WO2017051767A1 - 電解銅箔、その電解銅箔を用いた各種製品 - Google Patents
電解銅箔、その電解銅箔を用いた各種製品 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017051767A1 WO2017051767A1 PCT/JP2016/077336 JP2016077336W WO2017051767A1 WO 2017051767 A1 WO2017051767 A1 WO 2017051767A1 JP 2016077336 W JP2016077336 W JP 2016077336W WO 2017051767 A1 WO2017051767 A1 WO 2017051767A1
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- copper foil
- electrolytic copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D1/00—Electroforming
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D1/00—Electroforming
- C25D1/04—Wires; Strips; Foils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D1/00—Electroforming
- C25D1/10—Moulds; Masks; Masterforms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K9/00—Screening of apparatus or components against electric or magnetic fields
- H05K9/0073—Shielding materials
- H05K9/0081—Electromagnetic shielding materials, e.g. EMI, RFI shielding
- H05K9/0084—Electromagnetic shielding materials, e.g. EMI, RFI shielding comprising a single continuous metallic layer on an electrically insulating supporting structure, e.g. metal foil, film, plating coating, electro-deposition, vapour-deposition
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic copper foil and various products using the electrolytic copper foil.
- a lithium (Li) ion secondary battery includes, for example, a positive electrode, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of a negative electrode current collector, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. Used in type personal computers.
- the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery is made into a slurry by dispersing carbon particles in a binder and solvent together with a conductive agent as a negative electrode active material layer on the surface of a negative electrode current collector made of a copper foil having smooth surfaces, for example. It is formed by applying, drying, and pressing.
- electrolytic copper foils are used not only as negative electrode current collectors for lithium ion secondary batteries but also in various other fields such as rigid printed wiring boards, flexible printed wiring boards, and electromagnetic shielding materials.
- Recent FPCs are usually divided into two types.
- One is a pattern in which a copper foil is attached to an insulating film (polyimide, polyester, etc.) with an adhesive resin and etched to give a pattern.
- This type of FPC is usually called a three-layer FPC.
- another type is an FPC in which an insulating film (polyimide, liquid crystal polymer, etc.) and a copper foil are directly laminated without using an adhesive. This is usually called a two-layer FPC.
- FPC Fluorescence-Coupled Device
- a thin foil with a thinner foil thickness is preferably used as a copper foil for FPC.
- a higher strength foil is preferably used in the FPC manufacturing process because it hardly causes foil breakage or wrinkles.
- electrolytic copper foils for FPC as an example of a 12-18 ⁇ m thick electrolytic copper foil having high strength, few pinholes, and small curl, a print described in Patent Document 1 is available. There is an electrolytic copper foil for wiring boards.
- Patent Document 2 when an electrolytic copper foil is produced by supplying a current with a high current density using an auxiliary anode at the start of electrodeposition, the influence of gas generated in electrolysis of a normal electrodeposition portion is eliminated. Shows a manufacturing method that can remove curls and pinholes.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a copper foil having a low curl amount and a tensile strength of 45 to 55 kgf / mm 2 .
- electrolytic copper foil as a current collector is required to be thin.
- the foil thickness is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, but a thinner foil thickness of 6 ⁇ m or less is more preferably used, and a thin copper foil of 5 ⁇ m or 4 ⁇ m is also required.
- thinning the copper foil it is necessary to be able to withstand the stress caused by the expansion and contraction of the active material during charging and discharging. If the current collector cannot withstand the expansion and contraction of the active material, the cycle characteristics of the battery Adversely affect. For this reason, increasing the strength of the copper foil is an important issue.
- an electrolytic copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less which is required for reducing the size and weight of a lithium ion secondary battery
- reducing the curl amount is a high strength and high heat resistance copper foil. It has been difficult so far. Thick copper foil is easy to correct curl by line tension, and some curl does not affect coating, but thin copper foil is difficult to suppress curl of foil by tension applied on the coating line. In order to perform uniform coating with the tension of the conditions, a foil with a lower curl amount is required with respect to the copper foil after peeling from the electrolytic drum substrate.
- a thin copper foil having a thickness of 9 ⁇ m or less is preferably used since a copper foil for packaging corresponds to the formation of a finer circuit, and thinner copper foils of 7 ⁇ m and 6 ⁇ m are also required. Therefore, a thin foil is demanded as a copper foil used for fine pattern applications, but curling of the foil is likely to occur by reducing the thickness.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electrolytic copper foil having a thin foil thickness, high strength, and curl suppression.
- an electrolytic copper foil having a tensile strength in a normal state and a tensile strength measured at room temperature after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours is 350 MPa or more
- the thickness x ( ⁇ m) of the electrolytic copper foil is 10 or less
- the amount of curl (mm) of the electrolytic copper foil measured as the amount of warping of the other end from the horizontal base is y, y ⁇ 40 / x is satisfied.
- An electrolytic copper foil is provided.
- this electrolytic copper foil although it is a thin foil thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less, it is excellent in slurry coatability at the time of active material formation, and has a tensile strength measured at room temperature after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours at a normal state and 350 MPa. Since it is above, it can be used as an electrolytic copper foil for a negative electrode current collector for a lithium ion secondary battery having good battery cycle characteristics. Further, according to this electrolytic copper foil, since the foil thickness is thin, the strength is high, and curling is suppressed, electrolysis for conductive materials such as rigid printed wiring boards, flexible printed wiring boards, electromagnetic shielding materials, etc. It can also be used as a copper foil. Moreover, by using such an electrolytic copper foil, the active material can be applied to a copper foil having a thin foil thickness without greatly changing the equipment conditions.
- An electrolytic copper foil having such characteristics has been difficult to realize in the past, but can be realized only by using an electrolytic copper foil in which the influence of internal stress in the surface layer is minimized as described later. It was.
- the copper film surface layer (hereinafter referred to as the substrate deposition surface) that was in contact with the drum It was found that a layer having a high internal stress exists and this layer affects the curl. In particular, such a tendency was remarkable in the high-strength thin copper foil.
- a method for realizing an electrolytic copper foil in which the influence of the internal stress on the surface layer is suppressed as much as possible for example, a method of reducing the internal stress of the surface layer that causes curling, or a layer having a high internal stress is used. The curl amount was reduced by the removal method.
- a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode current collector using the above electrolytic copper foil. According to this current collector, since the above electrolytic copper foil is used, it is excellent in slurry coatability at the time of forming the active material, and good battery cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using the above-described current collector is provided.
- this lithium ion secondary battery since the above-described current collector is used, it is excellent in slurry coatability at the time of forming the active material, and good battery cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, or an electromagnetic shielding material using the above electrolytic copper foil is provided.
- a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, or an electromagnetic shielding material having excellent characteristics can be obtained.
- the electrolytic copper foil has a thin foil thickness, high strength, and curling is suppressed, the negative electrode current collector for lithium ion secondary batteries having good battery cycle characteristics An electrolytic copper foil or the like can be provided.
- the curl amount in the electrolytic copper foil having a foil thickness of 5 and 6 ⁇ m of the present example represents an average value. It is one explanatory drawing regarding the measurement of the curl amount in the electrolytic copper foil of a present Example and a comparative example. It is one explanatory drawing regarding the measurement of the curl amount in the electrolytic copper foil of a present Example and a comparative example.
- the electrolytic copper foil of the present embodiment is an electrolytic copper foil whose tensile strength in a normal state and tensile strength measured at room temperature after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours is 350 MPa or more,
- the thickness x ( ⁇ m) of the electrolytic copper foil is 10 or less, Cut the electrolytic copper foil into 100 mm x 50 mm, leave it on a horizontal base, set the side of 100 mm as the end, parallel to the end of the electrolytic copper foil, and the position from one end to 30 mm as a ruler.
- the amount of curl (mm) of the electrolytic copper foil measured as the amount of warping of the other end from a horizontal base is y, y ⁇ 40 / x is satisfied. It is an electrolytic copper foil.
- this electrolytic copper foil since the curl amount of the foil is small while being a thin foil thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less, it is excellent in slurry coatability at the time of forming the active material, and is heated at 200 ° C. for 3 hours at a normal tensile strength. Since the tensile strength measured later at normal temperature is 350 MPa or more, it can be used as an electrolytic copper foil for a negative electrode current collector for a lithium ion secondary battery having good battery cycle characteristics. Moreover, according to this electrolytic copper foil, since the foil thickness is thin, the strength is high, and curling properties are suppressed, it is suitable for conductive materials such as rigid printed wiring boards, flexible printed wiring boards, and electromagnetic shielding materials. It can also be used as an electrolytic copper foil.
- the electrolytic copper foil has a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably a thickness of 8 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably a thickness of 6 ⁇ m or less.
- the foil thickness is 10 ⁇ m or less, the lithium ion secondary battery can be reduced in size and weight, and the flexibility of the FPC and electromagnetic shielding material can be improved.
- the electrolytic copper foil preferably has a tensile strength in a normal state and a tensile strength measured at room temperature after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours, and more preferably 400 MPa or more.
- the tensile strengths measured in these two states are both 350 MPa or more, high strength can be maintained even after the thermal history in the manufacturing process of the lithium ion secondary battery, FPC, and electromagnetic wave shielding material.
- the long-time heating conditions of 3 hours at 200 ° C. are more severe conditions than the heating conditions in the manufacturing process of the FPC and electromagnetic shielding material. That is, only the electrolytic copper foil is heated at 200 ° C.
- the electrolytic copper foil having a tensile strength of 350 MPa or more has an excessive tensile strength as an electrolytic copper foil for FPC and electromagnetic shielding materials. You can see that it has.
- the value of the tensile strength of the electrolytic copper foil measured at normal temperature after a heating to become so severe that heating conditions are.
- This electrolytic copper foil preferably has an elongation percentage in a normal state and an elongation percentage measured at room temperature after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours, more preferably 1.5% or more. Since the elongation measured in these two states is 1.0% or more, deformation or breakage occurs even after a thermal history in the manufacturing process of lithium ion secondary batteries, FPCs, and electromagnetic shielding materials. Less likely to do.
- the internal stress in the compression direction in the substrate deposition surface surface layer of the electrolytic copper foil is reduced. By doing so, the curl amount can be further reduced.
- This electrolytic copper foil satisfies the equation y ⁇ 40 / x and satisfies y ⁇ (40 / x) ⁇ 2, where y is the curl amount (mm) of the foil and x is the foil thickness ( ⁇ m). More preferred.
- the curl amount of the foil can be kept small, so troubles in the manufacturing process of the lithium ion secondary battery, FPC, and electromagnetic wave shielding material can be reduced. Therefore, high quality lithium ion secondary Batteries, FPCs, and electromagnetic shielding materials can be produced with high yield.
- the electrolytic copper foil deposits copper on the surface of the metal substrate, continuously peels it off, and winds it up to produce a long product (electrolytic copper foil).
- the direction along the longitudinal direction of the length product is referred to as “longitudinal direction”, and the direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, that is, the width direction of the copper foil is denoted as TD.
- FIG. 2 one explanatory drawing regarding the measurement of the curl amount in the electrolytic copper foil of a present Example and a comparative example is shown.
- the electrolytic copper foil having a small curl amount there is an electrolytic copper foil for printed wiring board described in Patent Document 1.
- the electrolytic copper foil described in Patent Document 1 has a conventional thickness of 18 ⁇ m or 12 ⁇ m, and curling is not so much suppressed in this thickness of electrolytic copper foil. Not difficult.
- the electrolytic copper foil in this embodiment is used for a lithium ion secondary battery, a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, or an electromagnetic shielding material
- the electrolytic copper foil obtained by the production method described in the following embodiment is used. You may use it as it is.
- This as-manufactured electrolytic copper foil may be referred to herein as “untreated electrolytic copper foil”.
- the copper foil that has been subjected to surface treatment may be referred to as “surface-treated electrolytic copper foil” in the present specification. That is, the electrolytic copper foil of the present embodiment may be “untreated electrolytic copper foil” or “surface-treated electrolytic copper foil”.
- surface-treated electrolytic copper foil for example, a surface on which a rust-proofing layer is formed by performing chromate treatment, copper is a main component by plating. The surface was roughened by attaching particles, or a granular copper plating layer by burnt plating of copper, and a dense copper plating (covering plating) that did not impair the irregular shape on the granular copper plating layer. A surface formed with a copper plating layer or a surface roughened by an etching method may be obtained.
- the conditions of chromate treatment Preferably, the following conditions are mentioned as an antirust film.
- Potassium dichromate 1-10g / L Immersion treatment time 2 to 20 seconds In addition, 1.0 micrometer or more is preferable and, as for the surface roughness in the normal state of the electrolytic copper foil of this embodiment, 1.5 micrometers or more are more preferable. By doing so, for example, the adhesion rate between the copper foil and the material laminated on the copper foil can be further increased.
- a method capable of reducing internal stress in the electrolytic copper foil for example, a method of reducing the internal stress of the surface layer, or a layer having a high internal stress is removed. The method etc. can be taken.
- a method for reducing the internal stress of the surface layer there is a method using a cathode drum having a metal surface having a distance between adjacent atoms smaller than the distance between adjacent atoms of copper. is there.
- the metal having a close interatomic distance smaller than copper include chromium or a chromium alloy.
- a sulfuric acid-copper sulfate aqueous solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 30 to 40 g / L is used as an electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution includes an additive (A), an additive (B), and a chloride ion.
- a cathode is passed through a direct current between the electrodes while rotating the cathode drum at a constant speed.
- the electrolytic copper foil is produced by a method including a step of depositing copper on the drum surface, peeling the deposited copper from the cathode drum surface, and continuously winding the copper.
- a cathode drum having a surface containing chromium or a chromium alloy is used as the cathode drum.
- a drum made of titanium or stainless steel plated with chromium or chromium alloy can be suitably used.
- Chromium or a chromium alloy is preferably used because it forms a uniform oxide film on the surface in order to peel the copper foil.
- the internal stress of the initial deposition layer is a compressive stress
- the internal stress of the bulk layer deposited thereafter is a tensile stress, which causes curling. Therefore, in order not to cause the curling of the copper foil, it is necessary to reduce the internal stress of the substrate deposition surface side surface layer.
- the compressive stress generated in the surface layer on the substrate deposition surface is influenced by the difference in the distance between adjacent atoms between copper and the metal on the cathode drum surface that is the substrate. Specifically, by using a cathode drum made of a metal surface having a distance between adjacent atoms smaller than the distance between adjacent atoms of copper, the compressive stress of the substrate deposition surface side surface layer is reduced, and curling of the copper foil is suppressed. I was able to. When copper is deposited on a commonly used titanium drum, the internal stress of the surface layer on the substrate deposition surface is in the compression direction, so that the copper foil curls after peeling.
- the substrate deposition surface side surface layer has a high compressive stress relative to the copper bulk layer.
- the compressive stress can be remarkably reduced by using a cathode drum having a metal surface smaller than the distance between adjacent atoms of copper.
- the metal film on the surface of the cathode drum is dense. And it is preferable that it is smooth.
- the film surface has high density and is smooth, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the uniform electrodeposition of copper, to form an initial precipitation layer having a high compressive stress, and to reduce curling of the copper foil.
- a method for producing a cathode drum having a surface containing chromium element a method of forming a dense and smooth chromium film on the surface of the cathode drum can be used.
- a plating method for plating the surface of the cathode drum can be mentioned.
- the electrolytic copper foil manufactured using the cathode drum as described above can suppress curling because there is no layer having high internal stress on the surface.
- the current density at the time of plating changes with electrolyte composition, forming with a low current density of 1.5 A / dm 2 or less is most preferable because it becomes a dense film.
- an insoluble anode for example, an insoluble anode having a surface containing a noble metal element is preferably used.
- the noble metal elements include, for example, gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), and osmium (Os). At least one element is included among the two elements.
- a sulfuric acid-copper sulfate aqueous solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 30 to 40 g / L as an electrolytic solution.
- the sulfuric acid concentration is 30 to 40 g / L, a foil with higher throwing power can be obtained in the production of a copper foil using the above additives.
- a sulfuric acid-copper sulfate aqueous solution having a copper concentration of 40 to 150 g / L as an electrolytic solution, and more preferably a copper concentration of 50 to 100 g / L. If the copper concentration is within this range, there is an advantage that a current density capable of practical operation can be secured even in a temperature condition of 25 to 80 ° C. in the production of the electrolytic copper foil.
- the electrolytic solution used in the method for producing an electrolytic copper foil further contains an additive (A), an additive (B), and chloride ions. Control of excessive refinement and coarsening of the grain structure before and after the heat treatment, before and after the heat treatment by the crystal structure control effect exhibited by the appropriate concentration of the two additives (A) and additive (B) In this way, an electrolytic copper foil having a small change in crystal orientation ratio, high tensile strength and small curl can be obtained.
- the added chlorine acts as a catalyst, for example, which effectively exhibits the effects of the two additives (A) and (B).
- the additive (A) is thiourea or a thiourea derivative, and more preferably an additive containing a thiourea compound having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- thiourea or thiourea derivatives include thiourea (CH 4 N 2 S), N, N′-dimethylthiourea (C 3 H 8 N 2 S), N, N′-diethylthiourea (C 5 H 12 N 2).
- N-allylthiourea, N, N′-diethylthiourea and N, N′-dimethylthiourea are particularly preferable.
- These thiourea and thiourea derivatives may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the additive (A) is preferably added so as to have a concentration of 0.1 to 100 mg / L with respect to the electrolytic solution, and more preferably 1 to 20 mg / L. This is because within this range, the tensile strength of the electrolytic copper foil can be improved.
- the additive (B) preferably contains one or more selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, polyallylamine and polyacrylamide.
- Polyethylene glycol, polyallylamine and polyacrylamide may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Use of these additives is preferable because the tensile strength of the electrolytic copper foil can be improved.
- Polyethylene glycol, polyallylamine and polyacrylamide all preferably have a molecular weight of less than 250,000, more preferably a molecular weight of less than 200,000. This is because if the molecular weight is less than 250,000, the effect of refining the crystal becomes higher and the tensile strength of the electrolytic copper foil is improved.
- the additive (B) is preferably added so as to have a concentration of 0.07 to 60 mg / L with respect to the electrolytic solution, and more preferably 1 to 20 mg / L. Within this range, the tensile strength of the electrolytic copper foil can be improved, and bubbles due to oxygen foaming generated at the anode in the manufacturing process can be suppressed, and bubbles remain in the electrolytic cell and the electrolyte supply tank. This is because the phenomenon that the continuous production of the electrolytic copper foil becomes difficult can be suppressed.
- the supply source of chloride ions used in this method for producing an electrolytic copper foil may be any inorganic salt that dissociates in an electrolytic solution and releases chloride ions (chlorine ions), such as NaCl or HCl. Is preferred.
- the chloride ions are preferably added to an electrolytic solution composed of a sulfuric acid-copper sulfate aqueous solution so as to have a concentration of 5 to 40 mg / L, and more preferably 10 to 30 mg / L.
- concentration of chloride ions is less than 5 mg / L, many pinholes may occur in the electrolytic copper foil, and the curl of the foil may increase.
- concentration of chloride ions is higher than 40 mg / L, the concentration of impurities taken into the foil increases, and the elongation of the foil may decrease. This is because if the chloride ion concentration is in the range of 5 to 40 mg / L, both high tensile strength and elongation can be achieved.
- the current density when making this electrolytic copper foil is preferably 20 to 200 A / dm 2 , and more preferably 30 to 120 A / dm 2 . If the current density is within this range, higher production efficiency can be realized even at realistic levels of copper concentration, temperature, and flow rate.
- the bath temperature when making this electrolytic copper foil is preferably 25 to 80 ° C., more preferably 30 to 70 ° C. If the bath temperature is within this range, sufficient copper concentration and current density can be ensured without excessive effort in operation and equipment in the production of electrolytic copper foil.
- the above electrolysis conditions can be appropriately adjusted from the respective ranges so as not to cause problems such as copper deposition and plating burns.
- an electrolytic copper foil is produced using a cathode drum having a sulfuric acid concentration of 30 to 40 g / L, a specific additive in the electrolyte, and a surface containing chromium or a chromium alloy. Therefore, as demonstrated in the examples described later, when the foil curl amount (mm) is y and the foil thickness ( ⁇ m) is x, the formula y ⁇ 40 / x is satisfied.
- An electrolytic copper foil for a negative electrode current collector of a lithium ion secondary battery is obtained that is excellent in slurry coatability at the time of formation and can obtain good battery cycle characteristics even if it is made thin.
- an electrolytic copper foil having a thin foil thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less, high strength, and curling is obtained, such as a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, and an electromagnetic shielding material. It can also be used as an electrolytic copper foil for a conductive material.
- the amount of curl can be reduced by removing the layer having a high internal stress of the electrolytic copper foil.
- removing the layer having a high internal stress for example, removing the substrate deposition surface of the electrolytic copper foil can be cited.
- an electrolytic copper foil is produced basically in the same manner as in the method of the above embodiment.
- the point of using a cathode drum having a surface containing chromium, a chromium alloy, or a titanium group element, and the step of removing a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m or more of the substrate deposition surface of the electrolytic copper foil not the case.
- the surface of the cathode drum may not contain chromium or a chromium alloy. That is, the surface of the cathode drum may contain a titanium group element instead of chromium or a chromium alloy. Titanium group elements include titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and rutherfordium.
- the cathode drum a titanium drum that is not chrome-plated as in Examples 11 to 13 described later can be used.
- a cathode drum having a surface containing chromium or a chromium alloy is not excluded, and it can be suitably used as in the above embodiment.
- electrolytic copper foil is made by electrolytically depositing a copper film on the drum surface to be a substrate using a conventional titanium drum or stainless steel drum
- the surface layer on the substrate deposition surface side has a high internal stress. It is known that such a layer affects the curl.
- Electrolytic copper foil is generally formed by electrolytically depositing a copper film on a titanium substrate, but the surface layer of the substrate deposition surface is compressed by the difference in the distance between adjacent atoms between the base metal and the copper film. There is a layer with high internal stress in the direction.
- Such a layer has a thickness of 0.3 ⁇ m or less, and the removal of the glossy surface side surface layer of the electrolytic copper foil is intended to remove the layer having a high internal stress, and the substrate deposition surface has a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m. It is necessary to remove more than the thickness.
- the substrate deposition surface side surface layer of electrolytic copper foil it is preferable to remove 0.1 micrometer thickness.
- the high internal stress layer formed on the surface of the electrolytic copper foil substrate deposition surface is usually 0.1 ⁇ m to 0.3 ⁇ m thick, and dissolution of the surface layer removes the high internal stress layer. Therefore, it is particularly preferable to remove 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m thickness.
- the purpose of etching the surface of the copper foil is to roughen the surface of the copper foil, and there is no idea of removing a layer having a high internal stress. That is, since the surface of the copper foil only needs to be rough, it is not necessary to remove the copper foil substrate deposition surface to a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the high internal stress layer of the electrolytic copper foil is removed by etching or the like to reduce curling. Can do.
- sulfuric acid concentration is 30 to 40 g / L, and specific additives are included in the electrolyte, and electrolytic copper foil is produced using a cathode drum having a surface containing chromium, a chromium alloy, or a titanium group element.
- an electrolytic copper foil for the negative electrode current collector of the secondary battery is obtained.
- an electrolytic copper foil having a thin foil thickness, high strength, and curling is obtained, and used for conductive materials such as rigid printed wiring boards, flexible printed wiring boards, and electromagnetic shielding materials. It can also be used as an electrolytic copper foil.
- the method of removing a layer with high internal stress can suppress curling of copper foil, the process of removing the surface layer by etching, for example, is added. Furthermore, the smoothness of the foil surface is reduced by etching. Therefore, from the viewpoint of manufacturing efficiency and cost, the method of reducing the internal stress of the substrate deposition surface side surface layer is preferable to the method of removing the layer having a high internal stress.
- the negative electrode current collector of the present embodiment is a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode current collector using the electrolytic copper foil of the present embodiment. That is, the electrolytic copper foil of the present embodiment includes a negative electrode current collector of a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. It can use suitably as an electrolytic copper foil for comprising. According to this current collector, since the above electrolytic copper foil is used, it is excellent in slurry coatability at the time of forming the active material, and good battery cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of this embodiment is a lithium ion secondary battery using the current collector. That is, this lithium ion secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector of the above embodiment, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. . According to this lithium ion secondary battery, since the above-described current collector is used, the slurry coating property at the time of forming the negative electrode active material is excellent, and good battery cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the negative electrode active material used in the present embodiment is a material that occludes and releases lithium, and is preferably an active material that occludes lithium by alloying.
- Examples of such an active material include carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, zinc, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, potassium, and indium.
- carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin are preferably used because of their high theoretical capacity. Therefore, the negative electrode active material layer used in this embodiment is preferably a layer mainly composed of carbon, silicon, germanium, or tin, and in particular, lithium having the electrolytic copper foil of the above embodiment as a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material that can be preferably used in the ion secondary battery is carbon such as natural graphite powder.
- the negative electrode active material layer in the present embodiment is preferably formed by forming the negative electrode active material into a slurry together with a binder and a solvent, and applying, drying, and pressing.
- the negative electrode active material layer can be formed on one side or both sides of the negative electrode current collector.
- lithium may be occluded or added in advance.
- Lithium may be added when forming the negative electrode active material layer. That is, by forming a negative electrode active material layer containing lithium, the negative electrode active material layer may contain lithium. Further, after forming the negative electrode active material layer, lithium may be occluded or added to the negative electrode active material layer. Examples of the method for inserting or adding lithium into the negative electrode active material layer include a method for electrochemically inserting or adding lithium.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte used in the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment is an electrolyte in which a solute is dissolved in a solvent.
- a solvent for the nonaqueous electrolyte various solvents can be used as the solvent used in the lithium ion secondary battery.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate
- chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate.
- a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate is used.
- a mixed solvent of the above cyclic carbonate and an ether solvent such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane or 1,2-diethoxyethane, or a chain ester such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, sulfolane, or methyl acetate may be used. Good.
- LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) are used as long as they are used in lithium ion secondary batteries.
- LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ) LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 and Li 2 B 12 Cl 12 .
- LiXFy (wherein X is P, As, Sb, B, Bi, Al, Ga, or In, y is 6 when X is P, As, or Sb, and X is B, Bi, Al) , Ga or y when in, is four.) and lithium perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid imide LiN (C m F 2m + 1 SO 2) (C n F 2n + 1 SO2) (wherein, m and n are each independently 1 to 4.
- LiC lithium perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid methide
- C p F 2p + 1 SO 2 C q F 2q + 1 SO 2
- C r F 2r + 1 SO 2 wherein, p, q and r Are each independently an integer of 1 to 4.
- Mixed solutes are preferably used.
- a mixed solute of LiPF 6 and LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 is particularly preferably used.
- a gel polymer electrolyte obtained by impregnating a polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, or polyvinylidene fluoride with an electrolytic solution, or an inorganic solid electrolyte such as LiI or Li 3 N can be used.
- a polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, or polyvinylidene fluoride
- an electrolytic solution or an inorganic solid electrolyte such as LiI or Li 3 N
- the electrolyte of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment is a Li compound as a solute that expresses ionic conductivity and a solvent that dissolves and retains the Li compound as long as the battery is not decomposed by the voltage at the time of charging, discharging, or storage, Can be used without restriction.
- a positive electrode electrical power collector aluminum alloy foil etc. can be used suitably, for example.
- the positive electrode active material used for the positive electrode LiCoO 2, LiNiO 2, LiMn 2 O 4, LiMnO 2, LiCo 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2, LiNi 0.7 Co 0.2 Mn 0.1 O 2
- lithium-containing transition metal oxides such as MnO 2
- metal oxides not containing lithium such as MnO 2 .
- any substance that electrochemically inserts and desorbs lithium can be used without limitation.
- a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, or an electromagnetic wave shielding material using the electrolytic copper foil in the present embodiment is provided.
- an electrolytic copper foil by using said electrolytic copper foil, a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, or an electromagnetic shielding material having excellent characteristics can be obtained.
- the electrolytic copper foil of this embodiment when used for a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, or an electromagnetic shielding material, when the curl amount (mm) of the electrolytic copper foil is y and the foil thickness ( ⁇ m) is x In order to satisfy the equation y ⁇ 40 / x, the rigid printed wiring board, the flexible printed wiring board, or the electromagnetic shielding material has good handling in the manufacturing process, and the fine printed rigid printed wiring board, the flexible printed wiring board, or the electromagnetic shielding. Can be a material.
- the tensile strength in a normal state is 350 MPa or more, there is strength even in a thin foil, and it is particularly preferable to use it in a process of manufacturing a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board, or an electromagnetic shielding material, which hardly causes foil breakage or wrinkles. Is done.
- the tensile strength after heating copper foil at 200 ° C. for 3 hours is 350 MPa or more, high strength even after undergoing a thermal history when manufacturing a rigid printed wiring board, a flexible printed wiring board or an electromagnetic shielding material. Can be maintained.
- the electrolytic solutions used in the manufacture of Examples 1 to 10 were prepared by adding the additives shown in Table 2 to an acidic copper electrolytic bath of copper 65 g / L-sulfuric acid 35 g / L, respectively. What was done was used. Conditions for chromium plating on stainless steel substrate; Electrolyte composition Chrome oxide 250g / L Sulfuric acid 2.5-3.0 g / L Sodium silicofluoride 15-20g / L Current density 1.5A / dm 2 Plating time 8 hours The surface of the plating film was polished with sandpaper until the surface roughness Rzjis became 0.3 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 6 The foil of Comparative Example 6 was manufactured under the same conditions as in Examples 1 to 10 except that the electrolytic solution having the composition shown in Table 4 was used and the chromium plating conditions on the stainless steel drum were performed under the following conditions. It was. Conditions for chromium plating on stainless steel substrate; Electrolyte composition Chrome oxide 250g / L Sulfuric acid 2.5-3.0 g / L Sodium silicofluoride 15-20g / L Current density 4A / dm 2 Plating time 3 hours
- the foil of Comparative Example 7 uses the electrolytic solution having the composition shown in Table 4, and uses the equipment provided with the separation tank for initial electrodeposition described in Patent Document 2, and the electrolysis of the Example of Patent Document 2
- the foil was made according to the conditions.
- a copper foil having a thickness of 8 ⁇ m was produced using the following conditions.
- Examples 11 to 13> Using the prepared electrolyte, a noble metal oxide-coated titanium electrode is used for the anode and a titanium drum is used for the cathode. The current density is 40 A / dm 2 and the bath temperature is 45 ° C.
- the treated copper foil was produced by an electrolytic foil manufacturing method. Thereafter, the copper foils of Examples 11 to 13 shown in Table 5 were immersed in dilute sulfuric acid to which hydrogen peroxide was added and the surface layer having a thickness of about 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m per side was dissolved. A foil was obtained.
- the electrolytic solutions used in the production of Examples 11 to 13 were prepared by adding the additives shown in Table 6 to an acidic copper electrolytic bath of 65 g / L copper-35 g / L sulfuric acid to prepare an electrolytic solution for foil production. What was done was used.
- Tensile strength (MPa) and elongation (%) were also measured after heat treatment at 200 ° C. for 3 hours.
- the tensile strength is a value measured at normal temperature based on IPC-TM-650 using a tensile tester (Instron type 1122). The measurement was performed using a sample cut out in the longitudinal direction. The measurement results are shown in Tables 1, 3, and 5.
- the copper foils of the respective examples and comparative examples were cut into rectangles each having a length of 100 mm and a width of 50 mm in the longitudinal direction and the width direction, and placed on a horizontal table so that the substrate deposition surface side was down. Left to stand. At that time, a stainless steel ruler (C type JIS grade 1 30 cm) made by KOKUYO TZ-1343 (trade name) was placed as a weight so that the left end of the copper foil protruded 30 mm. Thereafter, the total of the central portion of the copper foil in the vertical direction (position of line 1 in FIG. 2) and the portion (position of lines 2 and 3 in FIG.
- Manufacture of Positive Electrode 90% by weight of LiCoO 2 powder, 7% by weight of graphite powder, 3% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride powder were mixed and a solution prepared by dissolving N-methylpyrrolidone in ethanol was added and kneaded to prepare a positive electrode agent paste. .
- the paste was uniformly applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, dried in a nitrogen atmosphere to evaporate ethanol, and then roll-rolled to prepare a sheet having an overall thickness of 100 ⁇ m. The sheet was cut to a width of 43 mm and a length of 290 mm, and then an aluminum foil lead terminal was ultrasonically welded to one end to form a positive electrode.
- Negative Electrode 90% by weight of natural graphite powder (average particle size 10 ⁇ m) and 10% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride powder were mixed, and a solution prepared by dissolving N-methylpyrrolidone in ethanol was added and kneaded to prepare a paste. Subsequently, this paste was applied to both sides of the copper foils of Examples and Comparative Examples. The coated copper foil was dried in a nitrogen atmosphere to evaporate ethanol, and then roll-rolled to form a sheet having an overall thickness of 110 ⁇ m. The sheet was cut to a width of 43 mm and a length of 285 mm, and then a nickel foil lead terminal was attached to one end of the sheet by ultrasonic welding to form a negative electrode.
- the coatability when applying a paste containing a negative electrode active material (natural graphite powder) on both surfaces of the electrolytic copper foil was also evaluated.
- the evaluation criteria are as follows. A: The coating thickness difference in the width direction of the slurry coating thickness was less than 3%. ⁇ : The coating thickness difference in the width direction of the slurry coating thickness was 3% or more and less than 5%. X: The coating film thickness difference in the width direction of the slurry film thickness was 5% or more.
- the evaluation results are shown in Tables 1, 3, and 5.
- Battery fabrication The whole is wound with a polypropylene separator having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode manufactured as described above, and this is accommodated in a battery can plated with nickel on the mild steel surface, and the lead terminal of the negative electrode is placed on the bottom of the can Spot welded. Next, place the top cover of the insulating material, insert the gasket, and connect the lead terminal of the positive electrode and the aluminum safety valve by ultrasonic welding to connect the non-aqueous electrolyte consisting of propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate in the battery can. Then, a lid was attached to the safety valve, and a sealed lithium ion battery having an outer shape of 14 mm and a height of 50 mm was assembled.
- the tensile strength before and after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours is 350 MPa or more, and when the foil curl amount (mm) is y and the foil thickness ( ⁇ m) is x, y ⁇ Since 40 / x was satisfied, the cycle life was as good as 400 cycles or more, and the slurry coating property was also good.
- Electrolytic copper foil is generally produced by electrolytic deposition of a copper film on a titanium substrate, but the surface layer of the substrate deposition surface is compressed because the distance between adjacent atoms of the base metal is larger than that of copper. There are layers with high internal stress in the direction, and such layers influence the curl. On the other hand, since the distance between adjacent atoms is smaller than that of copper, the internal stress of the copper film surface layer is reduced, and further by forming a dense and smooth chromium film by the plating method of the chromium film in the above examples. Generation of internal stress in the glossy surface side surface layer can be suppressed. Therefore, it is considered that the copper foil manufactured using the cathode drum was able to reduce the curl amount.
- the copper foils of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 have a tensile strength of 350 MPa or more before and after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours, but it is difficult to apply a smooth slurry.
- the copper foil of Comparative Example 3 is a commercially available conventional foil, and although it is a 6 ⁇ m thin foil, the curl amount is small and the slurry coating property is good, but the tensile strength before and after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours is less than 350 MPa. Therefore, the foil is not able to withstand the stress associated with the volume expansion and contraction of the active material during charge and discharge, and the foil is deformed, resulting in a poor cycle life of less than 400 cycles.
- the foils of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 were copper foils made according to the example of Patent Document 1, but it was found that the curl amount was increased by using a thin foil of 8 ⁇ m or less. Also, when the curl amount (mm) of the foil was y and the foil thickness ( ⁇ m) was x, y was higher than 40 / x.
- the foil of Comparative Example 6 is made using a stainless steel drum plated with chrome as in Examples 1 to 10.
- the chromium plating conditions on the stainless drum are different from those in the example, the internal stress of the surface layer on the substrate deposition surface side of the copper foil cannot be reduced because the formed chromium film lacks the density. Therefore, it was found that a layer having a high compressive stress exists in the surface layer on the substrate deposition surface side, and the curl amount is large. For this reason, the slurry coatability was poor and not preferable.
- the foil of Comparative Example 7 is a copper foil that has been made with the equipment and production conditions described in Patent Document 2, but the amount of curl is increased by using a thin foil of 8 ⁇ m, and the slurry coatability is poor, which is preferable. There wasn't.
- the foil of Comparative Example 8 is a copper foil produced using the equipment and production conditions described in Patent Document 3, but the curl amount is low and the slurry coatability is preferable, but after heating at 200 ° C. for 3 hours. Since the tensile strength is as low as less than 350 MPa, the cycle life is less than 400 cycles, which is not preferable because the foil is deformed without being able to withstand the stress associated with the volume expansion and contraction of the active material during charge and discharge.
- both surfaces of the electrolytic copper foil are not roughened, but the substrate deposition surface, the rough surface (electrolytic deposition surface) Both may be roughened.
- the adhesion with the negative electrode active material naturally graphite powder
- the cycle characteristics of the battery are improved, which is preferable.
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Abstract
Description
このような従来公知のFPC用の電解銅箔の中でも、高強度であり、ピンホールが少なく、カール量が小さい、12~18μm厚の電解銅箔の例としては、特許文献1に記載のプリント配線板用電解銅箔がある。
また、特許文献2には、電着開始時に補助陽極を用いて高電流密度の電流を通電して電解銅箔を製造する際、通常の電着部の電解に発生するガスの影響をなくすことでカールとピンホールを除去することのできる製造方法が示されている。
特許文献3には、引張強さが45~55kgf/mm2であり、カール量の低い銅箔が示されている。
リチウムイオン電池製造工程における活物質層塗工法の一つとして、活物質層厚をコーティング部のナイフロールと箔の間のクリアランスで調整する手法が用いられるが、カール量の大きな箔を用いるとカールによりクリアランスが変化し、活物質層厚が不均一になるという問題が生じる。また、カールを抑制するため、コーティング時に箔にかかる張力を強くすると、箔切れや皺が生じてしまう。
特許文献1に記載の電解銅箔は、カールが抑制されているとはいえ、箔の厚さが18μm又は12μmという従来的な厚さのものである。一方で、リチウムイオン二次電池の小型・軽量化のために求められている10μm以下の厚さの電解銅箔において、カール量を小さくすることは、高強度で耐熱性の高い銅箔についてはこれまで困難であった。
箔厚の厚い銅箔は、ライン張力によってカールを矯正しやすく多少のカールは塗工に影響しないが、箔厚の薄い銅箔は塗工ラインでかかる張力によって箔のカールを抑え難いため、従来条件の張力で均一にコーティングを行うためには電解ドラム基板からの引きはがし後の銅箔に対してより低いカール量の箔が求められる。
電解銅箔の厚さx(μm)が10以下であり、
電解銅箔を100mm×50mmに切り出し、水平な台の上に静置して、100mmの辺を端部として、電解銅箔の端部と平行に、一方の端部から30mmまでの位置を定規で押さえたとき、水平な台から他方の端部の反り上がり量として測定される電解銅箔のカール量(mm)をyとしたとき、y≦40/xの式を満たすことを特徴とする、電解銅箔が提供される。
また、この電解銅箔によれば、箔厚が薄く、高強度を有し、かつカールが抑制されているため、リジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板、電磁波シールド材料などの導電材用の電解銅箔としても用いることができる。
また、このような電解銅箔を用いることで、大きな設備条件の変更を行うことなく、箔厚の薄い銅箔に対しても活物質の塗工を行うことができる。
従来のチタンドラムやステンレスドラムを用いて、基板となるドラム表面に銅皮膜を電解析出することで電解銅箔を製箔する場合には、ドラムと接していた銅皮膜表層(以下基板析出面と表記する)に内部応力の高い層が存在し、このような層がカールに影響することがわかった。
特に、このような傾向は、高強度薄銅箔においては顕著であった。
本発明では、表面層における内部応力の影響を極力抑えた電解銅箔を実現する手段として、例えば、カールの原因となる表面層の内部応力を低減化させる方法、または、内部応力の高い層を除去する方法などにより、カール量の低減化を実現した。
本明細書では、「A~B」とは、A以上B以下を意味するものとする。
本実施形態の電解銅箔は、常態における引張強度及び200℃で3時間加熱後に常温で測定した引張強度が350MPa以上である電解銅箔であって、
電解銅箔の厚さx(μm)が10以下であり、
電解銅箔を100mm×50mmに切り出し、水平な台の上に静置して、100mmの辺を端部として、電解銅箔の端部と平行に、一方の端部から30mmまでの位置を定規で押さえたとき、水平な台から他方の端部の反り上がり量として測定される前記電解銅箔のカール量(mm)をyとしたとき、y≦40/xの式を満たすことを特徴とする、電解銅箔である。
また、この電解銅箔によれば、箔厚が薄く、高強度を有し、かつカール性が抑制されているため、リジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板、電磁波シールド材料などの導電材用の電解銅箔としても用いることができる。
なお、200℃で3時間の長時間の加熱条件は、FPC、電磁波シールド材料の製造工程における加熱条件と比べると、より過酷な条件である。つまり、電解銅箔のみを200℃で3時間加熱し、その後常温で測定し、引張強度が350MPa以上である電解銅箔は、FPC、電磁波シールド材料用の電解銅箔として、十分すぎる引張強度を有していることがわかる。なお、加熱条件が過酷なほど、加熱後に常温で測定した電解銅箔の引張強度の値が小さくなる傾向がある。
本実施形態の電解銅箔は、電解銅箔の基板析出面表面層における圧縮方向の内部応力が低減化されていることが好ましい。そうすることで、カール量をより低減化することができる。
100mm×50mmの電解銅箔を基板析出面側が下になるよう水平な台の上に静置する。この電解銅箔における100mmの辺を端部として、この電解銅箔の端部と平行に、一方の端部から30mmまでの位置を定規で押さえ、この時の水平な台から他方の端部の反り上がり量を測定する。
長手方向、幅方向にそれぞれ3点反りあがり量を測定し、各方向の測定値について平均をとった時に大きい方の値、すなわち、長手方向における測定値の平均値と幅方向における測定値の平均値とを比較して大きいほうの値を、本実施形態におけるカール値とする。
ここで、電解銅箔は金属基板表面に銅を析出させ、それを連続的に引き剥がし、巻き取ることで長尺の製品(電解銅箔)が製造されるが、ドラムの回転方向、すなわち長尺品の長手に沿った方向を「長手方向」とし、長手方向に直交する方向、すなわち銅箔の幅方向をTDと表記する。
なお、図2に、本実施例及び比較例の電解銅箔におけるカール量の測定に関する一説明図を示す。
すなわち、カール量と引張強度の特性をバランスよく実現する電解銅箔は、本実施形態における電解銅箔によってはじめて実現可能になった。
なお、クロメート処理の条件については、防錆皮膜として、好ましくは、以下の条件が挙げられる。
重クロム酸カリウム 1~10g/L
浸漬処理時間 2~20秒
なお、本実施形態の電解銅箔の常態における表面粗さは、1.0μm以上が好ましく、1.5μm以上がより好ましい。そうすることによって、例えば銅箔と銅箔に積層する物質との密着率をより上げることができる。
本実施形態に係る電解銅箔の生産方法としては、電解銅箔において内部応力を低減することができる方法、例えば、表面層の内部応力を低減化させる方法や、内部応力の高い層を除去する方法等を採ることができる。
表面層の内部応力を低減化させる方法の例として、銅の近接原子間距離よりも小さい近接原子間距離をもつ金属表面を有する陰極ドラムを用いる方法がある。銅よりも小さな近接原子間距離を有する金属として、例えば、クロム又はクロム合金が挙げられる。具体的には、硫酸濃度が30~40g/Lの硫酸-硫酸銅水溶液を電解液とし、前記電解液は、添加剤(A)と、添加剤(B)と、塩化物イオンとを含み、貴金属元素を含む表面を有する不溶性陽極と、該陽極に対向するクロム又はクロム合金を含む表面を有する陰極ドラムと、を用い、陰極ドラムを一定速度で回転させながら、該両極間に直流電流を通じて陰極ドラム表面に銅を析出させ、析出した銅を陰極ドラム表面から引き剥がして連続的に巻き取る方法によって電解銅箔を得る工程を含む方法によって電解銅箔を生産する。
例えば、クロム又はクロム合金めっきしたチタン製又はステンレス製のドラムなどを好適に用いることができる。クロム又はクロム合金は、銅箔を剥離させるために表面に均一な酸化皮膜を形成することから好ましく使用される。
銅箔は析出初期層(基板析出面側表面層)の内部応力が圧縮応力であり、その後析出するバルク層の内部応力が引張応力であることからカールが発生してしまう。そのため、銅箔のカールを発生させないためには、基板析出面側表面層の内部応力を低減化する必要がある。検討の結果、基板析出面側表面層で発生する圧縮応力は銅と素地となる陰極ドラム表面の金属との近接原子間距離の差が影響していることを見出した。具体的には、銅の近接原子間距離よりも小さな近接原子間距離を有する金属表面から成る陰極ドラムを用いることで基板析出面側表面層の圧縮応力が低減化し、銅箔のカールを抑制することができた。
通常用いられるチタンドラム上に銅を析出させると、基板析出面側表面層の内部応力が圧縮方向となるため、引き剥がし後に銅箔はカールしてしまう。これは、チタンの近接原子間距離が銅の近接原子間距離より大きいためであると思われる。チタンは六方晶(hcp)構造で、格子間隔a=3.59Å、c=5.70Åであるため、近接原子間距離は3.52Åとなり、銅の近接原子間距離2.55Åに対して大きい。そのため、銅のバルク層に対して、基板析出面側表面層が高い圧縮応力となってしまうためである。一方、銅の近接原子間距離よりも小さい金属表面を有する陰極ドラムを用いることで、圧縮応力を著しく低減できることがわかった。クロムは体心立方晶(bcc)構造で格子間隔a=2.9Åであり、近接原子間距離が2.08Åと銅よりも小さい。そのため、基板析出面側表面層の圧縮方向の内部応力を低減化することができる。また、銅の近接原子間距離よりも小さな近接原子間距離を有する金属表面から成る陰極ドラムを用いることで基板析出面側表面層の圧縮応力を低減化する場合、陰極ドラム表面の金属皮膜が緻密かつ平滑であることが好ましい。皮膜表面の緻密性が高く平滑である場合、銅の均一電着性低下を抑制し、圧縮応力の高い初期析出層が形成しにくく、銅箔のカールを低減化することができる。
クロム元素を含む表面を有する陰極ドラムの製造方法は、陰極ドラムの表面に緻密で平滑なクロム皮膜を形成する方法を用いることができる。例えば、陰極ドラムの表面をめっきするめっき法が挙げられる。電解条件を最適化したクロムめっきにより緻密で平滑なクロム皮膜を形成することでより、基板析出面側表面層の圧縮応力を低減化することができる。
そのため、上記のような陰極ドラムを用いて製造した電解銅箔は、表面に内部応力の高い層が存在しないため、カールを抑制することができる。
なお、めっき時の電流密度は、電解液組成によって異なるが、1.5A/dm2以下の低電流密度で形成することが緻密な皮膜となり最も好ましい。
2種の添加剤(A)、添加剤(B)が適切な濃度となることによって発揮される結晶組織制御効果により、熱処理前後の結晶粒組織の過度な微細化・粗大化の抑制、熱処理前後の結晶配向比の変化の抑制、高い引張強度、カールの小さい電解銅箔が得られる。
添加する塩素は上記2種の添加剤(A)、添加剤(B)の効果を有効に発揮させる例えば触媒のような作用をする。
チオ尿素又はチオ尿素誘導体としては、チオ尿素(CH4N2S)、N,N'-ジメチルチオ尿素(C3H8N2S)、N,N'-ジエチルチオ尿素(C5H12N2S)、テトラメチルチオ尿素(C5H12N2S)、チオセミカルバシド(CH5N3S)、N-アリルチオ尿素(C4H8N2S)、エチレンチオ尿素(C3H6N2S)等の水溶性のチオ尿素、チオ尿素誘導体があげられる。そして、これらの中でも、N-アリルチオ尿素、N,N'-ジエチルチオ尿素およびN,N'-ジメチルチオ尿素が特に好ましい。これらのチオ尿素、チオ尿素誘導体は単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
塩化物イオン濃度が5mg/L未満では、電解銅箔にピンホールが多く発生する場合があり、また、箔のカールが大きくなる場合がある。一方、塩化物イオンの濃度が40mg/Lより高いと箔中に取り込まれる不純物濃度が高くなり、箔の伸び率が低くなる場合がある。塩化物イオン濃度が5~40mg/Lの範囲内であれば、高い引張強度と伸び率を両立することができるためである。
また、この方法によれば、10μm以下の箔厚が薄く、高強度を有し、かつカールが抑制された電解銅箔が得られ、リジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板、電磁波シールド材料などの導電材用の電解銅箔としても用いることができる。
表面層の内部応力を低減させる方法の他の一例として、電解銅箔の内部応力の高い層を除去することで、カール量を低減することができる。
内部応力の高い層を除去する方法として、例えば、電解銅箔の基板析出面を除去すること等が挙げられる。
電解銅箔を生産する方法の一例として、例えば、基本的には上記の実施形態の方法の場合と同様にして電解銅箔を生産する。ただし、クロム又はクロム合金又はチタン族元素を含む表面を有する陰極ドラムを用いる点と、電解銅箔の基板析出面の0.1μm厚以上を除去する工程を有する点と、において上記の実施形態の場合と異なる。
電解銅箔は、一般的にチタン基板上に銅皮膜を電解析出することで製箔するが、基板析出面の表層には素地金属と銅皮膜間の近接原子間距離の差によって発生する圧縮方向の内部応力の高い層が存在する。このような層は0.3μm以下の厚さであり、電解銅箔の光沢面側表面層の除去は、上記内部応力の高い層を除去することが目的であり、基板析出面の0.1μm厚以上を除去することが必要となる。
また、従来技術として、電解銅箔を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池負極集電体の表面をエッチングし負極集電体の表面と負極活物質の密着性を高める技術がある。しかしながら、負極活物質の密着性を高めるために、銅箔の表面をエッチングすることは、銅箔の表面を荒くすることが目的であり、内部応力の高い層を除去する発想はない。つまり、銅箔の表面が荒くなる程度で良いため、銅箔の基板析出面の0.1μm厚以上まで除去する
必要がない。
また、この方法によれば、箔厚が薄く、高強度を有し、かつカールが抑制された電解銅箔が得られ、リジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板、電磁波シールド材料などの導電材用の電解銅箔としても用いることができる。
なお、内部応力の高い層を除去する方法は、銅箔のカールについて抑制することができるものの、例えばエッチングによる、表層を除去する工程が加わる。さらに、エッチングにより箔表面の平滑性が低下してしまう。そのため、製造の効率性やコスト的な観点において、内部応力の高い層を除去する方法より基板析出面側表面層の内部応力を低減化させる方法の方が好ましい。
本実施形態の負極集電体は、本実施形態の電解銅箔を用いた、リチウムイオン二次電池負極集電体である。すなわち、本実施形態の電解銅箔は、正極と、負極集電体の表面に負極活物質層が形成された負極と、非水電解液とを備えるリチウムイオン二次電池の負極集電体を構成するための電解銅箔として好適に用いることができる。この集電体によれば、上記の電解銅箔を用いているために活物質形成時のスラリー塗工性に優れ、かつ良好な電池サイクル特性を得ることができる。
本実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記の集電体を用いた、リチウムイオン二次電池である。すなわち、このリチウムイオン二次電池は、正極と、上記の実施形態の負極集電体の表面に負極活物質層が形成された負極と、非水電解液とを備えるリチウムイオン二次電池である。このリチウムイオン二次電池によれば、上記の集電体を用いているために負極活物質形成時のスラリー塗工性に優れ、かつ良好な電池サイクル特性を得ることができる。
本実施形態では、本実施形態における電解銅箔を用いた、リジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板又は電磁波シールド材料が提供される。このように上記の電解銅箔を用いることによって、優れた特性を有するリジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板又は電磁波シールド材料が得られる。
さらに、常態における引張強度が350MPa以上であることで、薄箔でも強度があり、特にリジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板又は電磁波シールド材料の製造工程においても箔切れやシワ等を生じにくく好ましく使用される。
また、銅箔の200℃、3時間加熱後の引張強度が350MPa以上であることで、リジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板又は電磁波シールド材料を製造する際にかかる熱履歴を経ても、高い強度を維持することができる。
調製した電解液を用い、アノードには貴金属酸化物被覆チタン電極、カソードにはステンレス(SUS316L)ドラム上に下記のクロムめっき条件にて80μm厚のクロムめっきを施したクロムめっきドラムを使用し、電流密度40A/dm2、浴温45℃の条件下で、4~8μm厚みの未処理銅箔を電解製箔法によって、表1に示す実施例1~10の未処理銅箔を製造した。なお、実施例1~10の製造に用いた電解液は、銅65g/L-硫酸35g/Lの酸性銅電解浴に表2に示す組成の添加剤をそれぞれ添加し製箔用電解液を調製したものを用いた。
ステンレス基板上へのクロムめっき条件;
電解液組成
酸化クロム 250g/L
硫酸 2.5~3.0g/L
ケイフッ化ナトリウム 15~20g/L
電流密度 1.5A/dm2
めっき時間 8時間
また、めっき皮膜表面は、サンドペーパーを用いて、表面粗さRzjisが0.3μmとなるまで研磨した。
カソードにチタン製ドラムを使用する他は、実施例1~10と同様の手法で、4~8μmとなるように未処理電解銅箔の製造を行い、表3に示す比較例1~2を得た。なお、比較例1~2の製造に用いた電解液は、銅65g/L-硫酸35g/Lの酸性銅電解浴に表4に示す組成の添加剤をそれぞれ添加し製箔用電解液を調製したものを用いた。
<比較例3>
市販されている電解銅箔(古河電気工業株式会社製のNC-WS 箔厚6μm)を用いた。
比較例4、5の箔は、表4に示す組成の電解液を使用し、特許文献1の実施例の電解条件に従い製箔を行った。
すなわち、陽極電解初め部分のオーバーフローの表面より上まで出るように網状の高電流量陽極を設置(特許文献1に従い、絶縁板高さ2mm、陽極高さ50mm、浸液深さ10mmとした)し、該陽極に110A/dm2の電流を流しながら表4の条件で電解を行った。続いて実施する通常の電解は、電流密度60A/dm2、浴温50℃の条件下で実施し、箔厚8μmおよび6μmの銅箔を製箔した。
比較例6の箔は、表4に示す組成の電解液を使用し、ステンレスドラムへのクロムめっき条件を下記の条件で実施する他は、実施例1~10と同様の条件で製箔を行った。
ステンレス基板上へのクロムめっき条件;
電解液組成
酸化クロム 250g/L
硫酸 2.5~3.0g/L
ケイフッ化ナトリウム 15~20g/L
電流密度 4A/dm2
めっき時間 3時間
比較例7の箔は、表4に示す組成の電解液を使用し、特許文献2に記載の分離された初期電着用の析出槽を設けた設備を用いて、特許文献2の実施例の電解条件に従い製箔を行った。
製箔には、下記条件を用いて8μ厚の銅箔を製箔した。
電流密度:円弧状陽極 40A/dm2
補助陽極:200A/dm2
電解液温度:48℃
電解液送液量:円弧状の陽極側 120L/min
補助陽極側 40L/min
<比較例8>
比較例8の箔は、表4に示す組成の電解液を使用し、特許文献3に記載の設備を用いて、特許文献3の実施例の電解条件に従い製箔を行った。
製箔には、下記条件を用いて8μ厚の銅箔を製箔した。
線速:3.0m/s
電解液温度:60℃
電流密度:84A/dm2
調製した電解液を用いて、アノードには貴金属酸化物被覆チタン電極、カソードにはチタン製ドラムを使用し、電流密度40A/dm2、浴温45℃の条件下で、4~8μm厚みの未処理銅箔を電解製箔法によって作製した。その後、各条件で作製した箔を過酸化水素を添加した希硫酸に浸漬し、片面あたり約0.1~0.3μm厚の表層を溶解することで表5に示す実施例11~13の銅箔を得た。
なお、実施例11~13の製造に用いた電解液は、銅65g/L-硫酸35g/Lの酸性銅電解浴に表6に示す組成の添加剤をそれぞれ添加し製箔用電解液を調製したものを用いた。
各電解銅箔(実施例1~13,比較例1~8)の常温での引張強度(MPa)、伸び(%)を測定した。
図2に示したように、各実施例、各比較例の銅箔を長手方向と幅方向にそれぞれ縦100mm×横50mmの長方形に切り、基板析出面側が下になるよう水平な台の上に静置した。その際、銅箔の左端が幅30mmはみ出すように、コクヨ製TZ-1343(商品名)のステンレス直定規(C型 JIS1級 30cm)を重石として乗せた。その後、銅箔の縦方向の中央部分(図2中の線1の位置)と、銅箔の縦方向の中央部分から30mm離れた部分(図2中の線2と線3の位置)の計3点について、銅箔を置いた面からの端部の立ち上がりの高さy(mm)を測定し、3点の平均値を算出した。長手方向、幅方向各方向の測定値について平均をとった時に大きい値をカール値とする。
各電解銅箔(実施例1~13,比較例1~8)の十点平均粗さRzjisについては、JIS-B-0601-2001に基づき、接触式表面粗さ計を用いてそれぞれ測定した。測定は電解銅箔におけるマット面に対して行った。
各電解銅箔(実施例1~13,比較例1~8)に対して、クロメート処理を施して防錆処理層を形成し、集電体とした。
銅箔表面のクロメート処理の条件は以下のようである。
クロメート処理条件:
重クロム酸カリウム 8g/L
浸漬処理時間 10秒
1.正極の製造
LiCoO2粉末90重量%、黒鉛粉末7重量%、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末3重量%を混合してN-メチルピロリドンをエタノールに溶解した溶液を添加して混練し、正極剤ペーストを調整した。このペーストを厚み15μmのアルミ箔に均一に塗着した後窒素雰囲気中で乾燥してエタノールを揮散せしめ、ついでロール圧延を行って、全体の厚みが100μmであるシートを作成した。このシートを巾43mm、長さ290mmに切断した後その一端にアルミ箔のリード端子を超音波溶接して取り付け正極とした。
天然黒鉛粉末(平均粒径10μm)90重量%、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末10重量%を混合し、N-メチルピロリドンをエタノールに溶解した溶液を添加して混練しペーストを作成した。ついで、このペーストを得られた実施例、比較例の銅箔の両面に塗着した。
塗着後の銅箔を窒素雰囲気中で乾燥してエタノールを揮散せしめ、ついで、ロール圧延して全体の厚みが110μmであるシートに成型した。このシートを巾43mm、長さ285mmに切断した後その一端にニッケル箔のリード端子を超音波溶接して取り付け、負極とした。
◎:スラリー皮膜厚の幅方向における塗膜厚差が3%未満だった。
○:スラリー皮膜厚の幅方向における塗膜厚差が3%以上5%未満だった。
×:スラリー皮膜厚の幅方向における塗膜厚差が5%以上だった。
評価結果を表1、3、5に示す。
以上のようにして製造した正極と負極の間に厚み25μmのポリプロピレン製のセパレータを挟んで全体を巻き、これを軟鋼表面にニッケルめっきされた電池缶に収容して負極のリード端子を缶底にスポット溶接した。ついで、絶縁材の上蓋を置き、ガスケットを挿入後正極のリード端子とアルミ製安全弁とを超音波溶接して接続し、炭酸プロピレンと炭酸ジエチルと炭酸エチレンからなる非水電解液を電池缶の中に注入した後、前記安全弁に蓋を取り付け、外形14mm、高さ50mmの密閉構造のリチウムイオン電池を組み立てた。
以上の電池につき、充電電流50mAで4.2Vになるまで充電し、50mAで2.5Vになるまで放電するサイクルを1サイクルとする充放電サイクル試験を行った。初回充電時の電池容量とサイクル寿命を表1、3、5に示した。なお、サイクル寿命は、電池の放電容量が300mAhを割り込んだときのサイクル数である。
上記の実験結果から、以下のことがわかる。
共に粗化処理してもよい。この場合、負極活物質(天然黒鉛粉末)との密着性が向上して、電池のサイクル特性が改善されるため好ましい。
Claims (6)
- 常態における引張強度及び200℃で3時間加熱後に常温で測定した引張強度が350MPa以上である電解銅箔であって、
前記電解銅箔の厚さx(μm)が10以下であり、
前記電解銅箔を100mm×50mmに切り出し、水平な台の上に静置して、100mmの辺を端部として、前記電解銅箔の端部と平行に、一方の端部から30mmまでの位置を定規で押さえたとき、前記水平な台から他方の端部の反り上がり量として測定される前記電解銅箔のカール量(mm)をyとしたとき、y≦40/xの式を満たすことを特徴とする、電解銅箔。 - y≦(40/x)-2の式を満たす、請求項1に記載の電解銅箔。
- 電解銅箔の厚さx(μm)が6以下である請求項1又は2に記載の電解銅箔。
- 請求項1~3の何れかに記載の電解銅箔を用いた、リチウムイオン二次電池負極集電体。
- 請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極集電体を用いた、リチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項1~3の何れかに記載の電解銅箔を用いた、リジッドプリント配線板、フレキシブルプリント配線板又は電磁波シールド材料。
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