Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
  • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/60—Sugars; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/16—Emollients or protectives, e.g. against radiation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/18—Antioxidants, e.g. antiradicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin

Definitions

• compositions containing nicotinamide riboside may be used in the care or treatment of skin and skin conditions.
• the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and cosmetic compositions containing nicotinamide riboside.
• the invention relates to methods of using nicotinamide riboside to promote the increase of intracellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in cells and tissues for improving cell and tissue survival and overall cell and tissue health.
• NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
• Enzymes that use NAD+ play a part in the DNA repair process.
• the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARPs
• PARP-1 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases
• the PARPs consume NAD+ as an adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) donor and synthesize poly(ADP-ribose) onto nuclear proteins such as histones and PARP itself.
• ADPR adenosine diphosphate ribose
• PARP activities facilitate DNA repair, overactivation of PARP can cause significant depletion of cellular NAD+, leading to cellular necrosis.
• the apparent sensitivity of NAD+ metabolism to genotoxicity has led to pharmacological investigations into the inhibition of PARP as a means to improve cell survival.
• NAD+ metabolism is an important player in cell stress response pathways.
• upregulation of NAD+ metabolism via nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide overexpression, has been shown to protect against neuron axonal degeneration, and nicotinamide used pharmacologically has been recently shown to provide neuron protection in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal ischemia.
• Such protective effects could be attributable to upregulated NAD+ biosynthesis, which increases the available NAD+ pool subject to depletion during genotoxic stress.
• NAD+ is mediated by PARP enzymes, which are activated by DNA damage and can deplete cellular NAD+, leading to necrotic death.
• PARP enzymes which are activated by DNA damage and can deplete cellular NAD+, leading to necrotic death.
• Another mechanism of enhanced cell protection that could act in concert with upregulated NAD+ biosynthesis is the activation of cell protection transcriptional programs regulated by sirtuin enzymes.
• Examples of cell and tissue protection linked to NAD+ and sirtuins include the finding that SIRTl is required for neuroprotection associated with trauma and genotoxicity. SIRTl can also decrease microglia-dependent toxicity of amyloid-beta through reduced NFKB signaling. SIRTl and increased NAD+ concentrations provide neuroprotection in a model of Alzheimer's disease.
• Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent enzymes that have protein deacetylase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities that upregulate stress response pathways.
• Evidence indicates that SIRTl is upregulated by calorie restriction and in humans could provide cells with protection against apoptosis via downregulation of p53 and Ku70 functions.
• SIRTl upregulates FOXO-dependent transcription of proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, such as MnSOD.
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• the sirtuin SIRT6 has been shown to participate in DNA repair pathways and to help maintain genome stability.
• nicotinyl ribosides including nicotinamide riboside various uses have been proposed as in U.S. Patent 8,106,184, herein incorporated by reference.
• UV light plays an integral role in the development of numerous skin ailments ranging from aging to cancer.
• UV radiation triggers multiple independent cellular responses. UV radiation is known to penetrate skin where it is absorbed by proteins, lipids and DNA, causing a series of events that result in progressive deterioration of the cellular structure and function of cells (Valacchi, et al, "Cutaneous responses to environmental stressors," Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (2012) 1271 : 75-81).
• DNA is the building block of life and its stability is of the utmost importance for the proper functioning of all living cells.
• UV radiation is one of the most powerful (and common) environmental factors that can cause a wide range of cellular disorders by inducing mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions; most notably cyclobutane- pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts (64 pps) (Narayanan, et al, "Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer,” Int. J. Dermatol. (2010) 49: 978-86). It is important to note that UV-mediated DNA damage is an early event in a plethora of proliferative cellular disorders. The two major types of UV-induced DNA damage are CPDs and 64pp (along with their Dewer isomers) (Sinha, R.P.
• UV-induced DNA damage and repair a review
• Rastogi, et al Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and repair
• J. Nucleic Acids (2010) 2010: 592980 These abundant DNA lesions, if unrepaired, can interfere with DNA replication and subsequently cause mutations in DNA. Thus, these lesions can be mutagenic (potentially leading to proliferative disorders) and/or can be cytotoxic (resulting in cell death). 64pp occur at about one third the frequency of CPDs, but are more mutagenic (Sinha & Hader, 2002). In one embodiment, prevention of these UV-mediated DNA adducts is paramount to guarding against the onset of several proliferative disorders, ranging from aging to cancer.
• TEWL Transepidermal Water Loss
• a chemopreventative agent for several human skin disorders will be effective at inhibiting or preventing the direct UV-mediated loss of barrier function, DNA damage, or oxidative damage in helping to maintain healthy human skin.
• nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof in a topical skin care composition in the maintenance of healthy human skin, this would represent a useful contribution to the art.
• nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, in a cosmetic or cosmeceutical composition in the maintenance of healthy human skin this would also represent a useful contribution to the art.
• a skin care composition includes nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, optionally in combination with a compound selected from stilbenoids (e.g., pterostilbene), curcumin, peptides, retinols, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), anthocyanins, or combinations thereof.
• stilbenoids e.g., pterostilbene
• curcumin e.g., pterostilbene
• peptides e.g., retinols
• salicylic acid e.g., benzoyl peroxide
• vitamin C L-ascorbic acid
• anthocyanins e.g., anthocyanins, or combinations thereof.
• the nicotinamide riboside is a salt form selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, or trifluoroacetate.
• a method of treating signs or symptoms of aging or skin wrinkles in an individual comprising topically administering to the individual in need of such treatment an effective amount of the compound nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof.
• a chemoprotective method for treating or preventing UV-mediated DNA damage in the skin of an individual comprising topically administering to the individual in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compound nicotinamide riboside, or a salt thereof.
• a cytoprotective method for treating or preventing oxidative damage in the skin of an individual comprising topically administering to the individual in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compound nicotinamide riboside, or a salt thereof.
• a method for treating or repairing a wound in the skin of an individual comprising topically administering to the individual in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compound nicotinamide riboside, or a salt thereof, wherein skin cells in the skin have increased motility and/or proliferation.
• FIG. 1 depicts an oxidative damage protection assay of human epidermoid A431 cells incubated with 1 mM H 2 0 2 under growth arrested conditions (1% fetal bovine serum, FBS); control, +0.2 mM NR; +1 mM NR; and +5 mM NR. Live cells are shown in reflective fluorescence units (RFU).
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• FIG. 2 depicts the experiment of FIG. 1 incubated with 1 mM H 2 0 2 under normal growth conditions (10% FBS); control, +0.04 mM NR; +0.2 mM NR; and +lmM NR.
• FIG. 3 depicts a UV damage assay of human epidermoid A431 cells pre -treated with cell media (control); + 1 mM NR; and + 5 mM NR; then all samples exposed to UV-C radiation at 10J/m 2 . UV-induced DNA damage is reflected in cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) level.
• CPD cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
• FIG. 4 A is a photomicrograph at 40 X magnification showing a first scratch wound healing assay of mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells incubated with 1% FBS (0 hr).
• FIG. 4B is a photomicrograph at 40 X magnification showing the scratch wound healing assay of FIG. 4A incubated with 1% FBS (24 hr) demonstrating gap closure via cell migration.
• FIG. 5 A is a photomicrograph at 40 X magnification showing the first scratch wound healing assay of mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells incubated with 5% FBS control (0 hr).
• FIG. 5B is a photomicrograph at 40 X magnification showing the scratch wound healing assay of FIG. 5A incubated with 5% FBS control (24 hr) demonstrating gap closure via cell migration.
• FIG. 6A is a photomicrograph at 40 X magnification showing a second scratch wound healing assay of mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells incubated with 1% FBS + ImM NR (0 hr).
• FIG. 6B is a photomicrograph at 40 X magnification showing the scratch wound healing assay of FIG. 6A incubated with 1% FBS + ImM NR (24 hr) demonstrating gap closure via cell migration.
• nicotinamide riboside can increase NAD+ activity. It is also believed that increasing NAD+ activity can increase sirtuin activity because NAD+ can act as a substrate of SIRT1.
• Such agents can include NAD+ or NADH, a precursor of NAD+, an intermediate in the NAD+ salvage pathway or a substance that generates NAD+ such as a nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) or a nucleic acid encoding a nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase.
• NMNAT nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase
• the nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase can be an NMNAT 1 protein.
• Other useful NAD+ precursors include nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.
• U.S. Patent 7,776,326 to Milbrandt, et al., herein incorporated by reference discusses the NAD biosynthetic pathway.
• a method extending the lifespan of a cell, extending the proliferative capacity of a cell, slowing aging of a cell, promoting the survival of a cell, delaying cellular senescence in a cell, mimicking the effects of calorie restriction, increasing the resistance of a cell to stress, or preventing apoptosis of a cell, by contacting the cells with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof.
• the methods comprise contacting skin cells with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof.
• cells that are intended to be preserved for long periods of time may be treated with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof.
• the cells may be in suspension (e.g., blood cells, serum, biological growth media, etc.) or in tissues or organs.
• blood collected from an individual for purposes of transfusion may be treated with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, to preserve the blood cells for longer periods of time.
• blood to be used for forensic purposes may also be preserved using nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof.
• Particular cells that may be protected, or treated to extend their lifespan or protect against apoptosis with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof include skin cells such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, dermal cells, epidermal cells, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, basal cells, squamous cells, stem cells, epidermal stem cells, hair follicles, and the like.
• skin cells such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, dermal cells, epidermal cells, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, basal cells, squamous cells, stem cells, epidermal stem cells, hair follicles, and the like.
• Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a pyridinium compound having the formula (I):
• the compounds of formula (I) may include a salt counterion such as, but not limited to, halide (including chloride, bromide, iodide, and the like), formate, acetate, ascorbate, benzoate, carbonate, citrate, carbamate, formate, gluconate, lactate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, diphosphate, succinate, sulfate, trifluoroacetate, besylate, tosylate, triflate, mesylate, and the like.
• halide including chloride, bromide, iodide, and the like
• Nicotinamide riboside as a chloride salt, is commercially available as NIAGENTM from ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, California).
• Other useful compounds for topical application, alone or in combination with NR include nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), 1,4-dihydro reduced NR or NAR (i.e., reduced nicotinamide riboside (NRH) or reduced nicotinic acid riboside (NARH)), and the like.
• NAR nicotinic acid riboside
• NAR 1,4-dihydro reduced NR or NAR
• NARH reduced nicotinamide riboside
• NARH reduced nicotinic acid riboside
• Nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof may also be applied during developmental and growth phases in mammals, plants, insects or microorganisms, in order to, e.g., alter, retard or accelerate the developmental and/or growth process.
• a chemoprotective method for inhibiting or preventing DNA damage in skin caused by ultraviolet (UV) light, or inhibiting or preventing oxidative damage, by using an effective amount of NR has been discovered.
• Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compositions containing pterostilbene suitable for administration to an individual in order to prevent subsequent UV -mediated DNA damage, or oxidative damage, in skin are described.
• nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof may be used to treat cells useful for transplantation or cell therapy, including, for example, solid tissue grafts, organ transplants, cell suspensions, stem cells, bone marrow cells, etc.
• the cells or tissue may be an autograft, an allograft, a syngraft or a xenograft.
• the cells or tissue may be treated with the nicotinamide riboside, or a salt thereof, prior to administration/implantation, concurrently with administration/implantation, and/or post administration/implantation into a subject.
• the cells or tissue may be treated prior to removal of the cells from the donor individual, ex vivo after removal of the cells or tissue from the donor individual, or post implantation into the recipient.
• the donor or recipient individual may be treated systemically with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, or may have a subset of cells/tissue treated locally with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof.
• the cells or tissue (or donor/recipient individuals) may be treated with one or more additional therapeutic agents useful for prolonging graft survival, such as, for example, an immunosuppressive agent, a cytokine, an angiogenic factor, etc.
• cells may be treated with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, that increases the level of NAD+ in vivo, e.g., to increase their lifespan or prevent apoptosis.
• skin can be protected from aging (e.g., developing wrinkles, loss of elasticity, etc.) by treating skin or epithelial cells with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, that increases the level intracellular NAD+.
• skin is contacted with a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition comprising nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, that increases the level of intracellular NAD+.
• Exemplary skin afflictions or skin conditions that may be treated in accordance with the methods described herein include disorders or diseases associated with or caused by inflammation, sun damage or natural aging.
• the compositions find utility in the prevention or treatment of contact dermatitis (including irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis), atopic dermatitis (also known as allergic eczema), actinic keratosis, keratinization disorders (including eczema), epidermolysis bullosa diseases (including penfigus), exfoliative dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, erythemas (including erythema multiforme and erythema nodosum), damage caused by the sun or other light sources, discoid lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, psoriasis, skin cancer and the effects of natural aging.
• nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, that increase the level of intracellular NAD+ may be used for the treatment of wounds and/or burns to promote healing, including, for example, first-, second- or third-degree burns and/or thermal, chemical or electrical burns.
• the formulations may be administered topically, to the skin or mucosal tissue, as an ointment, lotion, cream, microemulsion, gel, solution or the like, as further described herein, within the context of a dosing regimen effective to bring about the desired result.
• Topical formulations comprising one or more of nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof, that increases the level of intracellular NAD+ may also be used as preventive, e.g., chemopreventive, compositions.
• preventive e.g., chemopreventive
• susceptible skin is treated prior to any visible condition in a particular individual.
• Topical formulations may include other NAD+ precursors, or compounds capable of increasing NAD+ in vivo, such as, but not limited to, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.
• Useful ranges of NR, or salts thereof, in the topical compositions include from about 0.001% to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Another suitable range for NR is from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Another suitable range for NR is from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
• NR may be formulated orally or topically as a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition, including a pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable carrier, respectively.
• a suitable level of NR may range from about 0.01% by weight to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
• a suitable level of NR may range from about 0.1% by weight to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
• Human skin comprises a top epidermal layer (epidermis) which rests on a lower dermal layer (dermis).
• the epidermis is made up primarily of keratinocytes, which develop at the bottom, move toward the top, and are constantly replaced. As old dead cells are shed, they are replaced, so this layer is constantly renewing itself.
• the epidermis also contains melanocytes, located generally near the bottom of the layer, which produce the pigment melanin, contributing to skin color, and also providing UV-protection.
• the epidermis also contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells, which are involved in the immune system, and basal cells found at the bottom of the layer.
• the epidermis also includes squamous cells.
• the epidermal and dermal layers also contain stem cells and hair follicles. In mammals, melanocytes are also distributed in the brain, eye, ear, and heart, among other tissues.
• the skin cells as described are susceptible to UV light-induced damage, DNA damage, and carcinogenesis. Also, normal aging contributes to formation of wrinkles, age spots, loss of skin elasticity, and other signs of aging including superficial wrinkles, a coarse deep wrinkle, enlarged pores, photodamage, scaliness, flakiness, dryness, sagging in skin, puffiness in skin around eye, puffiness in skin around jowl, loss of skin firmness, loss of skin tightness, loss of barrier function, loss of skin recoil from deformation, discoloration, blotching, sallowness, hyperpigmentation, keratosis, hyperkeratimzation, elastosis or collagen breakdown, and cellulite, or combinations thereof.
• NR may be used as follows: to improve the signs of aging including superficial wrinkles, a coarse deep wrinkle, enlarged pores, age spots, photodamage, scaliness, flakiness, dryness, sagging in skin, puffiness in skin around eye, puffiness in skin around jowl, loss of skin elasticity, loss of skin firmness, loss of skin tightness, loss of barrier function, loss of skin recoil from deformation, discoloration, blotching, sallowness, hyperpigmentation, keratosis, hyperkeratimzation, elastosis or collagen breakdown, and cellulite, or combinations thereof.
• NR may be used in combination with one or more stilbenoids.
• An exemplary stilbenoid comound is pterostilbene (3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans- stilbene), an orally bioavailable compound with a half life t of about 105 minutes in blood.
• Pterostilbene is a useful compound for treatment of skin conditions in combination with nicotinamide riboside, or salts thereof.
• NR, or salts thereof may be used in combination with pterostilbene, in further combination with curcumin.
• NR, or salts thereof may be used in combination with one or more compounds including peptides, retinols, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, vitamin C (L- ascorbic acid), anthocyanins, or combinations thereof.
• One useful anthocyanin is cyanidin-3- glucoside ("C3G").
• the cosmetic or cosmeceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in combination with a nutraceutically acceptable carrier.
• the active ingredients in such formulations may comprise from 1% by weight to 99% by weight, or alternatively, 0.1% by weight to 99.9% by weight.
• Nutraceutically acceptable carrier means any carrier, diluent or excipient that is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the user.
• Useful excipients include microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, any acceptable sugar (e.g., mannitol, xylitol), and for cosmetic use an oil-base is preferred.
• compositions of the present invention may be administered in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the active ingredients in such formulations may comprise from 1% by weight to 99% by weight, or alternatively, 0.1% by weight to 99.9% by weight.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means any carrier, diluent or excipient that is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the user.
• the cosmetic and/or topical pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be provided in the form of an ointment, cream, lotion, gel or other transdermal delivery systems as described in L.V. Allen, Jr., et al, Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 9 th Ed., pp. 272-293 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011) which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Ointments refer to semi-solid preparations including an ointment base having one or more active ingredients incorporated or fused (i.e., melted together with other components of the formulation and cooled with constant stirring to form a congealed preparation) therein.
• the ointment base may be in the form of: an oleaginous or hydrocarbon base (e.g., petrolatum or a petrolatum/wax combination); an absorption base which permits the incorporation of aqueous solution resulting in the formation of a water-in- oil emulsion (e.g., hydrophilic petrolatum) or which is a water-in-oil emulsion that permits the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions (e.g., lanolin); a water- removable base which are oil-in-water emulsions that may be diluted with water or aqueous solutions (e.g., hydrophilic ointment, USP); or a water-soluble base that do not contain oleaginous components (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) formulations which combine PEGs having an average molecular below 600 with a PEG having an average molecular weight above 1,000); and the like.
• oleaginous components e.
• Creams refer to semisolid preparations containing one or more active or medicinal agent dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil emulsion or an oil-in-water emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.
• creams are differentiated from ointments by the ease with which they are applied/spread onto a surface such as the skin and the ease with which they are removed from a treated surface.
• Lotions refer to suspensions of solid materials in an aqueous vehicle.
• lotions have a non-greasy character and increased spreadability over large areas of the skin than ointments, creams, and gels.
• Gels refer to semisolid systems including a dispersion of small and/or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle which is rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent.
• Suitable gelling agents include, but are not limited to, synthetic macromolecules (e.g., carbomer polymers), cellulose derivatives (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose and/or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), and natural gums (e.g., tragacanth gum, carrageenan, and the like).
• Gel preparations may be in the form of a single- phase gel in which the active or medicinal ingredients are uniformly dispersed throughout the liquid vehicle without visible boundaries or a two-phase gel wherein flocculants or small distinct particles of the active or medicinal ingredient are dispersed within the liquid vehicle.
• Transdermal preparations may be formed from an ointment, cream, or gel that has been combined with a penetration enhancer and are designed to deliver an active or medicinal ingredient systemically.
• Penetration enhancers include, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, PEG, urea, dimethyl acetamide, sodium lauryl sulfate, poloxamers, Spans, Tweens, lecithin, and/or terpenes amongst others.
• Suitable semi-solid forms for use as cosmetic and/or topical pharmaceutical compositions include pastes (preparations containing a larger proportion of solid material rendering them stiffer than ointments) and glycerogelatins (plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, water, and an active or medicinal ingredient).
• topical and/or cosmetic compositions can be prepared in accordance with dosage forms as described in Sample Preparation of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, B. Nickerson, Ed. (New York: Springer, 2011) herein incorporated by reference.
• Pterostilbene can be provided in daily topical dosages of from about 10 mg to about 250 mg, in a human patient, for example. Another suitable topical dosage range is from about 50 mg to about 150 mg daily. Another suitable topical dosage range is from about 50 mg to about 100 mg daily. A particularly suitable dosage is about 100 mg administered daily.
• the compounds may be administered by any route, including but not limited to oral, sublingual, buccal, ocular, pulmonary, rectal, and parenteral administration, or as an oral or nasal spray (e.g. inhalation of nebulized vapors, droplets, or solid particles).
• Parenteral administration includes, for example, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intravaginal, intravesical (e.g., to the bladder), intradermal, transdermal, topical, or subcutaneous administration.
• parenteral administration includes, for example, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intravaginal, intravesical (e.g., to the bladder), intradermal, transdermal, topical, or subcutaneous administration.
• the instillation of NR in the body of the patient in a controlled formulation with systemic or local release of the drug to occur at a later time.
• the drug may be localized in
• NR is used as vehicle for transdermal delivery of compounds and/or pharmaceutical products.
• NR is used as follows: to improve the signs of aging including superficial wrinkles, a coarse deep wrinkle, enlarged pores, age spots, photodamage, scaliness, flakiness, dryness, sagging in skin, puffmess in skin around eye, puffmess in skin around jowl, loss of skin elasticity, loss of skin firmness, loss of skin tightness, loss of barrier function, loss of skin recoil from deformation, discoloration, blotching, sallowness, hyperpigmentation, keratosis, hyperkeratinization, elastosis or collagen breakdown, and cellulite, or combinations thereof.
• NR is used in a method for treating skin damage including rosacea, dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and UV induced damage (including, for example, sunburn), or combinations thereof.
• NR may be used to reduce the effects of oxidative stress to help prevent the signs of aging.
• NR is used in combination with pterostilbene, optionally in further combination with curcumin.
• the NR containing combination functions as a UV induced inflammatory modulator impacting signs of aging and damage from, for example, UV/radiation including skin lightening, inflammation, and redness from sun burn.
• the NR containing combination may be used in treating redness and inflammation associated with the following: acne, rosacea, psoriasis, radiation dermatosis, and wound healing.
• the NR containing combination is used as follows: to improve the signs of aging including superficial wrinkles, a coarse deep wrinkle, enlarged pores, age spots, photodamage, scaliness, flakiness, dryness, sagging in skin, puffiness in skin around eye, puffiness in skin around jowl, loss of skin elasticity, loss of skin firmness, loss of skin tightness, loss of barrier function, loss of skin recoil from deformation, discoloration, blotching, sallowness, hyperpigmentation, keratosis, hyperkeratinization, and elastosis or collagen breakdown, or combinations thereof.
• the NR containing combination is used as follows: to repair DNA in skin, improve DNA repair in skin, and/or potentiate improve DNA-repair processes.
• NR is used in combination with one or more stilbenoids (i.e., stilbene compounds).
• stilbenoids i.e., stilbene compounds.
• Exemplary stilbenoids are discussed in US2009/0069444 to Joseph et al., albeit for a different use (herein incorporated by reference).
• the NR containing combination with one or more stilbenoids functions as a UV induced inflammatory modulator impacting signs of aging and damage from, for example, UV/radiation including skin lightening, inflammation, acne, and rosacea.
• the NR containing combination with one or more stilbenoids is used as follows: to improve the signs of aging including superficial wrinkles, a coarse deep wrinkle, enlarged pores, age spots, photodamage, scaliness, flakiness, dryness, sagging in skin, puffiness in skin around eye, puffiness in skin around jowl, loss of skin elasticity, loss of skin firmness, loss of skin tightness, loss of barrier function, loss of skin recoil from deformation, discoloration, blotching, sallowness, hyperpigmentation, keratosis, hyperkeratinization, and elastosis or collagen breakdown, or combinations thereof.
• the NR containing combination with one or more stilbenoids is used as follows: to repair DNA in skin, improve DNA repair in skin, and/or potentiate improve DNA-repair processes.
• NR is used in combination with one or more peptides to improve transdermal delivery of compounds and/or pharmaceutical products or preparations.
• NR is used in combination with one or more of retinols, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, or vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), for treating skin conditions selected from acne, rosacea, keratosis, psoriasis, dermatitis, and the like.
• NR is used as a chloride salt (NIAGENTM).
• A431 human epidermoid cells (ATCC # CRL1555) were grown in DMEM media supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% PenStrep in T75 flasks based on culture recommendations. The media was replaced every two-three days till >80% confluency was attained. The cells were trypsinized with 0.25% trypsin EDTA solution for 2-3 minutes until the cells were dislodged. The cells were sub-cultured in a ratio of 1 :3 for further growth and scale-up for the assay. The cells were trypsinized and counted to a density of 5,000 or 15,000 cells and seeded in ⁇ media / well in 96-well clear bottom black plates.
• the outer wells at the periphery of the plates were left unseeded and were instead filled with media to reduce the edge effect during incubation.
• the plates were incubated overnight in a humidified incubator at 37°C/5% C0 2 to confirm that the cells were attached.
• the Nicotinamide Riboside chloride (NR chloride) was added at indicated final assay concentrations in the media either under pre-treatment for 24h (without hydrogen peroxide) or along with ImM hydrogen peroxide for an incubation of 20h in a humidified incubator at 37°C/5% C0 2 either with media replenishment at 8h or under growth synchronized conditions using 1% FBS. Each concentration was tested in 6 replicates.
• Appropriate controls cells without compound and hydrogen peroxide (no cytotoxicity; negative control), cells without compound but in the presence of ImM hydrogen peroxide (positive control), wells with alamar blue alone (blank) were kept in each assay.
• the A431 cell line was seeded in 6-wells plate at a seeding density of 4xl0 5 cells/well in 2ml of culture media containing 10% FBS.
• the cells were left untreated as a control or treated with different concentrations of NR chloride in the media (5mM and ImM) for 2h under a fully humidified atmosphere containing 5% C02 at 37°C. After incubation, culture media was replaced by PBS and cells were exposed to 10 J/m 2 UVC irradiation. Plates were harvested along with respective controls immediately after UVC exposure (Negative Control was cells without UV-C exposure while Positive Control was untreated Cells with UV-C exposure). DNA from cells in each condition was extracted and quantified by NanoDrop.
• DNA samples were then added in the ELISA plate at lOOng/well cone, and amount of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) was estimated in the DNA samples using CPD-DNA estimation kits (OxiSelectTM, Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, USA) as per manufacturer's protocol.
• CPD-DNA estimation kits OxiSelectTM, Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, USA
• UV-induced DNA damage is reflected in cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) level: 1. 2 ⁇ DNA control; +1 mM NR chloride (-32% vs. control); +5 mM NR chloride (-34% vs. control); 2. 1 ⁇ g/ml DNA control; +1 mM NR chloride (-41% vs. control); +5 mM NR chloride (-50% vs. control); see Figure 3.
• CPD cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
• NR was efficacious in reducing the amount of CPDs in the range of 32% to 50% compared to untreated UV-exposed control. It is further expected that treatment with NR chloride will be effective to reduce levels of CPDs at least about 10%, or greater.
• NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were obtained from ATCC (#CRL-1658TM) and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 4 mM L-glutamine, 1% penicillin/ streptomycin under a fully humidified atmosphere containing 5% C0 2 at 37°C.
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• penicillin/ streptomycin 1% penicillin/ streptomycin
• Cell viability was determined by cell titer blue (Promega), wound closure by CytoSelectTM Wound Healing Assay Kit (Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, USA). All conditions were performed in three independent, controlled experiments. In brief, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts (2.5 10 5 / 500 ⁇ 1) in DMEM containing 10% FBS were seeded into 24-well tissue culture plates containing treated inserts in each well with their wound field aligned in the same orientation for 24 h allowing the cells to adhere and reach -70-80% confluence.
• test medium DMEM containing 1% FBS
• test medium DMEM containing 1% FBS
• the cells were treated with different concentrations of test compounds in a media containing 1% FBS for further 24 hours while the migration of NIH3T3 cells in the wound field was studied by visual examination under light microscope according to manufacturer's instructions. Representative images focused on the center of the wound field were photographed. Microscopic imaging of wound closure was analyzed using "Image J" software. The effect of test compound on wound closure was compared to 1%FBS control well at "Zero min.” and at 24h post compound treatment. DMEM with 5% FBS was used as a positive control.
• Density of cells in wells without created wound area was used as 100% wound closure.
• data was analyzed for the determination of total surface area of the defined wound area using "Image J" software. Surface area of the migrated cells into the wound area was calculated by subtracting surface area after 24 hour from total surface area of the wound at "0" hour. Percent (%) closure was calculated as the ratio of migrated cell surface area to total surface area while the gap closure (%) was determined by subtracting percent closure in the presence of control untreated sample from treated test sample.
• gap closure was 46%> in the presence of ImM NR chloride + 1% FBS compared to 20% in the presence of 1% FBS alone post 24 hour incubation (Example CI); see Figure 6.
• gap closure indicative of cell motility in the presence of NR was comparable to 5% FBS as control in Example CI .
• 13% gap closure was observed in the presence of 0.2 mM NR (+1% FBS), demonstrating a dose response effect.
• nicotinamide riboside is used to help maintain healthy barrier function of skin.
• Barrier function is the most important function of skin. Skin is the human body's first and best defense against environmental exposures including solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Exposure to UV light is a key factor in the development of many skin disorders. A central component UV-mediated damage to skin is loss of barrier function.
• NR topical NR at therapeutic doses as described herein is expected to prevent UV-mediated loss of barrier function.
• One way in which NR will prevent UV- mediated loss of skin barrier function is by preventing the known UV-mediated increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL).
• TEWL transepidermal water loss
• oral administration of NR will be efficacious in maintenance of healthy barrier function of the skin.
• TEWL Transepidermal Water Loss

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