WO2016031995A1 - 圧電磁器およびその製法、ならびに電子部品 - Google Patents
圧電磁器およびその製法、ならびに電子部品 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016031995A1 WO2016031995A1 PCT/JP2015/074551 JP2015074551W WO2016031995A1 WO 2016031995 A1 WO2016031995 A1 WO 2016031995A1 JP 2015074551 W JP2015074551 W JP 2015074551W WO 2016031995 A1 WO2016031995 A1 WO 2016031995A1
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- crystal
- piezoelectric ceramic
- piezoelectric
- crystal grain
- grain boundary
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 236
- 229910052451 lead zirconate titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead zirconate titanate Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2] HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002003 electrode paste Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910015902 Bi 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000682 scanning probe acoustic microscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
- C04B2235/85—Intergranular or grain boundary phases
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/05—Manufacture of multilayered piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices, or parts thereof, e.g. by stacking piezoelectric bodies and electrodes
- H10N30/053—Manufacture of multilayered piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices, or parts thereof, e.g. by stacking piezoelectric bodies and electrodes by integrally sintering piezoelectric or electrostrictive bodies and electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/50—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices having a stacked or multilayer structure
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piezoelectric ceramic, a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic component.
- Piezoelectric ceramics are used in various electronic components such as a piezoelectric actuator that uses a displacement or force generated through a piezoelectric phenomenon as a mechanical drive source. As the use of piezoelectric actuators expands, multilayer piezoelectric actuators that can obtain larger displacement and generated force at a lower voltage have been increasingly used. Further, generally the function as a piezoelectric actuator, the piezoelectric strain constant, in particular with d 33 and d 31 constant is desired that as large as possible, insulation is also important not to deteriorate during continuous driving.
- the composition formula by molar ratio, Pb 1-x-y Sr x Ba y (Zn 1/3 Sb 2/3) a Zr b Ti 1-a-b O 3 , x, y, a, b are 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.14, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.14, 0.04 ⁇ x + y, 0.01 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.12, 0.43 ⁇
- b ⁇ 0.58 are known (see, for example, Patent Document 1), and it is described that such a piezoelectric ceramic composition is fired at 1240 to 1300 ° C.
- piezoelectric ceramic composition that can be fired at a low temperature
- PbZrO 3 —PbTiO 3 —Pb (Zn 1/3 Sb 2/3 ) O 3 is a main component
- Bi and Fe elements are converted into BiFeO 3 in an amount of 5 to 15 masses.
- a piezoelectric ceramic composition baked in (1) is known (for example, see Patent Document 2).
- Patent Document 3 discloses a piezoelectric ceramic composed of crystal grains of lead zirconate titanate crystal containing at least one of Sb and Nb, Zn and Bi, and an internal electrode layer mainly composed of Ag.
- Bi 2 O 3 powder is added to a calcined powder containing at least one of Sb and Nb and Pb, Zr, Ti and Zn as a method for producing the same, and 920 to 960 ° C. Is disclosed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a piezoelectric ceramic that is less deformed by firing, a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic component.
- a piezoelectric ceramic according to the present invention includes a plurality of crystal grains made of a lead zirconate titanate-based crystal containing Zn and Bi, and a crystal grain boundary existing between the plurality of crystal grains, and the plurality of crystal grains Is a first crystal particle in which the content of at least one element of Zn and Bi in the crystal particle is less than the content of the element in a region including the crystal grain boundary in contact with the crystal particle It is characterized by including.
- the method for producing a piezoelectric ceramic according to the present invention is to produce a mixed powder obtained by mixing a calcined powder containing Pb, Zr, Ti and Zn, and the calcined powder and an oxide powder containing Zn and Bi. And a step of forming the mixed powder to form a molded body, and a step of firing the molded body at 900 to 1050 ° C. in the atmosphere.
- An electronic component according to the present invention includes a piezoelectric body made of the above-described piezoelectric ceramic and an electrode layer.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a piezoelectric ceramic that is less deformed by firing, a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic component.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an X-ray diffraction result of 3
- Sample No. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an X-ray diffraction result of FIG.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present embodiment includes a plurality of crystal particles 2 made of a lead zirconate titanate crystal (hereinafter also simply referred to as a PZT crystal) containing Zn and Bi, and crystal particles 2. And a crystal grain boundary 3 existing between the crystal grain boundaries 3 and the crystal grain boundaries 3.
- a PZT crystal lead zirconate titanate crystal
- the crystal particle 2 in which Ci is less than Cb is referred to as first crystal particle 2a, and neither Zn nor Bi has a difference between Ci and Cb, or Ci is
- the crystal grains 2 that are larger than Cb (Ci ⁇ Cb) are referred to as second crystal grains 2b.
- the first crystal particle 2a is subjected to local elemental analysis on the contents of Zn and Bi with respect to the inside of the first crystal particle 2a and the crystal grain boundary 3 in contact with the first crystal particle 2a.
- the content of at least one of Zn and Bi is higher on the crystal grain boundary 3 than on the inside of the first crystal grain 2a.
- Such a piezoelectric ceramic 1 has an amorphous phase containing Li or B, which is a component that promotes sintering, or a crystal phase (heterophase) other than a PZT crystal, such as a conventional PZT piezoelectric ceramic. 3 is not substantially present. Therefore, the change with time of the insulation resistance and the deterioration of the piezoelectric characteristics due to these residuals are small. Furthermore, as will be described later, even if the shape is thin and thin, the deformation is small.
- the contents of Zn and Bi inside the crystal grain 2 and on the crystal grain boundary 3 are determined by, for example, observing the cross section of the piezoelectric ceramic 1 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is obtained by performing local elemental analysis of Zn and Bi on the inside and on the grain boundary 3 adjacent to the crystal grain 2.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- Local elemental analysis can be performed using, for example, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission electron microanalyzer (FE-EPMA), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the like.
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- FE-EPMA field emission electron microanalyzer
- AES Auger electron spectroscopy
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the contents of Zn and Bi inside the crystal particle 2 refer to the contents of Zn and Bi detected by elemental analysis of the center of the crystal particle 2 (the center of gravity of the cross section), for example, and the grain boundary 3
- the contents of Zn and Bi in the region containing mean the contents of Zn and Bi detected by elemental analysis of the crystal grain boundary 3 and the vicinity thereof.
- the above-described elemental analyzers have different spatial resolutions. For example, when a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used, the spatial resolution is several nm, and when Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is used, the spatial resolution is several. 10 nm. Therefore, even if measurement is performed on the crystal grain boundary 3, the measurement result of the crystal grain boundary 3 and its vicinity several nm (TEM) or several tens of nm (AES) and the measurement result at the center of the crystal grain 2 It becomes a comparison. Although the center of the crystal particle 2 (the center of gravity of the cross section) is given as the measurement location inside the crystal particle 2, the crystal grain boundary in the crystal particle 2 is used when an element analyzer with high spatial resolution such as TEM is used. You may analyze and evaluate the area
- the thickness of the crystal grain boundary 3 is 10 nm or less (about 1 to 5 nm), and the distance from the crystal grain boundary 3 is at least several nm even in elemental analysis on the crystal grain boundary 3. It is considered that the information in the vicinity of the crystal grain boundary 3 of the crystal particle 2 that is the very surface of the crystal particle 2 is included.
- the first crystal particle 2a in the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present embodiment has a layer rich in at least one of Zn and Bi in the very vicinity of the crystal grain boundary 3 (near the surface of the crystal grain 2).
- the thickness of the layer is considered to be several nm. Therefore, in this specification, the region including the crystal grain boundary 3 includes the surface layer of the crystal grain 2 within a range of several nm from the crystal grain boundary 3.
- the elemental analysis is performed by measuring at least one point inside the crystal particle 2 and the crystal grain boundary 3 (a grain boundary between the two faces) closest to the measurement point inside the crystal particle 2. Alternatively, it may be performed for one point in a region including a triple point) and the results may be compared.
- the ratio of Cb (Zn) to Ci (Zn) (Cb (Zn) / Ci (Zn)) is preferably 1.04 or more and 2.0 or less in terms of mass ratio.
- the ratio of Cb (Bi) to Ci (Bi) (Cb (Bi) / Ci (Bi)) is preferably 1.03 or more, more preferably 1.05 or more in terms of mass ratio. By setting it as such a ratio, it becomes possible to densify at low temperature. Further, (Cb (Bi) / Ci (Bi)) is preferably 2.0 or less, particularly 1.8 or less in terms of mass ratio.
- the Bi content Cb (Bi) in the region including the crystal grain boundary 3 of the piezoelectric ceramic 1 is too much relative to the Bi content Ci (Bi) inside the crystal particle 2a, the environment is in a high humidity environment.
- the ratio of the Bi content between the region including the crystal grain boundary 3 and the inside of the first crystal grain 2a (Cb (Bi) / Ci (Bi )) Is set to such a ratio, the Bi content in the crystal grain boundary 3 can be kept small, and the deterioration of the insulating property in a high humidity environment can be suppressed.
- the ratio of the first crystal particles 2a in the crystal particles 2 constituting the piezoelectric ceramic 1 is the total number of the first crystal particles 2a and the second crystal particles 2b (hereinafter referred to as the number of crystal particles 2). It is preferable that the ratio of the number of the first crystal grains 2a with respect to is 80% or more. By setting the ratio of the first crystal particles 2a to 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, the piezoelectric ceramic 1 is less deformed even when densified with a thin shape and has few amorphous phases and different phases. .
- the proportion of the first crystal particles 2a and the second crystal particles 2b occupied by the first crystal particles 2a is determined by measuring the cross section of the piezoelectric ceramic 1 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope. (TEM) and at least 10 arbitrary crystal particles 2 are extracted, and local elemental analysis of Zn and Bi is performed in the crystal grain 2 and in the crystal grain boundary 3 adjacent to the crystal particle 2, and measured. The ratio of the number of first crystal particles 2a to the number of crystal particles 2 thus obtained may be calculated.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 includes a PZT-based crystal particle 2 and a crystal grain boundary 3 existing between the crystal particles 2 from the viewpoint of maintaining stable insulation resistance and piezoelectric characteristics. It is preferable that the crystal phase, that is, a crystal phase having low piezoelectric characteristics and insulation resistance is substantially not included.
- a crystal phase other than the PZT-based crystal hereinafter referred to as “different phase”
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the fact that a peak derived from a different phase other than the PZT crystal does not substantially exist means that the (111) diffraction peak intensity of the PZT crystal is 100. Means that the diffraction peak intensity is 3 or less.
- the diffraction peak intensity is represented by the length to the peak perpendicular to the tangent line, with tangent lines drawn on both sides of the diffraction peak in the diffraction profile obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement.
- the peak intensity of the crystal phase (heterophase) other than the PZT crystal phase with low piezoelectric characteristics and insulation resistance is the (111) diffraction peak of the PZT crystal. If the strength is 3 or less, the piezoelectric ceramic 1 can be suitably used without greatly affecting the piezoelectric characteristics.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present embodiment does not substantially contain alkali metal elements such as Li and Na and B (boron).
- alkali metal elements such as Li or Na and B (boron)
- a liquid phase is formed and the sinterability is improved.
- an amorphous phase or a crystal phase other than the PZT crystal remains in the boundary 3 and the insulation resistance is lowered with time or the piezoelectric characteristics are lowered.
- alkali metal elements such as Li and Na and B (boron) may be inevitably contained as impurities in the piezoelectric ceramic 1. Therefore, substantially not containing alkali metal elements such as Li and Na and B (boron) means that these elements are not actively added in the manufacturing process of the piezoelectric ceramic 1.
- the porosity of the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of this embodiment is 0.25% or less from the point of denseness. In this manner a dense piezoelectric ceramic 1, density, becomes 7.7 g / cm 3 or more and still more 7.8 g / cm 3 or more, it is possible to reduce the mechanical loss, degradation or variation in piezoelectric characteristics Thus, the piezoelectric ceramic 1 is reduced.
- the average particle diameter of the crystal particles 2 in the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present embodiment is preferably 1.0 to 4.0 ⁇ m. If the average particle size of the crystal particles 2 is too small, the piezoelectric characteristics are deteriorated. If the average particle size is too large, the hysteresis is increased, and heat is easily generated when driven as an electronic component. By setting the average particle size of the crystal particles 2 in the range of 1.0 to 4.0 ⁇ m, it is possible to maintain necessary piezoelectric characteristics and to suppress heat generation when driven as an electronic component.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 includes crystal grains 2 made of lead zirconate titanate-based crystals containing Zn and Bi, and crystal grain boundaries 3.
- the crystal particle 2 is a composite perovskite type compound, and preferably contains Sb, Cu, Ni, Nb in addition to Pb, Zr, Ti, Zn, and Bi as a metal component, and if necessary, at least of Sr and Ba. It is desirable to include any one of them.
- the composition of the piezoelectric ceramic 1 is represented by a first component represented by the following composition formula and a second component composed of Bi oxide and Zn oxide.
- M represents at least one element of Cu and Ni.
- x, y, a, b, and c satisfy the following relational expressions.
- ⁇ is 0.1 or more and 2.0 or less.
- ⁇ is the total amount of Zn and Bi as the second component in terms of oxides (ZnO and Bi 2 O 3 ), respectively, but is a composite oxide of Zn and Bi, such as Bi 38 ZnO 58 and Bi 38 ZnO 60 , Bi 48 ZnO 73, BiZnO and the like.
- the ratio of Zn to Bi (Bi / Zn) in the second component is preferably 1 ⁇ (Bi / Zn) ⁇ 48 in terms of element ratio.
- the reason why x, y, a, b, c, and ⁇ are set in the above ranges will be described.
- the reason why the substitution amount x of Pb with Sr is set to 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.14 is that the Curie temperature can be kept high by substituting a part of Pb with Sr.
- the reason why the substitution amount y of Pb with Ba is set to 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.14 is that the Curie temperature can be kept high by replacing a part of Pb with Ba, and a high piezoelectric strain constant d 31 can be obtained. Because it can.
- the reason why the substitution amount a of Ti with (Zn 1/3 Sb 2/3 ) is set to 0.01 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.12 is that a large piezoelectric strain constant d 31 and a piezoelectric output constant g 31 are obtained. This is because the temperature can be kept high and the dielectric loss can be kept small.
- a large piezoelectric strain constant can be obtained by setting 0.05 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.12, and when it is used as a piezoelectric sensor, 0.01 ⁇
- a large piezoelectric output constant g 31 can be obtained.
- the coercive electric field can be increased while suppressing the decrease in the piezoelectric d constant.
- Ni and Cu are used as M, but when Cu is used, the piezoelectric ceramic 1 having a large coercive electric field can be obtained while maintaining a particularly high piezoelectric d constant, and deterioration of displacement can be suppressed.
- b is particularly preferably 0.002 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.01.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 mainly composed of PZT, there is an MPB (Morphotropic phase boundary) that shows the maximum value of the piezoelectric strain constant when the solid solution ratio of PbZrO 3 and PbTiO 3 is changed.
- this MPB and the composition in the vicinity thereof are used. Since this MPB varies depending on the values of x, y, a, and b, the value of c is set to a composition range in which MPB can be captured within the composition ranges of x, y, a, and b.
- the mass ratio ⁇ (%) of the second component (Zn oxide and Bi oxide) to the first component was set to 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2.0.
- the Bi oxide forms a liquid phase at the time of firing to wet the crystal particles 2 that are PZT-based crystals, improves the sinterability, and uniformly sinters the entire porcelain. This is because warpage and deformation can be reduced even in the piezoelectric ceramic 1, and after sintering, Zn and Bi are dissolved in the PZT crystal and the piezoelectric characteristics can be improved.
- the ratio of Zn to Bi (Bi / Zn) is preferably 1 ⁇ (Bi / Zn) ⁇ 48 in terms of element ratio. By setting it as such a ratio, a 2nd component forms a liquid phase at low temperature, and the uniform sintering of the whole ceramic becomes possible.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present embodiment can be manufactured as follows. First, a calcined powder of Zn-containing PZT crystal is prepared.
- PbO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 and ZnO powders as raw materials, and optionally Sb 2 O 3 , CuO, NiO, Nb 2 O 5 , SrCO 3 and BaCO 3 powders as necessary.
- the mixture is dehydrated and dried, and calcined at a maximum temperature of 850 to 950 ° C. for 1 to 3 hours.
- the obtained calcined powder of PZT crystal is a calcined powder composed of the first component.
- the obtained calcined powder is pulverized again with a ball mill or the like so that, for example, the average particle diameter D 50 is in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 ⁇ m.
- the degree of synthesis of the PZT crystal it is preferable to appropriately adjust the degree of synthesis of the PZT crystal.
- an index representing the PZT-based crystal using a peak intensity I 2 of the peak intensity I 1 of the peak of the PZT-based crystal (101) (2 ⁇ ⁇ 30 ° ), and the peak of (111) (2 ⁇ ⁇ 38 ° ).
- I 2 / I 1 is the intensity ratio I 1 of I 2 is preferably set to 0.130 to 0.160.
- the synthesis of the PZT-based crystal has progressed appropriately, and the second component (Zn oxide and Bi oxide) Addition improves the sinterability. Further, simultaneously with the grain growth in the sintering stage, Zn and Bi are taken into the surface layer of the PZT-based crystal and sintered without remaining as a liquid phase component in the temperature range of 900 to 1050 ° C.
- the peak intensity I 1 of the peak of the (101) of the PZT-based crystal (2 [Theta] ⁇ 30 °), (111) is to use a peak intensity I 2 of the peak (2 [Theta] ⁇ 38 °) of other peaks synthesis of The peak position and pattern shape change with the change of (crystal phase), whereas the peak of (101) (2 ⁇ 30 °) and the peak of (111) (2 ⁇ 38 °) change even if the degree of synthesis changes. This is because only the intensity ratio changes and the peak position and pattern shape do not change, and it is considered optimal for expressing the degree of synthesis of the PZT crystal.
- the powder of the second component Zn oxide and Bi oxide, such as ZnO and Bi 2 O 3
- each powder may be added to the calcined powder, or a mixed powder obtained by mixing only the second component in advance may be added to the calcined powder.
- the second component may be calcined to synthesize a composite oxide containing Zn and Bi (hereinafter referred to as BZ oxide) and added to the calcined powder.
- BZ oxide composite oxide containing Zn and Bi
- the average particle diameter D 50 of the second component is in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 ⁇ m, particularly using a ball mill or the like so as to be smaller than the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the calcined powder of PZT-based crystals. It is preferable to adjust.
- the calcined powder of the PZT-based crystal to which the second component has been added is mixed with a binder and then formed into a desired shape using a known forming method such as press forming or sheet forming such as a doctor blade method.
- the formed body is fired at 900 to 1050 ° C. in the air.
- Zn and Bi are dissolved in the surface layer of the crystal particles 2 of the PZT crystal in the piezoelectric ceramic 1.
- Li, B, and the like that form a liquid phase have been added in order to fire a PZT crystal at a low temperature.
- a piezoelectric ceramic using such an additive although low-temperature firing is possible, there is an amorphous phase or a crystal phase other than the PZT crystal at the grain boundary of the PZT crystal grain, and the insulation resistance increases with time. The piezoelectric characteristics were lowered.
- Patent Document 3 even when Bi 2 O 3 dissolved in the PZT crystal is used as an additive, the liquid phase generation temperature is relatively high at about 820 ° C., so that the entire porcelain is uniformly fired. It was difficult to tie, and warpage and deformation were likely to occur especially in thin plate-shaped piezoelectric ceramics.
- Patent Document 3 a PZT crystal that does not contain Bi is synthesized, and only Bi 2 O 3 is added to the PZT crystal as an auxiliary agent. Therefore, Bi that is not contained in the PZT crystal is only the surface layer of the crystal grain 2. In addition, the solid solution is uniformly dissolved in the inside, and there is no difference in the Bi content between the region including the crystal grain boundary 3 and the inside of the crystal grain 2.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present embodiment wets the crystal particles 2 of the PZT crystal by forming the liquid phase of the Zn oxide and Bi oxide as the second component even when fired at a low temperature of 900 to 1050 ° C. Therefore, the sinterability is high, the porosity is 0.25% or less, and the density is 7.7 g / cm 3 or more. Further, after sintering, the piezoelectric ceramic 1 in which Zn and Bi forming a liquid phase are dissolved in the surface layer of the crystal particles 2 of the PZT crystal and the thickness of the crystal grain boundary 3 is 10 nm or less (about 1 to 5 nm). Become.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 has a content of at least any one element of Zn and Bi in the first crystal particle 2a, that is, less than a region including the crystal grain boundary 3 inside the crystal particle 2 of the PZT crystal.
- First crystal particle 2a in other words, a first layer having a layer rich in at least one of Zn and Bi in the vicinity of crystal grain boundary 3 (surface layer of crystal particle 2) of crystal particle 2 of the PZT crystal.
- the crystal grains 2a are included.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 includes crystal grains 2 of a PZT crystal and crystal grain boundaries 3 existing between the crystal grains 2, and the crystal grains 2 include the first crystal grains 2 a.
- the crystal grain boundary 3 is substantially free of crystal phase or amorphous phase other than the PZT crystal and has excellent piezoelectric characteristics.
- the volume resistivity becomes 1 G ⁇ ⁇ m or more even after 100 hours have passed at 85 ° C., and insulation deterioration during continuous driving can be suppressed.
- the second component generates a liquid phase at about 750 ° C., and the entire porcelain starts sintering uniformly during firing. Therefore, even when the thickness is thin, the piezoelectric ceramic 1 is hardly deformed during the sintering process.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present embodiment is suitably used as a piezoelectric layer of an electronic component having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m or less, particularly 50 ⁇ m or less.
- an oxide containing Bi and Sb or an oxide containing Bi, Zn, and Sb may be used as the second component.
- Each of these may be used as a single oxide, or a composite oxide synthesized in advance may be used.
- Sb oxide itself has a low liquidus temperature and is effective in improving sinterability.
- the piezoelectric ceramic 1 can be used as various electronic components such as a ceramic filter, an ultrasonic applied vibrator, a piezoelectric buzzer, a piezoelectric ignition unit, an ultrasonic motor, a piezoelectric fan, a piezoelectric sensor, and a piezoelectric actuator.
- a piezoelectric actuator uses a displacement or force generated through a piezoelectric phenomenon as a mechanical drive source, and is one of those that have recently attracted attention in the field of mechatronics.
- Piezoelectric actuators are solid-state elements that use the piezoelectric effect and consume less power, have a faster response speed, have a larger amount of displacement, and generate heat compared to conventional electromagnetic actuators that have a configuration in which a coil is wound around a magnetic material. It has excellent features such as small amount, small size and weight.
- a laminated piezoelectric actuator capable of obtaining a larger displacement and generating force at a lower voltage has been put to practical use as an acoustic component such as an autofocus for a camera for opening / closing a fuel injection valve of an in-vehicle injector and a piezoelectric speaker.
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of an electronic component.
- a laminated body 6 is configured by alternately laminating piezoelectric body layers 4 composed of piezoelectric ceramics 1 and internal electrode layers 5.
- the internal electrode layers 5 are alternately connected by external electrodes 7 formed on both end faces of the laminate 6.
- the internal electrode layer 5 contains Ag as a main component, and may contain Pd in a range of 35% by mass or less and further 30% by mass or less in addition to Ag. Since the piezoelectric ceramic 1 of the present invention is sintered at a low temperature of 900 to 1050 ° C., even if such an internal electrode material is used, a dense electronic component having a porosity of 0.25% or less and excellent in piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained. It is done.
- the internal electrode layer 5 may contain ceramic particles.
- the electronic component of the present embodiment is less deformed by firing, it can be used as an electronic component having a desired shape and size without being processed after firing.
- Such an electronic component may be manufactured as follows. A mixed raw material of a calcined powder of PZT crystal containing the first component and a powder containing the second component (Zn oxide and Bi oxide) is formed by a known sheet forming method, and the obtained green sheet is obtained. An internal electrode pattern is formed by applying an internal electrode paste. A plurality of green sheets on which internal electrode patterns are formed are laminated, and finally a green sheet on which no internal electrode pattern is formed is laminated to produce a laminated molded body. The laminated molded body is heated to 900 to 1050 ° C. in the atmosphere. Bake with.
- the fired piezoelectric layer 4 includes crystal grains 2 of PZT crystal and crystal grain boundaries 3 existing between the crystal grains 2, and the crystal grains 2 include the first crystal grains 2a.
- the crystal grain boundary 3 is substantially free of crystal phases and amorphous phases other than PZT crystals.
- the electronic component of the present embodiment can be used as the piezoelectric substrate 8 having an area of 40 ⁇ 30 mm and a thickness of 40 ⁇ m, for example.
- a piezoelectric substrate 8 includes a piezoelectric layer 4 composed of the piezoelectric ceramic 1 and an internal electrode layer 5.
- a surface electrode 10 is formed on the surface and used.
- the piezoelectric substrate 8 having a large area and a small thickness is likely to be deformed due to unevenness due to non-uniform firing shrinkage due to the influence of the internal electrode layer 5 and the like.
- the z direction of the coordinate axis is shown in an enlarged manner for easy explanation.
- Lc is the difference between Lc and Le when the length of the piezoelectric substrate 8 on the line E parallel to the bisector C and Le is located at either end in the x-axis direction of the piezoelectric substrate 8 ⁇ L is used.
- ⁇ L becomes several hundred ⁇ m or more by baking, and processing is performed after firing.
- ⁇ L is less than 100 ⁇ m ( ⁇ L / Lc is 1% or less), and it is not necessary to process after firing.
- Lc and Le may be measured using a caliper or an image size measuring device (such as a CNC image measuring device).
- a powder of PbO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO, Sb 2 O 3 , SrCO 3 , BaCO 3 , CuO, Nb 2 O 5 is used as a raw material powder, and the first component is a composition formula Pb 1-xy Sr x were weighed so as to have the composition shown in Table 1 in Ba y Ti 1-a-b -c (Zn 1/3 Sb 2/3) a (M 1/3 Nb 2/3) b Zr c O 3, in a ball mill For 24 hours. M is Cu or Ni. Next, this mixture is dehydrated and dried, and then calcined at the calcining temperature shown in Table 1 for 3 hours. The calcined product is wet-ground again with a ball mill for 24 hours, and the D 50 is 0.5 to 0.7 ⁇ m. A baked powder was obtained.
- the additive shown in Table 1 having a D 50 of 0.5 to 0.7 ⁇ m was added in an amount (% by mass) shown in Table 1 with respect to 100% by mass of the first component, and an organic binder was mixed therewith.
- a green sheet having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m was prepared by a doctor blade method.
- the internal electrode paste containing Ag and Pd was screen-printed, 15 green sheets on which the internal electrode paste was printed were stacked, and finally the green sheet on which the internal electrode paste was not printed was stacked.
- a laminated molded body was produced.
- External electrodes were formed by baking Ag paste on both end faces of the obtained laminate, and polarization treatment was performed to obtain a multilayer piezoelectric actuator as an electronic component.
- This laminated piezoelectric actuator had a thickness of one piezoelectric layer (between electrodes) of 25 ⁇ m.
- the porosity of the piezoelectric layer is obtained by mirror-polishing the cross section of the laminate, observing the polished surface using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and processing the photograph of the piezoelectric layer taken Determined by
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the SEM photograph of the polished surface that was subjected to thermal etching treatment in the atmosphere, at 950 ° C. for 3 hours was subjected to image processing, and the equivalent circle diameter of the cross-sectional area obtained from the contour of the crystal particle constituting the piezoelectric layer was crystal grain
- the average particle diameter of crystal grains in the piezoelectric layer was determined.
- the density of the piezoelectric layer (piezoelectric ceramic) the bulk density of the laminate was obtained by the Archimedes method, and the bulk density was regarded as the density of the piezoelectric ceramic.
- composition of the laminate was confirmed by ICP emission spectroscopic analysis, it was consistent with the composition at the time of preparation within the range of error.
- Whether or not there is a crystal phase other than the PZT crystal in the piezoelectric layer is determined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement using the Cuk ⁇ ray of the laminated body. When substantially not present, it was judged that there was no crystal phase other than the PZT crystal.
- Sample No. The X-ray diffraction measurement result of No. 3 is shown in FIG.
- the X-ray diffraction measurement result of No. 5 is shown in FIG.
- a piezoelectric substrate for deformation measurement was prepared for the deformation of the piezoelectric ceramic.
- a green sheet having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was prepared by a doctor blade method, and the internal electrode paste was printed on the entire area of 14.8 ⁇ 28 mm on the green sheet using the internal electrode paste.
- a green sheet on which the internal electrode paste was not printed was superimposed on the printing surface side of the green sheet on which the internal electrode paste was printed, and after binder removal, firing was performed to obtain a piezoelectric substrate.
- the firing conditions were the same as the conditions for producing the laminated piezoelectric actuator.
- the thickness of the obtained piezoelectric substrate was 42 ⁇ m.
- the amount of deformation of the piezoelectric substrate is determined by assuming that the length of the piezoelectric substrate on the bisector C that bisects the long side of the piezoelectric substrate in a baked state is Lc, and is located at both ends of the long side of the piezoelectric substrate.
- the difference ⁇ L between Lc and Le is calculated when the longer one of the lengths of the piezoelectric substrate on the line E parallel to the equipartition C is Le, and evaluated as the ratio of ⁇ L to Lc ( ⁇ L / Lc). did.
- the length of the piezoelectric substrate was measured using a CNC image measuring device. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the initial volume resistivity was 80 G ⁇ ⁇ m or more, and even after 100 hours at 85 ° C., the volume resistivity was 70 G ⁇ ⁇ m or more, so that the deterioration of the insulation resistance with time was small, and the deformation of the piezoelectric substrate was also small.
- the deformation ratio is smaller than 0.1%.
- the sample containing Cu in the piezoelectric layer had a higher coercive electric field than the sample containing no Cu having the same composition while maintaining a high piezoelectric d constant.
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Abstract
Description
第1成分:Pb1-x-ySrxBayTi1-a-b-c(Zn1/3Sb2/3)a(M1/3Nb2/3)bZrcO3
なお、第1成分の組成式において、x、y、a、b、cは、以下の関係式を満たす。
0≦y≦0.14(ただし、x+y≧0.04)、
0.01≦a≦0.12、
0≦b≦0.015
0.42≦c≦0.58、
また、第1成分100質量%に対する第2成分の質量比をα%と表したとき、αは0.1以上2.0以下である。なお、αは第2成分であるZnおよびBiをそれぞれ酸化物換算(ZnOおよびBi2O3)した合量とするが、ZnとBiの複合酸化物、たとえばBi38ZnO58、Bi38ZnO60、Bi48ZnO73およびBiZnOなどに換算した量であってもよい。第2成分中におけるZnとBiとの比率(Bi/Zn)は、元素比率にして1≦(Bi/Zn)≦48とすることが好ましい。
2 :PZT系結晶の結晶粒子
2a:第1の結晶粒子
2b:第2の結晶粒子
3 :結晶粒界
4 :圧電体層
5 :内部電極層
6 :積層体
7 :外部電極
8 :圧電基板
10 :表面電極
Claims (11)
- ZnおよびBiを含むチタン酸ジルコン酸鉛系結晶からなる複数の結晶粒子と、該複数の結晶粒子間に存在する結晶粒界と、を有し、
前記複数の結晶粒子は、結晶粒子の内部におけるZnおよびBiのうち少なくともいずれか1種の元素の含有量が、当該結晶粒子に接する前記結晶粒界を含む領域における前記元素の含有量よりも少ない第1の結晶粒子を含むことを特徴とする圧電磁器。 - 前記結晶粒界には、非晶質相および前記チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛系結晶以外の結晶相が実質的に存在しないことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の圧電磁器。
- 前記複数の結晶粒子中における前記第1の結晶粒子の個数の比率が、90%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の圧電磁器。
- 気孔率が、0.25%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の圧電磁器。
- 前記複数の結晶粒子の平均粒径が、1.0~4.0μmであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の圧電磁器。
- さらにCuを含むことを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の圧電磁器。
- Pb、Zr、TiおよびZnを含有する仮焼粉末を作製する工程と、
該仮焼粉末と、ZnおよびBiを含む酸化物粉末とを混合した混合粉末を作製する工程と、
該混合粉末を成形して成形体を作製する工程と、
該成形体を大気中で900~1050℃で焼成する工程と、
を具備することを特徴とする圧電磁器の製法。 - 前記混合粉末は、前記仮焼粉末100質量%に対し、前記ZnおよびBiを含む酸化物粉末を0.1~2.0質量%含むことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の圧電磁器の製法。
- 請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の圧電磁器からなる圧電体と、電極層と、を備えることを特徴とする電子部品。
- 前記電極層が、Agを主成分とすることを特徴とする請求項9に記載の電子部品。
- 前記電極層が、さらに35質量%以下のPdを含有することを特徴とする請求項10に記載の電子部品。
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