Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
  • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
  • C01B25/26—Phosphates
  • C01B25/455—Phosphates containing halogen
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
  • C01P2002/20—Two-dimensional structures
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/12—Surface area
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
  • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of secondary batteries. It is more particularly intended to provide a method for preparing an active material for secondary electrodes and more particularly for cathodes of sodium-ion batteries.
• lithium-ion batteries have increased in recent years with regard to their application in a wide variety of electronic devices such as mobile phones and electric vehicles.
• lithium-based compounds are relatively expensive and natural sources of lithium are unevenly distributed on the planet and inaccessible because they are located in a small number of countries.
• Alternatives to this element have been sought.
• sodium ion batteries have been developed. Sodium is indeed very abundant and homogeneously distributed, and is advantageously non-toxic and economically more interesting.
• Na + / Na pair is (-2.71 V vs.ESH) and therefore higher than that of the Li + / Li pair (-3.05VV ESH), for a triple molar mass.
• Li + / Li pair 3.05VV ESH
• NaVPO 4 F material has been proposed as a cathode material for sodium ion batteries.
• Na 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 2 F 3 has proved to be a particularly interesting material with regard to its electrochemical performance.
• Barker et al. proposes in US Pat. No. 6,872,492 to carry out the reduction of V 2 O 5 by mixing it with ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 0 4 and carbon black.
• This conventional process uses elemental carbon as a reducing agent. This mode of reduction is still called carbothermy reduction.
• the implementation of carbon elemental as a reducing agent is interesting in two ways. First, elemental carbon, which is naturally a good conductor, is an effective reducer for V 2 O 5 . Furthermore its implementation in excess leads to the formation of a composite material having better conductive properties. However, the material thus obtained is in the form of aggregates of primary particles whose size is several micrometers.
• this prior process requires two compression steps: the first carried out prior to the first calcination reaction leading to the formation of OPV 4 makes it possible to promote a reactivity between the precursors and a homogeneous reduction by carbon, while the second, prior to the second calcination reaction leading to the formation of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 , promotes the reactivity and minimizes any contact with the atmosphere which could be a source of oxidation during the annealing allowing the formation of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2F 3 or during cooling. It also makes it possible to avoid excessive growth of the primary particles. But these compression steps are precisely undesirable on an industrial level.
• Example 3 the implementation of a reduction by carbothermy without a compression step leads to a material with reduced electrochemical properties.
• the present invention is specifically intended to meet these needs.
• the present invention relates to a method for preparing an Na 3 V 2 (PC "4) 2 F 3 material comprising at least the steps of a) reducing vanadium oxide, V 2 O 5 , under a reducing atmosphere in the absence of elemental carbon and in the presence of at least one precursor of phosphate anions to form vanadium phosphate, VPO 4 and
• step b) exposing, under an inert atmosphere, a mixture of the VPO 4 material obtained in step a) with an effective amount of sodium fluoride, NaF, and at least one hydrocarbon and oxygenated compound, source of elemental carbon, under conditions of temperature conducive to the calcination of said mixture to form said compound Na 3 V 2 (PC "4) 2 F 3 .
• the material Na 3 V 2 (PC "4) 2 F 3 is obtained in powder form, more precisely the material Na 3 V 2 (PC” 4) 2 F 3 is presented under the shape of primary particles of average size less than 2 ⁇ and which are constituents of aggregates.
• the average size of the aggregates is less than 25 micrometers, preferably less than 10 micrometers, and in particular between 3 and 10 micrometers, while the average dimension of the primary particles forming said aggregates is between 200 nm and 2000. nm, preferably between 200 and 600 nm.
• the material according to the invention crystallizes in an orthorombic mesh of Aman space group with the following mesh parameters:
• a is between 9.028 and 9.030, preferably substantially equal to 9.029
• b is between 9.044 and 9.046, preferably substantially equal to 9.045, c is greater than or equal to 10.749 and preferably substantially equal to 10.751.
• the process according to the invention makes it possible to dispense with the conventional mechanical compression operations required and is effective in producing quantities of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 exceeding 100 g per batch of production. makes it suitable for implementation on an industrial scale.
• the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 material obtained according to the invention advantageously has a significantly reduced particle size compared with a material obtained after a process requiring a reduction by carbothermy at a scale of 100 g. and more.
• This small size is particularly interesting for the diffusion of ions in the material during its use as an electrode active material.
• the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 material obtained according to the invention advantageously has a BET specific surface area at least equal to 1 m 2 / g and preferably ranging from 3 m 2 / g to
• the primary constitutive particles of the aggregates composing the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 material have an elemental carbon coating which makes it possible to significantly increase the conductive properties thereof.
• the reducing atmosphere during the first step makes it possible to increase the reduction of the V 5+ to V 3+ and the presence of an elemental carbon precursor during the second step makes it possible to limit the oxidation of the ions as much as possible.
• V 3+ in V 4+ and limit the growth of primary particles thus increasing the electrochemical performance of the material.
• the method according to the invention thus provides access to a material Na 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 2 F 3 high content of V 3+ ions or low V 4+ content.
• the electrochemical performances of the material obtained according to the invention, in connection with this increased content of V 3+ ions and related to the low V 4+ content are in particular verified in Example 3.
• the present invention relates to a material Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 formed of primary particles whose mean size is less than 2 ⁇ , in particular between 200 nm and 2000 nm, preferably less than 1 ⁇ , and even more particularly between 200 and 600 nm, and coated on the surface of conductive carbon.
• the material Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 more particularly has an ortforombic mesh of Aman space group with the following mesh parameters:
• a is between 9.028 and 9.030, preferably substantially equal to 9.029
• b is between 9.044 and 9.046, preferably substantially equal to 9.045
• c is greater than or equal to 10.749 and preferably substantially equal to 10.751.
• the conductive carbon is present at from 0.5 to 5% by weight and preferably from 1 to 3% by weight of the total weight of the material.
• the primary particles are present within the material in the form of aggregates.
• Such compounds are particularly advantageous as active electrode materials for secondary batteries, particularly sodium or sodium ion batteries.
• the invention also relates to the use of a compound according to the invention as an electrode material, in particular a positive electrode material for a sodium or sodium-ion battery. It also relates to such an electrode material and the electrode thus formed.
• the invention finally relates to a sodium or sodium ion battery comprising an electrode material as defined above.
• the electrode comprises a material Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 obtained according to the invention, a polymer or binder and optionally an additional conductive compound such as a carbon compound.
• the use of the compounds according to the invention as electrode material proves to be advantageous for several reasons.
• the electrodes formed according to the invention have good flexibility and lightness, particularly desirable properties for producing accumulators.
• the first step of the process requires the reduction of the material V 2 O 5 under a reducing atmosphere.
• the reducing atmosphere describes a gas or gaseous mixture capable of providing a reducing effect with respect to a reaction carried out under this atmosphere.
• the reduction step considered according to the invention is different from a reduction by carbothermy.
• the process according to the invention uses, as reducing agent, dihydrogen.
• the reducing atmosphere considered according to the invention is advantageously formed in all or part of hydrogen. It can thus be pure dihydrogen or dihydrogen diluted with one or more other inert gases such as, for example, argon or nitrogen.
• the phosphate anion precursor it is a compound capable of generating phosphate anions under the experimental conditions of the reduction.
• these are salts or compounds associating with one or more phosphate anions, one or more cations such as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or transition or a cationic complex such as for example the ammonium ion or a quaternary ammonium.
• the source compound in phosphate anions may in particular be chosen from H 3 PO 4 , H (NH 4 ) 2 PO 4 and FLNH 4 PO 4 .
• H 3 PO 4 H (NH 4 ) 2 PO 4
• FLNH 4 PO 4 Preferably, it is H 2 NH 4 PO 4 .
• the starting materials namely V 2 0 5 and the precursor to phosphate anions are mixed and exposed to the reducing atmosphere restraint, preferably argon diluted to 2% with dihydrogen and the assembly heated up at a temperature conducive to achieving the desired reduction, generally around 800 ° C.
• the mixture of starting materials can be heated with a temperature flow of 10 ° C / minute up to 800 ° C and held at this temperature for 3 hours.
• the vanadium phosphate obtained at the end of the reduction step is advantageously consecutively treated to form the expected product.
• the vanadium phosphate obtained according to the invention does not need to be compacted or further compressed to increase the density of the powder, prior to its transformation into Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 .
• the method according to the invention is thus advantageously devoid of mechanical compression steps, in particular a mechanical compression step between its step of reducing vanadium oxide to vanadium phosphate and the step of converting it. in expected compound.
• the stage of transformation of vanadium phosphate uses sodium fluoride as a source of both sodium ions and fluoride ion and at least one hydrocarbon and oxygenated compound capable of generating elemental carbon.
• this hydrocarbon and oxygenated compound may especially be a sugar such as for example glucose, sucrose and fructose or a carbohydrate such as for example starch or a cellulose derivative.
• a sugar such as for example glucose, sucrose and fructose
• a carbohydrate such as for example starch or a cellulose derivative.
• it is a cellulose derivative and even more particularly microcrystalline cellulose.
• this hydrocarbon compound during the reaction of vanadium phosphate VPO 4 with NaF to form Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2F 3 is dedicated on the one hand to incorporate carbon in Na 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 2 F 3 and on the other hand to provide increased protection to V 3+ vanadium ions against a V 4+ oxidation phenomenon during heat treatment.
• the elemental carbon is at least in the form of a coating on all or part of the outer surface of the primary particles constituting the aggregates forming the material Na 3 V 2 (PC "4) 2 F 3 .
• this derivative is cellulose
• it can be implemented in the appropriate proportions to obtain a carbon coating representing 0.5 to 5% by weight, the total weight of the material.
• the desired calcination can be carried out by heating, for example about 1 hour, the mixture at 800 ° C under an inert atmosphere.
• the cooling of the material Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 can be rapid, and advantageously is carried out immediately by simply leaving the product formed out of the oven at 800 ° C.
• the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 material is purified.
• This purification step generally comprises a washing operation with water and a subsequent drying step.
• This material Na 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 2 F 3 is suitable for use as a conductive material for forming electrodes.
• the present invention also aims at a material
• Na 3 V 2 (PC> 4) 2 F 3 formed of primary particles of average size is less than 2 ⁇ and coated on the surface of conductive carbon.
• the primary particles form aggregates, in particular of average size less than 25 micrometers, preferably less than 10 micrometers, and in particular between 3 and 10 micrometers.
• the average particle size can be measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
• the material Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 has a BET specific surface area at least equal to 1 m 2 / g and preferably ranging from 3 m 2 / g to 20 m 2 / g.
• This surface may in particular be measured by means of nitrogen adsorption according to the BET technique (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller).
• the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 material according to the invention has from 0.5 to 5% by weight and preferably from 1 to 3% by weight of conductive carbon relative to its total weight.
• this carbon contributes to the conductive performance of the material due to its natural conductivity.
• the material Na 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 2 F 3 according to the invention also has an increased purity with regard to its high content of V 3+ ions or its low V 4+ content. This gain purity is particularly verified in Example 3 through the electrochemical performance of the material obtained according to the invention.
• the material Na 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 2 F 3 advantageously has an orthormeric mesh of space group Amam with the following mesh parameters:
• a is between 9.028 and 9.030, preferably substantially equal to 9.029
• b is between 9.044 and 9.046, preferably substantially equal to 9.045
• c is greater than or equal to 10.749 and preferably substantially equal to 10.751
• this proportion of cation V 4+ is significantly reduced compared to the same existing materials.
• a material according to the invention advantageously has a cation content V 4+ at most equal to 1% by weight.
• This small proportion can in particular be represented by a V 4+ / V 3+ molar ratio of less than 5% and preferably less than 1%.
• the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 material according to the invention is particularly advantageous as an electrode active material.
• the invention also relates to an electrode active material comprising at least one material Na 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 2 F 3 according to the invention.
• This material may be used together with one or more additional compounds conventionally used, for example a binder or a conductive additive.
• the at least one electronic conductive additive may be chosen from carbon fibers, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene and their analogues.
• the binder (s) may advantageously be chosen from fluorinated binders, in particular from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymers derived from carboxymethylcellulose, polysaccharides and latices, in particular from styrene-butadiene rubber type.
• the electrode thus prepared is deposited on an electronically conductive current collector.
• This collector may be aluminum.
• the electrode material is from 10% to 95% by weight of the total weight of the electrode, in particular more than 40% by weight, and more preferably from 40% to 80% by weight, based on the weight total of said electrode.
• An electrode according to the invention can be used as a positive electrode of a lithium or sodium generator.
• a positive electrode for a secondary battery with sodium or sodium ion.
• the present invention also relates to a sodium secondary battery comprising an electrode according to the invention.
• a sodium secondary battery according to the invention may more particularly comprise a positive electrode according to the invention and a negative electrode consisting for example of disordered carbon prepared according to the same type of process as the positive electrode.
• a positive electrode according to the invention and a negative electrode consisting for example of disordered carbon prepared according to the same type of process as the positive electrode.
• This unlike a lithium secondary battery, can be deposited on an aluminum collector given that sodium ions do not react with aluminum to form an alloy, unlike lithium ions.
• the material of the negative electrode may more particularly be a disordered carbon of small specific surface area ( ⁇ 10 m 2 / g) whose particle size is of the order of one micrometer to ten micrometers. It can be chosen from hard carbons (non-graphitizable carbon) or soft carbons (graphitizable carbon).
• a disordered carbon of small specific surface area ⁇ 10 m 2 / g
• It can be chosen from hard carbons (non-graphitizable carbon) or soft carbons (graphitizable carbon).
• Figure 1 Characterization by X-ray diffraction of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 synthesized in Example 1 from VP0 4 (reduction by 3 ⁇ 4).
• FIG. 4 Electrochemical performance of the NVPF-CB materials of Example 2 (dark gray line) and NVPF-HC of Example 1 (line in light gray).
• Ref. 1 Kuniko Chihara et al., Journal of Power Sources 227 (2013) 80-85 Ref. 2: Paula Serras et al., J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 22301
• the EPR spectra are made using a Bruker EMX spectrometer equipped with an ER-4192-ST and ER-4131 VT cavity at 100 k.
• the SEM characterization is carried out using a ZEISS brand LEO 1530 scanning microscope.
• VPO 4 is obtained beforehand by carrying out a premix of the precursors V 2 O 5 (110 g) and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 (140 g) in a mill. The mixture thus obtained is then heated in an oven at a heating rate of 10 ° C./minute to 800 ° C. and maintained at this temperature for 3 hours under an argon atmosphere enriched with 2% H 2 . The gray powder thus obtained was characterized by X-ray diffraction.
• the material Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 (> 100g) was then prepared from a mixture of OPV 4 (160 g) as prepared above, with NaF (70 g) in stoichiometric (2: 3) and cellulose (23 g) conditions. This mixture was calcined under an argon atmosphere at 800 ° C for 1 hour. At the end of this calcination step, the material obtained is removed from the oven at 800 ° C. to cool it rapidly. The material Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 (NVPF-HC) is then washed with water and dried at 80 ° C. for 24 hours.
• Figure 2 shows the characterization by SEM of this material according to the invention.
• NVPF-CB An Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 material was also prepared according to the protocol described in Example 1 but with a preference for a carbothermic reduction. It is still referred to hereafter as NVPF-CB.
• Example 1 The essential difference from the protocol of Example 1 is the use of carbon black (TIMCAL super C65, 18 g) which leads to the formation of a particulate surface carbon of the product thus formed.
• the surface carbon of the primary particles is in the form of a heterogeneous and sparse deposit.
• FIG. 3 shows the SEM characterization of this material.
• EXAMPLE 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF NaWMPO 3 according to the invention (NVPF-H) VERSUS NaWMPO 4 ) according to Example 2 (NVPF-CB).
• FIGS. 2 and 3 The comparison of FIGS. 2 and 3 makes it possible to highlight these differences.
• the SEM analysis reveals a clear difference in terms of the size of the primary particles and the carbon surface coating of these particles.
• NVPF-CB have an average size greater than 2 ⁇ , while they are less than 2 micrometers, preferably less than 1 micrometer, more preferably between 200 and 600 nm for the particles of the material according to the invention ( NVPF-H).
• the agglomerates of the NVPF-CB material have an average volume diameter d (v0.5) which is clearly greater than 25 ⁇ .
• the average volume diameter d (v0.5) of the agglomerates of the material according to the invention is less than 10 ⁇ .
• NVPF-H material advantageously reveals a much higher V 3+ content, and in particular greater than or equal to 99%.
• a V 4+ content is attributed to the oxidized species Na 3 V 2 (P0 4) 2F3 which is Na 3 V 2 0x (P0 4) 2F3- x.
• NVPF-CB and NVPF-H materials respectively have an initial specific capacity of 122 mAh / g and 128 mAh / g and an irreversibility of 30% and 23%.

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