WO2016009086A1 - Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity - Google Patents

Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016009086A1
WO2016009086A1 PCT/EP2015/066501 EP2015066501W WO2016009086A1 WO 2016009086 A1 WO2016009086 A1 WO 2016009086A1 EP 2015066501 W EP2015066501 W EP 2015066501W WO 2016009086 A1 WO2016009086 A1 WO 2016009086A1
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Prior art keywords
antibody
seq
amino acid
trem
serine
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PCT/EP2015/066501
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Anette HENRIKSEN
Kristian Kjaergaard
Vibeke WESTPHAL STENNICKE
Charlotte WIBERG
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Novo Nordisk AS
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Novo Nordisk AS
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Priority claimed from EP14177547.8A external-priority patent/EP2975056A1/en
Priority claimed from EP14194893.5A external-priority patent/EP3026061A1/en
Priority to MA39555A priority Critical patent/MA39555B1/fr
Priority to KR1020227038720A priority patent/KR102641268B1/ko
Priority to MX2017000484A priority patent/MX378492B/es
Priority to HK17105554.8A priority patent/HK1232231B/en
Priority to KR1020177004011A priority patent/KR102465120B1/ko
Priority to JP2017502703A priority patent/JP6738316B2/ja
Priority to US15/325,865 priority patent/US10179814B2/en
Priority to SM20240072T priority patent/SMT202400072T1/it
Priority to AU2015289054A priority patent/AU2015289054B2/en
Priority to DK15738925.5T priority patent/DK3172232T5/da
Priority to TN2017000008A priority patent/TN2017000008A1/en
Priority to RS20240117A priority patent/RS65136B1/sr
Priority to NZ729121A priority patent/NZ729121B2/en
Priority to ES15738925T priority patent/ES2974575T3/es
Priority to EP15738925.5A priority patent/EP3172232B1/en
Priority to HRP20240088TT priority patent/HRP20240088T1/hr
Priority to BR112016030947-2A priority patent/BR112016030947B1/pt
Application filed by Novo Nordisk AS filed Critical Novo Nordisk AS
Priority to CA2955253A priority patent/CA2955253C/en
Priority to PL15738925.5T priority patent/PL3172232T3/pl
Priority to FIEP15738925.5T priority patent/FI3172232T3/fi
Priority to SG11201700250WA priority patent/SG11201700250WA/en
Priority to LTEPPCT/EP2015/066501T priority patent/LT3172232T/lt
Priority to EA201790104A priority patent/EA037844B1/ru
Priority to KR1020247005919A priority patent/KR102833621B1/ko
Priority to EP23211146.8A priority patent/EP4332119A3/en
Priority to CN201580038005.6A priority patent/CN106536559B/zh
Priority to SI201531993T priority patent/SI3172232T1/sl
Priority to KR1020257022935A priority patent/KR20250110365A/ko
Publication of WO2016009086A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016009086A1/en
Priority to PH12017500054A priority patent/PH12017500054A1/en
Priority to IL250082A priority patent/IL250082B/en
Priority to ZA2017/00341A priority patent/ZA201700341B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to CONC2017/0001397A priority patent/CO2017001397A2/es
Priority to US16/203,327 priority patent/US11072654B2/en
Priority to US17/380,404 priority patent/US12116408B2/en
Priority to US18/908,188 priority patent/US20250034249A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2299/00—Coordinates from 3D structures of peptides, e.g. proteins or enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/94—Stability, e.g. half-life, pH, temperature or enzyme-resistance

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to TREM-1 mAbs and to mutation of specific negatively charged and uncharged amino acids involved in either TREM-1 mAb self-interactions or TREM-1 mAb to TREM-1 interactions in order to lower the mAb solution viscosity and retain target affinity, and the invention relates to uses for such antibodies for therapeutic and pharmaceutical uses.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 represents the amino acid sequence of wild type (wt) human TREM-1.
  • SEQ ID NO: 2 represents the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0170 of WO2013/120553).
  • SEQ ID NO: 3 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0170 of WO2013/120553).
  • SEQ ID NO: 4 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0317, E27Q, E97S).
  • SEQ ID NO: 5 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0318, E27Q, E97Q).
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0319, E97S).
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0320, E97Q).
  • SEQ ID NO: 8 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0321, E27Q).
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0322, F32A).
  • SEQ ID NO: 10 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0323, F32S).
  • SEQ ID NO: 11 represents the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0324, A59Y).
  • SEQ ID NO: 12 represents the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0325, N57S).
  • SEQ ID NO: 13 represents the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0326, A59Y, N57S).
  • SEQ ID NO: 14 represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0330, F32A, E27Q, E97Q).
  • SEQ ID NO: 15 represents the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0332, A59Y; 0332 is a mAb combined of SEQ ID NO: 15 as the HC and SEQ ID NO 5 as the LC, Table 1).
  • SEQ ID NO: 16 represents the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of a humanised TREM-1 antibody (mAb 0333, A59Y; 0333 is a mAb combined of SEQ ID NO: 16 as the HC and SEQ ID NO 14 as the LC, Table 1).
  • SEQ ID NO: 17 represents the amino acid sequence of full length cTREM-1.
  • SEQ ID NO 18 represents the heavy chain of the Fab region of mAb 0170.
  • SEQ ID NO 19 represents the light chain of the Fab region of mAb 0170.
  • TREM-1 is an activating receptor expressed on monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. These cells play a central role in chronic inflammatory diseases by releasing cytokines and other mediators that drive inflammation. TREM-1 mRNA and protein expression is up-regulated in patients with RA and IBD, and TREM-l-positive cells accumulate at sites of inflammation, correlating with disease severity. Peptidoglycan-recognition-protein 1 (PGLYRP1) expressed primarily by activated neutrophils is a ligand for TREM-1 and mediate TREM-1 signalling upon binding.
  • PGLYRP1 Peptidoglycan-recognition-protein 1
  • TREM-1 In vitro, engagement of TREM-1 triggers secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1.
  • TREM-1 signalling synergizes with multiple Toll-like Receptors (TLR) to further boost pro-inflammatory signals. In turn, this up-regulates expression of TREM-1, leading to a vicious cycle amplifying the inflammation.
  • TLRs contribute to the development and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases such as RA and IBD.
  • WO 2013/120553 discloses humanized anti-TREM-1 mAbs which inhibit both human and cynomolgus TREM-1 function.
  • TREM-1 antibodies generated by site-specific mutation of the CDR's of the WO 2013/120553 disclosed humanized anti-TREM-1 mAb 0170.
  • the disclosed antibodies do not disrupt direct mAb intermolecular charge-charge self-interactions but do have a favourable viscosity profile and maintained target binding profile.
  • the favourable viscosity profile allows drug product to be produced at high concentrations that could be essential for therapeutic and pharmaceutical use.
  • Such antibodies may have a substantial impact upon the quality of life of individuals with sepsis or a chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • a primary aspect of the invention is directed to an anti-TREM-1 mAb with a viscosity profile in the range expected for monomeric mAbs and which blocks TREM-1 function as potently as mAb0170 of WO 2013/120553. Further to the advantageous viscosity profiles of the variant mAbs of the invention, said variants do not show agonism to the TREM-1 receptor.
  • One aspect of the invention is directed to an antibody or fragment thereof that is capable of binding to and blocking TREM-1, characterized in that the antibody, or an antibody fragment of said antibody, has a viscosity of less than 5 cP at a concentration of 80 mg/mL, preferably less than 4 cP.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a variant of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein one or more of the negatively charged residues in CDR1 and CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 3 are substituted with uncharged amino acid residues, as described herein.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a variant of SEQ ID NO: 3 wherein phenylalanine at position 32 of SEQ ID NO 3 is mutated to an amino acid selected from amino acid residues glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and methionine, preferably selected from alanine, glycine, serine valine and leucine, more preferably wherein F32 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to alanine or serine.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 wherein any one of residues Y32, R52, S55, S56, N57, A59, M 102, 1104 and R106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or F32, D33, Y34, Y53, R54, D98 of SEQ. ID NO 3 ("Fab-Fab interaction" mutations) is substituted with another amino acid, such as natural amino acid, preferably an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine.
  • Fab-Fab interaction amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine.
  • a further aspect of the invention is directed to an antibody or fragment thereof that is capable of specifically binding to and blocking TREM-1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises variants of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3 or both, wherein the variants are selected from the group consisting of "Fab-Fab interaction” mutations, "Fab-TREM-1 interaction” mutations and "charge-patch” ' mutations of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3 (table 1).
  • one or more of the negatively charged residues in CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 are substituted with uncharged amino acid residues. In one embodiment, the negatively charged residues in CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 are substituted with uncharged amino acid residues.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof of the invention comprises a variant of SEQ ID NO 3 wherein any one of the "charge patch” residues Dl, D30, D33, D74, D98, E27, E97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine.
  • more than one of the "charge patch" residues Dl, D30, D33, D74, D98, E27, E97 of SEQ ID NO 3 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine.
  • one of E27 and E97 of the CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO 3 is substituted with an uncharged amino acid residue, such as an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine.
  • E27 of SEQ ID NO 3 may remain unmutated and E97 may be mutated with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine, more preferably with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and glutamine.
  • E97 of SEQ ID NO 3 may remain unmutated and E27 may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine, more preferably with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and glutamine.
  • both E27 and E97 of the CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO 3 are substituted with uncharged amino acid residues, such as an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine.
  • E27 of SEQ ID NO 3 may be mutated to glutamine and E97 of SEQ ID NO 3 may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine, more preferably with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and glutamine.
  • E97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to glutamine and E27 is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine, more preferably with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and glutamine.
  • E27 and E97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 may be mutated to glutamine.
  • the invention provides an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a variant of SEQ. ID. NO 2 wherein any one of residues Y32, R52, S55, S56, N57, A59, M 102, 1104 and R106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or F32, D33, Y34, Y53, R54, D98 of SEQ ID NO: 3 ("Fab-Fab interaction" mutations) is substituted with another amino acid, such as natural amino acid, preferably an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine.
  • Fab-Fab interaction amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine
  • At least one of residues A59 and N57 of SEQ ID NO: 2 is mutated to an amino acid residue, such as a natural amino acid, preferably an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • A59 of SEQ ID NO: 2 may remain unmutated and N57 may be mutated to another amino acid residue, such as a natural amino acid, preferably selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • a natural amino acid preferably selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • N57 of SEQ ID NO: 2 may remain unmutated and A59 of SEQ ID NO 2 may be mutated to another amino acid residue, such as a natural amino acid, preferably selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • a natural amino acid preferably selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • both A59 and N57 of SEQ ID NO: 2 are mutated to another amino acid residue, such as a natural amino acid, preferably selected from the group consisting glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • a natural amino acid preferably selected from the group consisting glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • a further aspect of the invention is directed to an improved preclinical evaluation value obtained by introduction of site-directed mutations in SEQ ID NO: 3 in the "Fab-TREM-1 interaction" amino acid residues to achieve the same mAb affinity for cynomolgus TREM- 1 as for human TREM-1 of SEQ ID NO: 1, such as wherein a Phe residue of SEQ ID NO: 3 is substituted with Ala or Ser.
  • the invention thus provides an antibody or fragment thereof wherein the "Fab-TREM-1 interaction" amino acid residue, F32 of SEQ ID NO: 3, is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, proline and cysteine.
  • a further aspect of the invention is directed to a combined effect of improved viscosity properties and improved preclinical evaluation value obtained by introduction of site- directed mutations in SEQ ID NO: 2 in the mAb-TREM-1 interface to achieve the same mAb affinity for cynomolgus as exist for human TREM-1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (e.g. as described above) in combination with substitution of negatively charged residues in CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 with uncharged amino acid residues (e.g. as described above).
  • At least one negatively charged residue of the CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine; and ii) at least one residue of residues Y32, R52, S55, S56, N57, A59, M 102, 1104 and R106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or F32, D33, Y34, Y53, R54, D98 of SEQ ID NO: 3
  • Fab- Fab interaction mutations
  • an antibody or fragment thereof wherein : i) one or both of E27 and E97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is/are mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine; and
  • one or both of A59 and N57 of SEQ ID NO: 2 is/are mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • the invention further relates to an antibody or fragment thereof comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs 4 to 16.
  • Figure 1 depicts the viscosity profile of anti-TREM-1 mAb variants and their exponential curve fits.
  • Figure 2 depicts the ability of mAb 0170 variants to inhibit human TREM-1 signalling in human TREM-1 reporter cell line (BWZ'36/hTREM-l) stimulated with PGN and (A) recombinant PGLYRP1 or (B) PGLYRP1 expressed by activated neutrophils (average of N donors).
  • Figure 3 depicts the ability of mAb 0170 variants to inhibit cynomolgus TREM-1 signalling in cynomolgus TREM-1 reporter cell line (TE426.27) stimulated with PGN and recombinant PGLYRP1.
  • Figure 4 depicts the ability of mAb 0170 variants to inhibit TNFa release from hypoxic M2 macrophages stimulated with PGN and recombinant PGLYRP1.
  • Figure 5 depicts the agonistic potential of plate-bound of mAb 0170 variants to induce TNF release from hypoxic M2 macrophages.
  • MAb 1278 R&D was used as positive control.
  • Figure 6 depicts the hydrodynamic radius of the anti-TREM-1 mAb variants compared to mAb 0170.
  • TREM-1 is a transmembrane protein that consists of 234 amino acids, including a single extracellular immunoglobulin domain and a short cytoplasmic tail with no apparent signaling motif. When activated, TREM-1 associates with the ITAM-containing signaling adaptor protein, DAP12. Downstream signalling may include activation of the NFAT transcription factor, causing an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
  • the present invention relates to antibodies that are capable of specifically binding and blocking the function of TREM-1.
  • Antibodies of the invention may block TREM-1 function by reducing/blocking TREM-1 activation and downstream signalling.
  • Antibodies according to the invention may block TREM-1 by means of one or a combination of several different mechanisms, blocking TREM-1 directly or indirectly.
  • antibodies of the invention may prevent the natural ligand of TREM-1, peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), from creating a functional complex with TREM-1 and/or antibodies of the invention may block TREM-1 by preventing individual TREM-1 molecules from forming dimers or multimers.
  • TREM-1 dimerisation or multimerisation may be reduced or prevented by TREM-1 antibodies that are capable of binding to a portion of TREM-1 that would otherwise reside in the interface of a TREM-1 dimer, thus preventing individual TREM-1 molecules from associating with one another.
  • TREM-1 dimerisation or multimerisation may be reduced or prevented by TREM-1 antibodies that interfere with the interaction of TREM-1 with its ligand.
  • Antibodies according to the current invention may block PGLYRPl-induced activation of TREM-1.
  • PGLYRP1 a highly conserved, 196 amino acid long protein consisting of a signal peptide and a peptidoglycan binding domain, is expressed in neutrophils and released upon their activation.
  • Antibodies according to the current invention may down-regulate proinflammatory cytokine release from myeloid cells.
  • Antibodies according to the current invention may block the release of TNF, MIP-lbeta, MCP-1, IL-lbeta, GM .CSF, IL-6 and/or IL-8 from macrophages, neutrophils, synovial tissue cells and/or a reporter cell, as disclosed herein.
  • TREM-1 may be capable of binding both human TREM-1 and TREM-1 from another species than a human being.
  • TREM-1 for use as described herein may be vertebrate TREM-1, such as mammalian TREM-1, such as TREM-1 from a primate (such as a human, a chimpanzee, a cynomolgus monkey or a rhesus monkey); a rodent (such as a mouse or a rat), a lagomorph (such as a rabbit), or an artiodactyl (such a cow, sheep, pig or camel).
  • a primate such as a human, a chimpanzee, a cynomolgus monkey or a rhesus monkey
  • rodent such as a mouse or a rat
  • lagomorph such as a rabbit
  • the TREM-1 is SEQ ID NO: 1 (human TREM-1).
  • the TREM-1 may be a mature form of TREM-1 such as a TREM-1 protein that has undergone post-translational processing within a suitable cell.
  • a mature TREM-1 protein may, for example, be glycosylated.
  • the TREM-1 may be a full length TREM-1 protein.
  • Antibodies of the invention may be monoclonal antibodies, in the sense that they are directly or indirectly derived from a single clone of a B lymphocyte.
  • TREM-1 antibodies may be produced, screened and purified using, for example, the methods described in the Examples of WO2013/120553.
  • a suitable mouse such as a TREM-1 or TREM- l/TREM-3 knock-out (KO) mouse may be immunised with TREM-1, a cell expressing TREM-1 or a combination of both.
  • Antibodies of the invention may be polyclonal in the sense of being a mixture of monoclonal antibodies according to the current invention.
  • hybridoma supernatants Primary screening of hybridoma supernatants may be performed using direct ELISA or FMAT and secondary screening may be performed using flow cytometry. Positive hybridoma supernatants may then be screened in a reporter gene assay.
  • Antibodies may be recombinantly expressed in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
  • the prokaryotic cell may be E. coli.
  • the eukaryotic cell may be a yeast, insect or mammalian cell, such as a cell derived from an organism that is a primate (such as a human, a chimpanzee, a cynomolgus monkey or a rhesus monkey), a rodent (such as a mouse or a rat), a lagomorph (such as a rabbit) or an artiodactyl (such a cow, sheep, pig or camel).
  • a primate such as a human, a chimpanzee, a cynomolgus monkey or a rhesus monkey
  • rodent such as a mouse or a rat
  • a lagomorph such as a rabbit
  • an artiodactyl such a cow, sheep, pig or camel
  • Suitable mammalian cell lines include, but are not limited to, HEK293 cells, CHO cells and HELA cells.
  • TREM-1 antibodies may also be produced by means of other methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as a phage display or a yeast display.
  • antibodies may be screened for binding to, for example, full length TREM-1 or mutants thereof using the methods described in the Examples of WO2013/120553.
  • Functional TREM-1 antibodies of the current invention are antibodies that are capable of specifically binding TREM-1 and that have an effect upon TREM-1 activation and downstream signalling by either blocking or stimulating TREM-1 and they are herein referred to as "functional TREM-1 antibodies".
  • the method of identifying a functional TREM-1 antibody comprises (a) culturing a first cell expressing TREM-1, a signalling protein and a reporter construct; (b) measuring the activity of the first cell when said cell is incubated with a TREM-1 modifying agent; (c) contacting the co-culture of (b) with a TREM-1 antibody; and (d) measuring that the activity of the first cell is less than or more than the activity measured in (b).
  • the "first cell” of (a) may be a cell of haematopoietic origin, such as a myeloid cell, such as a T-cell.
  • the signalling protein of (a) may be any signalling protein that is capable of forming a complex with TREM-1. Suitable signalling proteins include DAP10, DAP12, TCR zeta, Fc gamma RIII and an Fc receptor, or part thereof.
  • the reporter construct of (a) may be any construct that is capable of being activated via the signalling protein and generating a recognisable signal. Suitable reporter constructs comprise a transcription factor and a reporter gene.
  • the signalling protein may signal via a transcription factor selected from the group consisting of the NFAT and NFkB.
  • the reporter gene is a gene that is not natively expressed in said first cell and may be but is not limited to be a gene that encodes ⁇ -galactosidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP) or chloramphenicol transferase.
  • Said first cell may be transfected with a transcription factor and a reporter gene using methods that are well known in the art.
  • the "BWZ/hTREM-1 reporter cell” and "TE426.27 reporter cell” described in the Examples is one example of a "first cell".
  • the modifying agent of (b) may be a TREM-1 ligand or an activated neutrophil.
  • the "TREM-1 antibody” of (c) may be a TREM-1 specific hybridoma supernatant or a purified antibody.
  • the activity measured in (d) is the signal produced by the reporter construct.
  • An example of such signalling is the luminescence caused by NFAT-driven LacZ ( ⁇ - lactamase luciferase) production.
  • the method may be tailored to identify a blocking TREM-1 antibody.
  • the method of identifying a blocking TREM-1 antibody comprises (a) culturing a first cell expressing TREM-1, a signalling protein and a reporter construct; (b) measuring the activity of the first cell when said cell is incubated with an activated neutrophil; (c) contacting the co- culture of the first cell and the activated neutrophil with a TREM-1 antibody; and (d) measuring that the activity of the first cell is less than the activity measured in (b).
  • the method may also be tailored to identify a stimulating TREM-1 antibody.
  • the method of identifying a stimulating TREM-1 antibody comprises (a) culturing a first cell expressing TREM-1, a signalling protein and a reporter construct; (b) measuring the activity of the first cell; (c) contacting/incubating said cell with a TREM-1 antibody; and (d) measuring that the activity of the first cell is more than the activity of the measured in (b).
  • the present invention relates to blocking TREM-1 antibodies that may be identified by means of the method, herein disclosed, of identifying a blocking antibody.
  • an antibody according to the current invention may, at a concentration of less than 50 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 40 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 30 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 20 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 10 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 5 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 1 ⁇ g/ml - be capable of reducing the activity of said first cell by 50%, such as 60%, such as 70%, such as 80%, such as 90%, such as 95%, such as 100%.
  • An antibody according to the invention may be capable of completely extinguishing the activity of the first cell.
  • an antibody according to the current invention may, at a concentration of less than 1 ⁇ g/ml - such as less than 0.9 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 0.8 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 0.7 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 0.6 ⁇ g/ml, such as less than 0.5 ⁇ / ⁇ , such as less than 0.4 ⁇ / ⁇ , such as less than 0.3 ⁇ / ⁇ , such as less than 0.2 ⁇ / ⁇ - be capable of extinguishing the activity of the first cell.
  • the present invention also relates to blocking TREM-1 antibodies that may be identified by other means than the method herein disclosed.
  • antibody herein refers to a protein, derived from a germline immunoglobulin sequence, which is capable of specifically binding to an antigen (TREM-1) or a portion thereof.
  • the term includes full length antibodies of any class or isotype (that is, IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM and/or IgY) and any single chain or fragment thereof.
  • An antibody that specifically binds to an antigen, or portion thereof may bind exclusively to that antigen, or portion thereof, or it may bind to a limited number of homologous antigens, or portions thereof.
  • Full-length antibodies usually comprise at least four polypeptide chains: two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains that are interconnected by disulfide bonds.
  • IgG immunoglobulin sub-class of particular pharmaceutical interest
  • the IgG class may be sub-divided into 4 sub-classes: IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, based on the sequence of their heavy chain constant regions.
  • the light chains can be divided into two types, kappa and lambda, based on differences in their sequence composition.
  • IgG molecules are composed of two heavy chains, interlinked by two or more disulfide bonds, and two light chains, each attached to a heavy chain by a disulfide bond.
  • a heavy chain may comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) and up to three heavy chain constant (CH) regions: CH I, CH2 and CH3.
  • a light chain may comprise a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region (CL).
  • VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FR framework regions
  • VH and VL regions are typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the hypervariable regions of the heavy and light chains form a [binding] domain that is capable of interacting with an antigen, whilst the constant region of an antibody may mediate binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including but not limited to various cells of the immune system (effector cells), Fc receptors and the first component (Clq) of the classical complement system.
  • Antibodies of the current invention may be isolated.
  • isolated antibody refers to an antibody that has been separated and/or recovered from (an)other component(s) in the environment in which it was produced and/or that has been purified from a mixture of components present in the environment in which it was produced.
  • antigen-binding fragments of antibodies may be suitable in the context of the current invention, as it has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody.
  • antigen-binding fragment refers to one or more fragment(s) of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen, such as TREM-1, as described herein.
  • antigen-binding fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab)2, F(ab')2, F(ab)S, Fv (typically the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody), single-chain Fv (scFv; see e.g..
  • dsFv, Fd typically the VH and CHI domain
  • dAb typically a VH domain
  • VH, VL, VhH, and V-NAR domains monovalent molecules comprising a single VH and a single VL chain
  • minibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, and kappa bodies see, e.g., Ill et al., Protein Eng 1997; 10:949-57
  • An antibody of the invention may be a human antibody or a humanised antibody.
  • the term "human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable regions in which at least a portion of a framework region and/or at least a portion of a CDR region are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. (For example, a human antibody may have variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.) Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region is also derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
  • the human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo).
  • Such a human antibody may be a human monoclonal antibody.
  • Such a human monoclonal antibody may be produced by a hybridoma, which includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic nonhuman animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene and a light chain transgene fused to an immortalized cell.
  • Human antibodies may be isolated from sequence libraries built on selections of human germline sequences, further diversified with natural and synthetic sequence diversity. Human antibodies may be prepared by in vitro immunisation of human lymphocytes followed by transformation of the lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus.
  • human antibody derivative refers to any modified form of the human antibody, such as a conjugate of the antibody and another agent or antibody.
  • humanised antibody refers to a human/non-human chimeric antibody that contains one or more sequences (CDR regions or parts thereof) that are derived from a non-human immunoglobulin.
  • a humanised antibody is, thus, a human immunoglobulin (recipient antibody) in which at least residues from a hyper-variable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hyper-variable region of an antibody from a non-human species (donor antibody) such as from a mouse, rat, rabbit or non-human primate, which have the desired specificity, affinity, sequence composition and functionality.
  • donor antibody such as from a mouse, rat, rabbit or non-human primate
  • FR residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
  • a suitable human recipient framework for both the light and heavy chain variable domain may be identified by, for example, sequence or structural homology.
  • fixed recipient frameworks may be used, e.g., based on knowledge of structure, biophysical and biochemical properties.
  • the recipient frameworks can be germline derived or derived from a mature antibody sequence.
  • CDR regions from the donor antibody can be transferred by CDR grafting.
  • the CDR grafted humanised antibody can be further optimised for e.g. affinity, functionality and biophysical properties by identification of critical framework positions where re-introduction (backmutation) of the amino acid residue from the donor antibody has beneficial impact on the properties of the humanised antibody.
  • the humanised antibody can be engineered by introduction of germline residues in the CDR or framework regions, elimination of immunogenic epitopes, site-directed mutagenesis, affinity maturation, etc.
  • humanised antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance.
  • a humanised antibody will comprise at least one - typically two - variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and in which all or substantially all of the FR residues are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
  • the humanised antibody can, optionally, also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
  • Fc immunoglobulin constant region
  • humanised antibody derivative refers to any modified form of the humanised antibody, such as a conjugate of the antibody and another agent or antibody.
  • chimeric antibody refers to an antibody whose light and heavy chain genes have been constructed, typically by genetic engineering, from immunoglobulin variable and constant region genes that originate from different species.
  • variable segments of genes from a mouse monoclonal antibody may be joined to human constant segments.
  • the fragment crystallisable region (“Fc region"/"Fc domain”) of an antibody is the N- terminal region of an antibody, which comprises the constant CH2 and CH3 domains.
  • the Fc domain may interact with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors, as well as some proteins of the complement system.
  • the Fc region enables antibodies to interact with the immune system.
  • antibodies may be engineered to include modifications within the Fc region, typically to alter one or more of its functional properties, such as serum half-life, complement fixation, Fc-receptor binding, protein stability and/or antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or lack thereof, among others.
  • an antibody of the invention may be chemically modified (e.g., one or more chemical moieties can be attached to the antibody) or be modified to alter its glycosylation, again to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody.
  • An IgGl antibody may carry a modified Fc domain comprises one or more, and perhaps all of the following mutations that will result in decreased affinity to certain Fc receptors (L234A, L235E, and G237A) and in reduced Clq-mediated complement fixation (A330S and P331S), respectively (residue numbering according to the EU index).
  • the isotype of an antibody of the invention may be IgG, such as IgGl, such as IgG2, such as IgG4.
  • the class of an antibody may be "switched" by known techniques.
  • an antibody that was originally produced as an IgM molecule may be class switched to an IgG antibody.
  • Class switching techniques also may be used to convert one IgG subclass to another, for example: from IgGl to IgG2 or IgG4; from IgG2 to IgGl or IgG4; or from IgG4 to IgGl or IgG2.
  • Engineering of antibodies to generate constant region chimeric molecules, by combination of regions from different IgG subclasses, can also be performed.
  • the hinge region of CH I is modified such that the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region is altered, e.g., increased or decreased.
  • the constant region may be modified to stabilize the antibody, e.g., to reduce the risk of a bivalent antibody separating into two monovalent VH-VL fragments.
  • residue S228 residue numbering according to the EU index
  • P proline
  • Antibodies or fragments thereof may also be defined in terms of their complementarity- determining regions (CDRs).
  • complementarity-determining region refers to the regions of an antibody in which amino acid residues involved in antigen binding are situated.
  • the region of hypervariability or CDRs can be identified as the regions with the highest variability in amino acid alignments of antibody variable domains.
  • Databases can be used for CDR identification such as the Kabat database, the CDRs e.g. being defined as comprising amino acid residues 24-34 (LI), 50-59 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) of the light-chain variable domain and 31-35 (H I), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the heavy-chain variable domain; (Kabat et al.
  • CDRs can be defined as those residues from a "hypervariable loop" (residues 26-33 (LI), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light-chain variable domain and 26-32 (H I), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the heavy-chain variable domain; Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol 1987; 196 : 901-917).
  • the numbering of amino acid residues in this region is performed by the method described in Kabat et al., supra.
  • phrases such as "Kabat position”, “Kabat residue”, and “according to Kabat” herein refer to this numbering system for heavy chain variable domains or light chain variable domains.
  • the actual linear amino acid sequence of a peptide may contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to a shortening of, or insertion into, a framework (FR) or CDR of the variable domain.
  • a heavy chain variable domain may include amino acid insertions (residue 52a, 52b and 52c according to Kabat) after residue 52 of CDR H2 and inserted residues (e.g. residues 82a, 82b, and 82c, etc. according to Kabat) after heavy chain FR residue 82.
  • the Kabat numbering of residues may be determined for a given antibody by alignment at regions of homology of the sequence of the antibody with a "standard" Kabat numbered sequence.
  • framework region or "FR” residues refer to those VH or VL amino acid residues that are not within the CDRs, as defined herein.
  • the mAb 0170 antibody has a variable heavy chain sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and a variable light chain sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • An antibody of the invention may comprise this variable heavy chain sequence and/or this variable light chain sequence.
  • the mAb 0170 antibody has the CDR sequences shown at amino acids 31 to 35, 50 to 68 and 101 to 110 of SEQ ID NO : 2 and amino acids 24 to 38, 54 to 60 and 93 to 101 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the heavy chain of an antibody according to the invention may comprise a CDR1 sequence of amino acids 31 to 35 (TYAMH) of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein one of these amino acids may be substituted by a different amino acid.
  • the heavy chain of an antibody according to the invention may comprise a CDR2 sequence of amino acids 50 to 68 (RIRTKSSNYATYYADSVKD) of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein one, two or three of these amino acids may be substituted by a different amino acid.
  • the heavy chain of an antibody according to the invention may comprise a CDR3 sequence of amino acids 101 to 110 (DMGQRRQFAY) of SEQ ID NO : 2, wherein one, two or three of these amino acids may be substituted by a different amino acid.
  • the light chain of an antibody according to the invention may comprise a CDRl sequence of amino acids 24 to 38 (RASESVDTFDYSFLH) of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein one, two or three of these amino acids may be substituted with a different amino acid.
  • the light chain of an antibody according to the invention may comprise a CDR2 sequence of amino acids 54 to 60 (RASNLES) of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein one or two of these amino acids may be substituted with a different amino acid.
  • the light chain of an antibody according to the invention may comprise a CDR3 sequence of amino acids 93 to 101 (QQSNEDPYT) of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein one or two of these amino acids may be substituted with a different amino acid.
  • the mAb 0170 antibody has a heavy chain sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 and a light chain sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • An antibody of the invention may comprise this heavy chain sequence or this light chain sequence. Either the heavy or light chain of the antibody of the invention, or both, may be a variant of mAb 0170.
  • the mAb 0170 antibody has the CDR sequences shown at amino acids 31 to 35, 50 to 68 and 101 to 110 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and amino acids 24 to 38, 54 to 60 and 93 to 101 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • An antibody of the invention may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or all 6 of these CDR sequences.
  • the heavy chain of an antibody according to the invention may comprise a CDRH3 sequence of amino acids 101 to 110 (DMGIRRQFAY) of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein one, two or three of these amino acids may be substituted by a different amino acid.
  • anigen refers to the molecular entity used for immunization of an immunocompetent vertebrate to produce the antibody (Ab) that recognizes the Ag.
  • Ag is termed more broadly and is generally intended to include target molecules that are specifically recognized by the Ab, thus including fragments or mimics of the molecule used in the immunization process, or other process, e.g. phage display, used for generating the Ab.
  • epitopope is defined in the context of a molecular interaction between an "antigen binding polypeptide”, such as an antibody (Ab), and its corresponding antigen (Ag).
  • antibody an antibody
  • Ag antigen binding polypeptide
  • epitopope refers to the area or region on an Ag to which an Ab specifically binds, i.e. the area or region in physical contact with the Ab. Physical contact may be defined through various criteria (e.g. a distance cut-off of 2- ⁇ , such as 3A, such as 4 A, such as 5A; or solvent accessibility) for atoms in the Ab and Ag molecules.
  • a protein epitope may comprise amino acid residues in the Ag that are directly involved in binding to a Ab (also called the immunodominant component of the epitope) and other amino acid residues, which are not directly involved in binding, such as amino acid residues of the Ag which are effectively blocked by the Ab, i.e. amino acid residues within the "solvent-excluded surface" and/or the "footprint" of the Ab.
  • Ab also called the immunodominant component of the epitope
  • other amino acid residues which are not directly involved in binding, such as amino acid residues of the Ag which are effectively blocked by the Ab, i.e. amino acid residues within the "solvent-excluded surface" and/or the "footprint" of the Ab.
  • TREM-1 comprises both types of binding region in any particular region of TREM-1 that specifically binds to a TREM-1 antibody.
  • TREM-1 may comprise a number of different epitopes, which may include, without limitation, conformational epitopes which consist of one or more non-contiguous amino acids located near each other in the mature TREM-1 conformation and post-translational epitopes which consist, either in whole or part, of molecular structures covalently attached to TREM-1, such as carbohydrate groups.
  • the epitope for a given antibody (Ab)/antigen (Ag) pair can be described and characterized at different levels of detail using a variety of experimental and computational epitope mapping methods.
  • the experimental methods include mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Hydrogen deuterium exchange Mass Spectrometry (HX-MS) and various competition binding methods; methods that are known in the art.
  • NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
  • HX-MS Hydrogen deuterium exchange Mass Spectrometry
  • each method relies on a unique principle, the description of an epitope is intimately linked to the method by which it has been determined.
  • the epitope for a given Ab/Ag pair may be described differently.
  • the epitope for the interaction between the Ag and the Ab can be described by the spatial coordinates defining the atomic contacts present in the Ag-Ab interaction, as well as information about their relative contributions to the binding thermodynamics.
  • the epitope can be characterized by the spatial coordinates defining the atomic contacts between the Ag and Ab.
  • the epitope can be characterized by the amino acid residues that it comprises as defined by a specific criteria such as the distance between or solvent accessibility of atoms in the Ab:Ag complex.
  • the epitope can be characterized through function, e.g. by competition binding with other Abs.
  • the epitope can also be defined more generically as comprising amino acid residues for which substitution by another amino acid will alter the characteristics of the interaction between the Ab and Ag.
  • an X-ray derived crystal structure defined by spatial coordinates of a complex between an Ab, e.g. a Fab fragment, and its Ag
  • the term epitope is herein, unless otherwise specified or contradicted by context, specifically defined as TREM-1 residues characterized by having a heavy atom (i.e. a non-hydrogen atom) within a distance of, eg., 4 A from a heavy atom in the Ab.
  • Epitopes described on the amino acid level are said to be identical if they contain the same set of amino acid residues.
  • Epitopes are said to overlap if at least one amino acid is shared by the epitopes.
  • Epitopes are said to be separate (unique) if no amino acid residue are shared by the epitopes.
  • Epitopes may also be defined indirectly, by means of comparing the binding kinetics of antibodies to wild type human TREM-1 with those of human TREM-1 variants that have alanine mutations in anticipated epitopes. Decreased affinity or abrogated binding of an antibody to variants of human TREM-1 in which an amino acid residue has been replaced with an alanine residue indicates that the mutated amino acid contributes to the interaction between said antibody and wild type human TREM-1. This approach provides a negative identification of the epitope. The method is compromised in effectively defining the epitope by the fact that protein misfolding or unfolding would give similar results as abrogation of interaction.
  • the analysis can be complemented by comparative gain of function mutational analyses of an orthologous target protein (eg., cynomolgus monkey TREM-1), if a cross-reactive antibody exists.
  • an orthologous target protein eg., cynomolgus monkey TREM-1
  • the comparison will define the epitope differences between the antibody that does not cross-react with, eg., cynomolgus monkey TREM-1 and the cross-reactive antibody.
  • Indirect identification of the epitope can also be provided by means of measuring antibody (or antibody fragment) binding to variants of the wild type antigen (TREM-1). If an antibody or fragment thereof binds, eg., human but not cynomolgus monkey TREM-1 and if said antibody or fragment thereof is capable of binding a partly humanised variant of cynomolgus monkey TREM-1 then this regained binding indicates that the substituted amino acid residue(s) is/are important for the interaction of the antibody with the antigen.
  • TREM-1 wild type antigen
  • Antibodies of the current invention may be capable of binding variants of human TREM-1 as determined using, eg., surface plasmon resonance.
  • Antibodies of the current invention may be capable of binding variants of cynomolgus monkey TREM-1 as determined using, eg., surface plasmon resonance.
  • An antibody of the invention may be capable of specifically binding TREM-1, wherein said antibody is capable of specifically binding (i) at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of the A21, T22, K23, L24, T25, E26, and (ii) at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of the A49, S50, S51, Q52, K53, A54, W55, Q56, 157, 158, R59, D60, G61, E62, M63, P64, K65, T66, L67, A68, C69, T70, E71, R72, P73, S74, K75, N76, S77, H78, P79, V80, Q81, V82, G83, R84, 185 and (iii) at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of the C113, V114, 1115, Y116, Q117, P118 and P119 of human TREM-1.
  • An antibody of the invention may be capable of specifically binding a polypeptide comprising amino acids D38 to F48 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human TREM-1), as determined using, eg., HX-MS or X-ray diffraction.
  • An antibody of the invention may have an epitope comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or all of the amino acid residues D38, V39, K40, C41, D42, Y43, T44 and L45 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human TREM-1) and one, two or all of the amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of the E46, K47 and F48 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human TREM-1), as determined using, eg., HX-MS or X-ray diffraction.
  • An antibody of the invention may have an epitope comprising one, two, three or all of the amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of the D42, E46, D92 and H93 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human TREM-1), as determined using variants of TREM-1 and surface plasmon resonance.
  • An antibody of the invention may have an epitope comprising at least the amino acid residues E46 and/or D92 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human TREM-1), as determined using variants of TREM-1 and surface plasmon resonance.
  • An antibody of the invention may further comprise one, two or all of the amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of L31, 186 and V101 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human TREM-1).
  • An antibody of the invention may be capable of specifically binding a polypeptide comprising amino acid residues E19 to L26 of cynomolgus monkey TREM-1 (SEQ ID NO : 17), as determined using, eg. HX-MS or X-ray diffraction.
  • An antibody of the invention may be capable of specifically binding human TREM-1, wherein the epitope of said antibody comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or all of the amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of the V39, K40, C41, D42, Y43, L45, E46, K47, F48 and A49 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • An antibody of the invention may be capable of specifically binding human TREM-1, wherein the epitope of said antibody comprises the D42 of SEQ ID NO : 1.
  • An antibody of the invention may be capable of specifically binding human TREM-1, wherein the epitope of said antibody comprises the E46 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope of said antibody may comprise the V39, C41, D42, Y43, L45 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope of said antibody may comprise the E46, K47 and A49 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the epitope of said antibody may further comprise the F48 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • paratope is derived from the above definition of “epitope” by reversing the perspective.
  • the term “paratope” refers to the area or region on the antibody to which an antigen specifically binds, i.e. with which it makes physical contact to the antigen.
  • paratope In the context of an X-ray derived crystal structure, defined by spatial coordinates of a complex between an antibody, such as a Fab fragment, and its antigen, the term paratope is herein, unless otherwise specified or contradicted by context, specifically defined as antigen residues characterized by having a heavy atom (i.e. a non-hydrogen atom) within a distance of 4 A from a heavy atom in TREM-1.
  • a heavy atom i.e. a non-hydrogen atom
  • the epitope and paratope for a given antibody (Ab)/antigen (Ag) pair may be identified by routine methods. For example, the general location of an epitope may be determined by assessing the ability of an antibody to bind to different fragments or variant TREM-1 polypeptides.
  • the specific amino acids within TREM-1 that make contact with an antibody (epitope) and the specific amino acids in an antibody that make contact with TREM-1 (paratope) may also be determined using routine methods.
  • the antibody and target molecule may be combined and the Ab:Ag complex may be crystallised. The crystal structure of the complex may be determined and used to identify specific sites of interaction between the antibody and its target.
  • Antibodies that bind to the same antigen can be characterised with respect to their ability to bind to their common antigen simultaneously and may be subjected to "competition binding”/"binning".
  • the term “binning” refers to a method of grouping antibodies that bind to the same antigen. “Binning” of antibodies may be based on competition binding of two antibodies to their common antigen in assays based on standard techniques such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), ELISA or flow cytometry.
  • An antibody's "bin” is defined using a reference antibody. If a second antibody is unable to bind to an antigen at the same time as the reference antibody, the second antibody is said to belong to the same "bin” as the reference antibody. In this case, the reference and the second antibody competitively bind the same part of an antigen and are coined "competing antibodies”. If a second antibody is capable of binding to an antigen at the same time as the reference antibody, the second antibody is said to belong to a separate "bin”. In this case, the reference and the second antibody do not competitively bind the same part of an antigen and are coined "non-competing antibodies”.
  • Antibody "binning” does not provide direct information about the epitope. Competing antibodies, i.e. antibodies belonging to the same “bin” may have identical epitopes, overlapping epitopes or even separate epitopes. The latter is the case if the reference antibody bound to its epitope on the antigen takes up the space required for the second antibody to contact its epitope on the antigen ("steric hindrance"). Non-competing antibodies generally have separate epitopes.
  • An antibody of the invention may compete with mAb 0170 for binding to human TREM-1.
  • An antibody of the invention may compete with mAb 0170 for binding to cynomolgus monkey TREM-1.
  • an antibody of the invention may belong to the same "bin” as mAb 0170.
  • binding affinity refers to a measurement of the strength of a non- covalent interaction between two molecules, e.g. an antibody, or fragment thereof, and an antigen.
  • binding affinity is used to describe monovalent interactions (intrinsic activity).
  • Binding affinity between two molecules, e.g. an antibody, or fragment thereof, and an antigen, through a monovalent interaction may be quantified by determination of the equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ).
  • K D can be determined by measurement of the kinetics of complex formation and dissociation, e.g. by the SPR method.
  • the rate constants corresponding to the association and the dissociation of a monovalent complex are referred to as the association rate constant k a (or k on ) and dissociation rate constant k d (or k 0ff ), respectively.
  • An antibody of the invention may bind human TREM-1 with an affinity (K D ) that is 1 x 10 " 7 M or less, 1 x 10 "8 M or less, or 1 x 10 "9 M or less, or 1 x 10 10 M or less, 1 x 10 _11 M or less, 1 x 10 12 M or less or 1 x 10 13 M or less, as determined using surface plasmon resonance.
  • K D an affinity
  • An antibody of the invention may bind cynomolgus monkey TREM-1 with an affinity (K D ) that is 1 x 10 "7 M or less, 1 x 10 "8 M or less, or 1 x 10 "9 M or less, or 1 x 10 "10 M or less, 1 x 10 _11 M or less, 1 x 10 12 M or less or 1 x 10 13 M or less, as determined using surface plasmon resonance.
  • K D an affinity
  • binding specificity refers to the interaction of a molecule such as an antibody, or fragment thereof, with a single exclusive antigen, or with a limited number of highly homologous antigens (or epitopes). In contrast, antibodies that are capable of specifically binding to TREM-1 are not capable of binding dissimilar molecules. Antibodies according to the invention may not be capable of binding Nkp44, the Natural killer cell p44-related protein.
  • Standard assays to evaluate the ability of ligands (such as antibodies) to bind their targets are known in the art and include, for example, ELISAs, Western blots, RIAs, and flow cytometry analysis.
  • the binding kinetics and binding affinity of the antibody also can be assessed by standard assays known in the art, such as SPR.
  • a competitive binding assay can be conducted in which the binding of the antibody to the target is compared to the binding of the target by another ligand of that target, such as another antibody.
  • the present invention provides compositions and formulations comprising molecules of the invention, such as the TREM-1 antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors and cells described herein.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition that comprises one or more TREM-1 antibodies of the invention, formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • one object of the invention is to provide a pharmaceutical formulation comprising such a TREM-1 antibody which is present in a concentration from 0.25 mg/ml to 250 mg/ml, such as a concentration of from 10 to 200 mg/ml, and wherein said formulation has a pH from 2.0 to 10.0, such as a pH of from 4.0 to 8.0.
  • the formulation may further comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and/or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof.
  • preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th edition, 1995.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation is an aqueous formulation.
  • aqueous formulation is typically a solution or a suspension, but may also include colloids, dispersions, emulsions, and multi-phase materials.
  • aqueous formulation is defined as a formulation comprising at least 50% w/w water.
  • aqueous solution is defined as a solution comprising at least 50 % w/w water
  • aqueous suspension is defined as a suspension comprising at least 50 % w/w water.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation is a freeze-dried formulation, to which the physician or the patient adds solvents and/or diluents prior to use.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation comprises an aqueous solution of such an antibody, and a buffer, wherein the antibody is present in a concentration from 1 mg/ml or above, and wherein said formulation has a pH from about 2.0 to about 10.0, such as a pH of from 4.0 to 8.0.
  • TREM-1 antibodies of the present invention and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such antibodies may be used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as the following : inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, type I diabetes, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune myocarditis, Kawasaki disease, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, osteoarthritis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, graft versus host disease, Sjogrens's syndrome, autoimmune nephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
  • TREM-1 antibodies of the invention may be suitable for use in the treatment of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease.
  • IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • UC ulcerative colitis
  • CD Crohn's disease
  • UC always involves the rectum (colonic) and is more continuous.
  • CD the inflammation is transmural, resulting in abscesses, fistulas and strictures, whereas in UC, the inflammation is typically confined to the mucosa.
  • Crohn's disease There is no known pharmaceutical or surgical cure for Crohn's disease, whereas some patients with UC can be cured by surgical removal of the colon. Treatment options are restricted to controlling symptoms, maintaining remission and preventing relapse.
  • Efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease in the clinic may be measured as a reduction in the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score for CD which is scoring scale based on laboratory tests and a quality of life questionnaire.
  • CDAI Crohn's Disease Activity Index
  • RA rheumatoid arthritis
  • RA is a systemic disease that affects nearly if not all of the body and is one of the most common forms of arthritis. It is characterized by inflammation of the joint, which causes pain, stiffness, warmth, redness and swelling. This inflammation is a consequence of inflammatory cells invading the joints, and these inflammatory cells release enzymes that may digest bone and cartilage.
  • TREM-1 antibodies of the invention may be suitable for use in the treatment of individuals with psoriasis.
  • Psoriasis is a T-cell mediated inflammatory disorder of the skin that can cause considerable discomfort. It is a disease for which there is currently no cure and it affects people of all ages. Although individuals with mild psoriasis can often control their disease with topical agents, more than one million patients worldwide require ultraviolet light treatments or systemic immunosuppressive therapy.
  • TREM-1 antibodies of the invention may be suitable for use in the treatment of individuals with psoriatic arthritis.
  • Psoriatic arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that occurs in a subset of patients with psoriasis. In these patients, the skin pathology/symptoms are accompanied by a joint swelling similar to that seen in rheumatoid arthritis. It features patchy, raised, red areas of skin inflammation with scaling. Psoriasis often affects the tips of the elbows and knees, the scalp, the navel and around the genital areas or anus. Approximately 10% of patients who have psoriasis also develop an associated inflammation of their joints.
  • treatment refers to the medical therapy of any human or other animal subject in need thereof. Said subject is expected to have undergone physical examination by a medical or veterinary medical practitioner, who has given a tentative or definitive diagnosis which would indicate that the use of said treatment is beneficial to the health of said human or other animal subject.
  • the timing and purpose of said treatment may vary from one individual to another, according to many factors, such as the status quo of the subject's health.
  • said treatment may be prophylactic, palliative, symptomatic and/or curative.
  • prophylactic, palliative, symptomatic and/or curative treatments may represent separate aspects of the invention.
  • An antibody of the invention may be administered parenterally, such as intravenously, such as intramuscularly, such as subcutaneously.
  • an antibody of the invention may be administered via a non-parenteral route, such as perorally or topically.
  • An antibody of the invention may be administered prophylactically.
  • An antibody of the invention may be administered therapeutically (on demand).
  • the substitution of negatively charged residues of the CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 was observed to influence the viscosity of the mAb.
  • the mAb of the invention is a variant of mAb 0170 having a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the light chain of mAb 0170, namely SEQ ID NO: 3, comprises mutations wherein negatively charged residues in CDR1 and CDR3 region of SEQ ID NO: 3 are substituted with uncharged residues.
  • an aspect of the invention is directed to a variant of mAb 0170 comprising substituting any one or any combination of residues Dl, D30, D33, D74, D98, E27, E97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine.
  • an interesting embodiment of the invention is directed to an antibody or fragment thereof comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 (or a variant thereof) as a heavy chain and as light chain comprising a variant of SEQ ID NO: 3 wherein any one or any combination of residues Dl, D30, D33, D74, D98, E27, E97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine. These mutations will be referred to as "charge patch" mutations.
  • E27 and E97 of the CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 are substituted with uncharged amino acid residues, such as an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine.
  • E27 of the CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to glutamine and E97 is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine, more preferably with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and glutamine.
  • E27 remains unmutated and E97 is mutated with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine, more preferably with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and glutamine.
  • residue E97 remains unmutated and E27 is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine, more preferably with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine and glutamine.
  • Another aspect of the invention is based on the observation that Fab-Fab dimers were formed due to interactions in the paratope area. Since mAbs comprise two Fabs, it was envisioned that mAbs would be able to multimerize, which could have an impact on the viscosity properties. Thus, another aspect of the invention is directed to mutate residues in the Fab-Fab interaction area of SEQ ID NO: 2 (namely in the variable heavy chain area of mAb 0170) to reduce Fab-Fab dimerization. These mutations are referred to as "Fab- Fab interaction" mutations.
  • an aspect of the invention is directed to substituting any one of residues Y32, R52, S55, S56, N57, A59, M 102, 1104 and R106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or F32, D33, Y34, Y53, R54, D98 of SEQ. ID NO 3 with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine.
  • an interesting embodiment of the invention is directed to an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 wherein any one of residues Y32, R52, S55, S56, N57, A59, M 102, 1104 and R106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or F32, D33, Y34, Y53, R54, D98 of SEQ. ID NO 3 ("Fab-Fab interaction" mutations) is substituted with another amino acid, such as natural amino acid, preferably an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine.
  • residues A59 and N57 SEQ ID NO: 2 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • A59 remains unmutated and N57 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • N57 remains unmutated and A59 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine.
  • both A59 and N57 are mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • At least one negatively charged residues of the CDR1 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine and ii) at least one residue of residues Y32, R52, S55, S56, N57, A59, M 102, 1104 and R106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or F32, D33, Y34, Y53, R54, D98 of SEQ.
  • Fab-Fab interaction mutations is mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, and tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine.
  • one or both of E27 and E97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is/are mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, and tyrosine and one or both of A59 and N57 of SEQ ID NO: 2 is/are mutated to an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine, more preferably serine or tyrosine.
  • a further aspect of the invention is based on the observation that an Ala substitution in position Y90 of SEQ. ID NO 1 of TREM-1 improved the affinity of SEQ. ID NO 3 to TREM- 1.
  • the Y90 was found to interact with a phenylalanine residue of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • Mutation of SEQ ID NO: 3 in order to improve the Fab-TREM-1 interaction are referred to as Fab- TREM-1 interaction mutations.
  • phenylalanine at position 32 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to an amino acid selected from amino acid residues glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and methionine, preferably selected from alanine, glycine, serine valine and leucine.
  • F32 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is mutated to alanine or serine.
  • Charge patch mutations in the CDR1 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 3 reduced the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) while mutations in the Fab-Fab interaction region increased Rh ( Figure 6). Mutations in the "Fab-TREM-1 interaction" site did not influence Rh and had very little effect on viscosity ( Figures 6 and 1, Tables 3C and 3E).
  • Table 1 Overview of SEQ ID No (0170) mAb variants generated.
  • L light chain
  • H heavy chain.
  • the viscosity was determined for the mAb 0170 variants by DLS or micro rheology and showed that both "charge patch” mutations and "Fab-Fab interaction” mutations reduced the viscosity.
  • the mAb variant 0318, which comprise the charge patch mutations E27Q and E97Q was found to have the lowest viscosity.
  • the binding kinetics of the mAb 0170 variants towards human TREM-l-Fc and cynomolgus TREM-l-Fc were determined, respectively.
  • the mAb 0170 variants were all found to have similar affinity towards human TREM-l-Fc.
  • the mAb variant, SEQ ID NO: 9 comprising a "Fab-TREM-1 interaction" mutation was found to have increased affinity towards cynomolgus TREM-l-Fc (Table 2).
  • the mutations from SEQ ID NO: 9 were combined with the mutations in SEQ ID NO: 5 to generate the light chain from SEQ ID NO: 14 and the mutations from the light chain from SEQ ID NO: 14 were further combined with the heavy chain mutations from SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the increased affinity towards cynomolgus TREM-l-Fc was retained for the mAb variants comprising the combined mutations of SEQ ID NO: 14 and the mutations did not negatively affect the affinity towards human TREM-l-Fc.
  • embodiments comprising both “charge patch” mutations and “Fab-TREM-1 interaction” mutations are envisaged by the present invention, as well as embodiments comprising both “charge patch” mutations and “Fab-Fab interaction” mutations as well as embodiments comprising both “Fab-Fab interaction” mutations and “Fab-TREM-1 interaction” mutations and embodiments comprising "Fab-Fab interaction” mutations, "Fab-TREM-1 interaction” mutations and “charge patch” mutations.
  • Table 3A Viscosity versus protein concentrations of mAb 0170, 0317 and 0318
  • Table 3B Viscosity versus protein concentrations of mAb 0319 and 0320 and 321.
  • Table 3C Viscosity versus protein concentrations of mAb 0322, 0323 and 324.
  • Table 3D Viscosity versus protein concentrations of mAb 0325, 0326 and 0330.
  • the antibody or an antibody fragment of said antibody has a viscosity of less than 5 cP at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, such as less than 4 cP, preferably less than 3 cP ; or
  • the antibody or an antibody fragment of said antibody has a viscosity of less than 5 cP at a concentration of 80 mg/mL, preferably less than 4 cP.
  • An antibody or fragment thereof that is capable of specifically binding to and blocking TREM-1 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof has "charge patch” mutations, such as wherein at least one of the negatively charged residues of the CDR1 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 3 are substituted with uncharged residues.
  • An antibody or fragment thereof according to any of the embodiments of the invention having a lowered viscosity compared to mAb 0170, but still having a K D to SEQ ID NO: 1 of less than 0.5 nM.
  • An antibody or fragment thereof according to any of the embodiments of the invention having a lowered viscosity compared to mAb 0170, a K D to SEQ ID NO: 1 of less than 0.5 nM and a K D to SEQ ID NO: 17 of less than 0.6 nM, by substituting uncharged amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or 3, involved in specific "Fab-Fab interactions" with amino acids with altered size or hydrogen bonding potential. 10.
  • An antibody or fragment thereof according to any of the embodiments of the invention that is capable of specifically binding to and blocking TREM-1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and comprises variants of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3 or both, wherein the variants are selected from the group consisting of "Fab-Fab interaction” mutations, "Fab-TREM-1 interaction” mutations and "charge-patch” mutations of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a Phe residue of SEQ ID NO: 3 is substituted with Ala or Ser. 12.
  • An antibody or fragment thereof according to any of the embodiments of the invention which competes with SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 for binding to SEQ ID NO: 1 and which has an epitope comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or all of the amino acid residues D38, V39, K40, C41, D42, Y43, T44 and L45 and one, two or all of the amino acid residues E46, K47, F48 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof which competes for binding with SEQ ID NO: 3, and comprising a LC having one or both glutamate (E) residues of positions 27 and 97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 mutated to serine (S) or glutamine (Q), such as wherein E27Q, E97S, such as wherein both E27 and E97 are mutated to glutamine or wherein E27 remains un-mutated and E97 is mutated to S (E27, E97S), or wherein E27 remains un-mutated and E97 is mutated to Q (E27, E97Q), or wherein E97 remains un-mutated and E27 is mutated to Q or S, more preferably to Q (E27, E97Q).
  • E glutamate residues of positions 27 and 97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 mutated to serine (S) or glutamine (Q), such as wherein E27Q, E97S, such as wherein both E27 and E97 are mutated to glutamine or wherein E27 remains un
  • the antibody or fragment thereof according to any of the embodiments of the invention comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the phenylalanine at position 32 (F32) is mutated, such as mutated to A (mAb 0322) or to S (mAb 0323).
  • An antibody or fragment thereof comprising a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 wherein uncharged amino acids involved in specific Fab-Fab interactions are substituted with amino acids with altered size or hydrogen bonding potential, such as wherein alanine (A) or asparagine (N) are substituted with any one of Ser, Thr, Phe, Tyr and Trp.
  • A alanine
  • N asparagine
  • An antibody or fragment thereof comprising a variant of SEQ ID NO: 3 and which competes for binding with SEQ ID NO: 3 wherein one or both glutamate (E) residues of positions 27 and 97 of SEQ ID NO: 3 are mutated to serine (S) or glutamine (Q), such as wherein both E27 and E97 are mutated to glutamine (318), or wherein E27 remains un- mutated and E97 is mutated to S (E27, E97S), or wherein E27 remains un-mutated and E97 is mutated to Q (E27, E97Q), or wherein E97 remains un-mutated and E27 is mutated to Q or S, more preferably to Q (E27, E97Q).
  • An antibody or fragment thereof comprising a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 and which competes for binding with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein one or both of residue N57 and residue A59 has been mutated, such as wherein residue A59 has been mutated to a tyrosine, or wherein residue N57 has been mutated to a serine, or wherein both residue N57 has been mutated to a serine and residue A59 has been mutated to a tyrosine.
  • composition comprising an antibody as defined in any of embodiments 1-32
  • An antibody of the invention such as of embodiment 1-32, for use as a medicament.
  • a method of treating a disease selected from an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease comprising administering an antibody of the invention (such as an antibody of any of embodiments 1-32), a composition comprising the antibody of the invention, or a medicament comprising the antibody of the invention.
  • an antibody of the invention such as an antibody of any of embodiments 1-32
  • a composition comprising the antibody of the invention or a medicament comprising the antibody of the invention.
  • the hydrodynamic radius of mAb0170 of WO2013/120553 was found to be higher (9-10 nm) than desired (5-6 nm).
  • the hydrodynamic radius was determined by dynamic light scattering analysis using a 96-well plate setup with a DynaPro plate reader (Wyatt Inc.). The plates used were Corning 3540 assay plates (Corning). Total sample volume was approximately 20 ⁇ _ and the temperature was kept at 25 °C for the mAb0170 variants ( Figure 6).
  • the viscosity was determined for the mAb0170 variants 0317, 0318, 0319, 0320, 0321, 0322, 0323, 0324, 0325, 0326 and 0330 by DLS.
  • Hydrodynamic radius was measured on a Wyatt DynaPro Platereader using Corning 3540 clear bottom, black not-treated polystyrene microplates and plain polystyrene nanospheres from Phosphorex Inc. with a mean diameter of 206.5 nm (Cat. no. 106).
  • the protein samples were transferred to a Corning 3540 plate and covered with a top seal.
  • the samples were centrifuged and the hydrodynamic radii of the protein samples were measured in the Wyatt DynaPro DLS plate reader. Each well was added 0.5 ⁇ _ polystyrene beads and mixed gently by pipetting .
  • the plate was centrifuged again and the hydrodynamic radii of the beads were measured in the Wyatt DynaPro DLS plate reader.
  • the viscosity was determined by micro-rheology for the mAb0170 variants 0332 and 0333.
  • a 250 ⁇ Hamilton LT syringe (Hamilton-Bonaduz Inc) with a 30G Novofine needle attached was used.
  • the syringe was placed in a custom made aluminium holder fastened to a platform.
  • the plunger of the syringe was driven by a TAXTPIus Texture Analyzer, which measured the resulting force on the plunger with a pre-determined injection speed. Each sample was tested with three different injection speeds. The cross-head speed and the measured force were used to calculate the shear rate and the shear stress respectively. Viscosity can be expressed in relation to shear rate as:
  • the binding kinetics of the mAb 0170 variants towards human TREM-l-Fc and cynomolgus TREM-l-Fc were determined, respectively. Binding studies were performed on a ProteOn Analyzer (BioRad) that measures molecular interactions in real time through surface plasmon resonance. Experiments were run at 25°C and the samples were stored at 15 °C in the sample compartment. The signal (RU, response units) reported by the ProteOn is directly correlated to the mass on the individual sensor chip surfaces in the six parallel flow cells.
  • Anti-human Fc monoclonal or anti-murine Fc polyclonal antibody from Biacore human or mouse Fc capture kits were immobilized in horizontal direction onto flow cells of a GLM sensor chip according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • the final immobilization level of capture antibody was approximately 2600- 6000 RU in each experiment.
  • the capture of purified monoclonal mouse or recombinantly expressed anti-hTREM-1 antibodies was conducted by diluting the antibodies to 5-10 nM into running buffer (10 mM Hepes 0,15 M NaCI, 5 mM EDTA, 0.05% surfactant P20, pH 7.4) followed by injection in vertical direction at 30 ⁇ _/ ⁇ for 60 sec, creating reference interspots adjacent to all flow cells with only anti-Fc antibody immobilized. This typically resulted in final capture levels of test antibodies of approximately 100-300 RU and Rmax values of analyte of 30-90 RU.
  • Binding of hTREM-1 or cTREM-1 proteins was conducted by injecting analyte (antigen) over all flow cells in horizontal direction to allow for comparative analyses of binding to different captured anti-TREM-1 antibodies relative to binding to the reference interspot.
  • hTREM-1 or cTREM-1 proteins were diluted serially 1 :3 to 1.2-100 nM or into running buffer, injected at 100 ⁇ _/ ⁇ for 250 s and allowed to dissociate for 600s.
  • the GLM surface was regenerated after each injection cycle of analyte via two 18 s injections of 10 mM Glycine, pH 1.7 and 50 mM NaOH at 100 ⁇ _/ ⁇ . This regeneration step removed the anti-TREM-1 antibody and any bound TREM- 1 protein from the immobilized capture antibody surface and allowed for the subsequent binding of the next interaction sample pair.
  • the regeneration procedure did not remove the directly immobilized anti-Fc capture antibody from the chip surface.
  • Binding affinity between antibodies and the antigen was quantified by determination of the equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ) determined by measurement of the kinetics of complex formation and dissociation.
  • K D equilibrium dissociation constant
  • the rate constants corresponding to the association and the dissociation of a monovalent complex such as k a (association rate) and k d (dissociation rate) were retrieved by fitting data to 1 : 1 Langmuir model using the ProteOn evaluation software for data analysis.
  • Example 3 Kinetics and viscosity of mAb 0330 and mAb 0333
  • the ability of the anti-TREM-1 mAb 0170 variants to inhibit human TREM-1 signalling was determined using a reporter cell line (BWZ'36/hTREM-l) provided by Bioxell.
  • the reporter cell line was stimulated with PGN and TREM-1 ligand PGLYRP1 either as recombinant protein or expressed by activated neutrophils prior to incubation with mAbs.
  • the potency of the variants to inhibit TREM-1 signalling was found to be clinical relevant and on par with that of the mAb 0170 of WO2013/120553 ( Figure 2A and B).
  • mAb 0170 molecules The potential of mAb 0170 molecules to interact by specific self-interactions were evaluated from by crystallographic analysis of a Fab 0170-Fab 0170 crystal structure.
  • Materials The Fab region of mAb 0170 (SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO : 19) in a buffer consisting of 10 mM phosphate, 2.68 mM KCI, 140 mM NaCI, pH 7.4 at a protein concentration of 8.5 mg/mL.
  • Methods The Fab region of mAb 0170 was crystallized in a hanging drop vapour diffusion experiment by equilibration of a droplet consisting of 2 ⁇ _ protein solution mixed with 2 ⁇ _ reservoir solution against a 0.5 ml.
  • X-ray diffraction data was collected at MAXLAB 911-2, Lund University, Sweden using a Cryo-stream operated at 100 K.
  • the raw data images were indexed, integrated and scaled using the XDS program package (Kabsch, Acta Crystallogr. D66, 133-144 (2010)).
  • Data were collected to a resolution of 2.40 A.
  • the structure was solved by molecular replacement using the Phenix software (Adams et al., Acta Crystallogr.

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201580038005.6A CN106536559B (zh) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 定点诱变trem-1抗体以降低黏度
SI201531993T SI3172232T1 (sl) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Na mesto usmerjena mutageneza protiteles TREM-1 za zmanjšanje viskoznosti
KR1020257022935A KR20250110365A (ko) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 점도를 감소시키기 위한 trem-1 항체의 부위 지정 돌연변이유발
CA2955253A CA2955253C (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
MX2017000484A MX378492B (es) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Mutagenesis dirigida al sitio de anticuerpos receptor desencadenante expresado en las celulas mieloides de tipo 1 (trem-1) para reducir la viscosidad.
HK17105554.8A HK1232231B (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
KR1020177004011A KR102465120B1 (ko) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 점도를 감소시키기 위한 trem-1 항체의 부위 지정 돌연변이유발
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US15/325,865 US10179814B2 (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of TREM-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
SM20240072T SMT202400072T1 (it) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Mutagenesi diretta al sito di anticorpi per trem-1 per diminuire la viscosità
AU2015289054A AU2015289054B2 (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
DK15738925.5T DK3172232T5 (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
TN2017000008A TN2017000008A1 (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity.
RS20240117A RS65136B1 (sr) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Mutageza usmerena na lokaciju trem-1 antitela za smanjenje viskoziteta
NZ729121A NZ729121B2 (en) 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
ES15738925T ES2974575T3 (es) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Mutagénesis dirigida al sitio de anticuerpos contra TREM-1 para disminuir la viscosidad
EP15738925.5A EP3172232B1 (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity.
HRP20240088TT HRP20240088T1 (hr) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Mutageneza usmjerena na mjesto protutijela trem-1 za smanjenje viskoziteta
KR1020227038720A KR102641268B1 (ko) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 점도를 감소시키기 위한 trem-1 항체의 부위 지정 돌연변이유발
MA39555A MA39555B1 (fr) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Mutagenèse dirigée d'anticorps trem-1 pour réduire la viscosité
PL15738925.5T PL3172232T3 (pl) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Ukierunkowana miejscowo mutageneza przeciwciał trem-1 dla zmniejszania lepkości
BR112016030947-2A BR112016030947B1 (pt) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Anticorpo ou fragmento do mesmo que é capaz de se ligar e bloquear trem-1 e seus usos
EA201790104A EA037844B1 (ru) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Сайт-направленный мутагенез антител к trem-1
SG11201700250WA SG11201700250WA (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
LTEPPCT/EP2015/066501T LT3172232T (lt) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Į vietą nukreipta trem-1 antikūnų mutagenezė, skirta klampumui sumažinti
FIEP15738925.5T FI3172232T3 (fi) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 TREM-1-vasta-aineiden kohdennettu mutageneesi viskositeetin alentamista varten
KR1020247005919A KR102833621B1 (ko) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 점도를 감소시키기 위한 trem-1 항체의 부위 지정 돌연변이유발
EP23211146.8A EP4332119A3 (en) 2014-07-17 2015-07-17 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
PH12017500054A PH12017500054A1 (en) 2014-07-17 2017-01-09 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
IL250082A IL250082B (en) 2014-07-17 2017-01-12 trem–1 antibodies with site-directed mutagenesis to lower viscosity
ZA2017/00341A ZA201700341B (en) 2014-07-17 2017-01-16 Site directed mutagenesis of trem-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
CONC2017/0001397A CO2017001397A2 (es) 2014-07-17 2017-02-13 Mutagénesis dirigida al sitio de anticuerpos receptor desencadenante expresado en las meloid d tipo 1 (trem-1) para reducir la viscosidad
US16/203,327 US11072654B2 (en) 2014-07-17 2018-11-28 Site directed mutagenesis of TREM-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
US17/380,404 US12116408B2 (en) 2014-07-17 2021-07-20 Site directed mutagenesis of TREM-1 antibodies for decreasing viscosity
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