WO2017056619A1 - オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼及びオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の製造方法 - Google Patents
オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼及びオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an austenitic stainless steel and a method for producing an austenitic stainless steel.
- the hydrogen facility is, for example, a high-pressure hydrogen gas device or a liquid hydrogen device. Materials used for hydrogen facilities are required to have hydrogen embrittlement resistance.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an austenitic stainless steel excellent in strength, ductility, and weldability.
- the austenitic stainless steel according to one embodiment of the present invention has a chemical composition of mass%, C: 0.005 to 0.07%, Si: 0.1 to 1.2%, Mn: 3.2 to 6 0.5%, Ni: 9 to 14%, Total of at least one of Cu and Co: 0.005% or more and less than 3%, Cr: 19 to 24%, Mo: 1 to 4%, Nb: 0.05 to 0.4%, N: 0.15 to 0.50%, Al: 0.05% or less, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.002% or less, O: 0.02% or less, V: 0 to 0.5%, Ti: 0 to 0.5%, B: 0 to 0.01%, Ca: 0 to 0.05%, Mg: 0 to 0.05%, REM: 0 to 0.5 %, Balance: Fe and impurities, and the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue is 0.01 to 0.3% by mass.
- an austenitic stainless steel excellent in strength, ductility, and weldability can be obtained.
- the present inventors in mass%, C: 0.005 to 0.07%, Si: 0.1 to 1.2%, Mn: 3.2 to 6.5%, Ni: 9 to 14%, Total of at least one of Cu and Co: 0.005% or more and less than 3%, Cr: 19 to 24%, Mo: 1 to 4%, Nb: 0.05 to 0.4%, N: 0.15 to Investigate the strength and ductility of austenitic stainless steel produced by hot working and solution heat treatment for materials containing 0.50%, Al: 0.05% or less, etc. Obtained.
- the strength and ductility of austenitic stainless steel are related to the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue, that is, the amount of precipitates containing Nb.
- the precipitate containing Nb is Nb carbonitride or Nb nitride produced during the production of austenitic stainless steel.
- the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue needs to be 0.005% by mass or more.
- the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue exceeds 0.3% by mass, the ductility decreases.
- the Nb amount analyzed as the electrolytic extraction residue is set to 0.01 to 0.3% by mass. That's fine.
- the present inventors have further found that further excellent ductility and weldability can be obtained by adjusting the conditions of the solution heat treatment performed after hot working according to the Nb content of the material. Specifically, it has been found that excellent ductility and weldability can be obtained by solution heat treatment at a solution heat treatment temperature of 950 to 1300 ° C. under conditions satisfying the following formula (1). 40 ⁇ [% Nb] + 100 ⁇ T ⁇ log (1.2 + t / 60) ⁇ ⁇ 200 ⁇ [% Nb] +700 (1) In the formula (1), the Nb content of the material is substituted for [% Nb] in mass%, the solution heat treatment temperature is substituted for T in ° C, and the solution heat treatment time is substituted for t in minutes.
- the Nb content of the material is substituted for [% Nb] in mass%
- the solution heat treatment temperature is substituted for T in ° C
- the solution heat treatment time is substituted for t in minutes.
- the austenitic stainless steel according to the present embodiment has a chemical composition described below.
- “%” of the element content means mass%.
- Carbon (C) is an element effective for stabilizing austenite. Further, Nb carbide is generated, which contributes to securing the strength. In order to sufficiently obtain this effect, the C content needs to be 0.005% or more. However, if the C content is too high, Nb carbides are excessively produced and the ductility of the steel is lowered. Therefore, the C content is 0.005 to 0.07%.
- the lower limit of the C content is preferably 0.01%, more preferably 0.02%.
- the upper limit of the C content is preferably 0.06%, and more preferably 0.05%.
- Si 0.1 to 1.2% or less
- Silicon (Si) is an element effective as a deoxidizer and an element effective in improving corrosion resistance. In order to sufficiently obtain this effect, the Si content needs to be 0.1% or more. However, if the Si content is too high, the stability of the austenite structure is lowered and the ductility of the steel is lowered. Therefore, the Si content is 0.1 to 1.2%.
- the lower limit of the Si content is preferably 0.15%, more preferably 0.2%.
- the upper limit of the Si content is preferably 1.1%, and more preferably 1.0%.
- Mn 3.2 to 6.5%
- Manganese (Mn) is an element that contributes to deoxidation during production and is effective in stabilizing austenite. Mn further contributes indirectly to increasing the solubility of N and increasing its strength. In order to sufficiently obtain this effect, the Mn content needs to be 3.2% or more. On the other hand, if the Mn content is too high, these effects are not only saturated, but also fume during welding and adhere to the welded portion, thereby reducing the corrosion resistance. Therefore, the Mn content is 3.2 to 6.5%.
- the lower limit of the Mn content is preferably 3.4%, more preferably 3.5%.
- the upper limit of the Mn content is preferably 6.3%, and more preferably 6.0%.
- Ni 9-14%
- Nickel (Ni) is an essential element for obtaining stable austenite, and increases stacking fault energy and reduces embrittlement susceptibility in a hydrogen environment. In order to obtain this effect sufficiently, the Ni content needs to be 9% or more. However, since Ni is an expensive element, a large content causes an increase in cost. Therefore, the Ni content is 9 to 14%.
- the lower limit of the Ni content is preferably 9.5%, more preferably 10%.
- the upper limit of the N content is preferably 13.5%, more preferably 13%.
- Cu (copper) and Co (cobalt) are elements that are effective for obtaining a stable austenite structure like Ni.
- the total content of Cu and Co needs to be 0.005% or more. Only one of Cu and Co may be contained, or both may be contained. However, since Cu and Co are expensive elements, a large amount causes an increase in cost. Further, when the contents of Cu and Co are excessive, the ductility of the steel is lowered. Therefore, the total content of Cu and Co is 0.005% or more and less than 3%.
- the lower limit of the total content of Cu and Co is preferably 0.01%, and more preferably 0.02%.
- the upper limit of the total content of Cu and Co is preferably 2%, more preferably 1%.
- Chromium (Cr) is an essential element for ensuring corrosion resistance under the usage environment. Further, Cr indirectly contributes to increasing the solubility of N during the production of the base material and increasing the strength. In order to sufficiently obtain this effect, the Cr content needs to be 19% or more. However, if the Cr content is too high, the austenite structure becomes unstable. Therefore, the Cr content is 19 to 24%.
- the lower limit of the Cr content is preferably 19.5%, more preferably 20%.
- the upper limit of the Cr content is preferably 23.5%, more preferably 23%.
- Mo 1 to 4% Molybdenum (Mo) is an effective element for improving the corrosion resistance under the use environment and increasing the strength. In order to sufficiently obtain this effect, the Mo content needs to be 1% or more. However, since Mo is an expensive element, a large content causes an increase in cost. If the Mo content is too high, the austenite structure becomes unstable. Therefore, the Mo content is 1 to 4%.
- the lower limit of the Mo content is preferably 1.2%, and more preferably 1.5%.
- the upper limit of the Mo content is preferably 3.8%, more preferably 3.5%.
- Niobium is an element effective for improving the strength by precipitating as fine carbonitrides or nitrides on the matrix.
- finely precipitated carbonitrides and nitrides suppress the coarsening of crystal grains in the heat-affected zone during welding and reduce liquefaction cracking sensitivity.
- the Nb content needs to be 0.05% or more.
- the Nb content is 0.05 to 0.4%.
- the lower limit of the Nb content is preferably 0.12%, more preferably 0.15%.
- the upper limit of the Nb content is preferably 0.38%, and more preferably 0.35%.
- Nb content means the total amount of Nb contained in austenitic stainless steel. That is, it means the sum of the amount of Nb solid-dissolved in the matrix and the amount of Nb present as precipitates.
- the amount of Nb present as a precipitate that is, the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue needs to be within a specified range.
- N 0.15-0.50% Nitrogen (N) dissolves in the matrix and forms fine carbonitrides and nitrides with Nb and the like, thereby contributing to high strength.
- N is an element that is also effective in stabilizing the austenite structure. In order to obtain these effects sufficiently, the N content needs to be 0.15% or more. However, if the N content is too high, the hot workability during production is reduced, and Nb precipitates are excessively precipitated, reducing the ductility of the steel. Therefore, the N content is 0.15 to 0.50%.
- the lower limit of the N content is preferably 0.22%, and more preferably 0.25%.
- the upper limit of the N content is preferably 0.48%, more preferably 0.45%.
- Al 0.05% or less Al (aluminum) is contained as a deoxidizer in the same manner as Si. However, if the Al content is too high, the cleanliness of the steel deteriorates and the hot workability decreases. Therefore, the Al content is 0.05% or less.
- the Al content is preferably 0.04% or less, and more preferably 0.03% or less.
- the lower limit of the Al content is preferably 0.0005%, and more preferably 0.001%.
- the balance of the chemical composition of the austenitic stainless steel according to the present embodiment is Fe and impurities.
- the impurity here refers to an element mixed from ore and scrap used as a raw material of steel, or an element mixed from the environment of the manufacturing process.
- the contents of P, S, and O are limited to the ranges described below.
- P 0.03% or less Phosphorus (P) is contained as an impurity in steel. If the P content is too high, the hot workability during production decreases and the liquefaction cracking sensitivity of the weld heat affected zone during welding increases. The lower the P content, the better. However, the extreme reduction leads to an increase in manufacturing cost. Therefore, the P content is 0.03% or less.
- the P content is preferably 0.025% or less, and more preferably 0.02% or less.
- S 0.002% or less Sulfur (S) is contained as an impurity in the steel. If the S content is too high, the hot workability during production decreases and the ductility of the steel decreases. If the S content is too high, the liquefaction cracking susceptibility of the weld heat affected zone is further increased during welding. The lower the S content, the better. However, the extreme reduction leads to an increase in manufacturing cost. Therefore, the S content is 0.002% or less. The S content is preferably 0.0018% or less, more preferably 0.0015% or less.
- Oxygen (O) is contained as an impurity in the steel. If the O content is too high, the hot workability during production decreases, and the cleanliness of the steel deteriorates and the ductility decreases. Therefore, the O content is 0.02% or less.
- the O content is preferably 0.015% or less, and more preferably 0.01% or less.
- the lower limit of the O content is preferably 0.001%, more preferably 0.002%.
- the chemical composition of the austenitic stainless steel according to the present embodiment may contain one or more elements selected from V, Ti, B, Ca, Mg, and REM instead of a part of the Fe. .
- V, Ti, B, Ca, Mg, and REM are all optional elements. That is, the chemical composition of the austenitic stainless steel according to the present embodiment may not contain part or all of V, Ti, B, Ca, Mg, and REM.
- V 0 to 0.5%
- Vanadium (V) like Nb, precipitates as carbonitride and improves the strength of the steel. This effect can be obtained if V is contained even a little. However, when V content is too high, carbonitride precipitates excessively and the ductility of steel falls. Therefore, the V content is 0 to 0.5%.
- the lower limit of the V content is preferably 0.001%, more preferably 0.005%, and still more preferably 0.01%.
- the upper limit of the V content is preferably 0.45%, more preferably 0.40%.
- Ti 0 to 0.5% Titanium (Ti), like V and Nb, precipitates as carbonitride and improves the strength of the steel. This effect can be obtained if Ti is contained even a little. However, if the Ti content is too high, carbonitride precipitates excessively and the ductility of the steel decreases. Therefore, the Ti content is 0 to 0.5%.
- the lower limit of the Ti content is preferably 0.001%, more preferably 0.003%, and further preferably 0.005%.
- the upper limit of the Ti content is preferably 0.45%, more preferably 0.40%.
- B 0 to 0.01% Boron (B) segregates at the grain boundary to increase the grain boundary fixing force, contributes to the strength improvement, and improves the ductility. B also suppresses embrittlement in a hydrogen environment. If B is contained even a little, this effect can be obtained. However, if the B content is too high, the liquefaction cracking sensitivity of the weld heat affected zone increases. Therefore, the B content is 0 to 0.01%.
- the lower limit of the B content is preferably 0.0001%, more preferably 0.0002%, and further preferably 0.0005%.
- the upper limit of the B content is preferably 0.008%, more preferably 0.005%.
- Ca 0 to 0.05%
- Calcium (Ca) improves the hot workability of steel. This effect can be obtained if Ca is contained even a little. However, when the Ca content is too high, Ca is combined with O, the cleanliness of the steel is deteriorated and the hot workability is lowered. Therefore, the Ca content is 0 to 0.05%.
- the lower limit of the Ca content is preferably 0.0001%, more preferably 0.0005%, and still more preferably 0.001%.
- the upper limit of the Ca content is preferably 0.03%, more preferably 0.01%.
- Mg 0 to 0.05%
- Mg content is 0 to 0.05%.
- the lower limit of the Mg content is preferably 0.0001%, more preferably 0.0005%, and still more preferably 0.001%.
- the upper limit of the Mg content is preferably 0.03%, and more preferably 0.01%.
- REM 0 to 0.5%
- Rare earth elements (REM) have a strong affinity with S and improve the hot workability of steel. This effect can be obtained if REM is contained even a little. However, if the REM content is too high, REM combines with O, the cleanliness of the steel deteriorates and the hot workability decreases. Therefore, the REM content is 0 to 0.5%.
- the lower limit of the REM content is preferably 0.001%, more preferably 0.002%, and still more preferably 0.005%.
- the upper limit of the REM content is preferably 0.3%, more preferably 0.1%.
- REM is a generic name for a total of 17 elements of Sc, Y and lanthanoid, and the content of REM refers to the total content of one or more elements of REM.
- REM is generally contained in misch metal. Therefore, for example, misch metal may be added to the alloy so that the REM content falls within the above range.
- the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue is 0.01 to 0.3% by mass.
- Nb contained in the material precipitates as fine carbonitrides and nitrides during the solution heat treatment.
- the finely precipitated Nb carbonitride and / or nitride improves the strength of the steel and contributes to suppression of coarsening of crystal grains in the weld heat affected zone during welding, thereby reducing the liquefaction cracking sensitivity.
- the amount of Nb precipitated as carbonitride and / or nitride that is, the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue needs to be 0.01% by mass or more. However, when the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue becomes excessive, the ductility of the steel decreases.
- the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue is 0.01 to 0.3% by mass.
- the lower limit of the amount of Nb analyzed as the electrolytic extraction residue is preferably 0.02% by mass, and more preferably 0.03% by mass.
- the upper limit of the amount of Nb analyzed as the electrolytic extraction residue is preferably 0.28% by mass, and more preferably 0.25% by mass.
- the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue can be adjusted according to the Nb content and N content of the material and the conditions of the solution heat treatment. Specifically, the higher the Nb content and N content of the material, the higher the Nb content analyzed as the electrolytic extraction residue. The lower the temperature of the solution heat treatment and / or the longer the holding time, the higher the amount of Nb analyzed as the electrolytic extraction residue. However, when the temperature of the solid solution heat treatment is low and / or the holding time is short, the Nb carbonitride and / or nitride produced in the steps up to the solution heat treatment such as hot working does not sufficiently dissolve. Therefore, also in this case, the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue is high. Further, in cooling in the solution heat treatment, the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue increases as the cooling rate in the temperature range of 1100 to 600 ° C. where Nb carbonitride and / or nitride precipitates decreases.
- the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue is measured as follows.
- a test material of a predetermined size is collected from austenitic stainless steel.
- the test material was anodically dissolved at a current density of 20 to 25 mA / cm 2 by a constant current electrolysis method using a 10% by volume acetylacetone-1% by mass tetramethylammonium chloride methanol solution as an electrolyte, and carbonitride and nitride remained as residues Extract as After acid-decomposing the extracted residue, ICP (High Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission analysis is performed to measure the mass of Nb in the residue. The mass of Nb in the residue is divided by the dissolved amount of the test material to determine the amount of Nb present as carbonitride and / or nitride, that is, the amount of Nb analyzed as the electrolytic extraction residue.
- ICP High Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma
- the austenitic stainless steel according to the present embodiment includes a step of preparing a raw material, a step of hot working the raw material, and a step of solution-treating the hot worked material.
- the material with the above-mentioned chemical composition Specifically, for example, the steel having the above-described chemical composition is melted and refined.
- Hot-work the material is, for example, hot rolling or hot forging.
- the solution heat treatment temperature is preferably 950 to 1300 ° C.
- the solution heat treatment temperature is less than 950 ° C.
- the Nb carbonitride and / or nitride precipitated during hot working does not sufficiently dissolve, and the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue is 0.3 mass% or less. It may not be possible.
- the solution heat treatment temperature exceeds 1300 ° C., the crystal grains become coarse and some of the grain boundaries may start to melt.
- the cooling in the solution heat treatment is preferably water cooling.
- the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue can be increased as the cooling rate in the temperature range of 1100 to 600 ° C. where Nb carbonitride and / or nitride precipitates is decreased. it can.
- the cooling rate in this temperature range is preferably 0.5 ° C./second or more, more preferably 1 ° C./second or more.
- the solution heat treatment is preferably carried out under conditions that satisfy the following formula (1). 40 ⁇ [% Nb] + 100 ⁇ T ⁇ log (1.2 + t / 60) ⁇ ⁇ 200 ⁇ [% Nb] +700 (1)
- the Nb content of the material is substituted for [% Nb] in mass%
- the solution heat treatment temperature is substituted for T in ° C
- the solution heat treatment time is substituted for t in minutes.
- the Log (x) is a common logarithm of x.
- T ⁇ log (1.2 + t / 60) is smaller than 40 ⁇ [% Nb] +100, coarse Nb carbonitrides and / or nitrides are not sufficiently solid-solved and are fine in the process including cooling. Carbonitride and / or nitride are not sufficiently precipitated. Therefore, the effect of improving strength and ductility is reduced. This is because the higher the Nb content of the material, the higher the temperature and / or the longer time it takes to dissolve the coarse Nb carbonitride and / or nitride. Therefore, it is preferable to increase the value of T ⁇ log (1.2 + t / 60) as the Nb content of the material is higher.
- T ⁇ log (1.2 + t / 60) exceeds ⁇ 200 ⁇ [% Nb] +700, the crystal grains are extremely coarsened, and the susceptibility to liquefaction cracking during welding increases. Since Nb is an element that increases the liquefaction cracking sensitivity, it is preferable to decrease the value of T ⁇ log (1.2 + t / 60) as the Nb content of the material increases.
- the method for producing austenitic stainless steel according to the present embodiment preferably does not perform cold working between hot working and solution heat treatment. This is because when cold working is performed, strain-induced precipitates are generated in the temperature rising process of the solution heat treatment, and a high temperature or a long time is required for the solution heat treatment.
- a steel plate having a thickness of 14 mm was produced by hot forging and hot rolling from an ingot obtained by melting and casting materials of steel types A to F having chemical compositions shown in Table 1. Thereafter, a solution heat treatment was performed at various temperatures and times. Cooling after the solution heat treatment was water cooling. The plate material subjected to solution heat treatment was machined to a plate pressure of 12 mm to obtain a test material.
- Table 1 “-” indicates that the content of the corresponding element is at the impurity level.
- Specimens were collected from five locations of the produced welded joints so that the observation surface was a cross section of the joint (cross section perpendicular to the weld bead). The collected sample was mirror-polished and corroded, and then examined with an optical microscope to investigate the presence of cracks in the weld heat affected zone. Out of the five samples, one in which the number of samples in which cracking was observed was 1 or less was regarded as acceptable. Among these, those in which no crack was observed in all the samples were evaluated as having excellent weldability.
- Table 2 shows the solution heat treatment conditions and the results of each test.
- Nb amount (mass%) indicates the Nb content of the material.
- T (° C.) and t (minute) indicate a solution heat treatment temperature and a solution heat treatment time, respectively.
- fn1, fn2, and fn3 respectively represent the left side, the middle side, and the right side of Equation (1).
- Residue Nb amount (mass%) indicates the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue.
- the test materials of the symbols A1 to A19, B1 to B6, B8 to B13, and C1 to C12 passed any of the tensile test, the low strain rate tensile test, and the welding test.
- the test materials A1, A3 to A8, A11 to A16, A18, A19, B1, B3 to B5, B8 to B11, B13, C1 to C6, and C8 to C11 are used for tensile tests and welding tests. Both showed excellent results.
- the tensile strength was 800 MPa or more
- the elongation at break was 40% or more
- no cracks were observed in any of the five samples.
- the specimens of symbols A2, A10, and B2 had a breaking elongation of 35% or more and less than 40%, and the ductility was slightly inferior compared to the symbols A1 and the like. This is thought to be because the value of T ⁇ log (1.2 + t / 60) was too low in relation to the Nb content of the material, and the coarse Nb carbonitride and / or nitride could not be sufficiently dissolved. It is done.
- the mark B7 had sufficient tensile strength but had an elongation at break of less than 35%. This is probably because the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue was too high. The amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue was too high because the temperature of the solution heat treatment was low, the cooling start temperature was low, and the cooling rate when passing through the temperature range where precipitates were generated was small. This is considered to be due to excessive formation of precipitates.
- the symbol C13 had a tensile strength of less than 690 MPa. This is probably because the amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue was too low. The amount of Nb analyzed as an electrolytic extraction residue was too low because the temperature of the solution heat treatment was high, the cooling start temperature was also high, and the cooling rate when passing through the temperature range where precipitates were formed was large. This is probably because the formation of precipitates was suppressed.
- an austenitic stainless steel excellent in strength, ductility, and weldability can be obtained. Therefore, the present invention can be suitably used for various steel materials such as high-pressure hydrogen gas equipment and liquid hydrogen storage tanks.
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Abstract
Description
40×[%Nb]+100≦T×log(1.2+t/60)≦-200×[%Nb]+700…(1)
式(1)において、[%Nb]には前記素材のNb含有量が質量%で代入され、Tには固溶化熱処理温度が℃で代入され、tには固溶化熱処理時間が分で代入される。
本実施形態によるオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼は、以下に説明する化学組成を有する。以下の説明において、元素の含有量の「%」は、質量%を意味する。
炭素(C)は、オーステナイトを安定化するのに有効な元素である。さらに、Nbの炭化物を生成し、強度確保にも寄与する。この効果を十分に得るためには、C含有量を0.005%以上にする必要がある。しかしながら、C含有量が高すぎると、Nb炭化物が過剰に生成され、鋼の延性が低下する。そのため、C含有量は0.005~0.07%である。C含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.01%であり、さらに好ましくは0.02%である。C含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.06%であり、さらに好ましくは0.05%である。
シリコン(Si)は、脱酸剤として有効な元素であるとともに、耐食性の向上に有効な元素である。この効果を十分に得るためには、Si含有量を0.1%以上にする必要がある。しかしながら、Si含有量が高すぎると、オーステナイト組織の安定性を低下させるとともに、鋼の延性が低下する。そのため、Si含有量は0.1~1.2%である。Si含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.15%であり、さらに好ましくは0.2%である。Si含有量の上限は、好ましくは1.1%であり、さらに好ましくは1.0%である。
マンガン(Mn)は、製造時の脱酸に寄与するとともに、オーステナイトを安定化するのにも有効な元素である。Mnはさらに、Nの溶解度を大きくして、強度を高めるのに間接的に寄与する。この効果を十分に得るためには、Mn含有量を3.2%以上にする必要がある。一方、Mn含有量が高すぎると、これらの効果が飽和するだけでなく、溶接時にヒュームとなって溶接部に付着し、耐食性を低下させる。そのため、Mn含有量は3.2~6.5%である。Mn含有量の下限は、好ましくは3.4%であり、さらに好ましくは3.5%である。Mn含有量の上限は、好ましくは6.3%であり、さらに好ましくは6.0%である。
ニッケル(Ni)は、安定なオーステナイトを得るために必須の元素であり、積層欠陥エネルギーを高め、水素環境下での脆化感受性を低下させる。この効果を十分に得るためには、Ni含有量を9%以上にする必要がある。しかしながら、Niは高価な元素であるため、多量の含有はコストの増大を招く。そのため、Ni含有量は9~14%である。Ni含有量の下限は、好ましくは9.5%であり、さらに好ましくは10%である。N含有量の上限は、好ましくは13.5%であり、さらに好ましくは13%である。
Cu(銅)及びCo(コバルト)は、Niと同様、安定なオーステナイト組織を得るために有効な元素である。この効果を十分に得るためには、Cu及びCoの合計の含有量を0.005%以上にする必要がある。Cu及びCoは、いずれか一方のみが含有されていてもよく、両方が含有されていてもよい。しかしながら、Cu及びCoは高価な元素であるため、多量の含有はコストの増大を招く。また、Cu及びCoの含有量が過剰になると、鋼の延性が低下する。したがって、Cu及びCoの含有量の合計は、0.005%以上3%未満である。Cu及びCoの含有量の合計の下限は、好ましくは0.01%であり、さらに好ましくは0.02%である。Cu及びCo含有量の合計の上限は、好ましくは2%であり、さらに好ましくは1%である。
クロム(Cr)は、使用環境下での耐食性を確保するために必須の元素である。Crはさらに、母材製造時にNの溶解度を大きくして、強度を高めるのに間接的に寄与する。この効果を十分に得るためには、Cr含有量を19%以上にする必要がある。しかしながら、Cr含有量が高すぎると、オーステナイト組織が不安定になる。そのため、Cr含有量は19~24%である。Cr含有量の下限は、好ましくは19.5%であり、さらに好ましくは20%である。Cr含有量の上限は、好ましくは23.5%であり、さらに好ましくは23%である。
モリブデン(Mo)は、使用環境下での耐食性の向上、及び、強度を高めるために有効な元素である。この効果を十分に得るためには、Mo含有量を1%以上にする必要がある。しかしながら、Moは高価な元素であるため、多量の含有はコストの増大を招く。また、Mo含有量が高すぎるとオーステナイト組織が不安定になる。そのため、Mo含有量は1~4%である。Mo含有量の下限は、好ましくは1.2%であり、さらに好ましくは1.5%である。Mo含有量の上限は、好ましくは3.8%であり、さらに好ましくは3.5%である。
ニオブ(Nb)は、マトリックスに微細な炭窒化物や窒化物として析出し、強度を向上させるのに有効な元素である。また、微細に析出した炭窒化物や窒化物は溶接時の熱影響部の結晶粒の粗大化を抑制し、液化割れ感受性を低減する。その効果を十分に得るためには、Nb含有量を0.05%以上にする必要がある。しかしながら、Nb含有量が高すぎると、溶接熱影響部の割れ感受性が高まるとともに、炭窒化物や窒化物が多量に析出して、材料の延性が低下する。そのため、Nb含有量は0.05~0.4%である。Nb含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.12%であり、さらに好ましくは0.15%である。Nb含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.38%であり、さらに好ましくは0.35%である。
窒素(N)は、マトリックスに固溶するとともに、Nb等と微細な炭窒化物や窒化物を形成し、高強度化に寄与する。Nはさらに、オーステナイト組織の安定化にも有効な元素である。これらの効果を十分に得るためには、N含有量を0.15%以上にする必要がある。しかしながら、N含有量が高すぎると、製造時の熱間加工性が低下するとともに、Nbの析出物が過剰に析出し、鋼の延性を低下させる。そのため、N含有量は0.15~0.50%である。N含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.22%であり、さらに好ましくは0.25%である。N含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.48%であり、さらに好ましくは0.45%である。
Al(アルミニウム)は、Siと同様、脱酸剤として含有される。しかしながら、Al含有量が高すぎると、鋼の清浄性が劣化して熱間加工性が低下する。そのため、Al含有量は0.05%以下である。Al含有量は、好ましくは0.04%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.03%以下である。なお、Al含有量の下限は特に設ける必要はないが、極端な低減は製鋼コストの増大を招く。そのため、Al含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.0005%であり、さらに好ましくは0.001%である。
リン(P)は、鋼中に不純物として含まれる。P含有量が高すぎると、製造時の熱間加工性が低下するとともに、溶接時に溶接熱影響部の液化割れ感受性が高まる。P含有量は低いほど好ましいが、極端な低減は製造コストの増大を招く。そのため、P含有量は0.03%以下である。P含有量は、好ましくは0.025%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.02%以下である。
硫黄(S)は、鋼中に不純物として含まれる。S含有量が高すぎると、製造時の熱間加工性が低下するとともに、鋼の延性が低下する。S含有量が高すぎるとさらに、溶接時に溶接熱影響部の液化割れ感受性が高まる。S含有量は低いほど好ましいが、極端な低減は製造コストの増大を招く。そのため、S含有量は0.002%以下である。S含有量は、好ましくは0.0018%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.0015%以下である。
酸素(O)は、鋼中に不純物として含まれる。O含有量が高すぎると、製造時の熱間加工性が低下するとともに、鋼の清浄性が劣化して延性が低下する。そのため、O含有量は、0.02%以下である。O含有量は、好ましくは0.015%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.01%以下である。O含有量の下限は特に設ける必要はないが、極度の低減は製鋼コストの増大を招く。そのため、O含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.001%、さらに好ましくは0.002%である。
バナジウム(V)は、Nbと同様に、炭窒化物として析出し、鋼の強度を向上させる。Vが少しでも含有されていれば、この効果が得られる。しかしながら、V含有量が高すぎると、炭窒化物が過剰に析出し、鋼の延性が低下する。そのため、V含有量は0~0.5%である。V含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.001%であり、さらに好ましくは0.005%であり、さらに好ましくは0.01%である。V含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.45%であり、さらに好ましくは0.40%である。
チタン(Ti)は、V、Nbと同様に、炭窒化物として析出し、鋼の強度を向上させる。Tiが少しでも含有されていれば、この効果が得られる。しかしながら、Ti含有量が高すぎると、炭窒化物が過剰に析出し、鋼の延性が低下する。そのため、Ti含有量は0~0.5%である。Ti含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.001%であり、さらに好ましくは0.003%であり、さらに好ましくは0.005%である。Ti含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.45%であり、さらに好ましくは0.40%である。
ボロン(B)は、粒界に偏析して粒界固着力を高め、強度向上に寄与するとともに、延性を改善する。Bはまた、水素環境下での脆化を抑制する。Bが少しでも含有されていれば、この効果が得られる。しかしながら、B含有量が高すぎると、溶接熱影響部の液化割れ感受性が高まる。そのため、B含有量は0~0.01%である。B含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.0001%であり、さらに好ましくは0.0002%であり、さらに好ましくは0.0005%である。B含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.008%であり、さらに好ましくは0.005%である。
カルシウム(Ca)は、鋼の熱間加工性を改善する。Caが少しでも含有されていれば、この効果が得られる。しかしながら、Ca含有量が高すぎると、CaがOと結合し、鋼の清浄性が劣化して熱間加工性が低下する。そのため、Ca含有量は0~0.05%である。Ca含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.0001%であり、さらに好ましくは0.0005%であり、さらに好ましくは0.001%である。Ca含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.03%であり、さらに好ましくは0.01%である。
マグネシウム(Mg)は、Caと同様に、鋼の熱間加工性を改善する。Mgが少しでも含有されていれば、この効果が得られる。しかしながら、Mg含有量が高すぎると、MgがOと結合し、鋼の清浄性が劣化して熱間加工性が低下する。そのため、Mg含有量は0~0.05%である。Mg含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.0001%であり、さらに好ましくは0.0005%であり、さらに好ましくは0.001%である。Mg含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.03%であり、さらに好ましくは0.01%である。
希土類元素(REM)は、Sとの親和力が強く、鋼の熱間加工性を改善する。REMが少しでも含有されていれば、この効果が得られる。しかしながら、REM含有量が高すぎると、REMがOと結合し、鋼の清浄性が劣化して熱間加工性が低下する。そのため、REM含有量は0~0.5%である。REM含有量の下限は、好ましくは0.001%であり、さらに好ましくは0.002%であり、さらに好ましくは0.005%である。REM含有量の上限は、好ましくは0.3%であり、さらに好ましくは0.1%である。
本実施形態によるオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼は、電解抽出残渣として分析されるNb量が、0.01~0.3質量%である。
以下、本発明の一実施形態によるオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の製造方法を説明する。本実施形態によるオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼は、素材を準備する工程と、素材を熱間加工する工程と、熱間加工された素材を固溶化熱処理する工程とを備える。
40×[%Nb]+100≦T×log(1.2+t/60)≦-200×[%Nb]+700…(1)
式(1)において、[%Nb]には前記素材のNb含有量が質量%で代入され、Tには固溶化熱処理温度が℃で代入され、tには固溶化熱処理時間が分で代入される。なお、log(x)はxの常用対数である。
各供試材から10mm角、長さ50mmの試験材を採取し、上述の実施形態で説明した方法によって、電解抽出残渣として分析されるNb量を測定した。
各供試材から、平行部径8mm、平行部長55mmのJIS Z2201(2013)に示されている14A号丸棒試験片を採取し、常温での引張試験を実施した。引張強さが、水素設備に要求される690MPa以上のものを合格とした。このうち、引張強さが800MPa以上のものを、引張強さが特に優れていると評価した。また、延性については、引張試験における破断伸びが35%以上のものを合格とした。このうち、破断伸びが40%以上のものを、延性が特に優れていると評価した。
引張試験に合格した供試材に対して、高圧水素環境下における耐水素脆化特性を評価するため、低歪速度引張試験を実施した。具体的には、供試材から板状低歪速度引張試験片を採取し、大気中、及び45MPaの高圧水素環境中で低歪速度引張試験を実施した。歪速度は3×10-5/秒とした。高圧水素環境中での破断絞りの値が大気中での破断絞りの値の90%以上となるものを合格とした。
引張試験及び低歪速度引張試験に合格した供試材に対して、溶接性を評価するための試験を実施した。具体的には、幅50mm、長さ100mmの鋼板を準備し、その長手方向に沿った断面に、開先角度30°、ルート厚さ1mmのV開先を加工した。この鋼板を、厚さ25mm、幅200mm、長さ200mmのJIS G 3106(2008)に規定のSM400B鋼板上に、JIS Z 3224(2010)に規定の被覆アーク溶接棒ENi6625を用いて、四周を拘束溶接した。その後、開先内にJIS Z 3334(2011)に規定のSNi6082該当のティグワイヤを用いて、開先内に入熱10~15kJ/cmで積層溶接を行い、溶接継手を作製した。
Claims (5)
- 化学組成が、質量%で、
C :0.005~0.07%、
Si:0.1~1.2%、
Mn:3.2~6.5%、
Ni:9~14%、
Cu及びCoの少なくとも1種の合計:0.005%以上3%未満、
Cr:19~24%、
Mo:1~4%、
Nb:0.05~0.4%、
N :0.15~0.50%、
Al:0.05%以下、
P :0.03%以下、
S :0.002%以下、
O :0.02%以下、
V :0~0.5%、
Ti:0~0.5%、
B :0~0.01%、
Ca:0~0.05%、
Mg:0~0.05%、
REM:0~0.5%、
残部:Fe及び不純物であり、
電解抽出残渣として分析されるNb量が、0.01~0.3質量%である、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼。 - 請求項1に記載のオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼であって、
前記化学組成が、質量%で、
V :0.001~0.5%、
Ti:0.001~0.5%、
B :0.0001~0.01%、
Ca:0.0001~0.05%、
Mg:0.0001~0.05%、
REM:0.001~0.5%、
からなる群から選択された1種又は2種以上の元素を含有する、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼。 - 請求項1又は2に記載のオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼であって、
前記オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼は、常温で690MPa以上の引張強度と35%以上の破断伸びとを有する、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼であって、
前記オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼は、高圧水素ガス機器又は液体水素機器に使用される、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の製造方法であって、
化学組成が、質量%で、C:0.005~0.07%、Si:0.1~1.2%、Mn:3.2~6.5%、Ni:9~14%、Cu及びCoの少なくとも1種の合計:0.005%以上3%未満、Cr:19~24%、Mo:1~4%、Nb:0.05~0.4%、N:0.15~0.50%、Al:0.05%以下、P:0.03%以下、S:0.002%以下、O:0.02%以下、V:0~0.5%、Ti:0~0.5%、B:0~0.01%、Ca:0~0.05%、Mg:0~0.05%、REM:0~0.5%、残部:Fe及び不純物である素材を準備する工程と、
前記素材を熱間加工する工程と、
前記熱間加工された素材を、950~1300℃の固溶化熱処理温度で、下記の式(1)を満たす条件で固溶化熱処理する工程とを備え、
前記熱間加工と前記固溶化熱処理との間に、冷間加工を実施しない、オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の製造方法。
40×[%Nb]+100≦T×log(1.2+t/60)≦-200×[%Nb]+700…(1)
式(1)において、[%Nb]には前記素材のNb含有量が質量%で代入され、Tには固溶化熱処理温度が℃で代入され、tには固溶化熱処理時間が分で代入される。
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WO2024070647A1 (ja) * | 2022-09-26 | 2024-04-04 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼板 |
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CN113088822A (zh) * | 2021-04-02 | 2021-07-09 | 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 | 一种高氮、高强、低磁奥氏体不锈钢中板及其制造方法 |
WO2024002728A1 (en) * | 2022-06-29 | 2024-01-04 | Alleima Striptech Ab | Austenitic stainless steel and method for producing a strip product thereof |
CN116536574B (zh) * | 2023-03-24 | 2024-07-23 | 鞍钢股份有限公司 | 一种低温性能优异的奥氏体不锈钢及其制备方法 |
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