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  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
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  • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
  • C07K16/241—Tumor Necrosis Factors
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  • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
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  • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
  • C07K16/244—Interleukins [IL]
  • C07K16/245—IL-1
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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2806—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD2
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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2809—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against the T-cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex
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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2827—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against B7 molecules, e.g. CD80, CD86
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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2875—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF/TNF superfamily, e.g. CD70, CD95L, CD153, CD154
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  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2893—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against CD52
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
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  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
  • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value

Definitions

• Chronic inflammation may be characterized by the presence of proinflammatory factors at levels higher than baseline near the site of pathology, but many fold lower than those found in acute inflammation. Examples of these factors include TNF, IL-1a, ⁇ _-1 ⁇ , IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-23, CD2, CD3, CD20, CD22, CD52, CD80, CD86, C5 complement protein, BAFF, APRIL, IgE, ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 integrin and ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin.
• Treatments of diseases associated with chronic inflammation include treatments which interfere with the action of pro-inflammatory factors, such as by binding the factors or binding to receptors for the factors.
• An important class of drug for the treatment of chronic inflammation and the diseases associate with chronic inflammation include anti-inflammation antibodies.
• This class of drugs not only includes antibodies, but also other proteins that bind to pro-inflammatory factors or pro-inflammatory factor receptors, and include a constant region of antibody.
• anti-inflammation antibodies include abatacept, alefacept, alemtuzumab, atacicept, belimumab, canakinumab, eculizumab, epratuzumab, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, omalizumab, otelixizumab, rituximab, teplizumab, vedolizumab, adalimumab, briakinumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, tocilizumab and ustekinumab.
• Senescent cells are cells in a state of irreversible proliferative arrest.
• Senescence is a distinct state of a cell, and is associated with biomarkers, such as activation of p16 lnk4a , and expression of ⁇ -galactosidase. Senescent cells are also associated with secretion of many factors involved in intercellular signaling, including pro-inflammatory factors; secretion of these factors has been termed the
• SASP senescence-associated secretory phenotype
• AGEs Advanced glycation end-products
• AGEs also referred to AGE-modified proteins, or glycation end-products
• AGEs arise from a non-enzymatic reaction of sugars with protein side-chains in aging cells
• Ando, K. et al. Membrane Proteins of Human Erythrocytes Are Modified by Advanced Glycation End Products during Aging in the Circulation, Biochem Biophys Res Commun., Vol. 258, 123, 125 (1999)
• This process begins with a reversible reaction between the reducing sugar and the amino group to form a Schiff base, which proceeds to form a covalently-bonded Amadori rearrangement product.
• the Amadori product undergoes further rearrangement to produce AGEs.
• Hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus (DM), and oxidative stress promote this post-translational modification of membrane proteins (Lindsey JB, et al., "Receptor For Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE): Cardiovascular Implications," Diabetes
• AGEs have been associated with several pathological conditions including diabetic complications, inflammation, retinopathy, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, stroke, endothelial cell dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disorders (Bierhaus A, "AGEs and their interaction with AGE- receptors in vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. I. The AGE concept,"
• AGE-modified proteins are also a marker of senescent cells. This association between glycation end-product and senescence is well known in the art. See, for example, Gruber, L. (WO 2009/14341 1 , 26 Nov. 2009), Ando, K. et al. (Membrane Proteins of Human Erythrocytes Are Modified by Advanced Glycation End Products during Aging in the Circulation, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , Vol. 258, 123, 125 (1999)), Ahmed, E.K. et al. ("Protein Modification and Replicative Senescence of Wl- 38 Human Embryonic Fibroblasts" Aging Cells, vol.
• Vlassara H. et al. (Advanced Glycosylation Endproducts on Erythrocyte Cell Surface Induce Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis by Macrophages, J. Exp. Med. , Vol. 166, 539, 545 (1987)) and Vlassara et al. ("High-affinity-receptor-mediated Uptake and Degradation of Glucose-modified Proteins: A Potential Mechanism for the Removal of Senescent Macromolecules" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAI, Vol. 82, 5588, 5591 (1985)).
• Ahmed, E.K. et al. indicates that glycation end-products are "one of the major causes of spontaneous damage to cellular and extracellular proteins" (Ahmed, E.K. er a/., see above, page 353). Accordingly, the accumulation of glycation end- product is associated with senescence and lack of function.
• the present invention is a composition for treating
• inflammation or auto-immune disorders comprising: (i) an antibody that binds to an AGE-modified protein on a cell, and (ii) an anti-inflammation antibody.
• the present invention is a method of treating inflammation or autoimmune disorders, comprising administering an antibody that binds to an AGE-modified protein on a cell.
• the present invention is a method of treating inflammation or auto-immune disorders, comprising interfering with the activity of a pro-inflammatory factor, and killing senescent cells.
• AGE-modified protein refers to modified proteins that are formed as the result of the reaction of sugars with protein side chains that further rearrange and form irreversible crosslinking. This process begins with a reversible reaction between the reducing sugar and the amino group to form a Schiff base, which proceeds to form a covalently-bonded Amadori rearrangement product. Once formed, the Amadori product undergoes further rearrangement to produce AGEs.
• AGE-modified proteins, and antibodies to AGE-modified proteins are described in U.S. 5,702,704 (Bucala) and U.S.
• AGEs include 2-(2-furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1 H-imidazole (“FFI”); 5-hydroxymethyl-1 -alkylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (“Pyrraline”); 1 -alkyl-2-formyl-3,4- diglycosyl pyrrole ("AFGP"), a non-fluorescent model AGE; carboxymethyllysine; and pentosidine.
• FFI 2-(2-furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1 H-imidazole
• Pyrraline 5-hydroxymethyl-1 -alkylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde
• AFGP 1 -alkyl-2-formyl-3,4- diglycosyl pyrrole
• ALI another AGE, is described in Al-Abed et al.
• AGE-modified albumin is not an AGE-modified protein on a cell, because albumin is not a protein normally found bound on the surface of cells.
• “An antibody that binds to an AGE-modified protein on a cell” only includes those antibodies which lead to removal, destruction, or death of the cell.
• antibodies which are conjugated, for example to a toxin, drug, or other chemical or particle Preferably, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies, but polyclonal antibodies are also possible.
• Pro-inflammatory factor means a factor which promotes inflammation.
• pro-inflammatory factors examples include TNF or TNFa, IL-1 a, ⁇ _-1 ⁇ , IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-23, CD2, CD3, CD20, CD22, CD52, CD80, CD86, C5 complement protein, BAFF, APRIL, IgE, ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 integrin and ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin. Many of these factors and/or their receptors may have a different structure in different animals.
• hTNF human TNF
• R receptor for the factor
• TNF-R being the human receptor for TNF
• IL- 6R being the receptor for IL-6.
• Anti-inflammation antibody means an antibody or other protein that binds to a pro-inflammatory factor or pro-inflammatory factor receptor, reduces the activity of the factor or receptor, and includes a constant region of antibody.
• anti-inflammatory antibodies include abatacept, alefacept, alemtuzumab, atacicept, belimumab, canakinumab, eculizumab, epratuzumab, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, omalizumab, otelixizumab, rituximab, teplizumab, vedolizumab, adalimumab, briakinumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, tocilizumab and ustekinumab.
• the antibodies are monoclo
• Spenescent cell means a cell which is in a state of irreversible proliferative arrest and expresses one or more biomarkers of senescence, such as activation of p16 lnk4a , or expression of ⁇ -galactosidase. Also included are cells which expresses one or more biomarkers of senescence, do not proliferate in vivo, but may proliferate in vitro under certain conditions, such as some satellite cells found in the muscles of ALS patients.
• the present invention is based on the recognition that many cellular networks associated with inflammation have a positive feedback component. Because senescent cells produce pro-inflammatory factors, removal of these cells alone, produces a profound reduction in inflammation and the amount and concentration of pro-inflammatory factors. This may be done by administering an antibody that binds to an AGE-modified protein on a cell.
• the reduction in inflammation will be greater than what would have been expected, based on the effects of either component alone. This may be done, for example, by the administration of both an anti-inflammation antibody and an antibody that binds to an AGE-modified protein on a cell.
• Anti-AGE antibody An antibody that binds to an AGE-modified protein on a cell (or "Anti-AGE antibody”) is known in the art. Examples include those described in U.S. 5,702,704 (Bucala) and U.S. 6,380,165 (Al-Abed et a/.). Examples include an antibody that binds to one or more AGEs, such as FFI, pyrraline, AFGP, ALI, carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine. Preferably, the antibody binds carboxymethyllysine.
• the antibody is non-immunogenic to the animal in which it will be used, such as non- immunogenic to humans; companion animals including cats, dogs and horses; and commercially important animals, such camels (or alpaca), cattle (bovine), sheep, and goats. More preferably, the antibody has the same species constant region as antibodies of the animal to reduce the immune response against the antibody, such as being humanized (for humans), felinized (for cats), caninized (for dogs), equuinized (for horses), camelized (for camels or alpaca), bovinized (for cattle), ovinized (for sheep), or caperized (for goats).
• the antibody is identical to that of the animal in which it will be used (except for the variable region), such as a human antibody, a cat antibody, a dog antibody, a horse antibody, a camel antibody, a bovine antibody, a sheep antibody or a goat antibody. Details of the constant regions and other parts of antibodies for these animals are described below.
• the anti-AGE antibody has low rate of dissociation from the antibody-antigen complex, or k d (also referred to as k baC k or off-rate), preferably at most 9 x 10 "3 , 8 x 10 "3 , 7 x 10 "3 or 6 x 10 “3 (sec “1 ).
• the anti-AGE antibody has a high affinity for the AGE-modified protein of a cell, which may be expressed as a low dissociation constant K D of at most 9 x 10 "6 , 8 x 10 "6 , 7 x 10 "6 , 6 x 10 "6 , 5 x 10 "6 , 4 x 10 "6 or 3 x 10 " 6 (M).
• the anti-AGE antibody can be conjugated to an agent that causes the destruction of AGE-modified cells.
• agents may be a toxin, a cytotoxic agent, magnetic nanoparticles, and magnetic spin-vortex discs.
• a toxin such as pore-forming toxins (PFT) (Aroian R. et a/. , "Pore-Forming
• conjugated to an anti-AGE antibody may be injected into a patient to selectively target and remove AGE-modified cells.
• the anti-AGE antibody recognizes and binds to AGE-modified cells. Then, the toxin causes pore formation at the cell surface and subsequent cell removal through osmotic lysis.
• Magnetic nanoparticles conjugated to the anti-AGE antibody may be injected into a patient to target and remove AGE-modified cells.
• the magnetic nanoparticles can be heated by applying a magnetic field in order to selectively remove the AGE- modified cells.
• magnetic spin-vortex discs which are magnetized only when a magnetic field is applied to avoid self-aggregation that can block blood vessels, begin to spin when a magnetic field is applied, causing membrane disruption of target cells.
• Magnetic spin-vortex discs, conjugated to anti-AGE antibodies specifically target AGE-modified cell types, without removing other cells.
• Antibodies typically comprise two heavy chains and two light chains of
• variable region determines the mechanism used to target the antigen.
• the amino acid sequence in the tips of the "Y" varies among different antibodies. This variation gives the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
• the variable region which includes the ends of the light and heavy chains, is further subdivided into hypervariable (HV - also sometimes referred to as complementarity determining regions, or CDRs) and framework (FR) regions.
• HV hypervariable
• FR framework
• a humanized anti-AGE antibody according to the present invention may have the following human constant region sequence of amino acids: 10 20 30 O 50 60
• the anti-AGE antibody may have one or more of the following
• Anti-inflammation antibodies are well known, and many have already been approved for human use. Examples of anti-inflammation antibodies include abatacept, alefacept, alemtuzumab, atacicept, belimumab, canakinumab, eculizumab, epratuzumab, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, omalizumab, otelixizumab, rituximab, teplizumab, vedolizumab, adalimumab, briakinumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, tocilizumab and ustekinumab.
• the anti-inflammation antibody is an antibody that binds to TNF or TNF-R.
• Any of the above antibodies may be modified to reduce any possible immune reaction in animals other than humans, by replacing the portion which does not bind a pro-inflammatory factor or pro-inflammatory factor receptor which the constant region of an antibody which originates from that animal, such as an antibody constant region of cats, dogs, horses, camels (or alpaca), cattle, sheep, or goats.
• a pro-inflammatory factor or pro-inflammatory factor receptor which the constant region of an antibody which originates from that animal, such as an antibody constant region of cats, dogs, horses, camels (or alpaca), cattle, sheep, or goats.
• Such constant regions, as well as other portions of the antibodies of these animals are well known, and some may be found in the following: Yaofeng Zhao, et al. "The bovine antibody repertoire" Developmental & Comparative
• the anti-inflammation antibody has low rate of dissociation from the antibody- antigen complex, or k d (also referred to as k back or off-rate), preferably at most 9 x 10 " 3 , 8 x 10- 3 , 7 x 10 "3 , 6 x 10- 3 , 5 x 10 "3 , 4 x 10 "3 , 3 x 10 "3 , 2 x 10 "3 or 1 x 10 "3 , (sec 1 ).
• the anti-inflammation antibody has a affinity for its associated antigen, which may be expresses as a low dissociation constant K D of at most 9 x 10 "6 , 8 x 10 ⁇ 6 , 7 x 10 ⁇ 6 , 6 x 10 ⁇ 6 , 5 x 10 ⁇ 6 , 4 x 10 ⁇ 6 3 x 10 "6 , 2 x 10 6 , 1 x 10 "6 , 1 x 10 "7 or 1 x 10 "8 (M).
• Such antibodies include those from U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,382, describing anti-TNF antibodies.
• Such antibodies may have one or more of the following: CDR3L (light chain): Gin Arg Tyr Asn Arg Ala Pro Tyr Xaa, where Xaa is Thr or Ala.
• CDR3H (heavy chain): Val Ser Tyr Leu Ser Thr Ala Ser Ser Leu Asp Xaa, where Xaa is Tyr or Asn.
• Light chain variable region Asp lie Gin Met Thr Gin Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val Gly Asp Arg Val Thr lie Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Gin Gly He Arg Asn Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gin Gin Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys Leu Leu He Tyr Ala Ala Ser Thr Leu Gin Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr lie Ser Ser Leu Gin Pro Glu Asp Val Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gin Arg Tyr Asn Arg Ala Pro Tyr Thr Phe Gly Gin Gly Thr Lys Val Glu He Lys.
• Heavy chain variable region Glu Val Gin Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gin Pro Gly Arg Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Asp Asp Tyr Ala Met His Trp Val Arg Gin Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Val Ser Ala He Thr Trp Asn Ser Gly His lie Asp Tyr Ala Asp Ser Val Glu Gly Arg Phe Thr lie Ser Arg Asp Asn Ala Lys Asn Ser Leu Tyr Leu Gin Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Lys Val Ser Tyr Leu Ser Thr Ala Ser Ser Leu Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gin Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser.
• Bi-specific antibodies which are both anti-AGE antibodies and anti- inflammation antibodies, may also be used. Such antibodies will have a variable region (or complementary determining region) from those of anti-AGE antibodies, and a variable region (or complementary determining region) from anti-inflammation antibodies.
• antibodies can be produced using well-known methods.
• polyclonal antibodies pAbs
• pAbs polyclonal antibodies
• an immunogen if desired, an adjuvant.
• the immunogen (and adjuvant) is injected in a mammal by a subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection.
• the immunogen may be an AGE-modified protein of a cell, pro-inflammatory factor, pro-inflammatory factor receptor, or fragment thereof.
• adjuvants include Freund's complete, monophosphoryl Lipid A synthetic-trehalose dicorynomycolate, aluminum hydroxide (alum), heat shock proteins HSP 70 or HSP96, squalene emulsion containing monophosphoryl lipid A, a2-macroglobulin and surface active substances, including oil emulsions, pleuronic polyols, polyanions and dinitrophenol.
• an immunogen may be conjugated to a polypeptide that is immunogenic in the host, such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, cholera toxin, labile enterotoxin, silica particles or soybean trypsin inhibitor.
• KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
• serum albumin serum albumin
• bovine thyroglobulin bovine thyroglobulin
• cholera toxin cholera toxin
• silica particles silica particles
• soybean trypsin inhibitor soybean trypsin inhibitor
• pAbs may be made in chickens, producing IgY molecules.
• Monoclonal antibodies may also be made by immunizing a host or lymphocytes from a host, harvesting the mAb-secreting (or potentially secreting) lymphocytes, fusing those lymphocytes to immortalized cells (for example, myeloma cells), and selecting those cells that secrete the desired mAb.
• Other techniques may be used, such as the EBV-hybridoma technique.
• chimeric antibodies that are substantially human (humanized) or substantially “ized” to another animal (such as cat, dog, horse, camel or alpaca, cattle, sheep, or goat) at the amino acid level.
• the mAbs may be purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid by conventional procedures, such as protein A-sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, ammonium sulfate precipitation or affinity chromatography.
• human monoclonal antibodies can be generated by immunization of transgenic mice containing a third copy IgG human trans-loci and silenced endogenous mouse Ig loci or using human-transgenic mice. Production of humanized monoclonal antibodies and fragments thereof can also be generated through phage display technologies.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical
• compositions Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include water, saline, Ringer's solutions and dextrose solution. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions. Solutions and suspensions used for parenteral administration can include a sterile diluent, such as water for injection, saline solution, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens;
• antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite
• buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
• the pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
• the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
• compositions suitable for injection include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
• suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CREMOPHOR EL® (BASF; Parsippany, NJ) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
• the composition must be sterile and should be fluid so as to be administered using a syringe.
• Such compositions should be stable during manufacture and storage and must be preserved against contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
• compositions that can delay absorption include agents such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating antibodies, and optionally other therapeutic components, in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients as required, followed by sterilization. Methods of preparation of sterile solids for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions include vacuum drying and freeze-drying to yield a solid.
• the antibodies are delivered as an aerosol spray from a nebulizer or a pressurized container that contains a suitable propellant, for example, a gas such as carbon dioxide.
• a suitable propellant for example, a gas such as carbon dioxide.
• Antibodies may also be delivered via inhalation as a dry powder, for example using the iSPERSETM inhaled drug deliver platform (PULMATRIX, Lexington, Mass.).
• the use of chicken antibodies (IgY) may be non-immunogenic in a variety of animals, including humans, when administered by inhalation.
• the dosage level will be about 0.1 to about 250 mg/kg; more preferably about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg.
• a suitable dosage level may be about 0.01 to 250 mg/kg, about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg, or about 0.1 to 50 mg/kg. Within this range the dosage may be 0.05 to 0.5, 0.5 to 5 or 5 to 50 mg/kg.
• each type of antibody may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, such as once or twice per day, antibodies typically have a long half-life in vivo. Accordingly, each type of antibody may be administered once a day, once a week, once every two or three weeks, once a month, or once every 60 to 90 days.
• amelioration of symptoms of inflammation or autoimmune disorders may be observed in a patient (for example, a reduction in redness of the skin); blood tests for various pro-inflammatory factors (such as TNF) which show a reduction in the levels as compared to such levels prior to treatment; and tests for various proinflammatory factors (such as TNF) in tissue biopsies taken from at or near the site of inflammation which show a reduction in the levels as compared to such levels prior to treatment.
• pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF
• TNF proinflammatory factor
• Unit dosage forms can be created to facilitate administration and dosage
• Unit dosage form refers to physically discrete units suited as single dosages for the subject to be treated, containing a therapeutically effective quantity of one or more types of antibodies in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
• the unit dosage form is in a sealed container and is sterile.
• Example 1 In vivo study of the administration of anti-glycation end-product antibody
• the antibody was administered to the aged CD 1 (ICR) mouse (Charles River Laboratories), twice daily by intravenous injection, once a week, for three weeks (Days 1 , 8 and 15), was followed by a 10 week treatment-free period.
• the test antibody was a commercially available mouse anti-glycation end-product antibody raised against carboxymethyl lysine, a common AGE epitope, conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. A control reference of physiological saline was used in the control animals.
• mice referred to a "young" were 8 weeks old, while mice referred to as “old” were 88 weeks ( ⁇ 2 days) old. No adverse events were noted from the administration of the antibody.
• the different groups of animals used in the study are shown in Table 1.
• Pre Subset of animals euthanized prior to treatment start for collection of adipose tissue.
• Group 5 (5 ug/gram). This comparison indicated that the Group 5 animals had lower levels of p16lnk4a mRNA expression when they were treated with 5.0
• mice were euthanized at end of treatment Day 22.
• FIG. 1 A graph of the response versus time is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
• Example 3 In vivo study of the administration of anti-glycation end-product antibody and a mouse anti-mouse TNF antibody, in the antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis
• AIA antigen-induced arthritis
• the anti-glycation end-product antibody is a commercially available mouse anti-glycation end-product antibody raised against carboxymethyl lysine, a common AGE epitope, conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
• a control reference of physiological saline is used in the first control animals, a second experimental group is administered only anti-glycation end-product antibody, and a second control reference of only anti-TNF antibody is used in the second control animals.
• Dose Levels of 5 pg/gm/BID/week of each antibody is used.
• the animals are observed during the course of the study, and blood is taken to determine levels of TNF.
• the animals are euthanized and joint tissue is examined for signs of damage associate with rheumatoid arthritis.
• the results indicate that the second experimental group and second control group show less joint damage and lower levels of TNF than the first control group.
• the first experimental group not only show the least joint damage and lowest level of TNF of all the study groups, but the reduction in both joint damage and levels of TNF are greater than would have been expected based solely on the second

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