WO2016088472A1 - Pare-brise et système monté sur un véhicule - Google Patents

Pare-brise et système monté sur un véhicule Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016088472A1
WO2016088472A1 PCT/JP2015/080117 JP2015080117W WO2016088472A1 WO 2016088472 A1 WO2016088472 A1 WO 2016088472A1 JP 2015080117 W JP2015080117 W JP 2015080117W WO 2016088472 A1 WO2016088472 A1 WO 2016088472A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
glass plate
windshield
vehicle
shielding layer
stereo camera
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2015/080117
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
神吉　哲
橘高　重雄
Original Assignee
日本板硝子株式会社
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 日本板硝子株式会社 filed Critical 日本板硝子株式会社
Publication of WO2016088472A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016088472A1/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R11/00—Arrangements for holding or mounting articles, not otherwise provided for
    • B60R11/04—Mounting of cameras operative during drive; Arrangement of controls thereof relative to the vehicle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B35/00—Stereoscopic photography
    • G03B35/08—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous recording
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a windshield and an in-vehicle system.
  • some windshields for automobiles are provided with a shielding layer for blocking the field of view from the outside of the vehicle.
  • This shielding layer is provided along the peripheral edge of the windshield so that the adhesive for attaching the windshield to the automobile cannot be seen from the outside of the vehicle.
  • an in-vehicle system in which a camera for photographing the situation outside the vehicle is installed in the vehicle.
  • This in-vehicle system recognizes oncoming vehicles, preceding vehicles, pedestrians, traffic signs, lane boundaries, etc. by analyzing captured images of the subject acquired by the camera, and informs the driver of various dangers. Driving assistance can be provided.
  • the camera of this in-vehicle system is often installed at a position where the shielding layer is included in the photographing range of the camera, such as in the vicinity of the support portion of the rearview mirror, and the shielding layer may hinder the photographing of the camera. is there.
  • Patent Documents 1 and 2 propose providing a transmission window in a part of the shielding layer. For example, by replacing a part of the intermediate film with a material having a high visible light transmittance, or by providing a region not laminated with ceramic, a region with a high visible light transmittance (transmission window) is provided on a part of the shielding layer. ) Can be formed. As a result, the camera installed in the vehicle can photograph the situation outside the vehicle without being blocked by the shielding layer.
  • Patent Documents 1 and 2 since a single transmission window is provided in the windshield and a traffic situation outside the vehicle is photographed from the single transmission window using a single camera, The distance, the moving speed of the subject, etc. could not be measured only by information from the camera. Therefore, the conventional in-vehicle system is further equipped with different types of measuring devices such as millimeter wave radar and laser radar to measure the distance between the subject and the vehicle, the moving speed of the subject, etc. There is a problem that the system configuration becomes complicated as much as connecting the two.
  • the present invention has been made in view of such a situation in one aspect, and an object thereof is to provide a windshield applicable to an in-vehicle system capable of acquiring sufficient information with a simple configuration.
  • the present invention adopts the following configuration in order to solve the above-described problems.
  • a windshield according to one aspect of the present invention is a windshield for an automobile in which a stereo camera having a plurality of imaging devices spaced apart from each other can be obtained so that a plurality of images with parallax can be acquired. And a shielding layer that is provided on the glass plate and shields the field of view from the outside of the vehicle.
  • the shielding layer includes a plurality of photographing windows respectively corresponding to the plurality of photographing devices so that each of the plurality of photographing devices of the stereo camera arranged in the vehicle can photograph a situation outside the vehicle.
  • the shielding layer provided on the glass plate includes a plurality of photographing devices corresponding to the photographing devices so that each photographing device of the stereo camera arranged in the vehicle can photograph the situation outside the vehicle. Has a window. Therefore, the windshield according to the present invention can be applied to a stereo camera that can measure the distance to the subject by parallax generated between a plurality of images. Therefore, according to the configuration, it is possible to acquire information such as the distance to the subject without connecting different types of data with the stereo camera, and thus it is possible to acquire sufficient information with a simple configuration.
  • a windshield applicable to an in-vehicle system can be provided.
  • the present invention does not exclude the provision of different types of measuring devices such as millimeter wave radars and laser radars that do not have advanced image analysis functions such as subject recognition as described above.
  • the shielding layer may be configured by laminating a ceramic having a thermal expansion coefficient different from that of the glass plate on the inner surface of the glass plate.
  • a strain region in which the glass plate is distorted at a peripheral portion of the shielding layer due to a difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between the glass plate and the ceramic, and a visual field range in which a driver driving the automobile confirms traffic conditions when driving May be arranged so as not to overlap.
  • the shielding layer is made of a ceramic having a different thermal expansion coefficient from that of the glass plate, due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the glass plate and the ceramic, the glass plate is formed on the periphery of the shielding layer when forming the windshield. A strain region having a large strain is formed. The width of the strain region is about 8 mm.
  • the shielding layer is arranged so that the strain region of the glass plate and the visual field range of the driver do not overlap.
  • the field of view for confirming the traffic situation when the driver driving the car is the range that the driver in the driver's seat is careful when driving, and can be set as appropriate according to the embodiment. is there.
  • the glass plate is a laminated glass in which an outer glass plate arranged on the vehicle outer side and an inner glass plate arranged on the vehicle inner side are bonded to each other through an intermediate film. It may be constituted by.
  • the said shielding layer may be comprised by laminating
  • the glass plate is a laminated glass in which an outer glass plate arranged on the vehicle outer side and an inner glass plate arranged on the vehicle inner side are bonded to each other through an intermediate film. It may be constituted by. And the said shielding layer laminates
  • the shielding layer is formed by providing the ceramic layer on each of the inner surface of the outer glass plate and the inner surface of the inner glass plate. Therefore, a two-layer shielding layer can be formed, and the appearance can be improved.
  • each of the plurality of photographing windows may be formed such that the vertical and horizontal widths of the plurality of photographing windows satisfy Expression (1).
  • H represents the vertical and horizontal widths of the imaging window.
  • a shows the width
  • b indicates the diameter of the entrance pupil.
  • c shows an attachment error.
  • the plate glass is heat-treated at the boundary between the laminated region of the ceramic having a different coefficient of thermal expansion from the glass plate and the non-laminated region of the ceramic, in other words, at the boundary between the photographing window and the shielding layer. Due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient, optical defects due to strain are likely to be formed (strain region).
  • the width a of the strain region is formed in a range of about 8 mm from the boundary between the photographing window and the shielding layer.
  • the mounting error c is about 5 mm. Therefore, in the case of the above conditions, the vertical and horizontal widths of each photographing window are configured to be 25 mm or less. Thus, according to this configuration, it is possible to make the size of each imaging window relatively small while avoiding the influence of distortion on each imaging device.
  • a heater may be installed around each shooting window to prevent condensation on each shooting window.
  • a heater may be installed around each shooting window to prevent condensation on each shooting window.
  • the central region of each photographing window there is a problem that dew condensation tends to remain due to being far from the heater installed around each photographing window.
  • the size of each photographing window can be formed relatively small, it is possible to prevent dew condensation from easily remaining in the central region of each photographing window, and in the heater. Power consumption can be reduced.
  • each of the plurality of photographing windows may be formed such that the vertical and horizontal widths of the plurality of photographing windows satisfy Expression (2).
  • the entrance pupil is an image when the aperture stop of the optical system constituting the photographing apparatus is viewed from the subject side, and corresponds to an “entrance” of light used in the optical system.
  • the diameter of the entrance pupil is (f / F). Therefore, in order not to block the light beam required by the photographing apparatus, the diameter of the photographing window is required to be a minimum (f / F + 2D ⁇ tan ⁇ ).
  • D is the distance between the imaging window and the entrance pupil
  • ⁇ is the field of view (half angle) of the imaging apparatus
  • the imaging window is perpendicular to the optical axis of the imaging apparatus.
  • An in-vehicle system is an in-vehicle system for mounting on an automobile including the windshield according to any one of the above aspects, and is separated from each other so that a plurality of images with parallax can be acquired.
  • a stereo camera having a plurality of photographing devices, and an image processing device that analyzes a plurality of images acquired by the stereo camera and calculates a position of a subject appearing in a photographing range of the stereo camera.
  • the image processing apparatus holds correction data for correcting an image deformed by the windshield, the correction data having a deformation amount determined according to the surface on which the ceramics are laminated, and the correction data Is used to execute correction processing for each image.
  • the present inventors have found that when the shielding layer is formed of a ceramic having a different coefficient of thermal expansion from that of the glass plate, the lens power of the photographing window varies depending on the surface of the ceramic laminated glass plate. Therefore, in this configuration, the image processing apparatus executes correction processing for each image using correction data in which the amount of deformation is determined according to the surface on which the ceramics are stacked. As a result, it is possible to realize an image correction process suitable for the photographing window provided in the windshield.
  • An in-vehicle system is an in-vehicle system for mounting on an automobile including the windshield according to any one of the above aspects, and is separated from each other so that a plurality of images with parallax can be acquired.
  • a stereo camera having a plurality of photographing devices, and an image processing device that analyzes a plurality of images acquired by the stereo camera and calculates a position of a subject that appears in the photographing range of the stereo camera.
  • the optical system in each of the plurality of photographing devices of the stereo camera may be configured such that the entrance pupil exists on the subject side with respect to the optical component.
  • each photographing apparatus since the entrance pupil of each photographing apparatus exists on the subject side of the optical component, it can be arranged on or near the windshield. Therefore, the incident light area on the windshield that enters the stereo camera can be reduced, and the size of each imaging window corresponding to each imaging apparatus can be reduced. This also makes it less likely to be affected by distortion on each shooting window.
  • the stereo camera is configured such that, in the optical axis direction of each of the plurality of imaging devices, the entrance pupil of the optical system and the plurality of windshields in each of the plurality of imaging devices. It may be arranged so that the distance from each of the imaging windows is within a range of 10 mm or less.
  • the present inventors arrange a stereo camera so that the distance between the entrance pupil of the lens constituting each photographing apparatus and each photographing window of the windshield is within 10 mm in the front and rear direction in the optical axis direction of each photographing apparatus.
  • the amount of deformation due to distortion of an image taken through the shooting window is less likely to fluctuate. Therefore, according to this configuration, it is possible to prevent the amount of distortion of the image captured through each imaging window from fluctuating greatly due to a manufacturing error of the windshield, and to correct the captured image without considering individual differences.
  • the value can be set uniformly.
  • the present invention it is possible to provide a windshield applicable to an in-vehicle system capable of acquiring sufficient information with a simple configuration.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a windshield according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a windshield according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates the relationship between the shooting window of the windshield and the shooting range of the shooting device according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates the relationship between the imaging window of the windshield and the entrance pupil of the imaging apparatus according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 4A illustrates the imaging device according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 4B illustrates an imaging apparatus in which the entrance pupil exists inside the lens system.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an in-vehicle system according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the manufacturing process of the glass plate of the windshield according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a windshield according to another embodiment.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a photographing apparatus according to another embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a photographing apparatus according to another embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 shows an example of a method for manufacturing a windshield according to another embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a shooting window according to another embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing the distortion of the glass plate.
  • FIG. 13 is a photograph showing the distortion of the glass plate.
  • FIG. 14A is a graph showing the relationship between the surface on which the shielding layer is provided and the lens power of the left imaging window.
  • FIG. 14B is a graph showing the relationship between the surface on which the shielding layer is provided and the lens power of the right imaging window.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates a scene in which the amount of image distortion due to the windshield is simulated.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing the amount of image distortion when the distance between the windshield and the entrance pupil is varied.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph showing the amount of image distortion when the radius of curvature of the surface on the subject side
  • this embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings.
  • this embodiment described below is only an illustration of the present invention in all respects. It goes without saying that various improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. That is, in implementing the present invention, a specific configuration according to the embodiment may be adopted as appropriate.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view schematically illustrating a windshield 1 according to this embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the windshield 1 according to this embodiment.
  • the up and down direction in FIGS. 1 and 2 is referred to as “up and down”
  • the left and right direction in FIG. 1 is referred to as “left and right”
  • the windshield 1 includes a substantially trapezoidal glass plate and is attached to an automobile by being inclined from the vertical.
  • This glass plate is composed of a laminated glass in which an outer glass plate 13 disposed on the outer side of the vehicle and an inner glass plate 14 disposed on the inner side of the vehicle are bonded to each other via a resin intermediate film 15.
  • the inner glass plate 14 constituting the laminated glass is provided with a shielding layer 11 that shields the field of view from the outside of the vehicle, and the stereo camera 2 is mounted inside the vehicle so as to be shielded by the shielding layer 11.
  • the stereo camera 2 has two photographing devices (21A, 21B) separated from each other so that two images with parallax can be simultaneously acquired.
  • the shielding layer 11 has two imaging devices (21A, 21B) corresponding to the imaging devices (21A, 21B) so that the imaging devices (21A, 21B) arranged inside the vehicle can capture the situation outside the vehicle.
  • Shooting windows (113A, 113B) are formed.
  • the stereo camera 2 is connected to the image processing device 3 and constitutes an in-vehicle system 5 that can analyze the distance between the subject and the own vehicle based on a plurality of images acquired by the stereo camera 2.
  • first surface the vehicle outer surface of the outer glass plate 13
  • second surface the vehicle inner surface of the outer glass plate 13
  • inner glass plate 14 is described below.
  • a surface outside the vehicle may be referred to as a “third surface”
  • a surface inside the vehicle of the inner glass plate 14 may be referred to as a “fourth surface”.
  • the glass plate constituting the windshield 1 can have various configurations.
  • the glass plate of the windshield 1 is composed of laminated glass in which an outer glass plate 13 and an inner glass plate 14 are bonded to each other via an intermediate film 15.
  • This laminated glass is manufactured by a manufacturing method to be described later, so that it is formed in a curved shape from the peripheral part to the central part.
  • Each of the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 constituting such a laminated glass can be a known glass plate, and can also be formed of heat ray absorbing glass, clear glass, green glass, UV green glass, or the like. .
  • the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 are each configured to realize visible light transmittance in accordance with the safety standards of the country where the automobile is used.
  • a desired solar radiation absorptivity can be secured by the outer glass plate 13
  • the visible light transmittance can be adjusted by the inner glass plate 14 so as to satisfy safety standards.
  • the composition of the glass which can comprise the outer side glass plate 13 and the inner side glass plate 14 an example of a composition of a clear glass and an example of a heat ray absorption glass composition are shown.
  • the composition of the heat-absorbing glass for example, based on the composition of the clear glass, the proportion of the total iron oxide in terms of Fe 2 O 3 (T-Fe 2 O 3) and 0.4 to 1.3 wt%, CeO
  • the ratio of 2 is 0 to 2% by mass
  • the ratio of TiO 2 is 0 to 0.5% by mass
  • the glass skeleton components (mainly SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 ) are T-Fe 2 O 3 , CeO.
  • the composition can be reduced by an increase of 2 and TiO 2 .
  • the thickness of the laminated glass according to this embodiment is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of weight reduction, the total thickness of the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 is preferably 2.4 to 4.6 mm, More preferably, the thickness is 2.6 to 3.8 mm, and particularly preferably 2.7 to 3.2 mm. Thus, what is necessary is just to make the total thickness of the outer side glass plate 13 and the inner side glass plate 14 small for weight reduction.
  • the thickness of each of the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 is not particularly limited, for example, the thickness of each of the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 can be determined as follows.
  • the outer glass plate 13 is mainly required to have durability and impact resistance against impacts of flying objects such as pebbles.
  • the thickness of the outer glass plate 13 is preferably 1.8 to 2.3 mm, and more preferably 1.9 to 2.1 mm. Which thickness is adopted can be appropriately determined according to the embodiment.
  • the thickness of the inner side glass plate 14 can be made equal to the thickness of the outer side glass plate 13, for example, thickness can be made smaller than the outer side glass plate 13 for weight reduction of a laminated glass.
  • the thickness of the inner glass plate 14 is preferably 0.6 to 2.0 mm, more preferably 0.8 to 1.6 mm, It is particularly preferable that the thickness is ⁇ 1.4 mm.
  • the thickness of the inner glass plate 14 is preferably 0.8 to 1.3 mm. Which thickness is used for the inner glass plate 14 can be appropriately determined according to the embodiment.
  • the intermediate film 15 can have various configurations according to the embodiment.
  • the intermediate film 15 can have a three-layer structure in which a soft core layer is sandwiched between a pair of harder outer layers. In this way, the damage resistance performance and sound insulation performance of the windshield 1 can be improved by configuring the intermediate film 15 with a plurality of layers of a soft layer and a hard layer.
  • the material of the intermediate film 15 is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the embodiment.
  • polyvinyl butyral resin PVB
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral resin
  • EVA ethylene vinyl acetate resin
  • polyvinyl acetal resin softer than the polyvinyl butyral resin used for the outer layer
  • the hardness of the polyvinyl acetal resin is (a) the degree of polymerization of the starting polyvinyl alcohol, (b) the degree of acetalization, (c) the type of plasticizer, (d) the addition ratio of the plasticizer, etc. Can be controlled. Therefore, a hard polyvinyl acetal resin used for the outer layer and a soft polyvinyl acetal resin used for the core layer may be produced by appropriately adjusting at least one of the conditions (a) to (d).
  • the hardness of the polyvinyl acetal resin can be controlled by the type of aldehyde used for acetalization, coacetalization with a plurality of types of aldehydes or pure acetalization with a single aldehyde. Although it cannot generally be said, the polyvinyl acetal resin obtained by using an aldehyde having a large number of carbon atoms tends to be softer.
  • the core layer has an aldehyde having 5 or more carbon atoms (for example, n-hexylaldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-heptylaldehyde, n- Octyl aldehyde) can be used as a polyvinyl acetal resin obtained by acetalization with polyvinyl alcohol.
  • an aldehyde having 5 or more carbon atoms for example, n-hexylaldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-heptylaldehyde, n- Octyl aldehyde
  • the total thickness of the intermediate film 15 can be appropriately set according to the embodiment, and can be set to, for example, 0.3 to 6.0 mm, preferably 0.5 to 4.0 mm. More preferably, it is 0.6 to 2.0 mm.
  • the thickness of the core layer is preferably 0.1 to 2.0 mm, More preferably, it is ⁇ 0.6 mm.
  • the thickness of each outer layer is preferably larger than the thickness of the core layer. Specifically, it is preferably 0.1 to 2.0 mm, and more preferably 0.1 to 1.0 mm. preferable.
  • the method for producing the intermediate film 15 is not particularly limited. For example, after blending a resin component such as the above-described polyvinyl acetal resin, a plasticizer, and other additives as necessary, and kneading uniformly, Examples thereof include a method of extruding each layer at once, and a method of laminating two or more resin films prepared by this method by a press method, a laminating method, or the like.
  • the resin film before lamination used in a method of laminating by a press method, a laminating method or the like may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure. Further, the intermediate film 15 can be formed of a single layer in addition to the above-described plural layers.
  • ⁇ Shielding layer> Next, the shielding layer 11 provided on the glass plate of the windshield 1 will be described. As illustrated in FIG. 1, in this embodiment, a shielding layer 11 is formed on the peripheral edge of the windshield 1. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the shielding layer 11 is laminated on the inner surface (fourth surface) of the inner glass plate 14.
  • the material of the shielding layer 11 may be appropriately selected according to the embodiment as long as the field of view from the outside of the vehicle can be shielded.
  • a dark color ceramic such as black, brown, gray, or dark blue is used. Also good.
  • black ceramic is laminated on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 14 by screen printing or the like, and the laminated ceramic together with the inner glass plate 14 is heated. Thereby, the shielding layer 11 can be formed on the peripheral edge of the windshield 1.
  • Various materials can be used for the ceramic used for the shielding layer 11.
  • a ceramic having the following composition can be used for the shielding layer 11.
  • Main component Copper oxide, Chromium oxide, Iron oxide and Manganese oxide * 2
  • Main component Bismuth borosilicate, Zinc borosilicate
  • the shielding layer 11 includes a peripheral region 111 along the peripheral portion of the windshield 1 and a protruding region 112 that protrudes downward in a rectangular shape from the upper side portion of the windshield 1. Can be divided.
  • the peripheral region 111 shields light incident from the peripheral portion of the windshield 1.
  • the protruding region 112 prevents the stereo camera 2 arranged in the vehicle from being seen from outside the vehicle.
  • the projecting region 112 of the shielding layer 11 has two areas corresponding to each imaging device (21A, 21B) so that each imaging device (21A, 21B) can capture the situation outside the vehicle.
  • Substantially trapezoidal imaging windows (113A, 113B) are provided.
  • the photographing windows (113A, 113B) are regions that are spaced apart in the left-right direction and are not laminated with ceramic. That is, when screen-printing ceramic on the fourth surface, two shooting windows (113A, 113B) can be formed by providing two areas in the protruding area 112 where the ceramic is not printed.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates the relationship between each imaging window (113A, 113B) provided in the shielding layer 11 and the imaging range of each imaging device (21A, 21B).
  • FIG. 3B illustrates the relationship between each imaging window (113A, 113B) provided in the shielding layer 11 and the entrance pupil of each imaging device (21A, 21B).
  • the windshield 1 (laminated glass) according to this embodiment is heated at about 650 degrees in the shaping process.
  • the ceramic as the material of the shielding layer 11 is a dark color such as black, the amount of heat absorbed is smaller than that of a region where the ceramics are not stacked, for example, the region of each imaging window (113A, 113B). Become more.
  • the ceramic that is the material of the shielding layer 11 has a thermal expansion coefficient different from that of the inner glass plate 14, in the region where the shielding layer 11 is formed, compressive stress and tensile stress are generated during the shaping process.
  • This distortion is formed in a range of about 8 mm from the peripheral edge of each photographing window (113A, 113B) according to an embodiment to be described later (corresponding to the width a of the distortion area in Equation 1 above). For this reason, as illustrated in FIG. 3A, in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, the respective shooting windows (113A, 113B) are arranged so that regions each having a width of 8 mm are arranged on both sides of the shooting range of each shooting device (21A, 21B). ) Can be avoided the influence of the distortion on the captured image.
  • the width a of the strain region is formed in a range of about 8 mm from the boundary between the imaging window and the shielding layer.
  • the laminated glass which comprises the windshield 1 inclines from a perpendicular direction, and is attached to a motor vehicle. Therefore, the vicinity of the upper side of the windshield 1 is closer to each imaging device (21A, 21B), and the vicinity of the lower side of the windshield 1 is farther from each imaging device (21A, 21B). Therefore, in FIG. 3A, the width of the upper side approaching each imaging device (21A, 21B) is reduced in the imaging range of each imaging device (21A, 21B), and the width of the lower side away from each imaging device (21A, 21B) is It becomes trapezoid shape by becoming long.
  • each photographing device (21A, 21B) is closer the respective photographing devices (21A, 21B) are to the respective photographing windows (113A, 113B), the smaller the photographing range on each photographing window (113A, 113B).
  • each shooting window (113A, 113B) is positioned on each shooting window (113A, 113B).
  • the size of the light beam that passes through is the smallest.
  • each shooting window (113A, 113B) is formed so that the vertical and horizontal widths of each shooting window (113A, 113B) satisfy the above formula (2). Good.
  • the diameter of the entrance pupil is 4 mm
  • the total angle of view of the photographing apparatus is 30 °
  • the distance between the entrance pupil and the windshield is Dmm.
  • the diameter F of the photographing window that is required because the photographing of the photographing apparatus is not hindered by the shielding layer can be expressed by the above formula 3.
  • each photographing window (113A, 113B) in which each photographing device (21A, 21B) can photograph the outside of the vehicle without being obstructed by the shielding layer 11.
  • a guideline for the size of each photographing window (113A, 113B) is determined, so that the size of each photographing window (113A, 113B) can be determined relatively freely.
  • the visual field range 60 in which the driver confirms the traffic situation when driving the vehicle is arranged so as not to overlap the distortion region.
  • the visual field range 60 is a range that a driver on the driver's seat pays attention when driving, and can be set as appropriate according to the embodiment.
  • the test area A defined in the appendix “Test Area for Optical Properties and Light Resistance of Safety Glass” of JIS R3212 (1998, “Safety Glass Test Method for Automobiles”) is adopted as this field of view. May be.
  • the vehicle equipped with the windshield 1 can provide the driver with a good field of view during driving.
  • photography window (113A, 113B) may be arrange
  • each photographing window (113A, 113B) is configured so that the visible light transmittance in each photographing window (113A, 113B) is 70% or more as defined in JIS R 3211, for example.
  • permeability can be measured by the spectroscopic method prescribed
  • a heater for preventing the condensation of each of the photographing windows (113A, 113B) may be installed around each of the photographing windows (113A, 113B). With this heater, condensation in each photographing window (113A, 113B) can be prevented, and the field of view of each photographing device (21A, 21B) can be kept in a good state. However, in this case, in the central region of each photographing window (113A, 113B), there is a possibility that condensation is likely to remain due to being far from the heater installed around each photographing window (113A, 113B).
  • each photographing window (113A, 113B) since the size of each photographing window (113A, 113B) can be formed to be relatively small, condensation is likely to remain in the central region of each photographing window (113A, 113B). Can be prevented. In addition, since the amount of heat for preventing condensation is small, power consumption in the heater can be suppressed.
  • the non-shielding region 12 of the windshield 1 is configured to have a visible light transmittance so that at least traffic conditions outside the vehicle can be visually observed.
  • FIG. 4A shows an example of the configuration of each imaging device (21A, 21B) of the stereo camera 2 according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 4B shows an example of a camera in which the entrance pupil exists inside the lens system (optical system).
  • Each photographing apparatus (21A, 21B) according to the present embodiment includes a lens system 22 having four lenses 221 to 224, an aperture stop 23 disposed between the third lens 223 and the fourth lens 224, and a lens. And an image sensor 24 that captures an image using light that has passed through the system 22.
  • the lenses 221 to 223 on the subject side (left side in FIG. 4A) with respect to the aperture stop 23 are configured so that the entrance pupil, which is a real image of the aperture stop 23, is located on the subject side with respect to the lens system 22. Is done.
  • the position of the entrance pupil is inside the lens system. Therefore, it is difficult to set the distance between the entrance pupil and the windshield 1 to a certain value or less.
  • the distance between the entrance pupil and the windshield 1 can be reduced, and is set to zero or a negative value. It is also possible to set.
  • the aperture stop 23 defines the thickness of the light beam incident on the image sensor 24.
  • the image sensor 24 images a subject by forming an image of light that has passed through the lens system 22 on a light receiving plane.
  • the image sensor 24 is an image pickup device constituted by, for example, a CCD.
  • the type of the image sensor 24 is not limited to the CCD, and may be appropriately selected according to the embodiment.
  • the stereo camera 2 can simultaneously acquire a plurality of images with parallax using each of the imaging devices (21A, 21B).
  • Such a stereo camera 2 is arranged in the upper part of the vehicle so as to be hidden by the protruding region 112 of the shielding layer 11.
  • the stereo camera 2 is disposed in the vicinity of the support portion of the rearview mirror symmetrically about the rearview mirror as the target axis.
  • each of the entrance pupil of the lens system 22 constituting each imaging device (21A, 21B) and each of the windshield 1 By disposing the stereo camera 2 so that the distance from the shooting window (113A, 113B) is within 10 mm before and after, the amount of distortion of the image shot through each shooting window (113A, 113B) is unlikely to fluctuate. I found out. Therefore, in this embodiment, in the optical axis direction of each imaging device (21A, 21B), the entrance pupil of the lens system 22 constituting each imaging device (21A, 21B) and each imaging window (113A, 113B) of the windshield 1 are used.
  • the stereo camera 2 is arranged so that the distance to the front and rear is within 10 mm. As a result, it is possible to prevent the amount of distortion of the image photographed through each photographing window (113A, 113B) from fluctuating greatly due to a manufacturing error of the windshield 1, and without considering individual differences of the windshield 1.
  • the correction values of the correction data 311 can be determined uniformly.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the configuration of the in-vehicle system 5.
  • the in-vehicle system 5 includes the stereo camera 2 and an image processing device 3 connected to the stereo camera 2.
  • the stereo camera 2 acquires a plurality of images with parallax.
  • the image processing device 3 is a device that analyzes a plurality of images acquired by the stereo camera 2 and analyzes the distance between the subject and the vehicle, the moving speed of the subject, the type of the subject, and the like.
  • the image processing apparatus 3 has general hardware such as a storage unit 31, a control unit 32, and an input / output unit 33 connected by a bus as a hardware configuration.
  • the storage unit 31 stores various data and programs used in processing executed by the control unit 32 (not shown).
  • the storage unit 31 may be realized, for example, by a hard disk or a recording medium such as a USB memory.
  • the various data and programs stored in the storage unit 31 may be acquired from a recording medium such as a CD (Compact Disc) or a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc).
  • the storage unit 31 may be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.
  • the stereo camera 2 photographs the situation outside the vehicle via the windshield 1. Therefore, each image acquired by the stereo camera 2 is deformed according to the shape, refractive index, optical defect, and the like of the windshield 1. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the storage unit 31 stores correction data 311 for correcting the image deformed by the windshield 1.
  • the present inventors have different surfaces depending on the surface on which the ceramic is printed on the laminated glass. It has been found that the lens power of the imaging windows (113A, 113B) varies. The lens power indicates the degree to which the light is bent. The larger the lens power value of each photographing window (113A, 113B), the more the direction of the light beam changes due to the passage of each photographing window (113A, 113B). That is, the present inventors have found that the amount of deformation generated in an image acquired through each photographing window (113A, 113B) differs depending on the surface of the laminated glass on which the ceramic is printed.
  • the control unit 32 can appropriately correct each image acquired by the stereo camera 2 by using such correction data 311.
  • the data format of the correction data 311 may be appropriately selected according to the embodiment.
  • the correction data 311 may be data in a table format.
  • Such correction data 311 may be obtained, for example, by actually measuring the amount of distortion of a laminated glass (windshield) manufactured as a test product, and has the lens power shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B described later. It may be obtained by simulating the amount of distortion of the windshield.
  • the method for obtaining the amount of distortion corresponding to the surface on which the ceramics are laminated can be appropriately selected according to the embodiment.
  • the control unit 32 includes one or more processors such as a microprocessor or a CPU (Central Processing Unit), and peripheral circuits (ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), an interface circuit) used for processing of the processor. Etc.). ROM, RAM, and the like may be referred to as a main storage device in the sense that they are arranged in an address space handled by the processor in the control unit 32.
  • the control unit 32 functions as the image analysis unit 321 by executing various data and programs stored in the storage unit 31.
  • the image analysis unit 321 analyzes the plurality of images acquired by the stereo camera 2 and calculates the position of the subject in the plurality of images, thereby acquiring information related to the situation outside the vehicle.
  • the position of the subject can be calculated by a known stereo vision method.
  • the image analysis unit 321 may acquire various information regarding the situation outside the vehicle based on a plurality of images with parallax based on a known method. Good.
  • the image analysis unit 321 can specify the type of subject by pattern matching or the like.
  • the image analysis unit 321 can specify the moving speed of the subject by periodically calculating the position of the subject and referring to the traveling speed of the own vehicle.
  • the input / output unit 33 is one or a plurality of interfaces for transmitting / receiving data to / from an apparatus existing outside the image processing apparatus 3.
  • the input / output unit 33 is, for example, an interface for connecting to a user interface or an interface such as USB (Universal Serial Bus).
  • the image processing apparatus 3 is connected to the stereo camera 2 via the input / output unit 33 and acquires a plurality of images taken by the stereo camera 2.
  • Such an image processing device 3 may be a general-purpose device such as a PC (Personal Computer) or a tablet terminal in addition to a device designed exclusively for the service to be provided.
  • PC Personal Computer
  • tablet terminal in addition to a device designed exclusively for the service to be provided.
  • FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a manufacturing process of each glass plate (13, 14) of the windshield 1 according to the present embodiment.
  • the manufacturing method of the windshield 1 demonstrated below is only an example, and each step may be changed as much as possible. Further, in the manufacturing process described below, steps can be omitted, replaced, and added as appropriate according to the embodiment.
  • each glass plate (13, 14) of the windshield 1 will be described.
  • a heating furnace 901 and a molding device 902 are arranged in this order from upstream to downstream.
  • the roller conveyor 903 is arrange
  • Each glass plate (13, 14) used as a process target is conveyed by this roller conveyor 903.
  • Each glass plate (13, 14) is formed in a flat plate shape before being carried into the heating furnace 901, and is carried into the heating furnace 901. Among these, the inner glass plate 14 is carried into the heating furnace 901 after the shielding layer 11 is further laminated.
  • the heating furnace 901 can have various configurations, but can be an electric heating furnace, for example.
  • the heating furnace 901 includes a rectangular tube-shaped furnace main body whose upstream and downstream ends are open, and a roller conveyor 903 is disposed in the interior from upstream to downstream.
  • Heaters (not shown) are respectively arranged on the upper surface, the lower surface, and the pair of side surfaces of the inner wall surface of the furnace body, and the temperature at which each glass plate (13, 14) passing through the heating furnace 901 can be formed, for example, Heat to near the softening point of the glass.
  • the forming apparatus 902 is configured to press a glass plate with an upper die 921 and a lower die 922 to form a predetermined shape.
  • the upper die 921 has a curved surface that protrudes downward so as to cover the entire upper surface of each glass plate (13, 14), and is configured to be movable up and down.
  • the lower mold 922 is formed in a frame shape corresponding to the peripheral edge of each glass plate (13, 14), and the upper surface thereof has a curved surface shape corresponding to the upper mold 921. With this configuration, each glass plate (13, 14) is press-formed between the upper die 921 and the lower die 922 and formed into a final curved shape.
  • a roller conveyor 903 is disposed in the frame of the lower mold 922, and the roller conveyor 903 can move up and down so as to pass through the frame of the lower mold 922. And although illustration is abbreviate
  • the heating furnace 901 is heated at about 650 degrees.
  • the ceramic that is the material of the shielding layer 11 is a dark color such as black, compared with a region where the ceramic is not laminated, for example, the region of each imaging window (113A, 113B) and the non-shielding region 12. Increases heat absorption.
  • stacked on the shielding layer 11 has a thermal expansion coefficient different from the inner side glass plate 14 in the ceramic which is the material of the shielding layer 11, in the area
  • the boundary between the inner glass plate 14 and the shielding layer 11 is likely to be distorted. That is, a distorted region in which the distortion described below is generated is formed at the peripheral portion of each photographing window (113A, 113B) and the boundary between the non-shielding region 12 and the shielding layer 11.
  • the shielding layer 11 is disposed so that the driver's visual field range 60 does not overlap the strain region.
  • the vehicle equipped with the windshield 1 can provide the driver with a good field of view during driving.
  • each photographing window (113A, 113B) is formed so that the vertical and horizontal widths of each photographing window (113A, 113B) satisfy the above formula (1). Can do. Accordingly, it is possible to make the size of each shooting window (113A, 113B) relatively small while avoiding the influence of distortion on each shooting device (21A, 21B).
  • the roller conveyor 903 as described above is a known one, and a plurality of rollers 931 whose both ends are rotatably supported are arranged at predetermined intervals.
  • a sprocket can be attached to the end of each roller 931, and a chain can be wound around each sprocket to drive it.
  • the conveyance speed of each glass plate (13, 14) can also be adjusted by adjusting the rotational speed of each roller 931.
  • the lower mold 922 of the forming apparatus 902 may be in contact with the entire surface of each glass plate (13, 14).
  • molding apparatus 902 shape
  • the intermediate film 15 is sandwiched between the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14, and this is put in a rubber bag and sucked under reduced pressure. While pre-adhering at about 70-110 ° C.
  • the pre-adhesion method may be other methods.
  • the intermediate film 15 is sandwiched between the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 and heated at 45 to 65 ° C. in an oven. Subsequently, this laminated glass is pressed by a roll at 0.45 to 0.55 MPa. Next, the laminated glass is again heated at 80 to 105 ° C. in an oven and then pressed again with a roll at 0.45 to 0.55 MPa. Thus, preliminary adhesion is completed.
  • the laminated glass that has been pre-bonded is subjected to main bonding by an autoclave at, for example, 8 to 15 atm and 100 to 150 ° C.
  • the main bonding can be performed under the conditions of 14 atm and 145 ° C. In this way, the laminated glass which comprises the windshield 1 which concerns on this embodiment is manufactured.
  • attachment angle can be appropriately set according to the embodiment.
  • the mounting angle of the laminated glass can be 45 degrees or less from the vertical.
  • the shielding layer 11 that shields the field of view from the outside of the vehicle has the two imaging windows (113A, 113B).
  • the stereo camera 2 installed in the vehicle can capture the situation outside the vehicle via the respective imaging windows (113A, 113B) and simultaneously acquire two images with parallax.
  • a known analysis process such as stereo vision to these two images, it is possible to acquire information such as the distance between the subject and the vehicle that is difficult to acquire with a single photographing device. Therefore, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to acquire information that is difficult to acquire with a single imaging device without using different types of measurement devices such as millimeter wave radar and laser radar. It is possible to provide the windshield 1 applicable to an in-vehicle system capable of acquiring sufficient information with a simple configuration.
  • the shielding layer 11 is formed by laminating ceramic on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 14 constituting the windshield 1 and heating the ceramic together with the inner glass plate 14.
  • the present inventors have found that when the shielding layer 11 is formed on the fourth surface with ceramic, the amount of distortion in each photographing window (113A, 113B) is the smallest. Therefore, according to the present embodiment, each imaging window (113A, 113B) with less distortion can be provided by forming a ceramic layer as the shielding layer 11 on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 14.
  • the glass plate of the windshield 1 is made of laminated glass in which an outer glass plate 13 and an inner glass plate 14 are bonded to each other via an intermediate film 15.
  • the windshield 1 can have various configurations, and may be configured by a single glass plate, for example.
  • the glass plate of the windshield 1 is formed in the substantially trapezoid shape.
  • the shape of the glass plate of the windshield 1 may not be limited to such a shape, and may be appropriately selected according to the embodiment.
  • the shielding layer 11 is provided along the peripheral edge of the windshield 1.
  • the region where the shielding layer 11 is provided can be set as appropriate according to the embodiment.
  • the shielding layer 11 is laminated
  • the surface on which the shielding layer 11 is laminated need not be limited to the fourth surface of the laminated glass, and can be appropriately selected according to the embodiment.
  • the shielding layer 11 may be laminated on the second surface and / or the third surface of the laminated glass.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the windshield 1 according to this modification.
  • dark ceramics such as black are screened on the inner surface (second surface) of the outer glass plate 13 and the inner surface (fourth surface) of the inner glass plate 14.
  • the shielding layer 11 may be formed by laminating by printing or the like and heating the ceramic together with the glass plates (13, 14).
  • the shielding layer 11 by laminating ceramics on the second surface and the fourth surface in this way, the shielding layer 11 having a two-layer structure can be formed.
  • the color of the shielding layer 11 can be increased. Therefore, according to the said structure, the appearance on the external appearance of the shielding layer 11 can be improved.
  • the ceramic laminated on the fourth surface serves as a cushion between the inner glass plate 14 and the mounting portion of the automobile, so that the windshield 1 can be prevented from being easily broken at the mounting portion.
  • each photographing apparatus (21A, 21B) includes four lenses 221 to 224.
  • the configuration of each imaging device (21A, 21B) can be changed as appropriate according to the embodiment.
  • each imaging device (25A, 25B) can be configured.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the configuration of each photographing apparatus (25A, 25B) according to this modification.
  • Each imaging device (25A, 25B) illustrated in FIG. 8 includes a lens system 26 having two plano-convex lenses (261, 262), an aperture stop 27 disposed on the subject side from the lens system 26, and the lens system 26. And an image sensor 28 that picks up an image by light that has passed through.
  • the aperture stop 27 is disposed on the subject side (left side in FIG. 8) of the lens system 26.
  • each imaging window (113A, 113B) since the position and size of the aperture stop 27 coincide with the entrance pupil, by providing the aperture stop 27 on each imaging window (113A, 113B), it is incident on each imaging window (113A, 113B). The pupil can appear. Therefore, in this case, the size of each imaging window (113A, 113B) can be reduced to the size of the entrance pupil.
  • the photographing apparatus may include a distortion correction plate 29.
  • FIG. 9 shows an example in which the distortion correction plate 29 is provided in each of the imaging devices (25A, 25B) in the above modification.
  • This distortion correction plate 29 can correct, for example, distortion (numerized by lens power) caused by a difference in curvature between the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 of the windshield 1 and can make the lens power zero.
  • Such a distortion correction plate 29 can be configured to fit a windshield by appropriately processing a transparent plate member having a free-form surface.
  • the molding apparatus 902 that press-molds the outer glass plate 13 and the inner glass plate 14 of the windshield 1 has been described.
  • the method for forming the glass plate of the windshield 1 is not limited to such an example, and may be formed by, for example, the self-weight bending method illustrated in FIG.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a glass plate forming apparatus according to this modification.
  • a laminated glass (windshield 1) is prepared in which an intermediate film 15 is sandwiched between an outer glass plate 13 and an inner glass plate 14 on a flat plate.
  • the shielding layer 11 is laminated on the fourth surface and / or the second surface by screen printing or the like.
  • this laminated glass is placed on a ring-shaped (frame-shaped) mold 800.
  • This forming die 800 is disposed on a conveying table 801, and the conveying table 801 sequentially passes through the heating furnace 802 and the slow cooling furnace 803 in a state where the laminated glass is placed on the forming mold 800.
  • the mold 800 is ring-shaped, the laminated glass passes through the heating furnace 802 with only the peripheral edge supported.
  • the laminated glass is bent downward on the inner side from the peripheral edge by its own weight, and is formed into a curved surface shape.
  • the windshield 1 is not a laminated glass but a single glass plate, it can be formed by the same method.
  • the intermediate film 15 can employ various modes. For example, a part of the intermediate film 15 may be dyed in a dark color such as black, and one region (stained region) of the intermediate film 15 may be configured as a part of the shielding layer 11. However, if this stained area overlaps each imaging window (113A, 113B), this stained area may hinder imaging by each imaging apparatus (21A, 21B). For this reason, the portion where the staining area and each imaging window (113A, 113B) overlap is replaced with a material having a high visible light transmittance so that the staining area does not overlap each imaging window (113A, 113B). May be.
  • the stereo camera 2 has two imaging devices (21A, 21B).
  • the number of imaging devices included in the stereo camera 2 is not limited to two, and may be three or more.
  • the number of photographing windows provided in the shielding layer 11 may be set according to the number of photographing devices.
  • the correction data 311 in the above embodiment, the size of each photographing window (113A, 113B), and the surface of the laminated glass on which the shielding layer 11 is provided can be applied not only to a stereo camera but also to a single camera. It is. Therefore, when a single camera is used without using a stereo camera, the number of shooting windows may be one.
  • the shielding layer 11 is a single layer structure.
  • the shielding layer 11 can have a multilayer structure.
  • the first ceramic layer is formed by laminating ceramics on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 14.
  • a silver layer is formed by laminating silver on the first ceramic layer.
  • a second ceramic layer is formed by laminating a ceramic on the silver layer.
  • the shielding layer 11 having a three-layer structure can shield electromagnetic waves by a silver layer.
  • the material of the composition shown in the following Table 2 can be utilized for this silver layer.
  • region 12 are spaced apart.
  • each imaging window (113 ⁇ / b> A, 113 ⁇ / b> B) may be formed to be continuous with the non-shielding region 12.
  • (1) Configuration of glass plate A laminated glass in which an outer glass plate and an inner glass plate are made of green glass having a thickness of 2 mm, and a single-layer interlayer film is disposed therebetween.
  • Shielding layer A shielding layer having a three-layer structure in which a silver layer was arranged in the composition shown in Table 2 between the first ceramic layer and the second ceramic layer having the composition shown in Table 1 above was formed. In addition, a trapezoidal photographing window was formed in the shielding layer.
  • (3) Production of glass plate A first ceramic layer, a silver layer, and a second ceramic layer were screen-printed on the inner surface of the inner glass plate to form a shielding layer. The composition of the silver layer is shown in Table 2 below. Thereafter, it was baked to 650 ° C. in a heating furnace with a molding die as shown in FIG. 6 and formed into a curved shape, and gradually cooled after being conveyed from the heating furnace.
  • the horizontal axis indicates the length in the surface direction of the glass plate, and the vertical axis indicates the lens power (millimeter diopter). (Diopter) is the reciprocal of the focal length due to the lens action, and its unit is (1 / m).
  • the method for measuring the lens power is as follows. First, light is projected onto a glass plate in a dark room, and a shadow is formed on the screen behind the glass plate. At this time, if there is a convex lens action on the glass plate, the light is condensed and the shadow on the screen becomes bright. On the other hand, when there is a concave lens action on the glass plate, it becomes dark. Here, there is a correlation between the lens power and the brightness of the shadow on the screen. By placing a lens with a known lens power and measuring the brightness on the screen at that time, the relationship between the lens power and the brightness Can be obtained. Therefore, the lens power of the glass plate can be obtained by arranging the target glass plate and measuring the brightness on the screen over the entire surface of the glass.
  • the lens power increases rapidly and the distortion of the glass plate increases near the boundary from the shielding layer toward the non-shielding region. Recognize. And when it leaves
  • FIG. 13 shows a photograph thus obtained.
  • the perfect circle is deformed into an elliptical shape within 8 mm from the boundary between the shielding layer and the imaging window (distortion region).
  • the vicinity of the center of the imaging window is closer to a perfect circle than the vicinity of the boundary.
  • the imaging window so that the vertical and horizontal widths satisfy the above-described formula 1 so that the imaging range of the imaging apparatus does not include the above-described distortion region with large distortion. Is done.
  • Each photographing window was formed in a trapezoidal shape having an upper side width of 20 mm, a lower side width of 50 mm, and a height of 40 mm. Then, using the depth gauge (manufacturer name: Mitutoyo Corporation, model number: ID-C112RB), the horizontal curvature radii of each of the outer surface and the inner surface of the left and right photographing windows were measured. . In addition, the width of the depth gauge was 50 mm, and the radius of curvature of each surface of each imaging window was measured by applying a depth gauge to the portion where the width of the center of each imaging window (position of 30 mm height) was 50 mm. . Furthermore, the lens power in the horizontal direction of each photographing window was calculated by substituting the radius of curvature of each surface into the following equation (4).
  • the unit of lens power is (1 / m)
  • the unit of R1 and R2 is m
  • 1.52 is the refractive index of glass.
  • the radius of curvature of the vehicle outer surface is substituted for R1 in Equation 4, and the radius of curvature of the vehicle inner surface is substituted for R2.
  • the lens power of the left photographing window was obtained as shown in FIG. 14A.
  • the result shown by FIG. 14B was obtained about the lens power of the right imaging
  • the scale of the vertical axis is milli-diopter.
  • a lens power of 0 means that the curvature of the first surface and the fourth surface are the same, so the windshield does not have a concave lens function or a convex lens function, in other words, there is no convergence or divergence. To do. Therefore, from the result, it was found that by forming a shielding layer by laminating ceramics on the fourth surface, it is possible to form a photographing window that hardly generates lens power due to distortion. Moreover, it turned out that the deformation amount which arises in the image acquired through the imaging
  • the value of the lens power can be different depending on other factors such as the difference in curvature of the surface between the outer glass plate and the inner glass plate, but only on the fourth surface as shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B. It has been found that when ceramics are laminated, the lens power due to distortion hardly occurs in the photographing window. Further, it has been found that when ceramic is laminated only on the second surface, the lens power due to distortion occurs most in the photographing window. Further, in the case where ceramics are laminated on the second surface and the fourth surface, in the photographing window, a lens caused by distortion that is intermediate between the result of laminating the ceramic only on the second surface and the result of laminating the ceramic only on the fourth surface. It turns out that power is generated.
  • the vertical radius of curvature of the outer surface of the vehicle was varied from 1600 mm to 2000 mm at intervals of 200 mm.
  • the distance (optical length in terms of air layer) between the entrance pupil of the photographing apparatus and the windshield (inner surface) was varied from -10 mm to 30 mm at intervals of 5 to 10 mm.
  • a measurement point was set on a target placed at a position 1500 mm away from the windshield.
  • This amount of distortion is a numerical value that does not depend on the focal length and F value of the photographing apparatus.
  • the evaluated measurement points and directions were the Ay and Y directions, the Cy and Y directions, and the Ex and X directions shown in FIG. As a result, the results shown in FIGS. 16 and 17 were obtained. Note that the distance between the entrance pupil and the windshield being ⁇ 10 mm means that the entrance pupil is separated from the windshield (inner surface) by an optical length of 10 mm toward the outside of the vehicle.
  • FIG. 16 shows the amount of distortion of the target imaged through the windshield when the distance between the entrance pupil of the camera and the windshield was varied from ⁇ 10 mm to 30 mm at intervals of 10 mm.
  • the amount of distortion changes depending on the curvature of the windshield.
  • the distance D between the windshield and the entrance pupil By setting the distance D between the windshield and the entrance pupil to about 3 mm, the change in the amount of distortion due to the curvature of the windshield can be suppressed.
  • D when D is set to ⁇ 10 mm, the amount of distortion of the target Cy varies from 1.1% to 2.7% when the curvature of the windshield is varied from 1600 mm to 2000 mm.
  • D was set to approximately 3 mm, even when the curvature of the windshield was varied from 1600 mm to 2000 mm, the amount of distortion of the target Cy did not vary at 1.9%.
  • the variation in the distortion amount becomes almost zero.
  • the target Cy has a larger amount of absolute distortion and variation, it can be seen that the change in the amount of distortion due to the curvature of the windshield can be suppressed by setting the distance D between the windshield and the entrance pupil to approximately 3 mm. It was.
  • the shape of the windshield is curved for design and aerodynamic reasons. Since the glass plate has a constant thickness in terms of design, the lens power is almost zero, and distortion caused by the lens power hardly occurs. Further, if the shape of the curve is as designed, the amount of distortion caused by the curve can be calculated and dealt with. However, the distortion due to the lens power caused by the difference in curvature between the outer surface (first surface) and the inner surface (fourth surface) of the windshield causes a deviation from the design value. For this reason, when such distortion caused by the lens power occurs, it is difficult to correct the deformation of the image captured by the stereo camera only by the design value of the windshield, and it is difficult to correct the distortion caused by the lens power. Is required separately. On the other hand, as described above, since the generation of lens power can be suppressed by laminating ceramic only on the fourth surface, it is not necessary to deal with distortion caused by such lens power.
  • FIG. 17 shows the amount of distortion of the target imaged through the windshield when the curvature radius in the vertical direction of the outer surface of the vehicle is varied from 1600 mm to 2000 mm at intervals of 100 mm.
  • Cy had the largest variation in distortion.
  • the curvature of the point Cy is 3.3 when the vertical curvature radius of the outer surface of the vehicle is 1600 mm and 2000 mm. It varied by approximately 2.9% from% to 0.4%.
  • the variation in the distortion of the point Cy is 2.3% when the vertical curvature radius of the outer surface of the vehicle is 1600 mm and 2000 mm. From about 1.5% to about 0.8%.
  • the variation in the distortion at the point Cy is 1.1 when the vertical curvature radius of the outer surface of the vehicle is 1600 mm and 2000 mm. % To 2.6% could be reduced to about 1.5%.
  • the distance between the entrance pupil of the camera and the windshield in a range of ⁇ 10 mm to 10 mm, the image is taken through the windshield even if the vertical curvature radius of the outer surface of the vehicle is changed. It was found that the variation of the target distortion amount can be suppressed to some extent.
  • the distance between the entrance pupil of the camera and the windshield in the range of 2 mm to 3 mm, even if the vertical radius of curvature of the outer surface of the vehicle is changed, for example, the surface provided with the shielding layer
  • the variation in the vertical radius of curvature of the vehicle outer surface indicates a manufacturing error of the windshield
  • the variation in the distance between the windshield and the entrance pupil indicates an error when the camera is attached.
  • the curvature radius of the vehicle outer surface and the curvature radius of the vehicle inner surface are the same, the lens effect hardly occurs with the windshield, so the amount of distortion of the image taken through the windshield is Even if the distance between the windshield and the camera fluctuates, the value is almost constant.
  • the correction value for correcting the image photographed through the windshield becomes a value specific to each windshield, and the correction value must be specified every time the windshield is manufactured.
  • the curvature radius of the vehicle outer surface and the curvature radius of the vehicle inner surface are set. It was found that even if the disagreement fluctuates, the fluctuation of the distortion amount of the image taken through the windshield can be suppressed to some extent. In particular, it has been found that by setting the distance between the entrance pupil of the camera and the windshield in the range of 2 mm to 3 mm, fluctuations in the amount of distortion of the image taken through the windshield can be substantially suppressed. As a result, it is possible to prevent the amount of distortion of the image captured through each imaging window from fluctuating greatly due to manufacturing errors of the Indian shield, and to uniformly determine a correction value for correcting the captured image without considering individual differences. be able to.
  • Image sensor 29 ... Distortion correction plate, 3 ... Image processing device, 31 ... Storage unit, 311 ... Correction data, 32 ... Control unit, 321 ... Image analysis unit, 33 ... Input / output unit, 60 ... field of view, 800 ... Mold, 801 ... Transfer, 802 ... Heating furnace, 803 ... Slow cooling furnace, 901 ... Heating furnace, 931 ... Roller, 902 ... Molding device, 921 ... Upper mold, 922 ... Lower mold, 903 ... Roller conveyor

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  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un pare-brise qui peut être utilisé dans un système monté sur un véhicule pouvant acquérir des informations suffisantes à l'aide d'une configuration simple. Un pare-brise, selon un aspect de la présente invention, est un pare-brise pour une automobile dans laquelle un appareil de prise de vues stéréo, comprenant une pluralité de dispositifs de photographie espacés les uns des autres, peut être installé de manière à permettre l'acquisition d'une pluralité d'images entre lesquelles apparaît un parallaxe, le pare-brise étant pourvu d'une plaque de verre et d'une couche de protection qui est disposée sur la plaque de verre et qui protège un champ de vision à partir de l'extérieur du véhicule. La couche de protection est pourvue d'une pluralité de fenêtres de photographie correspondant respectivement à la pluralité de dispositifs de photographie, pour permettre à chacun de la pluralité de dispositifs de photographie de l'appareil de prise de vues stéréo installé dans le véhicule de capturer des images de la situation à l'extérieur du véhicule.
PCT/JP2015/080117 2014-12-04 2015-10-26 Pare-brise et système monté sur un véhicule WO2016088472A1 (fr)

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CN109878416A (zh) * 2019-04-09 2019-06-14 江苏铁锚玻璃股份有限公司 基于摄像头及车窗玻璃车外场景采集及显示系统
JP2021148465A (ja) * 2020-03-16 2021-09-27 京セラ株式会社 検知装置、センサ調整システム、車両、及びセンサの調整方法
EP3737558B1 (fr) 2018-01-11 2021-10-27 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitre de véhicule, véhicule et procédé de fabrication
US11826987B2 (en) 2019-03-26 2023-11-28 Pilkington Group Limited Laminated glazing and process
EP4071122A4 (fr) * 2019-12-06 2023-12-06 Agc Inc. Verre pour véhicules, et unité caméra
JP7483427B2 (ja) 2020-03-16 2024-05-15 京セラ株式会社 検知装置、センサ調整システム、車両、及びセンサの調整方法

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JP6658363B2 (ja) * 2016-07-06 2020-03-04 Ａｇｃ株式会社 合せガラス及び車両窓
JP6998661B2 (ja) * 2017-02-22 2022-02-10 日本板硝子株式会社 リアガラス
JP7040526B2 (ja) * 2017-07-13 2022-03-23 Ａｇｃ株式会社 自動車用窓ガラス
EP3700782B1 (fr) 2017-10-26 2022-04-27 Saint-Gobain Glass France Ensemble de véhicule pourvu de module de caméra intégré
FR3077761B1 (fr) * 2018-02-14 2020-02-21 Saint-Gobain Glass France Pare-brise automobile dont la zone de champ d'une camera presente une distorsion optique diminuee
JP7324683B2 (ja) 2019-10-17 2023-08-10 株式会社Subaru 画像処理装置

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3737558B1 (fr) 2018-01-11 2021-10-27 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitre de véhicule, véhicule et procédé de fabrication
US11826987B2 (en) 2019-03-26 2023-11-28 Pilkington Group Limited Laminated glazing and process
CN109878416A (zh) * 2019-04-09 2019-06-14 江苏铁锚玻璃股份有限公司 基于摄像头及车窗玻璃车外场景采集及显示系统
EP4071122A4 (fr) * 2019-12-06 2023-12-06 Agc Inc. Verre pour véhicules, et unité caméra
JP2021148465A (ja) * 2020-03-16 2021-09-27 京セラ株式会社 検知装置、センサ調整システム、車両、及びセンサの調整方法
JP7483427B2 (ja) 2020-03-16 2024-05-15 京セラ株式会社 検知装置、センサ調整システム、車両、及びセンサの調整方法

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