WO2014140896A2 - Metodo para el diagnostico, pronostico y tratamiento de la metastasis de un cancer - Google Patents
Metodo para el diagnostico, pronostico y tratamiento de la metastasis de un cancer Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014140896A2 WO2014140896A2 PCT/IB2014/001128 IB2014001128W WO2014140896A2 WO 2014140896 A2 WO2014140896 A2 WO 2014140896A2 IB 2014001128 W IB2014001128 W IB 2014001128W WO 2014140896 A2 WO2014140896 A2 WO 2014140896A2
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- C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
- Y10T436/142222—Hetero-O [e.g., ascorbic acid, etc.]
- Y10T436/143333—Saccharide [e.g., DNA, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods for determining the probability that a subject affected by a cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, develops metastases, as well as methods of designing personalized therapies for a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer.
- Such methods comprise determining the level of expression of a set of genes whose expression is related to that of the c-MAF gene.
- the invention also relates to the use of PTHLH, PODXL inhibitors and RERG activators in the treatment and / or prevention of metastasis of a cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer.
- breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer (10.4%; after lung cancer) and the fifth most common cause of cancer death (after lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer , and colon cancer).
- breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death.
- breast cancer produced 502,000 deaths worldwide (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths).
- the number of global cases has increased significantly since the 1970s, a phenomenon partially blamed on modern lifestyles in the western world.
- All cells have receptors on their surface, in their cytoplasm and in the cell nucleus. Certain chemical messengers such as hormones bind to these receptors and this causes changes in the cell.
- estrogen receptor ER
- PR progesterone receptor
- HER2 / neu the third most common cause of cancer death.
- ER positive ER +
- ER negative ER-
- PR + positive
- PR negative PR-
- HER2 + positive
- HER2 negative HER2-
- Receptor status has become a critical evaluation of all breast cancers, since it determines the suitability of the use of specific treatments, for example, tamoxifen or trastuzumab.
- the estrogen receptor alpha (ER) isoform is overexpressed in about 65% of diagnosed breast cancer cases. This type of breast cancer is referred to as "ER-positive" (ER +). In this case, the binding of estrogen to ER stimulates the proliferation of tumor mammary cells. ER + tumor cells are highly dependent on this stimulus to proliferate so that ER is currently used as a therapeutic target.
- Patent application EP1961825-A1 describes a method to predict the occurrence of metastases from breast to bone, lung, liver or brain cancer, which comprises determining in a sample of tumor tissue the level of expression of one or more markers with respect to its corresponding level of expression in a control sample, among which is c-MAF.
- c-MAF a control sample
- Bos, PD, et al. [Nature, 2009, 459: 1005-1009] describes genes involved in the metastasis of breast cancer to the brain.
- Patent application US2005 / 0181375 describes methods for the detection of metastatic breast cancer based on the detection of expression levels of a series of genes that are regulated up or down in metastatic tumors and, in particular, in tumors that metastasize to the brain.
- the authors of the present invention have identified a group of genes whose expression is increased or decreased in breast tumor samples as a result of changes in the expression of the c-MAF gene. Through experiments of function gain and clinical correlation data, the authors have validated the role of these genes and, in particular, of the RERG gene, whose expression is inversely correlated with that of c-MAF, and of the PTHLH and PODXL genes, whose expression is directly correlated with that of c-MAF, as prognostic markers of bone metastasis of ER + breast cancer.
- the invention relates to an in vitro method for predicting the metastasis of a cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, in a subject comprising determining the level of expression in a tumor tissue sample of said subject of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in said tumor where altered expression levels of said one or more genes with respect to a reference value are indicative of high risk of metastasis development.
- the invention relates to an in vitro method for designing a personalized therapy for a subject affected by a cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly cancer of breast, which comprises determining the level of expression in a tumor tissue sample of said subject of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels where altered expression levels of said one or more genes with respect to a reference value are indicative that said subject is susceptible to receiving a therapy aimed at preventing metastasis.
- the invention relates to the use of an agent that inhibits the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of metastasis of a cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, wherein said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular breast, colon, of lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in these cells or decreases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in said cells.
- the invention relates to the use of an agent that stimulates the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of metastasis of a gene.
- cancer in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, wherein said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular of breast, colon, of lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, decreases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in said cells or because its expression increases in response to a decrease in c- expression levels MAF in said cells.
- the invention relates to an in vitro method for the identification of a marker gene for metastasis proneness in a subject suffering from cancer, a cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney, and kidney cancer. or thyroid, more particularly breast cancer, which comprises ( ⁇ ) Determine the expression levels of a candidate gene and c-MAF in a sample of primary cancer tumor, particularly breast cancer, and
- ( ⁇ I) determine the change in the expression levels of said candidate gene in a population of cancer cells, in particular breast, in response to a modulation of the expression of the c-MAF gene where if the expression levels of said gene correlates in a statistically significant way with the expression of c-MAF in the sample of primary cancer tumor, particularly breast cancer, and the change in expression levels in response to the modulation of c-MAF gene expression It correlates statistically significantly with the change in the levels of said gene is indicative that said gene is a marker of propensity to metastasis in a subject.
- FIGURES Figure 1 (A) Association of the increased (left) or decreased (right) genes of the MBP with the bone metastasis phenotype in ER + breast cancer patients ("GSEA” algorithm). (B) Association by means of the increased (left) or decreased (right) genes of the MBP with the bone metastasis phenotype in a series of bone, lung, liver and brain metastases derived from a primary breast cancer tumor (algorithm "GSEA"). The same approach for increased genes has been performed for lung, brain and liver metastases.
- FIG. 1 A) Analysis of Ki-67 expression levels, proliferation marker, in metastatic lesions in experimental xenograft-type mouse models using ER +, moderately metastatic MCF7 breast cancer cells (parental or parental), and its derivatives feed bone metastatic (BoM2).
- B Validation by quantitative RT-PCR of the relationship between MAF expression and the RERG gene.
- C Bone metastasis in mice from BoM2 cells with or without MAF. The Ki-67 signal and caspase-3 activity is quantified by immunhistochemistry.
- D The RERG gain is induced in highly metastatic cells in bone.
- Cells are injected without or with c-MAF expression and, in the latter case, a group is treated with an inoculation of a PTHLH antagonist peptide intraperitoneally every day twice daily (12 micrograms / mouse / day) in the Left ventricle of the mouse and the appearance and growth of the bone lesion is quantified.
- the graphic on the left shows the signal strength at the end point.
- the graph to the right quantifies the number of osteolytic lesions in each group.
- White triangles point to osteoclasts.
- FIG. 4 shows the quantification of the area of the TRAP signal normalized by the perimeter.
- Figure 4. (A) Quantification by fluorescence of the number of cells expressing high (shControl) or reduced (shMAF) levels of the c-MAF gene that adhere to a layer of bone marrow derived cells (BMSC). (B) Quantification by fluorescence of the number of cells expressing high (shControl) or reduced (shMAF # 1 or # 2) levels of the c-MAF gene that adhere to a layer of lung extracellular matrix protein such as fibronectin. In this case, an opposite effect is observed in bone marrow cells. (C) Panel of genes whose expression changes with c-MAF expression changes and that have been validated by RT-PCR.
- PODXL a gene that expresses a protein from the family of selectins (glycoproteins) that can participate in transient and weak intercellular adhesion processes.
- D Functional validation of the PODXL gene as responsible for adhesion to bone marrow cells by breast cancer cells that express c-MAF. Comparison with the competitive effect of a neutral peptide (RGES) or blocker (RGDS) of integrin-mediated junctions. This process is specific since it does not reproduce in human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC)
- C-MAF inhibitor agent refers to any molecule capable of totally or partially inhibiting the expression of the c-MAF gene, both preventing the expression product of said gene from being produced (interrupting the transcription of the c-MAF gene and / or blocking the translation of the mRNA from the expression of the c-MAF gene) as directly inhibiting the activity of the c-MAF protein.
- Inhibitors of c-MAF gene expression can be identified using methods based on the ability of the supposed inhibitor to block the ability of c-MAF to promote cell proliferation in vitro, as shown in international patent application WO2005 / 046731, based on the ability of the supposed inhibitor to block the transcription ability of a reporter gene under the control of the cyclin D2 promoter or a promoter containing the c-MAF response region (MARE or c-MAF responsive element) in cells expressing c-MAF as described in WO2008098351 or based on the ability of the alleged inhibitor to block the expression of a reporter gene under the control of the IL-4 promoter in response to stimulation with PMA / ionomycin in cells expressing NFATc2 and c-MAF as described in US20090481 17A.
- inhibitor antibody in the context of the present invention any antibody that is capable of binding specifically to the expression product and inhibiting one or more of the functions of said protein.
- small interfering RNA refers to duplex of small inhibitory RNAs that induce the RNA interference pathway. These molecules may vary in length (generally 18-30 base pairs) and contain varying degrees of complementarity to their target mRNAs in the antisense chain. Some SiRNA, but not all, have outstanding unpaired bases at the 5 'or 3' end of the sense strand and / or the antisense strand.
- siRNA includes duplexes with two separate chains.
- siRNA molecules are not limited to RNA molecules but also encompass nucleic acids with one or more chemically modified nucleotides, such as morpholinos.
- RNA he or "short bracketed RNA” as used herein, refers to a dsRNA where the two chains are linked by an uninterrupted nucleotide chain between the 3 'end of a strand and the 5' end of the another respective strand to form a duplex structure.
- the term "increased expression of a gene” refers to the fact that the expression levels of a gene are elevated with respect to the reference values or controls, which would correspond to the level of expression of the same gene in a control sample.
- the expression levels of a gene are considered to be increased with respect to a reference value when the levels in the patient sample are increased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55 %, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%: at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 10%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150% or more.
- c-MAF refers to a gene, also known as "v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue” (avian), MAF or MGC71685) which is a transcription factor that contains a zipper of leucines that acts as a homodimer or as a heterodimer.
- the encoded protein can be an activator or a transcriptional repressor.
- the DNA sequence encoding c-MAF is described in the NCBI database under accession number NG_016440 (NCBI version corresponding to December 18, 201 1).
- cancer refers to a disease characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells capable of invading adjacent tissues and spreading to distant organs.
- This term includes, without limitation, breast, heart, lung, small intestine, colon, spleen, kidney, bladder, head, neck, ovary, prostate, brain, pancreas, skin, bone, bone marrow, blood, thymus, uterus , testicles, hepatobiliary and liver; as well as tumors such as, without limitation, adenoma, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, epithelial carcinoma, germinoma, glioblastoma, glioma, hemangioendothelioma, hemangiosarcoma, hematoma, hepatoblastoma, leukemia, lymphoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, hepatom
- This term also includes acrolentiginous melanoma, actinic adenocarcinoma, keratosis, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenomas, adenosarcoma, adenoescamosal carcinoma, astrocytic tumors, Bartholin gland carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, bronchial gland carcinoma, capillary carcinoid, carcinoma, carcinoma, carcinoma, carcinoma, carcinoma, carcinoma cholangiocarcinoma, cystadenoma, endodermal sinus tumor, endometrial hyperplasia, stromal endometrial sarcoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, ependymal sarcoma, Swing sarcoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, germ cell tumors, glioblastoma, glucagonoma, hemangioblastoma, hemangioendoma, hepatic adenoma , hepato
- colon cancer refers to any malignant proliferative disorder of colon, rectum and appendix cells.
- colon cancer includes any of the following stages of the disease:
- Stage 2 disseminated cancer through the muscular wall of the colon
- breast cancer breast cancer
- breast cancer breast cancer
- breast cancer breast cancer
- TNM system TNM system.
- the prognosis is closely linked to the results of the phase classification, and the phase classification is also used to assign patients to treatments both in clinical trials and in medical practice.
- the information to classify in phases is as follows:
- TX The primary tumor cannot be evaluated. T0: There is no evidence of tumor. Tis:
- T1 The tumor is 2 cm or less.
- T2 The tumor is more than 2 cm but less than 5 cm.
- T3 The tumor is more than 5 cm.
- T4 Tumor of any size that grows on the chest wall or skin, or inflammatory breast cancer.
- NX Nearby lymph nodes cannot be evaluated.
- the cancer has not spread to regional lymph nodes.
- N1 The cancer has spread to 1 to 3 lymph nodes in the armpit or to one internal breast.
- N2 The cancer has spread to 4 to 9 lymph nodes in the armpit or to multiple internal mammary nodes.
- N3 One of the following applies:
- the cancer has spread to 10 or more lymph nodes in the armpit, or the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the collarbone, or the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes Above the clavicle or cancer affects the lymph nodes in the armpit and has spread to the internal mammary lymph nodes, or the cancer affects 4 or more lymph nodes in the armpit, and minimal amounts of cancer are found in the internal mammary nodes or sentinel lymph node biopsy.
- MX The presence of distant extension (metastasis) cannot be evaluated.
- M1 Extension to distant organs has occurred, which does not include the supraclavicular lymph node.
- lung cancer or "lung cancer” or “lung carcinoma” refers to any lung cancer and includes non-small cell lung carcinomas or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinomas.
- NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
- kidney cancer or "renal cancer” or “renal carcinoma” refers to any malignant proliferative disorder of kidney cells.
- thyroid cancer or thyroid cancer or thyroid carcinoma refers to any proliferative disorder of thyroid gland cells and includes, without limitation, papillary thyroid carcinoma and thyroid follicular carcinoma.
- the indication is the alteration of the expression levels of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels with respect to a reference value.
- alteration of the expression levels of a gene is meant a variation, either upwards or downwards, in the level of expression of the gene with respect to the reference value.
- a "high” or “increased” or “increased” probability in the probability of developing metastases in a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, preferably of Breast cancer is given by the alteration in the expression levels of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels with respect to a reference value.
- the term "decreased expression of a gene” refers to the expression levels of a gene that are diminished or repressed with respect to the reference values or controls, which would correspond to the level of expression of the same gene in a control sample.
- the expression levels of a gene are considered to be decreased with respect to a reference value when the levels in the patient sample are decreased by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55 %, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%: at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 10%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150% or more.
- marker gene or “informational gene”, as used in the present invention refers to a gene that is differentially expressed in populations that show different phenotypes and whose differential expression, in isolation or in combination with other genes is correlated. with a specific phenotype to a greater degree than what would be expected randomly.
- PODXL gene also known as podocalyxin-like refers to a gene that encodes a protein that is part of the sialomucine family, and that acts as an important component of glomerular podocytes.
- Podocytes are highly differentiated epithelial cells with interdigital protuberances that cover the outer appearance of the glomerular basement membrane.
- Another biological activity for which this protein encodes includes: its binding in a protein membrane complex with the regulatory factor of the Na + / H + exchanger of the elements of the intracellular cytoskeleton and its binding to L-selectin.
- PTHLH gene parathyroid hormone-like hormone
- PTHrP parathyroid hormone-related protein
- This protein regulates endochondrial bone development as well as the interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme during the formation of the mammary glands and teeth.
- the receptor for this hormone is called PTHR1.
- the DNA sequence corresponding to PTHLH is collected in the NCBI database with the accession number NG_023197 (NCBI version corresponding to November 6, 201 1).
- PTHLH transcripts Four variants of PTHLH transcripts have been described, housed in the NCBI database (November 20, 201 version 1) with accession numbers NIVM 98965.1 (variant 1), NM_002820.2 (variant 2), NM_198964. 1 (variant 3) and NM_198966.1 (variant 4).
- the protein sequences encoded by the PTHLH gene are housed in the NCBI database (January 10, 1995 version) with accession numbers AAA60360.1 (form A), AAA60358.1 (form B) and AAA60359.1 (form C).
- RERG gene also known as Ras-like estrogen-regulated growth inhibitor refers to a gene that encodes a protein that is part of the RAS superfamily of GTPases, and that acts as an inhibitor of cell proliferation and tumor formation .
- Two RERG transcriptional variants have been described, collected in the NCBI database (in its version corresponding to November 28, 201 1) with access numbers NM_032918.2 (variant 1) and NM_001 190726.1 (variant 2).
- the sequences of the protein encoded by the RERG gene are identified in the NCBI database (November 28, 201 version 1) by access numbers NP_1 16307 (isoform 1) and NP_001 177655 (isoform 2).
- Methodastasis to the spread of a cancerous focus to an organ other than the one in which it started. It usually occurs by blood or lymph. When cancer cells spread and form a new tumor, this is called a secondary, or metastatic tumor
- the cancer cells that make up the secondary tumor are like those of the original tumor.
- the secondary tumor is made up of malignant breast cancer cells.
- the disease in the lung is metastatic breast cancer and not lung cancer.
- the metastasis is breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer or thyroid cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the bone.
- the metastasis is ER + breast cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the bone.
- Osteolytic bone metastasis refers to a type of metastasis in which bone resorption (progressive loss of bone density) occurs in the vicinity of the metastasis resulting from the stimulation of osteoclast activity by tumor cells and characterized due to severe pain, pathological fractures, hypercalcemia, spinal cord compression and other syndromes resulting from nerve compression.
- micro RNA refers to short single stranded RNA molecules, typically about 21-23 nucleotides in length capable of regulating gene expression.
- the miRNAs can be synthetic (i.e., recombinant) or natural.
- Natural miRNAs are encoded by genes that are transcribed from DNA and processed from primary transcripts ("pri-miRNA”) to short stem-loop structures (“pre-miRNA”) and finally to mature miRNA.
- pri-miRNA primary transcripts
- pre-miRNA short stem-loop structures
- Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more mRNA molecules and decrease gene expression through a process similar to RNA interference or by inhibiting mRNA translation.
- Tumor tissue sample to the tissue sample from the primary tumor, in particular breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer ER + or ER-Her2-.
- Said sample can be obtained by conventional methods, for example, biopsy, using methods well known to those skilled in related medical techniques. Methods for obtaining a biopsy sample include partitioning a large piece of a tumor, or microdissection or other cell separation methods known in the art. Tumor cells can be obtained in a way additional by aspiration cytology with a fine needle.
- sample according to the present invention also comprises any body biofluid that contains tissue from the tumor, RNA from the tumor, DNA from the tumor or protein from the tumor including, but not limited to, plasma or serum, such as plasma or serum with the presence of exosomes or DNA of tumor origin.
- negative dominant mutant of an expression product of a gene refers to a variant of said expression product that is capable of interfering with the activity of the native expression product.
- inhibitor peptide refers to those peptides capable of binding to an expression product and inhibiting its activity.
- metastasis prediction is used here to refer to the probability that a patient develops metastases.
- the prediction methods of the present invention can be used clinically to make decisions about choosing the most appropriate treatment for each particular patient.
- the prediction methods of the present invention are valuable tools for predicting whether a patient will respond favorably to a treatment regimen, such as chemotherapy.
- the prediction may include prognostic factors.
- the prediction although preferred, does not have to be correct for 100% of the subjects that can be diagnosed or evaluated. The term, however, requires that a significant part of the subjects can be identified as most likely to have a certain outcome.
- a subject is statistically significant it can be determined without further ado by the person skilled in the art, using different known statistical evaluation tools, for example, the determination of confidence intervals, the determination of p-value, cross-validation classification rates and details, etc., as shown in Dowdy and Wearden, Wiley Research Statistics, John & Sons, New York 1983.
- Recommended confidence intervals are at least 50%, so minus 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
- the p-values are preferably 0.01, 0.005 or less.
- the term "probability”, as used herein, measures the frequency with which a result (or set of results) is obtained when conducting a randomized experiment, of which all possible outcomes are known, under sufficiently stable conditions.
- the probability can be "high” or “low.” As those skilled in the art will understand, the probability does not have to be 100% for all the subjects evaluated, although preferably it should be. If a correlation is statistically significant or not, it can be determined without major complications, by a person skilled in the art, using different known tools of statistical evaluation, for example, by determining confidence intervals, determining the value of p, the Student test, Mann-Whitney test, etc. Additional information on these statistical tools can be found in Dowdy and Wearden, Statistics for Research. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1983.
- the preferred confidence intervals are at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. P values are preferably 0.05, 0.02, 0.01 or less.
- “Breast tissue specific promoter”, as used in the present invention, refers to a nucleic acid sequence that functions as a promoter and that allows the expression of a nucleic acid operatively associated with said promoter specifically in breast tissue without significant expression is observed in other tissues.
- subject refers to all animals classified as mammals and includes, but is not restricted to, domestic and farm animals, primates and humans, for example, humans, primates nonhumans, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, or rodents.
- the subject is a human male or female of any age or race.
- Primary tumor refers to a tumor that has its origin in the tissue or organ in which it is found and has not metastasized to that location from another location.
- ER + tumor refers to tumors that express ER above a certain level. ER levels greater than or equal to 10 fmol / mg, a positive detection by immunohistochemistry of more or 10% of the nuclei are common criteria to consider an ER + breast tumor.
- ER- tumor refers to tumors in which less than 5% of the tumor cell nuclei show ER expression using immunohistochemical techniques (for example, using the method described by Elizabeth H et al., 2010, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28: 2784-2795)
- Tumor Her2- refers to tumors in which cells do not show an amplification of the HER2 gene. Tumor cells are considered to be negative for HER2 when the value obtained using a semi-quantitative immunohistochemical assay based on an anti-HER2 polyclonal antibody (for example Herceptest kit (Reference K5204, Dako North America, Inc., (Reference K5204) is 0, 1 + or 2+ Alternatively, a tumor is considered Her2- when the number of copies of the HER2 gene per nucleus is less than 4 or when the ratio of the number of copies of the HER2 gene to the number of copies of chromosome 17 determined by FISH is less than 1, 8.
- PR tumor refers to tumors that do not express the progeny receptor detectably sterona
- progesterone receptor levels below 10 fmol / mg and / or an immunohistochemical observation of less than 10 percent of the positive nuclei are considered PR-negative.
- Triple negative tumor refers to a breast cancer characterized by being ER-, PR- and HER2-.
- reference value refers to a laboratory value used as a reference for the values / data obtained from samples obtained from patients or patients.
- the reference value or reference level can be an absolute value, a relative value, a value that has an upper and / or lower limit, a series of values, an average value, a median, an average value, or a value expressed by reference to a control or reference value .
- a reference value may be based on the value obtained from an individual sample, such as a value obtained from a sample of the patient under study but obtained at an earlier point in time.
- the reference value may be based on a large number of samples, such as the values obtained in a population of the subjects of the chronological age group coinciding with that of the patient under study or based on a set of samples of inclusion or exclusion of The sample to analyze.
- antisense oliqonucleotide specific for a gene refers to an oligonucleotide whose sequence is partially- or totally complementary to a region of said gene, of the pre-mRNA encoded by said gene or of the mRNA of said gene, so that it is able to hybridize specifically with said gene, pre-mRNA or mRNA thus blocking the transcription of the gene or the translation of the mRNA.
- Antisense nucleic acids can be bound to the potential target of the drug by conventional base complementarity or, for example, in the case of binding to double stranded DNA, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. In general, these methods refer to the range of techniques generally employed in the art and include any method that is based on specific binding to oligonucleotide sequences.
- an antisense construct of the present invention can be provided, for example, as an expression plasmid which, when transcribed in the cell, produces RNA that is complementary to at least a single part of the cellular mRNA encoding the target gene.
- the antisense construct is an oligonucleotide probe that is generated ex vivo and that, when introduced into the cell, produces inhibition of gene expression by hybridizing with mRNA and / or genomic sequences of a target nucleic acid.
- oligonucleotide probes are preferably modified oligonucleotides, which are resistant to endogenous nucleases, for example, exonucleases and / or endonucleases, and which are therefore stable in vivo.
- Exemplary nucleic acid molecules for use as Antisense oligonucleotides are DNA analogs of phosphoramidate, phosphothionate and methylphosphonate (see also US Pat. Nos. 5176996; 5264564; and 5256775). Additionally, the general approaches to construct oligomers useful in antisense therapy have been reviewed, for example, in Van der Krol et al., BioTechniques 6: 958-976, 1988; and Stein et al., Cancer Res 48: 2659-2668, 1988.
- oligodeoxyribonucleotide regions derived from the translation initiation site are preferred, for example, between -10 and +10 of the target gene.
- Antisense approaches involve the design of oligonucleotides (either DNA or RNA) that are complementary to the mRNA encoding the target polypeptide. Antisense oligonucleotides will bind to mRNA transcripts and prevent translation.
- Oligonucleotides that are complementary to the 5 'end of the mRNA should work in the most efficient way to inhibit translation. However, it has recently been shown that sequences complementary to the 3 'untranslated sequences of mRNAs are also effective in inhibiting the translation of mRNAs (Wagner, Nature 372: 333, 1994). Therefore, oligonucleotides complementary to the 5 'or 3' untranslated, non-coding regions of a gene in an antisense approach could be used to inhibit the translation of that mRNA. Oligonucleotides complementary to the 5 'untranslated region of the mRNA should include the complement of the AUG initiation codon.
- Oligonucleotides complementary to mRNA coding regions are less effective translation inhibitors but could also be used according to the invention. If they are designed to hybridize with the 5 ', 3' or mRNA coding region, the antisense nucleic acids should be at least six nucleotides in length and preferably be less than about 100 and more preferably less than about 50, 25, 17 or 10 nucleotides in length.
- the antisense oligonucleotides can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single chain or double chain.
- the oligonucleotide can be modified in the base group, the sugar group or the phosphate skeleton, for example, to improve the stability of the molecule, its hybridization capacity etc.
- the oligonucleotide may include other bound groups, such as peptides (for example, to direct them to host cell receptors) or agents to facilitate transport across the cell membrane (see, for example, Letsinger et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6553-6556, 1989; Lemaitre et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci.
- the oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, for example, a peptide, a transport agent, hybridization triggered cutting agent, etc.
- Antisense oligonucleotides may comprise at least one modified base group.
- the antisense oligonucleotide may also comprise at least one modified sugar group selected from the group that includes but is not limited to arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinous, xylulose, and hexose.
- the antisense oligonucleotide may also contain a neutral peptide-like skeleton. Such molecules are called peptide nucleic acid oligomers (ANP) and are described, for example, in Perry-O'Keefe et al., Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
- the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified phosphate skeleton. In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide is an alpha-anomeric oligonucleotide.
- antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the coding region of the mRNA target sequence can be used, those complementary to the untranslated transcribed region can also be used.
- a preferred approach uses a recombinant DNA construct in which the antisense oligonucleotide is placed under the control of a strong pol III or pol II promoter.
- the expression of the target gene can be reduced by directing deoxyribonucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the gene. (i.e. the promoter and / or enhancers) to form triple helix structures that prevent transcription of the gene in the target cells in the body (see generally, Helene, Anticancer Drug Des. 6 (6): 569-84, 1991).
- the antisense oligonucleotides are antisense morpholinos.
- RNA interference is a process of post-transcriptional repression of gene expression and sequence specificity that can occur in eukaryotic cells. In general, this process involves the degradation of an mRNA of a particular sequence induced by double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous to said sequence. This dsRNA is capable of causing the silencing of gene expression by converting RNA into siRNA by means of a RNase III type (Dicer).
- dsRNA double stranded RNA
- nucleic acid refers to a polymer that has two or more deoxyribonucleotide, ribonucleotide or nucleotide analog molecules as well as molecules that are structurally similar to a native nucleic acid, but differ from nucleic acid.
- nucleic acid skeleton e.g., phosphate in native nucleic acids
- nucleic acid sugar e.g., deoxyribose for native DNA and ribose in native RNA
- base of the nucleic acid for example, adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine or purine in native nucleic acids.
- an "antisense sequence” includes antisense or sense oligonucleotides comprising a single stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) sequence capable of binding to target mRNA (sense) or DNA (antisense) sequences.
- RNA or DNA single stranded nucleic acid
- the ability to derive an antisense or sense oligonucleotide based on a cDNA sequence encoding a particular protein in, for example, Stein and Cohen, Cancer Res. 48: 2659, (1988) and van der Krol et al., Is described. BioTechniques 6: 958, (1988).
- ribozyme or "RNA enzyme” or “catalytic RNA” refers to an RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction.
- Many natural ribozymes catalyze the hydrolysis of one or more of their own phosphodiester bonds or the hydrolysis of bonds in other RNAs, but they have also been found to catalyze the aminotransferase activity of the ribosome, the ligase activity of a DNA ligase and a number of other chemical reactions performed by conventional protein enzymes.
- treatment refers to the administration of a drug to alleviate or eliminate a pathology, to reduce or eliminate one or more symptoms associated with said pathology or for a patient to obtain clinical benefit from the patient, broadly defined as: size reduction of the tumor, reduction of the occurrence or size of metastases, reduction or arrest of tumor growth, induction of remission, duration increase before recurrence, reduction of pain associated with the tumor, inhibition of tumor cell division, extermination of tumor cells, induced apoptosis in a tumor cell, reduction, reduction of tumor recurrence and / or increased patient survival.
- the authors of the present invention have identified a group of genes whose expression is positively or negatively correlated with the expression of c-MAF. Specifically, the authors have identified a series of genes characterized in that (i) their expression in primary tumors correlates significantly with the expression of MAF and (ii) their expression in MCF7 cells is modified with the overexpression of c-MAF (isoform long or short) or with c-MAF silencing in highly metastatic bone cells derived from MCF7 expressing MAF. Genes that meet these conditions are considered members of the bone metastasis program mediated by c-MAF. These genes are collected in Tables 1 (increased genes of the c-MAF program) and 2 (deleted genes of the MAF program).
- the invention relates to an in vitro method (hereinafter, the first method of the invention) for predicting the metastasis of a cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or kidney cancer. thyroid, more particularly breast cancer, in a subject that comprises determining the level of expression in a tumor tissue sample of said subject of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels where altered expression levels of said one or more genes with respect to a value of reference are indicative of high risk of metastasis development.
- the first method of the invention comprises, in a first step, quantifying the level of expression of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor tissue sample of a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer.
- genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels refers to genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to changes in levels. of c-MAF expression. Genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels include genes whose expression in primary tumor samples correlates significantly with the expression of c-MAF and / or genes whose expression is modified in cells of breast cancer in response to changes in c-MAF expression levels.
- genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels include genes whose expression increases in samples of primary tumors that show high expression of c-MAF and / or genes whose expression increases in cancer cells, preferably breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, even more preferably breast, in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels and / or genes whose expression decreases in cancer cells, preferably breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, even more preferably breast, in response to c-MAF expression silencing.
- genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels include genes whose expression decreases in samples of primary tumors that show high expression of c-MAF and / or genes whose expression decreases in cancer cells, preferably breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, even more preferably breast, in response to an increase in the expression levels of c-MAF and / or genes whose expression increases in cancer cells, preferably breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, even more preferably breast, in response to silencing expression of c-MAF.
- the expression level refers to levels higher than those of the reference value.
- a sample of a subject can be considered to have increased levels of expression when the expression levels in the subject's sample are at least 1, 1 times, 1, 5 times, 5 times, 10 times, 20 times, 30 times, 40 times, 50 times, 60 times, 70 times, 80 times, 90 times, 100 times or even more with respect to the reference value.
- the level of expression refers to levels below those of the reference value.
- a sample of a subject can be considered to have decreased levels of expression when the expression levels in the reference sample are at least 1, 1 times, 1, 5 times, 5 times, 10 times, 20 times, 30 times, 40 times, 50 times, 60 times, 70 times, 80 times, 90 times, 100 times or even more with respect to the subject's sample.
- the first method of the invention comprises quantifying the level of expression of one or more genes selected from the group formed by the genes comprised in Table 1 and / or one or more genes selected from the group formed by the genes included in Table 2 in a sample of tumor tissue from a subject affected by cancer, particularly breast.
- Table 1 Genes whose expression correlates positively with c-MAF expression.
- A Genes whose expression in primary tumors correlates significantly with MAF expression.
- B Genes whose expression in MCF7 cells is modified with the expression of the long isoform c-MAF.
- C Genes whose expression in MCF7 cells is modified with the expression of the short isoform MAF.
- D Genes whose expression in MCF7 cells is modified with c-MAF silencing. + Increased expression, - Decreased expression.
- Table 1 corresponds to a group of 76 genes characterized by (i) their level of expression is directly correlated with the level of c-MAF expression in primary tumor samples and (ii) their level of expression increases when expression is induced of c-MAF in breast cancer cell lines or decreases when silenced-MAF.
- the increase in the level of expression of one or more of the genes included in Table 1 with respect to the reference value is indicative that the subject has a high probability of developing metastases.
- the expression level of the PTHLH gene is quantified, so that if the expression level of the PTHLH gene is increased with respect to the reference value, the subject has a high probability of developing metastasis.
- the expression level of the PODXL gene is quantified, so that if the expression level of the PODXL gene is increased with respect to the reference value, the subject has a high probability of developing metastasis.
- Table 2 corresponds to a group of 33 genes characterized by (i) their level of expression is inversely correlated with the level of c-MAF expression in primary tumor samples and (ii) their level of expression decreases when expression is induced of c-MAF in breast cancer cell lines or increases when c-MAF is silenced in breast cancer cell lines.
- the decrease in the level of expression of one or more of the genes included in Table 2 with respect to the reference value is indicative that the subject has a high probability of developing metastases.
- the level of expression of the RERG gene is quantified, so that if the level of expression of the RERG gene is decreased with respect to the reference value, the subject has a high probability of developing metastasis.
- the quantification of the expression levels of a gene can be determined by measuring the levels of the messenger RNA of said gene or of the protein encoded by said gene.
- the biological sample can be treated to physically or mechanically disintegrate the structure of the tissue or cell, releasing the intracellular components in an aqueous or organic solution to prepare the nucleic acids.
- Nucleic acids are extracted by methods known to the person skilled in the art and commercially available (Sambroock, J., et al., "Molecular cloning: a Laboratory Manual", 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY, Vol. 1 -3.)
- quantification of the expression level of a gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in the level of c-MAF expression can be performed from the RNA resulting from the transcription of said gene (messenger RNA or mRNA) or, alternatively , from the complementary DNA (cDNA) of said gene.
- the quantification of the expression levels of a gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in the c-MAF expression level comprises the quantification of the messenger RNA of said gene, or a fragment of said mRNA, DNA complementary to said gene, or a fragment of said cDNA, or mixtures thereof.
- any conventional method can be used within the framework of the invention to detect and quantify mRNA levels encoded by a gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in the level of c-MAF expression or its corresponding cDNA.
- the levels of mRNA encoded by said gene can be quantified by the use of conventional methods, for example, methods comprising amplification of mRNA and quantification of the product of amplification of said mRNA, such as electrophoresis.
- the levels of the cDNA corresponding to said mRNA encoded by the gene can also be quantified by using conventional techniques; in this case, the method of the invention includes a step of synthesis of the corresponding cDNA by reverse transcription (RT) of the corresponding mRNA followed by amplification and quantification of the amplification product of said cDNA.
- RT reverse transcription
- the quantification of the expression levels of a gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in the level of c-MAF expression is performed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or an array of DNA or RNA
- the quantification of the expression level of a gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in the c-MAF expression level can also be performed by quantifying the expression levels of the protein encoded by said gene, or any functionally equivalent variant of the protein.
- the quantification of the expression level of a gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in the c-MAF expression level can be carried out by quantifying the expression levels of any of the protein isoforms.
- the quantification of the levels of the protein encoded by a gene whose expression level is modulated in Response to an increase in the level of c-MAF expression comprises quantification of the protein.
- the level of expression of a protein can be quantified by any conventional method that allows detecting and quantifying said protein in a sample of a subject.
- the levels of said protein can be quantified, for example, by the use of antibodies capable of binding to the protein (or fragments thereof containing an antigenic determinant) and the subsequent quantification of the complexes formed.
- the antibodies used in these assays may or may not be labeled.
- markers that can be used include radioactive isotopes, enzymes, fluorophores, chemiluminescent reagents, enzyme substrates or cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, particles, dyes, etc.
- any antibody or reagent that is known to bind to the protein with high affinity can be used to detect the amount thereof.
- an antibody is preferred, for example, polyclonal sera, hybridoma supernatants or monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, Fv, Fab, Fab 'and F (ab') 2, scFv, nanobodies, diabodies, triabodies, humanized tetrabodies and antibodies.
- polyclonal sera for example, polyclonal sera, hybridoma supernatants or monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, Fv, Fab, Fab 'and F (ab') 2, scFv, nanobodies, diabodies, triabodies, humanized tetrabodies and antibodies.
- PTHrP or RERG proteins there are commercial antibodies against PTHrP or RERG proteins that can be used in the context of the present invention.
- Antibodies specific for the PTHrP protein include, but are not limited to, mouse monoclonal antibody 3H 1-5G8 that recognizes human PTHrP from Abcam (ab1 15488), rabbit polyclonal antibody P12272 that recognizes rat, mouse and human PTHrP from Abbiotech ( catalog number 251478), the rabbit polyclonal antibody that recognizes human PTHrP from BioVision (catalog number 5652-100) or the mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes human PTHrP from Novus Biologicals (catalog number NBP1-26542), among others.
- Antibodies specific for the RERG protein include, but are not limited to, goat polyclonal antibodies that recognize Santa Cruz human RERG (sc-109008 and sc-109009), the rabbit polyclonal antibody that recognizes human, rat and mouse RERG ProteinTech (10687-1 -AP), the rabbit polyclonal antibody that recognizes RERG from Abcam rat (ab1 15806) and the mouse polyclonal antibody that recognizes human RERG from Novus Biologicals (H00085004-B01).
- the quantification of protein levels is performed by western blotting, ELISA or an array of proteins.
- the first method of the invention comprises comparing the level of expression obtained for the genes analyzed in the first stage with respect to a reference value.
- the level of expression of one or more genes comprised in Table 1 in a tumor tissue sample of a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or Thyroid, even more particularly of the breast are increased with respect to the reference value, and / or the level of expression of one or more genes included in Table 2 in a tumor tissue sample of a subject affected by cancer, in particular of breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, even more particularly of breast, are diminished with respect to the reference value, then said subject has a high probability of developing metastases.
- the determination of expression levels of genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels needs to be correlated with reference values.
- the exact nature of the reference value may vary.
- the reference value is derived from a sample of tumor tissue from a subject with cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer , even more particularly of breast, that has not undergone metastases or that correspond to the median value of the expression levels measured in a collection of tumor tissues in biopsy samples of subjects with cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung cancer, kidney or thyroid, even more particularly breast, that have not undergone metastasis.
- Said reference sample is typically obtained by combining equal amounts of samples from a population of subjects.
- typical reference samples will be obtained from subjects who are clinically well documented and in whom the absence of metastasis is well characterized.
- normal (reference) concentrations of the biomarker can be determined, for example by providing the average concentration over the reference population.
- considerations are taken into account. Among such considerations are the age, weight, sex, general physical condition of the patient and the like. For example, equal amounts of a group of at least 2, at least 10, at least 100 to preferably more than 1000 subjects are taken as reference group, preferably classified according to the above considerations, for example of various age categories.
- the collection of samples from which the reference level derives will preferably consist of subjects suffering from the same type of cancer as the patient under study.
- the level of this marker expressed in tumor tissues of patients with this median value can be compared, and thus be assigned to the "increased” expression level. Due to the variability between subjects (for example, aspects related to age, race, etc.) it is very difficult (if not practically impossible) to establish absolute reference values of gene expression. Thus, in a particular embodiment, the reference values for "increased” or “decreased” expression of a gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels are determined. calculating the percentiles by means Conventional that involves testing in one or several isolated samples of subjects in which the disease is well documented by any of the methods mentioned above the expression levels of the gene whose expression is modulated by c-MAF.
- the "reduced" levels can then be assigned, preferably, to samples where the expression levels are equal to or less than the 50th percentile in the normal population, including, for example, expression levels equal to or less than the 60th percentile in the normal population. , equal to or below the 70th percentile in the normal population, equal to or below the 80th percentile in the normal population, equal to or below the 90th percentile in the normal population, and equal to or below the 95th percentile in the normal population.
- the "increased" expression levels can then preferably be assigned to samples where the expression levels are equal to or exceed the 50th percentile in the normal population, including, for example, expression levels equal to or in excess of the 60th percentile in the normal population, equal to or in excess of the 70th percentile in the normal population, equal to or in excess of the 80th percentile in the normal population, equal to or in excess of the 90th percentile in the normal population, and equal to or in excess of the 95th percentile in the normal population
- the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer and thyroid cancer.
- the cancer is breast cancer.
- breast cancer can be any type of ER + or triple negative breast cancer.
- metastasis in a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer or thyroid cancer, more particularly cancer of breast it is bone metastasis.
- metastasis in a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer or thyroid cancer, more particularly of breast cancer is osteolytic bone metastasis.
- Method of designing a personalized therapy for a subject affected by cancer particularly breast cancer
- the treatment to be administered to a subject suffering from cancer may vary depending on whether there is an associated high probability of metastasis development
- the treatment of choice includes a systemic treatment such as chemotherapy.
- the determination of the levels of said genes modulated by c-MAF allows decisions to be made as to the most appropriate therapy for the subject suffering from cancer.
- the invention relates to an in vitro method (hereinafter, second method of the invention) to design a personalized therapy for a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung cancer, of kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast cancer, which comprises determining the level of expression in a tumor tissue sample of said subject of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c expression levels -MAF wherein altered expression levels of said one or more genes with respect to a reference value are indicative that said subject is susceptible to receiving a therapy aimed at preventing metastasis.
- the second method of the invention comprises, in a first stage, quantifying the level of expression in a tumor tissue sample of a subject affected by cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more in particular breast cancer, of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels.
- the gene or genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels is selected from the group formed the genes comprised in Table 1 and / or one or more of the genes included in Table 2 in a sample of tumor tissue of said subject, where if the expression levels of one or more of the genes in Table 1 are increased with respect to the reference value and / or the expression levels of one or more of the genes in Table 2 are decreased with respect to at the reference value, then the subject is susceptible to receiving a therapy to prevent metastasis.
- the expression level of the PTHLH gene is quantified, so that if the expression level of the PTHLH gene is increased with respect to the reference value, the subject is likely to receive a targeted therapy. to the prevention of metastasis.
- the expression level of the PODXL gene is quantified, so that if the expression level of the PODXL gene is increased with respect to the reference value, the subject is likely to receive a targeted therapy.
- the level of expression of the RERG gene is quantified, so that if the level of expression of the RERG gene is decreased with respect to the reference value, the subject is likely to receive a targeted therapy. to the prevention of metastasis.
- the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer or thyroid cancer, preferably breast cancer.
- breast cancer can be any type of ER + or ER-Her2- breast cancer (ER-Her2-Pr + or ER-HEr2-Pr-).
- the metastasis is bone metastases.
- bone metastasis is osteolytic metastasis.
- the sample is a sample of the primary tumor tissue of the subject.
- the expression level of one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in the subject's tumor sample is compared with respect to a reference value.
- This reference value is obtained from the level of expression in a control sample of the gene whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels.
- the exact nature of the control sample may vary.
- the control sample is a sample of tumor tissue from a subject with breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer that has not undergone metastasis.
- control sample is a sample of tumor tissue from a subject with ER + breast cancer that has not undergone metastasis.
- the reference value corresponds to the median c-MAF gene expression levels measured in a collection of tumor tissues in biopsy samples from subjects with cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney, and kidney cancer. or thyroid, even more particularly ER + breast cancer, which has not undergone metastasis.
- the expression levels obtained in the tumor tissue sample of the subject affected by cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly cancer of breast, for one or more genes whose expression is modulated in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels are compared with the reference value, so that if the expression levels of said one or more genes are altered with respect to the reference value, then it can be concluded that said subject is susceptible to receiving a therapy aimed at preventing (if the subject has not yet undergone metastasis) and / or treating the metastasis (if the subject has already undergone metastasis).
- systemic treatments are used, including but not limited to chemotherapy, hormonal treatment, immunotherapy, or a combination of these. Additionally, radiation therapy and / or surgery may be used.
- the choice of treatment generally depends on the type of primary cancer, the size, location of the metastasis, age, the general health of the patient and the types of treatments previously used.
- Treatments aimed at the prevention and / or treatment of metastasis in a subject suffering from cancer, such as breast cancer, include chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and immunotherapy.
- Chemotherapy is the use of medications to destroy cancer cells. Usually, medications are given orally or intravenously. Occasionally, chemotherapy is used in conjunction with radiation treatment. Suitable chemotherapeutic treatments for breast cancer include, without limitation, anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin), Taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel, paclitaxel bound to albumin nanoparticles), 5-fluorouracil, vincalobin vinca (vincablast) , Gemcitabine, platinum salts (cisplatin, carboplatin), cyclophosphamide, Etoposide and combinations of one or more of the above such as cyclophosphamide / anthracycline +/- 5-fluorouracil regimens (for example doxorubicin / cyclophosphamide (AC), epirubicin / cyclophosphamide , (EC) cyclophospham
- Hormone therapy is based on the fact that some hormones promote the growth of some cancers. For example, estrogen in women, which is produced by the ovaries, sometimes promotes the growth of breast cancer. There are several ways to stop the production of these hormones. One way is to remove the organs that produce them: the ovaries in the case of women, the testicles in the case of men. More frequently, medications can be used to prevent these organs from producing hormones or to prevent hormones from acting on cancer cells. Immunotherapy is a treatment that helps the patient's own immune system to fight cancer. There are several types of immunotherapy that are used to treat patients with metastases. These include, but are not limited to, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies and antitumor vaccines. Therapeutic methods based on gene inhibition whose expression correlates positively with c-MAF expression
- the authors of the present invention have shown that the inhibition of PHTLH in a bone metastatic colonization model from a breast tumor xenograft results in a decrease in the number of osteolytic lesions in metastasis.
- genes whose expression increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression in a breast tumor are targets causal in bone metastasis processes in ER + breast cancer and, therefore, its inhibition may be useful to stop the occurrence of breast cancer metastases.
- the authors of the present invention have functionally validated the correlation of the expression of the metastatic PODXL gene in an adhesion test to bone marrow derived cells in an experimental model from purified mouse bone marrow cells (Example 5 ).
- the expression of the PODXL gene was reduced in very in vivo bone metastatic cells, MCF7, which have high levels of expression of the c-MAF gene responsible for increasing the endogenous levels of the PODXL gene. Therefore, this gene has a value as a prognostic marker and causal target gene in bone metastatic processes in ER + breast cancer and as part of the bone metastasis program mediated by c-MAF.
- the invention relates to the use of an agent that inhibits the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of metastasis of cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, wherein said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular of breast, of colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in these cells or decreases in response to a decrease in c- expression levels MAF in said cells.
- the invention relates to an agent that inhibits the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene for use in treatment. and / or the prevention of cancer metastasis, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, wherein said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in said cells or decreases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in said cells.
- the invention relates to a method for the treatment and / or prevention of cancer metastasis, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, in a subject comprising the administration to said subject of an agent that inhibits the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene wherein said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular breast, colon , lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in these cells or decreases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in these cells.
- an agent that inhibits the expression of a gene refers to any molecule that is capable of producing a decrease in gene transcription, of causing a destabilization of the corresponding mRNA and / or of decreasing the translation of said mRNA.
- Expression inhibiting agents can be identified by standard methods to determine the ability of a compound to inhibit transcription of a particular gene (RT-PCR, Northern blotting and hybridization, run-on assays, etc.), to destabilize mRNA. or to inhibit mRNA translation (in vitro translation assays in reticulocyte lysates or wheat germ lysate).
- a compound is considered to be an inhibitor of the expression of a gene when it is capable of causing a decrease in the amount of mRNA of said gene, in the transcription of said gene and / or in the translation of said gene of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% (complete inactivation of said expression product).
- inhibitors of the expression of a gene for use in the present invention include antisense oligonucleotides specific to said gene, interference RNAs (siRNAs) specific to said gene and catalytic RNAs or ribozymes specific to said gene. gen.
- the expression inhibiting agent of a gene for use in the present invention is an antisense oligonucleotide specific to said gene.
- the agent that inhibits the expression of a gene is an interfering RNA specific to said gene.
- Small interfering RNAs or siRNAs are agents that are capable of inhibiting the expression of a target gene by RNA interference.
- An siRNA can be chemically synthesized, can be obtained by in vitro transcription or can be synthesized in vivo in the target cell.
- siRNAs consist of a double strand of RNA between 15 and 40 nucleotides in length and which may contain a 3 'and / or 5' protruding region of 1 to 6 nucleotides.
- the length of the protuberant region is independent of the total length of the siRNA molecule.
- SiRNAs act by degradation or post-transcriptional silencing of the target messenger.
- siRNAs of the invention are substantially homologous to the mRNA of the gene encoding PTHLH, the gene encoding PODXL, or the genomic sequence encoding said protein.
- substantially homologous is meant that they have a sequence that is sufficiently complementary or similar to the target mRNA, so that the siRNA is capable of causing degradation of the latter by RNA interference.
- Suitable siRNAs to cause such interference include siRNAs formed by RNA, as well as siRNAs containing different chemical modifications such as:
- RNA chain conjugates of the RNA chain with a functional reagent, such as a fluorophore.
- a functional reagent such as a fluorophore
- RNA chains Modifications of the ends of the RNA chains, in particular the 3 'end by modification with different functional groups of the hydroxyl in position 2'.
- Nucleotides with modified sugars such as O-alkylated moieties in 2 'position such as 2'-0-methylribose p 2'-0-fluorosibose.
- Nucleotides with modified bases such as halogenated bases (for example 5-bromouracil and 5-iodouracil), alkylated bases (for example 7- methylguanosine).
- halogenated bases for example 5-bromouracil and 5-iodouracil
- alkylated bases for example 7- methylguanosine
- the siRNAs can be used as is, that is, in the form of a double stranded RNA with the aforementioned characteristics.
- vectors containing the sequences of the sense and antisense chains of the siRNAs under the control of promoters suitable for expression in the cell of interest.
- Suitable vectors for the expression of siRNA are those in which the two DNA regions encoding the two siRNA chains are arranged in tandem in the same DNA chain separated by a separator region that, when transcribed, forms a loop and in where a single promoter directs the transcription of the DNA molecule that gives rise to shRNA.
- each of the chains that form the siRNA is formed from the transcription of a different transcriptional unit.
- These vectors are in turn divided into divergent and convergent transcription vectors.
- divergent transcription vectors the transcriptional units encoding each of the DNA chains that form the siRNA are located in tandem in a vector so that the transcription of each DNA chain depends on its own promoter, which can be same or different (Wang, J. et al., 2003, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 100: 5103-5106 and Lee, NS, et al.,
- Promoters suitable for use in the expression of siRNA from convergent or divergent expression vectors include any promoter or pair of promoters compatible with the cells in which it is desired to express siRNAs.
- suitable promoters for the realization of the present invention include, without necessarily being limited, constitutive promoters such as those derived from eukaryotic virus genomes such as polyomavirus, adenovirus, SV40, CMV, avian sarcoma virus, virus hepatitis B, the metallothionein gene promoter, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene promoter, retrovirus LTR regions, the immunoglobuin gene promoter, the actin gene promoter, the promoter of the EF-1 alpha gene as well as inducible promoters in which protein expression depends on the addition of a molecule or an exogenous signal, such as the tetracycline system, the NFkappaB / UV light system, the Cre / Lox system and the heat shock
- the promoters are RNA polymerase III promoters that act constitutively.
- RNA polymerase III promoters appear in a limited number of genes such as 5S RNA, tRNA, 7SL RNA and U6 RNAs.
- type III promoters do not require any intragenic sequence but need sequences in the 5 'direction that comprise a TATA box at positions -34 and -24, a proximal sequence element (proximal sequence element or PSE) between -66 and -47 and, in some cases, a distal element (distal sequence element or DSE) between positions -265 and -149.
- the type III RNA polymerase III promoters are promoters of the H1 and U6 genes of human or murine origin.
- the promoters are 2 human or murine U6 promoters, a mouse U6 promoter and a human H1 promoter or a human U6 promoter and a mouse H1 promoter.
- RNAs can be generated intracellularly from the so-called shRNA (short hairpin RNA), characterized in that the antiparallel chains that form the siRNA are connected by a loop or hairpin region.
- shRNAs may be encoded by plasmids or viruses, particularly retroviruses and be under the control of a promoter. Promoters suitable for shRNA expression are those indicated in the previous paragraph for the expression of siRNA.
- Suitable vectors for the expression of siRNA and shRNA include prokaryotic expression vectors such as pUC18, pUC19, Bluescript and its derivatives, mp18, mp19, pBR322, pMB9, Col El, pCRI, RP4, phage and shuttle vectors such as pSA3 and pAT28, yeast expression vectors such as 2 micron plasmid type vectors, integration plasmids, YEP vectors, centromeric plasmids and the like, insect cell expression vectors such as pAC series and series vectors pVL, plant expression vectors such as pIBI, pEarleyGate, pAVA, pCAMBIA, pGSA, pGWB, pMDC, pMY, pORE and the like series and expression vectors in upper eukaryotic cells well based on viral vectors (adenovirus, associated viruses to adenoviruses as well as retroviruses and, in particular,
- the siRNAs and siRNAs of the invention can be obtained using a series of techniques known to the person skilled in the art.
- the region of the nucleotide sequence that is taken as the basis for designing the siRNAs is not limiting and may contain a region of the coding sequence (between the initiation codon and the termination codon) or, alternatively, may contain sequences from the region untranslated 5 'or 3', preferably between 25 and 50 nucleotides in length and in any position in a 3 'sense position with respect to the initiation codon.
- N can be any nucleotide in the gene sequence, in particular the PTHLH gene or the PODXL gene, and the selection of those with a high G / C content. If this motif is not found, it is possible to identify the motif NA (N21), where N can be any nucleotide.
- the agent that inhibits the expression of a gene is a DNA enzyme specific to said gene. DNA enzymes incorporate some of the mechanistic characteristics of both antisense and ribozyme technologies.
- the DNA enzymes are designed to recognize a particular nucleic acid target sequence, similar to the antisense oligonucleotide, however ribozyme-like are catalytic and specifically cut the target nucleic acid.
- the agent that inhibits the expression of a gene is a ribozyme designed to catalytically cut transcripts of a target mRNA to prevent the translation of mRNAs encoding PTHLH or PODXL whose activity it is desired to inhibit.
- Ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules capable of catalyzing the specific cut of RNA.
- the mechanism of action of ribozyme involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to a complementary target RNA, followed by an endonucleolytic cut-off event.
- the composition of the ribozyme molecules preferably includes one or more sequences complementary to the target mRNA, and the well-known sequence responsible for mRNA cutting or a functionally equivalent sequence (see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5093246) .
- Ribozymes used in the present invention include hammerhead ribozymes, endoribonuclease RNAs (hereinafter "Cech type ribozymes") (Zaug et al., Science 224: 574-578, 1984.
- Ribozymes may be composed of modified oligonucleotides (for example to improve stability, targeting, etc.) and should be distributed to cells expressing the target gene in vivo.
- a preferred method of distribution involves using a DNA construct that "encodes" the ribozyme under the control of a strong constitutive promoter of pol III or pol II, so that the transfected cells will produce sufficient amounts of the ribozyme to destroy the endogenous target messengers. and inhibit translation. Since ribozymes, contrary to other antisense molecules, are catalytic, a lower intracellular concentration is required for their effectiveness. In the case of compounds that inhibit the activity of an expression product, they can be identified using specific assays capable of determining the activity of said product.
- compounds that inhibit the activity of the expression product of a gene can be identified using the assay described in example 3 of the present invention characterized based on the determination of the ability of said inhibitory agent to decrease the formation of Osteolytic lesions and / or osteoclast differentiation in in vitro metastatic lesions in an animal model of breast cancer metastasis using breast cancer cells with high metastatic colonization capacity.
- a compound is considered to be an inhibitor of the activity of an expression product when it is capable of causing a decrease in the activity of said product of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30 %, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% (complete inactivation of said expression product) .
- agents that inhibit the activity of the gene expression product for use in the present invention include inhibitor antibodies specific for the gene expression product, dominant dominant negative variants of the gene expression product. and inhibitor peptides of said expression product.
- the agent that inhibits the activity of the expression product of said gene is a specific inhibitor antibody for said product.
- the antibodies can be prepared using any of the methods that are known to the person skilled in the art, some of which has been cited above.
- polyclonal antibodies are prepared by immunization of an animal with the protein to be inhibited.
- Monoclonal antibodies are prepared using the method described by Kohler, Milstein et al. (Nature, 1975, 256: 495).
- Suitable antibodies in the context of the present invention include intact antibodies comprising a variable region of antigen binding and a constant region, "Fab", “F (ab ' ) 2" and “Fab “ "fragments, Fv, scFv, nanobodies , bispecific antibodies and antibodies
- Fab fragments, Fv, scFv, nanobodies , bispecific antibodies and antibodies
- the agent that inhibits the activity of the expression product of said gene is a peptide inhibitor of said product.
- the agent that inhibits the activity of the expression product of said gene is a "negative dominant mutant" of said expression product.
- the invention contemplates the use of both dominant negative mutants of a gene expression product and of the polynucleotides encoding said mutants.
- Promoters that can be used to regulate the transcription of the polynucleotide of the invention can be constitutive promoters, that is, they direct transcription basically or inducible promoters in which the transcriptional activity requires an external signal.
- Constitutive promoters suitable for transcription regulation are, among others, the CMV promoter, the SV40 promoter, the DHFR promoter, the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, the elongation factor 1 a promoter (EFIa) , the albumin promoter, the ApoA1 promoter, the keratin promoter, the CD3 promoter, the immunoglobulin heavy or light chain promoter, the neurofilament promoter, the neuron specific enolase promoter, the L7 promoter , the CD2 promoter, the myosin light chain kinase promoter, the HOX gene promoter, the thymidine kinase promoter, the RNA polymerase II promoter, the MyoD gene promoter, the gene promoter phosphoglycerokinase (PGK), the low density lipoprotein (LDL) promoter, the actin gene promoter.
- the CMV promoter the CMV promoter
- the SV40 promoter the DH
- the promoter that regulates the expression of the transactivator is the promoter of the PGK gene.
- the promoter that regulates the transcription of the polynucleotide of the invention is the T7 phage RNA polymerase promoter.
- the inducible promoters that can be used in the context of the present invention are those that respond to an inducing agent, which show zero or negligible basal expression in the absence of inducing agent and which are capable of promoting activation of the gene located in 3 'position.
- inducible promoters are classified into Tet on / off promoters (Gossen, M. and H. Bujard (1992) Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 89: 5547-5551; Gossen, M et al., 1995, Science 268: 1766-1769; Rossi, FMV and HM Blau, 1998, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.
- Suitable vectors for the expression of the polynucleotide encoding the dominant dominant variant of c-MAF include vectors derived from prokaryotic expression vectors such as pUC18, pUC19, Bluescript and its derivatives, mp18, mp19, pBR322, pMB9, ColEI, pCRI, RP4 , phage and shuttle vectors such as pSA3 and pAT28, yeast expression vectors such as 2 micron plasmid type vectors, integration plasmids, YEP vectors, centromeric plasmids and the like, insect cell expression vectors such as pAC series and pVL series vectors, plant expression vectors such as pIBI, pEarleyGate, pAVA, pCAMBIA, pGSA, pGWB, pMDC, pMY, pORE and similar vectors and expression vectors in higher eukaryotic cells either based on viral vectors (adeno
- the gene whose expression increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly of breast, or whose expression decreases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, particularly breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, is selected of the genes described in Table 1.
- the gene whose expression increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a breast tumor is the PHTLH gene.
- the gene whose expression increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a breast tumor is the PODXL gene.
- agents that inhibit PHTHL expression or the activity of the expression product of said gene include, without limitation, a specific siRNA for the PHTHL gene, an antisense oligonucleotide specific for the PHTHL gene, a ribozyme specific for the PHTHL gene, an inhibitor antibody specific for the PHTHL protein, a dominant PHTHL negative variant of said expression product and a PHTHL inhibitor peptide.
- Agents that inhibit the expression of PODXL or the activity of the expression product of said gene include, without limitation, a siRNA specific for the PODXL gene, an antisense oligonucleotide specific for the PODXL gene, a ribozyme specific for the PODXL gene, an antibody specific inhibitor for PODXL protein, a dominant dominant PODXL variant of said expression product and a PODXL inhibitor peptide.
- PTHLH-specific siRNAs include, without limitation, commercially available siRNAs such as Abgent PTHLH pre-designed siRNA (catalog number RI 14318), Qiagen mouse PTHLH siRNA (GS19227), human PTHLH duplex siRNA Cambridge Bioscience (catalog number SR303874), among others.
- PODXL specific siRNAs include, without limitation, commercially available siRNAs such as the Santa Cruz Biotechnology siRNA sc-44765, the OriGene human PODXL duplex siRNA (SR30361 1) or the Cambridge Bioscience human PODXL duplex siRNA (no. of catalog SR30361 1), among others.
- PTHLH inhibitor antibodies useful for use in the present invention comprise, but are not limited to, mouse monoclonal antibody 3H1-5G8 that recognizes human PTHLH from Abcam (ab1 15488), rabbit polyclonal antibody P12272 that recognizes rat PTHLH, mouse and Abbiotech human (catalog number 251478), the rabbit polyclonal antibody that recognizes human PTHLH from BioVision (catalog number 5652-100) or the mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes human PTHLH from Novus Biologicals (catalog number NBP1-26542 ), among others.
- PODXL inhibitor antibodies useful for use in the present invention comprise, without limitation, the rabbit polyclonal antibody ab62594 which recognizes the N-terminal region of human PODXL, or the sc-23903 mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes human PODXL from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
- PTHLH inhibitor peptides include, without limitation:
- Truncated variants of PTHLH such as hPTHrP (7-34) of sequence LLHDKGKSIQDLRRRFFLHHLIAEIHTA (SEO ID NO: 8), PTHrP (3-34), PTHrP (8-34), PTHrP (9-34), PTHrP (10-34) as well as amidated variants thereof and variants resulting from the substitution of the amino acids corresponding to positions 10, 1 1 and 12 of PTHLH with Asn (variants Asn10), Leu (variants Leu1 1) and D-Trp (variants D-Trp12 ), respectively and, in particular, peptides [Nle 8 '18 , Tyr 34 ] bPTH (7-34) NH 2 , [Tyr 34 ] bPTH (7- 34) NH 2 , hPTHrP (7-34), [Leu 11 , D-Trp 12 ] hPTHrP (7-34) NH 2 ,
- TIP thyroidoinfundibular peptide
- 1-39 the TIP peptide (tuberoinfundibular peptide 1-39), and derivatives thereof described in Hoare et al, Peptides 23: 989-998, 2002).
- Functionally equivalent variants of said peptides means all those peptides derived from the sequence of a peptide of the invention by modification, insertion and / or elimination of one or more amino acids, provided and when the function of said peptide is maintained at least 20%, at least 50%, at least 80%, with respect to the function of the corresponding peptide of the invention without modifications, insertions and / or Eliminations
- Variants suitable for use in the present invention include those showing at least 25%, at least 40%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity with respect to the peptide sequence indicated above.
- the degree of identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined by conventional methods, for example, by standard sequence alignment algorithms known in the state of the art, such as, for example, BLAST (AltschuI SF et al. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool J Mol Biol. 1990 Oct 5; 215 (3): 403-10).
- PTHLH inhibitors include, without limitation, polypeptides that specifically bind to the N-terminal region of PTHLH as described in WO201 1003935.
- cancer is a breast, colon, lung, renal or thyroid cancer, preferably breast cancer.
- breast cancer is ER + or triple negative.
- the metastasis of cancer in particular of breast, colon, lung, renal or thyroid cancer, preferably breast cancer, is bone metastasis.
- bone metastasis is osteolytic metastasis.
- the invention relates to the use of an agent that stimulates the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of metastasis of cancer, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, wherein said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular of breast, of colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, decreases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in these cells or because their expression increases in response to a decrease in expression levels of c-MAF in said cells.
- the invention relates to an agent that stimulates the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene for use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of cancer metastasis.
- a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene for use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of cancer metastasis.
- breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer more particularly breast cancer
- said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular breast, colon, lung , kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, decreases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in these cells or because its expression increases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in these cells.
- the invention relates to a method for the treatment and / or prevention of cancer metastasis, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, in a subject comprising the administration to said subject of an agent that stimulates the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene wherein said gene is characterized in that its expression in tumor cells, in particular breast, colon , lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, decreases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in said cells or because its expression increases in response to a decrease in the expression levels of c- MAF in said cells.
- the agent that stimulates the expression of said gene is a polynucleotide that contains the coding sequence of said gene or wherein the agent that stimulates the activity of the expression product of said gene is a polypeptide encoded by said gene.
- the polynucleotide that stimulates the expression of said gene can be found as part of a gene construct.
- the gene constructs contain the polynucleotide of the invention together with regions suitable for regulating the expression of said polynucleotide including promoters, transcription terminators, 5 'and 3' untranslated regions, polyadenylation signals and the like.
- any promoter can be used to clone vectors in the context of the present invention as long as said promoters are compatible with the cells in which it is desired to express the polynucleotide.
- suitable promoters for the realization of the present invention include, without necessarily being limited, constitutive promoters such as those derived from eukaryotic virus genomes such as polyomavirus, adenovirus, SV40, CMV, avian sarcoma virus, virus hepatitis B, the metallothionein gene promoter, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene promoter, retrovirus LTR regions, the immunoglobuin gene promoter, the actin gene promoter, the promoter of the EF-1 alpha gene as well as inducible promoters in which protein expression depends on the addition of an exogenous molecule or signal, such as the tetracycline system, the N FKB / IUZ UV system, the Cre / Lox system and the heat shock
- the polynucleotide is operatively coupled to a specific breast tissue promoter.
- breast tissue specific promoters suitable for use in the present invention include, by way of illustration:
- the stromelysin 3 promoter (Basset et al., Nature 348: 699, 1990)
- the mucin-like glycoprotein promoter (DF3, MUCI) ((Abe et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 282 , 1993)
- the c-erbB-3, c-erbB-2 or c-erbB-4 promoters The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter,
- the human ⁇ -lactalbumin promoter The human ⁇ -lactalbumin promoter
- the promoter of ovine ⁇ -lactoglobulin The promoter of ovine ⁇ -lactoglobulin.
- the agent that stimulates the expression of a gene is part of a vector.
- the invention contemplates the use of vectors derived from prokaryotic expression vectors such as pUC18, pUC19, Bluescript and their derivatives, mp18, mp19, pBR322, pMB9, ColEI, pCRI, RP4, phage and "shuttie" vectors such as pSA3 and pAT28, yeast expression vectors such as 2 micron plasmid type vectors, integration plasmids, YEP vectors, centromeric plasmids and the like, insect cell expression vectors such as pAC series and series vectors pVL, plant expression vectors such as pIBI, pEarleyGate, pAVA, pCAMBIA, pGSA, pGWB, pMDC, pMY, pORE and the like series and expression vectors in upper eukaryotic cells well based on viral
- the agent that stimulates the expression of a gene is administered in the form of a viral vector.
- viral vectors suitable for use in the present invention include, without limitation, adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, retroviral vectors, vectors derived from vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) and herpes virus.
- the present invention contemplates several non-viral methods for transferring expression constructs to cultured mammalian cells. These include precipitation of calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, electroporation, direct microinjection, loaded DNA liposomes and lipofectamine-DNA complexes, cellular sonication, genetic bombardment using velocity micropoyectiles and receptor-mediated transfection. Some of these techniques can be adapted correctly for in vivo or ex vivo use.
- the agent that stimulates the expression of a gene can be trapped in a liposome. Liposomes are vesicular structure characterized by a phospholipid bilayer membrane and by an internal aqueous medium.
- the present invention contemplates the administration of agents that stimulate the expression of a gene or the activity of the expression product of said gene locally, regionally or systemically.
- the administration of the agents can be performed locally, in which case the agents are administered directly in the tumor, in the vasculature of the tumor, in a lymphatic vessel associated with the tumor or in a conduit associated with the tumor.
- Administration may be intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intravesicular, or intrathecal.
- Gene therapy may include regional administration in the vascular system of a member associated with the tumor.
- a polypeptide is used as an agent that stimulates the activity of the expression product of a gene
- the invention contemplates the use of variants of said modified polypeptide with a peptide that is capable of promoting translocation of the protein into the interior.
- cellular such as the Tat peptide derived from the TAT protein of HIV-1, the third helix of the homeodomain of the Antennapedia protein of D.melanogaster, the VP22 protein of the herpes simplex virus and arginine oligomers (Lindgren, A. et al ., 2000, Trends Pharmacol. Sci, 21: 99-103, Schwarze, SR et al., 2000, Trends Pharmacol.
- the gene whose expression decreases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more in particular breast, or whose expression increases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, particularly breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, is select from the genes described in Table 2.
- the gene whose expression decreases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor is the RERG gene.
- the RERG activating agent is selected from the group consisting of
- the nucleic acid encoding RERG corresponds to any of its two transcriptional variants, collected in the NCBI database (in its version corresponding to November 28, 201 1) with access numbers NM_032918 .2 (variant 1) and NM_001 190726.1 (variant 2).
- "Functionally equivalent variant of the RERG protein” means those polypeptides whose sequence is derived from that of the RERG protein by substitution, insertion or deletion of one or more amino acids and which retain substantially the same function as the RERG protein, that is, act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation and tumor formation.
- Variants of the RERG protein can be identified using methods based on the ability of RERG to inhibit cell proliferation such as those described in Example 4 of the present invention.
- the variants according to the invention preferably have a sequence identity with the nucleotide sequence of any of the variants of the RERG gene or with the amino acid sequence of any of the isoforms of the RERG protein of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95 %, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
- the degree of identity between the variants and the specific sequences of the gene or RERG protein defined above is determined using algorithms and computer procedures that are widely known to those skilled in the art.
- the identity between two nucleic acid sequences is preferably determined using the BLASTN algorithm, and the identity between two amino acid sequences is preferably determined using the BLASTP algorithm [BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894, Altschul, S., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990)].
- the cancer is breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer.
- breast cancer is selected from the group consisting of ER + and ER-Her2- cancer.
- the metastasis is bone metastases. In an even more preferred embodiment, bone metastasis is osteolytic metastasis.
- compositions and administration methods are provided.
- agents that inhibit the expression of a gene whose expression increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, or whose expression decreases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast agents that inhibit the activity of the expression product of a gene whose expression increases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, in particular of the breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid , more particularly of breast, or whose expression decreases in response to a decrease in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, in particular of breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly of breast, the agents that stimulate the expression of a gene whose e xpression decreases in response to an increase in c-MAF expression levels in a tumor, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast, or whose expression increases in response to a decrease in c-
- vehicle refers to a diluent or excipient with which the active substance is administered.
- Such pharmaceutical vehicles may be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.
- water or aqueous solutions of saline solution and aqueous solutions of dextrose and glycerol are used as vehicles, particularly for injectable solutions.
- Suitable pharmaceutical vehicles are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by EW Martin, 1995.
- the vehicles of the invention are approved by the regulatory agency of a state or federal government or are listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia or other pharmacopoeia recognized in general for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
- the vehicles and auxiliary substances necessary to manufacture the desired pharmaceutical form of administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention will depend, among other factors, on the pharmaceutical form of administration chosen.
- Said pharmaceutical forms of administration of the pharmaceutical composition will be manufactured according to conventional methods known to those skilled in the art. A review of different methods of administration of active ingredients, excipients to be used and procedures to produce them can be found in "Treaty of Galician Pharmacy", C. Faul ⁇ i Trillo, Luzán 5, SA of Ediations, 1993.
- compositions include any solid composition (tablets, pills, capsules, granules, etc.) or liquid (solutions, suspensions or emulsions) for oral, topical or parenteral administration.
- the pharmaceutical composition may contain as necessary stabilizers, suspensions, preservatives, surfactants and the like.
- the inhibitory / activating agents of the present invention may be in the form of prodrug, salt, solvate or clathrate, either in isolation or in combination with additional active agents and may be formulated together with an excipient that is acceptable. from the pharmaceutical point of view.
- Preferred excipients for use in the present invention include sugars, starches, celluloses, gums and proteins.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention will be formulated in a form pharmaceutical solid administration (for example tablets, capsules, dragees, granules, suppositories, sterile crystalline or amorphous solids that can be reconstituted to provide liquid forms etc.), liquid (for example solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, lotions, ointments etc. ) or semi-solid (gels, ointments, creams and the like).
- a form pharmaceutical solid administration for example tablets, capsules, dragees, granules, suppositories, sterile crystalline or amorphous solids that can be reconstituted to provide liquid forms etc.
- liquid for example solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, lotions, ointments etc.
- semi-solid gels, ointments, creams and the like.
- compositions of the invention can be administered by any route, including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intrarterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteric, topical, sublingual or rectal.
- routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intrarterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteric, topical, sublingual or rectal.
- compositions comprising said vehicles can be formulated by conventional procedures known in the state of the art.
- nucleic acids siRNA, polynucleotides encoding siRNA or shRNA or polynucleotides encoding negative dominant
- the invention contemplates pharmaceutical compositions specially prepared for the administration of said nucleic acids.
- the pharmaceutical compositions can comprise said nucleic acids in a naked form, that is, in the absence of compounds that protect nucleic acids from their degradation by the body's nucleases, which entails the advantage that the toxicity associated with the reagents used is eliminated for transfection.
- Suitable routes of administration for naked compounds include intravascular, intratumoral, intracranial, intraperitoneal, intrasplenic, intramuscular, subretinal, subcutaneous, mucosa, topical and oral (Templeton, 2002, DNA Cell Biol., 21: 857-867).
- nucleic acids can be administered as part of liposomes, cholesterol conjugates or conjugates to compounds capable of promoting translocation through cell membranes such as the Tat peptide derived from the HIV-1 TAT protein, the third helix of the homeodomain of Antennapedia protein of D. melanogaster, VP22 protein of herpes simplex virus, arginine oligomers and peptides such as described in WO07069090 (Lindgren, A. et al., 2000, Trends Pharmacol. Sci, 21: 99-103, Schwarze, SR et al., 2000, Trends Pharmacol.
- the polynucleotide can be administered as part of a plasmid vector or a viral vector, preferably adenovirus-based vectors, adeno-associated viruses or retroviruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV) or lentivirus (HIV) based viruses. , IVF, EIAV).
- adenovirus-based vectors preferably adenovirus-based vectors, adeno-associated viruses or retroviruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV) or lentivirus (HIV) based viruses. , IVF, EIAV).
- the inhibitory / activating agents or the pharmaceutical compositions containing them can be administered in doses of less than 10 mg per kilogram of body weight, preferably less than 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0 , 01, 0.005, 0.001, 0.0005, 0.0001, 0.00005 or 0.00001 mg per kg of body weight.
- the unit dose can be administered by injection, by inhalation or by topical administration. The dose depends on the severity and response of the condition to be treated and may vary between several days and several months or until it is observed that the condition remits.
- the optimal dosage can be determined by periodic measurements of the agent concentrations in the patient's organism. The optimal dose can be determined from the EC50 values obtained by previous tests in vitro or in vivo in animal models.
- the unit dose can be administered once a day or less than once a day, preferably, less than once every 2, 4, 8 or 30 days.
- the maintenance regimen may involve treating the patient with doses ranging from 0.01 ⁇ g to 1.4 mg / kg body weight per day, for example 10, 1, 0, 1, 0.01, 0.001, or 0, 00001 mg per kg body weight per day.
- Maintenance doses are preferably administered at most once every 5, 10 or 30 days.
- the treatment should be continued for a time that will vary according to the type of alteration suffered by the patient, its severity and the patient's condition.
- Method for the identification of marker genes for metastasis propensity The authors of the present invention have developed a methodology by which it is possible to identify genes related to the propensity of a subject suffering from breast cancer to develop metastases. This methodology is based on the identification of genes whose expression in breast tumors correlates with c-MAF expression and whose expression in a breast cancer cell line is altered in response to a change in c expression levels -MAF.
- the invention relates to an in vitro method (hereinafter the method of identifying genes of the invention) for the identification of a marker gene for metastasis propensity in a subject suffering from cancer, in particular breast cancer , colon, lung, kidney or thyroid, more particularly breast cancer, which comprises
- the gene identification method of the invention comprises determining the expression levels of a candidate gene and c-MAF in a sample of primary cancer tumor, in particular breast, colon, lung cancer, of kidney or thyroid, more particularly of breast cancer.
- the determination of the expression levels of said candidate gene and of c-MAF in the primary tissue sample can be carried out essentially as described in the context of the in vitro method to predict metastasis in a subject affected by cancer. , particularly breast cancer.
- the expression levels of said candidate gene and c-MAF can be performed from the RNA resulting from the transcription of said gene (messenger RNA or mRNA), from the complementary DNA (cDNA) of said gene or by quantification of the expression levels of the protein encoded by said gene.
- the gene identification method of the invention comprises determining the change in the expression levels of said candidate gene in a population of cancer cells, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or kidney cancer. of thyroid, more particularly breast cancer, in response to a modulation of c-MAF gene expression.
- the determination of the change in the expression levels of the candidate gene requires determining the levels of expression in the tumor cells at two different times in time between which a change in the expression levels of c-MAF has been induced.
- Said change in c-MAF expression levels between said first moment and said second moment may be an increase in c-MAF expression or a decrease in c-MAF expression level.
- the modulation in the c-MAF levels that is carried out in step (ii) is an increase in the c-MAF levels.
- this step requires the introduction into the cell of a polynucleotide encoding c-MAF or c-MAF.
- Suitable methods for the introduction of a gene of interest in a cell and constructs suitable for the expression of a gene of interest in a cell have been described in the context of therapeutic methods based on the activation of genes whose expression is inversely correlated. with the expression of c-MAF and are used in the same way in the present method.
- the cell can be modified by introducing a polynucleotide encoding c-MAF therein being operatively coupled to a promoter that allows the expression in tumor cells, such as breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid tumors, preferably breast tumors.
- a polynucleotide is usually provided as part of a vector comprising, in addition to said polynucleotide, additional sequences to ensure its propagation in prokaryotic hosts (for example, an origin of replication) as well as selection markers.
- prokaryotic hosts for example, an origin of replication
- the mucin-like glycoprotein promoter (DF3, MUCI) ((Abe et al.,
- the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter,
- the human ⁇ -lactalbumin promoter The human ⁇ -lactalbumin promoter
- the promoter of ovine ⁇ -lactoglobulin The promoter of ovine ⁇ -lactoglobulin.
- the polynucleotide encoding c-MAF or the vector containing said polynucleotide is introduced into the cells under study using any of the transfection methods known to those skilled in the art (see sections 9.1 to 9.5 in Ausubel, FM et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2003).
- cells can be transfected by co-precipitation of DNA with calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, polibreon, electroporation, microinjection, liposome-mediated fusion, lipofection, retrovirus infection and biolistic transfection.
- the cell can be modified by introducing the c-MAF protein therein.
- the invention contemplates the use of modified c-MAF variants with a peptide that is capable of promoting translocation of the protein into the cell interior, such as the Tat peptide derived from the TAT protein of HIV-1, the third helix of the home domain of the Antennapedia protein of D.melanogaster, the VP22 protein of herpes simplex virus and arginine oligomers (Lindgren, A. et al., 2000, Trends Pharmacol. Sci, 21: 99-103, Schwarze, SR et al ., 2000, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 21: 45-48, Lundberg, M et al., 2003, Mol. Therapy 8: 143-150 and Snyder, EL and Dowdy, SF, 2004, Pharm. Res. 21: 389-393).
- a peptide that is capable of promoting translocation of the protein into the cell interior, such as the Tat
- the increase in c-MAF expression is carried out by expression in cancer cells, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly of breast cancer, from the short isoform of c-MAF.
- the increase in c-MAF expression is carried out by expression in cancer cells, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more particularly breast cancer, of the long isoform of c -MAF.
- the increase in c-MAF expression is carried out by co-expression in cancer cells, in particular breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid cancer, more in particular of breast cancer, of the long and short isoform of c-MAF.
- the modulation in the levels of c-MAF carried out in the second stage is a reduction in the levels of c-MAF
- this stage requires the introduction into the cell of an agent capable of silencing c- MAF
- agents to achieve a reduction in c-MAF levels include antisense oligonucleotides specific to said gene, interference RNAs (siRNAs) specific to said gene, catalytic RNAs or ribozymes specific to said gene, c-MAF inhibitors and inhibitory antibodies.
- siRNAs for c-MAF include the siRNA described in WO2005046731, one of whose chains is ACGGCUCGAGCAGCGACAA (SEQ ID NO: 1).
- Other cRNA sequences specific for c-MAF include, without limitation, CUUACCAGUGUGUUCACAA (SEQ ID NO: 2), UGGAAGACUACUACUGGAUG (SEQ ID NO: 3), AUUUGCAGUCAUGGAGAACC (SEQ ID NO: 4), CAAGGAGAAAACACAGAAGU (SEQ ID NO: 4): ACAAGGAGAAAUACGAGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) and ACCUGGAAGACUACUACUGG (SEQ ID NO: 7).
- Negative c-MAF dominants that can be used in the context of the present invention include mutants capable of dimerizing with c-MAF but lacking the ability to activate transcription since they are unable to homodimerize and heterodimerize with other family members AP-1, such as Fos and Jun.
- c-MAF negative dominant can be any of the small maf proteins that exist in the cell and lack two thirds of the amino terminal end that contains the transactivation domain (for example, mafK, mafF, mafg and pi 8) (Fujiwara et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 2371-2380; Igarashi et al. (1995) J. Biol.Chem. 270, 7615-7624; Andrews et al.
- c-MAF negative dominant include c-MAF variants that maintain the ability to dimerize with other proteins but lack the ability to activate transcription. These variants are, for example, those that lack the c-MAF transactivation domain, located at the N-terminal end of the protein.
- dominant dominant variants of c-MAF include, illustratively, variants in which at least amino acids 1 to 122 have been removed at least amino acids 1-187 or at least amino acids 1 to 257 (considering numbering of human c-MAF as described in US6274338).
- the tumor sample used in step (i) is derived from a breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid tumor, more particularly breast tumor.
- the tumor sample, particularly breast, used in step (i) is from an ER + tumor or a triple negative tumor.
- the cancer cells, particularly breast cells, used in step (ii) are ER + or are derived from a triple negative tumor.
- metastasis is a bone metastasis.
- Other c-MAF inhibitor compounds suitable for use in the present invention include:
- Ri and R2 are independently of each other
- alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are straight or branched chain, and in which the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are mono- or disubstituted with:
- substituents 2.3, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.7 may be further substituted with -CN functions -amide or -oxime, and 2.5 may be further substituted by -CN or amide functions, or Ri and R2 together form a ring, where Ri and R 2 mean a group -0- [rent (dC 6 )] - 0-,
- alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are straight or branched chain, and in which the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are mono- or disubstituted with:
- substituents 2.3, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.7 may be additionally substituted with -CN, -amide or -oxim functions, and 2.5 may be additionally substituted with -CN or amide functions
- R 4 is C0 2 R 3 , CO2NHR3, CHO, CH 2 OR 3 , CH 2 OSi (R 3 ) 3 , CH 2 Br, CH 2 CN, in which R 3 is as defined above
- R1 is selected from the group of N02, NH2, NH (C1-6alkyl) and N (C1-6alkyl) (C1-6alkyl); R2 is selected from H, halogen, C1-6alkyl, and C1 -6alkyl fluoride substitutes,
- R1 is Cl and R2 is Br or H
- R1 is selected from the group of H, C1-4alkyl, C (0) OC1 -4alkyl, C (0) C1-
- R2 is selected from H and C1-4alkyl
- R3 is selected from H and C1-4alkyl
- R2 and R3 are linked together with the carbon and nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine ring,
- R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-
- X is selected from C and N. and preferred compounds such as
- Cyproheptadine (4- (5H-dibenzo [a, d] cycloheptan-S-ylidene) -1-methylpiperidine)
- Amitryptiline (3- (10, 1 1-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [[a, d]] cycloheptene-5- ilidene) -N, N-dimethyl-1-propanamine)
- Cyclobenzapine (3- (5H-dibenzo [a, d] cycloheptan-5-ylidlene) -N, N-dimethyl-1- propanamine)
- Nivalenol (12, 13-Epoxy-3,4,7, 15-tetrahydroxytrrichotec-9-en-8-one) as described in WO0359249
- Table 3 Small molecules with the ability to inhibit c-MAF Other c-MAF inhibitors are described in patent application WO2005063252, as shown in the following table (Table 4).
- the decrease in c-MAF expression levels is accomplished by silencing in the breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid tumor cells, more particularly tumor. of breast, of the short isoform of c-MAF.
- the decrease in c-MAF levels is accomplished by silencing in the breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid tumor cells, more particularly breast tumor, of the long isoform of c-MAF.
- the decrease in c-MAF levels is accomplished by silencing in the breast, colon, lung, kidney or thyroid tumor cells, more particularly breast tumor , of the long and short isoform of c-MAF.
- the population of cancer cells can be obtained from biopsy samples of patients suffering from such cancers, or they can be cell lines of such cancers, such as breast cancer cell lines that comprise, without limitation, the cells of the MCF-7, T47D and MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB lines -468, BT20, SkBr3, HCC-1937, BT-474 and ZR75.1.
- step (ii) is carried out using cells of the MCF7 cell line.
- Colon cancer cell lines comprise, without limitation, HCA-7, KM12C, KM12SM, KM12l4a, SW480, SW620.
- Lung cancer cell lines comprise, but are not limited to, NCI-H1781, NCI-H1373, LC319, A549, PC14, SK-MES-1, NCI-H2170, NCI-H 1703, NCI-H520, LU61, LX1, SBC-3, SBC-5, DMS273 and DMS1 14.
- Lung cancer cell lines comprise, without limitation, 786-0, 769-P, A-498, SW-156, SW-839, A-704, ACHN, CaKi-1 and CaKi-2.
- Lung cancer cell lines comprise, but are not limited to, BCPAP, KTC-1, K1, TCP1, FTC133, ML1, 8505C, SW1736, Cal-62, T235, T238, Uhth-104, Uhth-104, HTh74, KAT18, TTA1, FR081-2, HTh7, C643, BHT101 and KTC-2.
- the in vitro method for the identification of metastatic propensity marker genes comprises
- the expression of said gene determined in step (i) correlates directly with c-MAF levels in the primary tumor sample and if the change in expression levels in response to The modulation of the c-MAF gene expression correlates directly with said modulation is indicative that elevated levels of said gene are indicative of metastasis propensity.
- the expression of said gene determined in step (i) is inversely correlated with c-MAF levels in the primary tumor sample and if the change in expression levels in response to The modulation of the c-MAF gene expression is inversely correlated with said modulation is indicative that reduced levels of said gene are indicative of metastasis propensity.
- the correlation between the expression of a candidate gene and the expression of c-MAF in the primary tumor sample is carried out by comparing the expression levels of both genes with respect to a reference value, where it is considered that There is a correlation between the expression of both genes if both genes show a variation in their expression with respect to the reference value.
- the correlation can be direct (the increase in the expression of the candidate gene with respect to the reference value correlates with an increase in the expression of c-MAF with respect to the reference value for said gene or the decrease in the expression of the candidate gene with respect to the reference value is correlated with a decrease in c-MAF expression with respect to the reference value for said gene) or inverse (the increase in the expression of the candidate gene with respect to the reference value is correlated with a decrease increase in c-MAF expression with respect to the reference value for said gene or decrease in expression of the candidate gene with respect to the reference value correlates with an increase in c-MAF expression with respect to the reference value for said gene).
- the correlation between the change in the expression levels of the candidate gene in response to the modulation of the expression of the c-MAF gene is carried out by determining the expression level of said gene before inducing the modulation of the c-MAF expression and the expression level of said gene in the same sample after modulation in c-MAF expression has occurred, considering that there is a correlation if there has been a variation in the expression of the candidate gene concomitantly with the change in expression of c-MAF.
- the correlation can be direct (there is an increase in the expression of the candidate gene concomitantly with an increase in the expression of c-MAF or a decrease in the expression of the candidate gene with respect to concomitant with a decrease in the expression of c-MAF) or inverse (there is an increase in the expression of the candidate gene concomitantly with a decrease in the expression of c-MAF or there is a decrease in the expression of the candidate gene with respect to the reference value concomitantly with an increase in c-MAF expression with respect to the reference value for said gene).
- the metastasis is a bone metastasis.
- the invention is described below by means of the following examples that are merely illustrative and not limiting the scope of the invention.
- New experimental models have been developed for the study of metastasis in ER + and ER-PR-Her2- breast cancer.
- a cell line has been used for this purpose.
- Human breast cancer ER + called MCF7, which was stably transfected with a vector that allows GFP / Luciferase expression.
- This cell line was inoculated in immunodeficient mice (Balb-c / nude) by intraventricular injection or in the caudal vein to be able to select cells with metastatic capacity in different organs. The mice carried subcutaneous estrogen implants that guaranteed the presence of this hormone throughout the experiment.
- Metastatic populations in different tissues were selected by identifying and isolating cells from metastatic lesions.
- bioluminescence imaging techniques were used using the technology that allows to detect the establishment and growth of tumor cells in organs of interest at different times and quantify the number of tumor cells present.
- the cells have been transduced to express the luciferase gene and the GFP and with them they are allowed to monitor non-invasive methods in vivo in real time.
- the luminescence image capture (luciferase activity) is performed with the animal under anesthesia, using Xenogen IVIS type equipment and Livingimage software as the preferred methodology due to its sensitivity and speed.
- the tumor lesion is dissected and, subsequently, by means of fluorescence laser scanning cytometry (GFP) metastatic cells are isolated from those of the host organism itself. Once these cells were isolated, the process was repeated to enrich their tropism through the different tissues. Through these procedures, different metastatic populations with tissue specificity including bone and brain metastases were isolated.
- GFP fluorescence laser scanning cytometry
- genes whose expression correlates either positively (directly) or negatively (inversely) with the expression of c-MAF were identified.
- the validation of the genes thus obtained was carried out by analyzing their expression in relation to the expression of c-MAF in defined cellular models.
- the ER + breast cancer MCF7 cells were modified to express either the long isoform or the short isoform of c-MAF and mRNA expression profiles were determined by Affymetrix U133A2Plus. Routine techniques derived MCF-7 cells from bone metastases in which c-MAF was depleted. Gene expression profiles in previous cell populations were determined and those genes whose expression was significantly modified based on c-MAF expression were selected.
- the metastatic c-MAF program in bone includes cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, membrane-anchored proteases, signaling mediators and transcription factors.
- PTHLH gene Functional validation in vivo of members of the bone metastasis program mediated by c-MAF: PTHLH gene
- the metastatic PTHLH gene positive in the previous analysis and directly correlated with c-MAF expression (Table 1 and Figure 3), was functionally validated in a bone metastatic colonization assay in an experimental xenograft model of breast cancer metastasis in mice.
- the standard approaches to validate the candidate gene to direct the metastasis process were the trials of loss of PTHLH function in poorly metastatic cells expressing c-MAF.
- the expression of the c-MAF gene was induced in moderately metastatic cells to bone in vivo, MCF7, which have low levels of expression of the c-MAF gene.
- Overexpression of c-MAF was responsible for the increase in endogenous levels of the PTHLH gene (( Figure 3). In this context, the activity of the PTHLH cytokine was blocked by an antagonistic peptide ( Figure 3).
- lentiviral systems were used to infect and introduce the expression of the candidate gene into tumor cells.
- the metastatic facilitating functions of the c-MAF gene and its PTHLH effector were determined by means of bioluminescence monitoring techniques of the inoculated metastatic cells in the mouse intra-cardiac route.
- the corresponding control cells infected with empty lentiviral vectors were injected into a parallel cohort of immunodeficient mice for comparison.
- Figure 3 The formation capacity of osteolytic lesions, osteoclast differentiation in metastatic lesions in vivo and the causal function of PTHLH in this process were evaluated (Figure 3).
- the RERG metastasis suppressor gene is involved in proliferation.
- the previous analysis showed that the expression of the RERG gene is inversely correlated with the expression of c-MAF (Table 2 and Figure 2).
- the RERG gene was functionally validated in a metastatic bone colonization assay in an experimental xenograph model of breast cancer metastasis in mice.
- the involvement of the RERG gene in metastasis was validated by a function gain test in highly metastatic cells.
- the expression of RERG was induced in highly metastatic bone cells selected in vivo, BoM2, which have high levels of expression of the c-MAF gene, responsible for suppressing the endogenous levels of RERG ( Figure 2).
- BoM2 highly metastatic bone cells selected in vivo
- lentiviral systems were used to infect and introduce the expression of the candidate gene into tumor cells.
- the metastasis facilitating functions of RERG suppression were determined by bioluminescence monitoring techniques of inoculated metastatic cells in the mouse intra-cardiac. In all cases, the corresponding control cells infected with empty lentiviral vectors were injected into a Parallel cohort of immunodeficient mice for comparison. ( Figure 2).
- the standard approaches to validate the candidate gene to direct the process of metastasis were trials of loss of function in very metastatic cells to bone or endothelial.
- the expression of the PODXL gene was reduced in very in vivo bone metastatic cells, MCF7, which have high levels of expression of the c-MAF gene responsible for increasing the endogenous levels of the PODXL gene.
- Sequence listing and “Artificial sequence” of the sequence listing are translated, respectively, as “Sequence listing” and “Artificial sequence”.
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AU2014229563B2 (en) | 2020-04-09 |
AU2014229563A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
KR20150122786A (ko) | 2015-11-02 |
US20170002357A1 (en) | 2017-01-05 |
CN105431548A (zh) | 2016-03-23 |
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EP3272880A2 (en) | 2018-01-24 |
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EP2975138A2 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
US20140314792A1 (en) | 2014-10-23 |
EP3272880B1 (en) | 2020-11-25 |
MX2015011373A (es) | 2016-06-10 |
MX368575B (es) | 2019-10-08 |
US11591599B2 (en) | 2023-02-28 |
JP2016518815A (ja) | 2016-06-30 |
CA2903306A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
WO2014140896A9 (es) | 2019-01-03 |
BR112015023510A2 (pt) | 2017-10-10 |
WO2014140896A3 (es) | 2015-05-21 |
EP3272880A3 (en) | 2018-04-11 |
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