the group 13 (Ga, Al) raw material.
- the Al source gas / Group 13 source gas ratio is the ratio (molar ratio) of the total supply amount of the Group 13 (Ga, Al) source to the supply amount of the Al source.
- the susceptor temperature was lowered to near room temperature, the inside of the reactor was returned to atmospheric pressure, and the fabricated epitaxial substrate was taken out.
- a HEMT device 20 was produced using this epitaxial substrate 10.
- the HEMT device was designed to have a gate width of 100 ⁇ m, a source-gate distance of 1 ⁇ m, a gate-drain distance of 10 ⁇ m, and a gate length of 1 ⁇ m.
- the part which becomes the boundary of each element was removed by etching to a depth of about 100 nm using a photolithography process and the RIE method.
- a SiO 2 film having a thickness of 100nm was formed on the epitaxial substrate, followed by the source electrode by a photolithography, a SiO 2 film to be formed location of the drain electrode by etching away the SiO 2 pattern layer Obtained.
- a metal pattern made of Ti / Al / Ni / Au (each film thickness is 25/200/20/100 nm) is formed at the locations where the source electrode and drain electrode are to be formed by using a vacuum deposition method and a photolithography process. Thus, a source electrode and a drain electrode were formed.
- heat treatment was performed for 30 seconds in a nitrogen gas atmosphere at 825 ° C.
- the SiO 2 film at the location where the gate electrode is to be formed was removed from the SiO 2 pattern layer using a photolithography process.
- a Schottky metal pattern made of Ni / Au (each film thickness is 20/100 nm) is formed at a position where the gate electrode is to be formed, thereby forming the gate electrode. Formed.
- SIMS evaluation of HEMT element The obtained HEMT device was subjected to elemental analysis in the depth direction by SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry), and the concentrations of Zn element and Si element in the AlGaN barrier layer, GaN channel layer, GaN buffer layer, and GaN substrate, respectively. Examined.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the concentration profiles of Zn and Si elements in the vicinity of the interface between the GaN buffer layer and the GaN substrate. The following can be understood from the results shown in FIG.
- the GaN substrate is doped with Zn at a high concentration (1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 ).
- a first region RE1 composed of a GaN substrate and a GaN buffer layer, and a second region RE2 in which Si element exists at a high concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more is formed near the interface between the two layers.
- the peak concentration of Si element is 6 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the Zn concentration gradually decreases compared to the Si concentration. That is, in the GaN buffer layer, Zn element diffuses more significantly than Si element.
- the minimum value of Zn concentration in the second region RE2 is 5.3 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ).
- the drain current leakage amount normalized with the gate width of 100 ⁇ m is 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 A / mm, so that it is determined that it is sufficiently small.
- the device breakdown voltage was measured.
- the drain voltage Vdb exceeding 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 A / mm for the first time when standardized was adopted, and the HEMT device of this example was determined to be 850 V.
- Vdb is preferably as large as possible. If Vdb ⁇ 300 V, it can be determined that the element breakdown voltage is sufficient, and therefore the element breakdown voltage of the HEMT element of this embodiment is determined to be extremely large.
- Example 1 A HEMT device was fabricated under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the growth conditions of the GaN buffer layer were the following conditions different from those in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 shows the concentration profiles of Zn element and Si element in the vicinity of the interface between the GaN buffer layer and the GaN substrate, obtained by performing SIMS measurement on the obtained HEMT device under the same conditions as in Example 1. The following can be understood from the results shown in FIG.
- the GaN substrate is doped with Zn at a high concentration.
- the first region RE1 is formed of the GaN substrate and the GaN buffer layer, and the second region RE2 is formed in the vicinity of the interface between the two layers.
- the Zn concentration in the GaN buffer layer decreases relatively steeply compared to the Si concentration. That is, the diffusion of Zn element in the GaN buffer layer is suppressed more than the diffusion of Si element.
- the minimum value of Zn concentration in the second region RE2 is 1.7 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ).
- Example 7 The epitaxial substrate 10 and the HEMT device 20 were manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1, except that the growth conditions of the buffer layer 2 and the channel layer 3 were the following conditions different from those in Example 1. Among these, when forming the buffer layer 2, the formation conditions are set to two stages of the first condition and the second condition, and the first condition is switched to the second condition during the formation. This is because the buffer layer 2 is a multilayer buffer layer in which a GaN layer is laminated on an Al a Ga 1-a N layer (0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1), or a composition in which the abundance ratios of Al and Ga in the thickness direction are different. It is intended to be formed as an inclined buffer layer. The total thickness of the buffer layer 2 was set to 110 nm.
- FIG. 4 shows the obtained HEMT element, Zn element in the depth direction from the surface (upper surface) of the barrier layer 4 obtained by performing measurement in the depth direction by SIMS measurement under the same conditions as in Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a concentration profile of Si element and a secondary ion signal profile of Al element in the depth direction (distribution in the depth direction of secondary ion counting rate of Al element). The following can be understood from the results shown in FIG.
- the GaN substrate is doped with Zn at a high concentration.
- the peak concentration of Si element is 3 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the Si concentration has a peak in the second region RE2 and rapidly decreases as it approaches the channel layer, whereas the decrease in Zn concentration from the buffer layer to the channel layer is gradual. That is, Zn element diffuses more significantly than Si element. Specifically, the Zn element diffuses in the channel layer from the interface with the buffer layer (interface with the first region RE1) to a range of 200 to 250 nm.
- the minimum value of Zn concentration in the second region RE2 is 5.3 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ).
- the Al element exists in a range wider than 110 nm, which is the target thickness of the entire buffer layer, and this range includes a part of the GaN substrate.
- Vdb when Vdb was obtained under the same conditions as in Example 1, it was 1200 V, and a sufficient device breakdown voltage was obtained.
- Example 8 The HEMT device 20 was fabricated under the same conditions as in Example 7, except that the growth conditions of the buffer layer 2 and the channel layer 3 were the following conditions different from those in Example 7. That is, also in this embodiment, when forming the buffer layer 2, the formation conditions are set in two stages of the first condition and the second condition, and the first condition is switched to the second condition during the formation. The total thickness of the buffer layer 2 was set to 350 nm.
- the GaN substrate is doped with Zn at a high concentration (1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 ).
- the peak concentration of Si element is 4 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the Si concentration has a peak in the second region RE2 and rapidly decreases as it approaches the channel layer, whereas the decrease in Zn concentration from the buffer layer to the channel layer is gradual. That is, Zn element diffuses more significantly than Si element.
- the minimum value of Zn concentration in the second region RE2 is 8.2 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 ).
- the Al element is present in a range wider than 350 nm, which is the target thickness of the entire buffer layer, and this range includes a part of the GaN substrate.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明に係る半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の一実施形態としてのエピタキシャル基板10を含んで構成される、本発明に係る半導体素子の一実施形態としてのHEMT素子20の断面構造を、模式的に示す図である。
(自立基板の作製)
まず、フラックス法による自立基板1の作製手順について説明する。
続いて、MOCVD法によるエピタキシャル基板10の作製について説明する。エピタキシャル基板10は、自立基板1をMOCVD炉のリアクタ内に設けられたサセプタ上に載置した状態で、下記の条件にてバッファ層2、チャネル層3、および障壁層4をこの順にて積層形成することで得られる。ただし、バッファ層2については、単一のGaNバッファ層、または、13族元素としてGaおよびAlを含む多層バッファ層あるいは組成傾斜バッファ層を形成する場合について例示する。なお、形成温度とはサセプタ加熱温度を意味する。
形成温度=1000℃~1200℃;
リアクタ内圧力=15kPa~105kPa;
キャリアガス=水素;
15族/13族ガス比=250~10000;
Al原料ガス/13族原料ガス比=0(GaNバッファ層の場合);
Al原料ガス/13族原料ガス比=0~1の範囲で厚み方向における位置に応じて(多層バッファ層または組成傾斜バッファ層の場合)。
形成温度=1000℃~1150℃;
リアクタ内圧力=15kPa~105kPa;
キャリアガス=水素;
15族/13族ガス比=1000~10000。
形成温度=1000℃~1200℃;
リアクタ内圧力=1kPa~30kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=5000~20000;
キャリアガス=水素;
Al原料ガス/13族原料ガス比=0.1~0.4。
形成温度=700℃~900℃;
リアクタ内圧力=1kPa~30kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=2000~20000;
キャリアガス=窒素;
In原料ガス/13族原料ガス比=0.1~0.9。
エピタキシャル基板10を用いたHEMT素子20の作製は、公知の技術を適用することで実現可能である。
上述のような手順および条件にて作製したHEMT素子20においては、自立基板1とバッファ層2からなる領域を第1の領域と定義するとき、その第1の領域の一部に、Siが1×1017cm-3以上の濃度で含まれる第2の領域を有するものとなっている。Siは、HEMT素子20の製造プロセスにおいて、特に、自立基板1を作製し、当該自立基板1にバッファ層2を隣接形成するプロセスにおいて、意図的に含有させられるものではないことから、第2の領域における上述した濃度でのSiの含有は、当該プロセスの途中で外部から取り込まれたSiが、HEMT素子20の形成後、残留したものと推察される。より詳細には、係る第2の領域は自立基板1とバッファ層2との界面を含んでなる。ただし、自立基板1の内部には形成されない。
[フラックス法によるZnドープGaN単結晶基板の作製]
直径2インチ、厚さ0.43mmのc面サファイア基板の表面に、550℃にてGaN低温バッファ層を30nm成膜し、その後、厚さ3μmのGaN薄膜を1050℃にてMOCVD法により成膜し、種基板として利用可能なMOCVD-GaNテンプレートを得た。
続いて、MOCVD法によって、エピタキシャル基板を作製した。具体的には、以下の条件に従って、バッファ層としてのGaN層、チャネル層としてのGaN層、障壁層としてのAlGaN層を、上記ZnドープGaN基板上にこの順に積層形成した。なお、本実施の形態において、15族/13族ガス比とは、13族(Ga、Al)原料の供給量に対する15族(N)原料の供給量の比(モル比)である。また、Al原料ガス/13族原料ガス比とは、Al原料の供給量に対する13族(Ga、Al)原料全体の供給量の比(モル比)である。
形成温度=1150℃;
リアクタ内圧力=15kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=1000;
厚み=600nm。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧力=15kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=1000;
厚み=3000nm。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧力=5kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=12000;
Al原料ガス/13族原料ガス比=0.25;
厚み=25nm。
次に、このエピタキシャル基板10を用いてHEMT素子20を作製した。なお、HEMT素子は、ゲート幅が100μm、ソース-ゲート間隔が1μm、ゲート-ドレイン間隔が10μm、ゲート長が1μmとなるように設計した。
得られたHEMT素子について、SIMS(二次イオン質量分析法)により深さ方向の元素分析を行い、AlGaN障壁層とGaNチャネル層とGaNバッファ層とGaN基板各々におけるZn元素とSi元素の濃度を調べた。
半導体パラメーターアナライザーを用いて、HEMT素子のドレイン電流-ドレイン電圧特性(Id-Vd特性)をDCモードにて評価した。ピンチオフの閾値電圧はVg=-3Vであった。
GaNバッファ層の成長条件を実施例1とは異なる以下の条件としたほかは、実施例1と同様の条件で、HEMT素子の作製を行った。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧力=15kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=1000;
厚み=600nm。
GaNバッファ層の成長条件(成長温度、リアクタ内圧力、15族/13族ガス比、形成厚み)などを種々に違えた他は、実施例1と同様の条件でHEMT素子の作製を行い、得られたHEMT素子について、SIMS測定により深さ方向へのZn濃度およびSi濃度の分布を求めるとともに、IdVd=10V・Vg=-10Vの測定およびVdbの測定を行った。
バッファ層2およびチャネル層3の成長条件を実施例1とは異なる以下の条件としたほかは、実施例1と同様の条件で、エピタキシャル基板10の作製さらにはHEMT素子20の作製を行った。このうち、バッファ層2の形成に際しては、形成条件を第1条件と第2条件の2段階に設定し、形成途中で第1条件から第2条件へと切り替えるようにした。これは、バッファ層2が、AlaGa1-aN層(0<a≦1)の上にGaN層が積層された多層バッファ層、もしくは、AlおよびGaの厚み方向における存在比率が異なる組成傾斜バッファ層として形成されることを、意図したものである。なお、バッファ層2の総厚が110nmとなるようにした。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧=5kPa;
13族原料ガス=Al原料およびGa原料;
15族/13族ガス比=2000;
Al原料ガス/13族原料ガス比=0.03;
成長レート=1nm/秒;
成長時間=10秒。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧=10kPa;
13族原料ガス=Ga原料;
15族/13族ガス比=500;
成長レート=1nm/秒;
成長時間=100秒。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧=100kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=2000;
厚み=900nm。
バッファ層2およびチャネル層3の成長条件を実施例7とは異なる以下の条件としたほかは、実施例7と同様の条件で、HEMT素子20の作製を行った。すなわち、本実施例においても、バッファ層2の形成に際しては、形成条件を第1条件と第2条件の2段階に設定し、形成途中で第1条件から第2条件へと切り替えるようにした。また、バッファ層2の総厚が350nmとなるようにした。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧=5kPa;
13族原料ガス=Al原料およびGa原料;
15族/13族ガス比=2000;
Al原料ガス/13族原料ガス比=0.01;
成長レート=1nm/秒;
成長時間=50秒。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧=10kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=500;
成長レート=1nm/秒;
成長時間=300秒。
形成温度=1050℃;
リアクタ内圧=100kPa;
15族/13族ガス比=2000;
厚み=1700nm。
Claims (13)
- ZnがドープされたGaNからなる半絶縁性の自立基板と、
前記自立基板に隣接してなる、13族窒化物からなるバッファ層と、
前記バッファ層に隣接してなる、13族窒化物からなるチャネル層と、
前記チャネル層を挟んで前記バッファ層とは反対側に設けられてなる、13族窒化物からなる障壁層と、
を備え、
前記自立基板と前記バッファ層とからなる第1の領域の一部がSiを1×1017cm-3以上の濃度で含む第2の領域であり、前記第2の領域におけるZnの濃度の最小値が1×1017cm-3である、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板であって、
前記第2の領域は前記第1の領域において前記自立基板と前記バッファ層の界面を含んで存在する、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板。 - 請求項1または請求項2に記載の半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板であって、
前記バッファ層はGaNからなり、
前記チャネル層はGaNからなり、
前記障壁層はAlGaNからなる、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板。 - 請求項1または請求項2に記載の半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板であって、
前記バッファ層は相異なる組成の2以上の13族窒化物層が積層された多層バッファ層もしくは2またはそれ以上の13族元素を含む13族窒化物からなりかつ13族元素の存在比率が厚み方向において変化する組成傾斜バッファ層であり、
前記チャネル層はGaNからなり、
前記障壁層はAlGaNからなる、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板。 - ZnがドープされたGaNからなる半絶縁性の自立基板と、
前記自立基板に隣接してなる、13族窒化物からなるバッファ層と、
前記バッファ層に隣接してなる、13族窒化物からなるチャネル層と、
前記チャネル層を挟んで前記バッファ層とは反対側に設けられてなる、13族窒化物からなる障壁層と、
前記障壁層の上に設けられてなるゲート電極、ソース電極、およびドレイン電極と、
を備え、
前記自立基板と前記バッファ層とからなる第1の領域の一部がSiを1×1017cm-3以上の濃度で含む第2の領域であり、前記第2の領域におけるZnの濃度の最小値が1×1017cm-3である、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子。 - 請求項5に記載の半導体素子であって、
前記第2の領域は前記第1の領域において前記自立基板と前記バッファ層の界面を含んで存在する、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子。 - 請求項5または請求項6に記載の半導体素子であって、
前記バッファ層はGaNからなり、
前記チャネル層はGaNからなり、
前記障壁層はAlGaNからなる、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子。 - 請求項5または請求項6に記載の半導体素子であって、
前記バッファ層は相異なる組成の2以上の13族窒化物層が積層された多層バッファ層もしくは2またはそれ以上の13族元素を含む13族窒化物からなりかつ13族元素の存在比率が厚み方向において変化する組成傾斜バッファ層であり、
前記チャネル層はGaNからなり、
前記障壁層はAlGaNからなる、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子。 - 半導体素子用のエピタキシャル基板を製造する方法であって、
a)ZnがドープされたGaNからなる半絶縁性の自立基板を用意する準備工程と、
b)前記自立基板に隣接させて、13族窒化物からなるバッファ層を形成するバッファ層形成工程と、
c)前記バッファ層に隣接させて、13族窒化物からなるチャネル層を形成するチャネル層工程と、
d)前記チャネル層を挟んで前記バッファ層とは反対側の位置に、13族窒化物からなる障壁層を形成する障壁層形成工程と、
を備え、
前記準備工程において用意した前記自立基板に前記バッファ層形成工程の完了までの間に外部から取り込まれたSiによって前記自立基板と前記バッファ層とからなる第1の領域の一部にSiを1×1017cm-3以上の濃度で含む第2の領域が形成され、
前記バッファ層形成工程においては、前記自立基板からZnの拡散を生じさせることにより、前記第2の領域におけるZnの濃度の最小値が1×1017cm-3となるように前記バッファ層を形成する、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法。 - 請求項9に記載の半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法であって、
前記第2の領域は前記第1の領域において前記自立基板と前記バッファ層の界面を含んで存在する、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法。 - 請求項9または請求項10に記載の半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法であって、
前記自立基板はフラックス法で作製される、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法。 - 請求項9ないし請求項11のいずれかに記載の半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法であって、
前記バッファ層はGaNにて形成され、
前記チャネル層はGaNにて形成され、
前記障壁層はAlGaNにて形成される、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法。 - 請求項9ないし請求項11のいずれかに記載の半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法であって、
前記バッファ層は相異なる組成の2以上の13族窒化物層が積層された多層バッファ層もしくは2またはそれ以上の13族元素を含む13族窒化物からなりかつ13族元素の存在比率が厚み方向において変化する組成傾斜バッファ層にて形成され、
前記チャネル層はGaNにて形成され、
前記障壁層はAlGaNにて形成される、
ことを特徴とする半導体素子用エピタキシャル基板の製造方法。
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CN113506777B (zh) | 2024-12-13 |
US10770552B2 (en) | 2020-09-08 |
KR20180075524A (ko) | 2018-07-04 |
CN108352327B (zh) | 2021-07-30 |
DE112016005025T5 (de) | 2018-08-23 |
TWI710656B (zh) | 2020-11-21 |
US10629688B2 (en) | 2020-04-21 |
KR102491830B1 (ko) | 2023-01-25 |
US20200144373A1 (en) | 2020-05-07 |
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