WO2015037432A1 - 抵抗スポット溶接方法および溶接構造物 - Google Patents
抵抗スポット溶接方法および溶接構造物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015037432A1 WO2015037432A1 PCT/JP2014/072280 JP2014072280W WO2015037432A1 WO 2015037432 A1 WO2015037432 A1 WO 2015037432A1 JP 2014072280 W JP2014072280 W JP 2014072280W WO 2015037432 A1 WO2015037432 A1 WO 2015037432A1
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- steel plate
- spot welding
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- resistance spot
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/10—Spot welding; Stitch welding
- B23K11/11—Spot welding
- B23K11/115—Spot welding by means of two electrodes placed opposite one another on both sides of the welded parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/14—Projection welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/16—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating taking account of the properties of the material to be welded
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/34—Preliminary treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/006—Vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/18—Sheet panels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
- B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a resistance spot welding method suitable for joining two steel plates and a welded structure obtained by the method.
- automobile door openings include pillars and roof rails as structural members.
- the pillar 20 (for example, refer FIG. 4) is comprised by the laminated body 21 which accumulated two steel plates, for example. Then, as shown in FIG. 4, the laminated body 21 is joined by forming welded portions 23 at predetermined intervals on the flange 22 by spot welding.
- plate assembly As the above-mentioned laminated body, various combinations (hereinafter referred to as “plate assembly”) are assumed by selecting the material of the two steel plates. When performing resistance spot welding, an appropriate pressure (pressing force) and energization amount are set for each plate assembly.
- a welding current hereinafter referred to as an appropriate current
- dust a welding current that can obtain a healthy nugget without causing fusing damage (also called spattering, explosion, etc.) called dust. It may be difficult to ensure a sufficient range (hereinafter referred to as an appropriate current range).
- the healthy nugget is a nugget that has a sufficiently large melted portion and is capable of obtaining a sufficient joint strength in a tensile test of a joined body (joint).
- the sufficiently large melted part is, for example, a melted part having a diameter larger than 4 ⁇ t (mm) (t is the minimum thickness (mm) of the two steel plates constituting the plate assembly).
- the appropriate current range is determined for each condition (a condition that combines pressure and energization time) determined by equipment constraints, production constraints, etc., and the upper limit value of the appropriate current (hereinafter referred to as the upper limit current) and the appropriate current. It can be determined as the difference from the lower limit value (hereinafter referred to as the lower limit current). In general, it is desirable that the appropriate current range is wider because stable welding quality can be ensured even when disturbances (current fluctuations, electrode tip wear, etc.) occur during welding.
- Patent Documents 1, 2, 3, and 4 improve the conformity (contact state) of the contact surfaces between the steel plates, and reduce the generation of dust while suppressing the generation of dust by ensuring a sufficient contact area during energization. Expanding techniques are disclosed. These techniques can be interpreted as techniques capable of expanding the upper limit current.
- Patent Document 5 corona bond (solid-phase welded ring-shaped portion generated around the nugget: JIS Z 3001 is formed by pressing the periphery of the contact portion between the spot welding electrode and the material to be welded with an insulator indenter. -6 (see 2013)) technology for expanding the area is disclosed.
- Patent Document 5 describes that an effect similar to that obtained by enlarging the nugget diameter by enlarging the area of the corona bond can be obtained. This technique can be interpreted as a technique capable of preventing the generation of dust by keeping the welding current low.
- a shunt current of the welding current is generated during welding, formation of the melted portion is delayed and a healthy nugget cannot be obtained.
- the shunt is called a reactive current or the like, and many studies have been made on how to limit the influence.
- Patent Document 6 discloses an invention in which a reactive current is calculated and a current increased by the reactive current is set as a welding current.
- Patent Document 7 discloses a method of obtaining a healthy nugget by reducing the influence of reactive current by providing a slit.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 it is considered that the applied pressure and / or energization amount during welding is changed in two or more stages during welding, and it is necessary to set and manage an appropriate current range. There is a problem of becoming complicated.
- Patent Document 5 an insulator indenter is required in addition to the spot welding electrode, and there is a problem that the structure of the welding machine becomes complicated.
- TS1 is the tensile strength (MPa) of the first steel plate
- t1 is the thickness (mm) of the first steel plate
- TS2 is the tensile strength (MPa) of the second steel plate
- t2 indicates the thickness (mm) of the second steel plate.
- Patent Documents 6 and 7 describe a method for eliminating the reactive current. However, there is no description about conditions for securing a sufficient appropriate current range when spot welding is performed by sandwiching a plate set satisfying the above formula (i) with a pair of electrodes.
- Table 1 of Patent Document 7 describes an example in which SPCC and 60 k precipitated steel are spot welded
- Table 2 describes an example in which 60 k precipitated steel is spot welded.
- the example in Table 1 above is not an example in which a plate assembly satisfying the above-described formula (i) is welded.
- the example in Table 2 is an example in which the plate assembly is welded by one-side spot welding, and is not an example in which the plate assembly is sandwiched by a pair of electrodes and spot welding is performed.
- the present invention has been made to solve such problems. That is, the present invention does not require changing the applied pressure and / or energization amount during welding in two or more stages during welding, does not complicate the structure of the welding machine, and generates dust when welding steel plates. It is an object of the present invention to provide a resistance spot welding method capable of forming a sufficiently large melted part while suppressing the above, and a welded structure obtained by the method.
- the gist of the present invention is the following resistance spot welding method and welded structure.
- a resistance spot welding method for joining steel plates The laminate is sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, and while pressing, a preliminary step of energizing to form an energization point at the steel sheet interface;
- a resistance spot welding method comprising a welding step of performing spot welding so that a molten portion is formed in a range in which a horizontal distance from the energization point is within 20 mm.
- TS1 is the tensile strength (MPa) of the first steel plate
- t1 is the thickness (mm) of the first steel plate
- TS2 is the tensile strength (MPa) of the second steel plate
- t2 indicates the thickness (mm) of the second steel plate.
- the energization point may be an energization point where the interface is melt-joined as long as the resistance is small enough to obtain a sufficient diversion, or an energization point where the interface does not melt.
- Pressure welding does not mean “pressure welding”, but means a state where the steel plates are in contact with each other while being pressed against each other.
- the welding pressure of the welding machine can be changed without changing the applied pressure and / or energization amount during welding in two or more stages during welding.
- a sufficiently large molten part can be formed without complicating the structure and suppressing generation of dust at the steel plate interface.
- a high strength structural member can be obtained by continuously forming the welded portion in the longitudinal direction.
- the resistance spot welding method of the present invention is used when spot-welding a laminate comprising the first steel plate and the second steel plate and satisfying the following formula (i).
- TS1 is the tensile strength (MPa) of the first steel plate
- t1 is the thickness (mm) of the first steel plate
- TS2 is the tensile strength (MPa) of the second steel plate
- t2 indicates the thickness (mm) of the second steel plate.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a resistance spot welding method according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) is a conceptual diagram illustrating a preliminary process, and (b) is a conceptual illustrating a welding process.
- FIG. 1A in the preliminary process of the resistance spot welding method according to the present embodiment, first, a first steel plate 1a having a thickness t1 (hereinafter referred to as a steel plate 1a) and a second having a thickness t2.
- a laminate 10 composed of a steel plate 1b (hereinafter referred to as a steel plate 1b) is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 2a and 2b of a welding machine.
- the electrodes 2a and 2b are disposed so as to face each other.
- energization point 4a is formed at the interface 4 between the steel plates 1a and 1b (hereinafter referred to as the steel plate interface 4).
- a melting part is formed as the energization point 4a.
- a DR type electrode (DR40) having a tip diameter of 6 mm can be used.
- energization (open arrows) is made between the electrodes 2a and 2b so that the fusion zone 4b is formed at a distance W in the horizontal direction from the energization point 4a.
- C spot welding is performed.
- a current C1 directed directly from the electrode 2a to the electrode 2b and a current C2 directed from the electrode 2a through the energization point 4a to the electrode 2b flow between the electrodes 2a and 2b.
- the melted portion 4b is formed at the steel plate interface 4 between the electrodes 2a and 2b by the current C1, and the steel plates 1a and 1b are joined.
- a part of the welding current C passes between the electrodes 2a and 2b through the energization point 4a, so that heat generation in the vicinity of the melting part 4b can be promoted, and the steel plates 1a and 1b are softened in the vicinity of the melting part 4b Can be made.
- the steel plates 1a and 1b are high-strength steel plates, the hardness of the steel plates 1a and 1b can be set to the same level as that of the mild steel in the vicinity of the molten portion 4b during welding. Thereby, the steel plate interface 4 can be softened in the vicinity of the melting part 4b.
- the familiarity of the steel plate interface 4 can be improved (the contact area can be enlarged) in the vicinity of the melting part 4b. Therefore, generation
- the energization point 4a can be formed by spot welding with the electrodes 2a and 2b. Therefore, it is not necessary to provide a separate member (for example, an indenter) in order to form the energization point 4a.
- the pressure and / or energization amount during welding is not changed in two or more stages during welding, the structure of the welding machine is not complicated, and the steel plate A sufficiently large melting portion 4b can be formed while suppressing the generation of dust during welding.
- the upper limit current maximum value of the welding current that can obtain a healthy nugget without causing dust
- the lower limit current minimum value of the above welding current
- the melting portion 4b is formed in a range where the horizontal distance W from the energizing point 4a (the distance between the energizing point center and the melting portion center) is within 20 mm.
- the melting part 4b In order to soften the steel plates 1a and 1b more efficiently in the vicinity of the melting part 4b, it is preferable to form the melting part 4b in a range where the horizontal distance W from the energization point 4a is within 15 mm. However, if the distance W is too small, the current C2 flowing through the energization point 4a becomes excessive and the melted portion 4b becomes small. Therefore, the horizontal distance W is preferably 10 mm or more.
- the welding conditions are appropriately adjusted according to the thickness and strength of the steel plates 1a and 1b.
- the pressing force (pressing force) of the electrodes 2a and 2b is set to 3.5 kN
- the welding current C flowing between 2a and 2b is set to 3.0 kA to 4.0 kA
- the energization time is set to 16 cycles (267 msec)
- the holding time after energization is set to 10 cycles (167 msec).
- the pressing force (pressing force) of the electrodes 2a and 2b is set to 3.5 kN
- the welding current C flowing between the electrodes 2a and 2b is set to 5.9 kA to 9.4 kA
- the energization time is set. It is set to 16 cycles (267 msec), and the holding time is set to 10 cycles (167 msec).
- the diameter of the energization point 4a is designed to be smaller than the diameter required for the melting portion 4b (for example, 4 ⁇ t, where t is the minimum thickness (mm) of the two steel plates constituting the plate assembly). It may be large. However, if the energization point 4a becomes too small, the influence of so-called “constriction resistance” becomes large, and there is a possibility that the diversion flowing to the energization point 4a cannot be obtained sufficiently. Therefore, the diameter of the energization point 4a is preferably 1 mm or more.
- the already formed melted part 4b is used as the energization point without newly forming the energization point.
- Spot welding can be performed.
- the electrodes 2a and 2b are arranged so that a new melted part 4c is formed in a range where the horizontal distance W from the melted part 4b is within 20 mm (preferably within 10 mm or more and 15 mm or less), Energize.
- a new melted part (not shown) is further used within the range where the horizontal distance W from the melted part 4c is within 20 mm (preferably within 10 mm to 15 mm) using the melted part 4c as an energization point.
- Spot welding can be performed so that is formed.
- a plurality of melting portions can be formed continuously.
- the automobile structural member of FIG. 4 can be manufactured by repeating resistance spot welding within a range of 20 mm or less of the previously formed melted part.
- the energization point 4a in which the interface is melt-bonded is described.
- an energization point in a press-contact state in which the interface does not melt may be formed.
- the diameter of the energization point is 1 mm or more, similarly to the energization point 4a described above.
- the size of the press-contact portion between the steel plate 1a and the steel plate 1b is not less than a circle having a diameter of 1 mm.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a resistance spot welding method according to a reference example.
- a pair of protrusions 6a and 6b are provided on the lower surface of the steel plate 1a, and the protrusions 6a and 6b are stacked in contact with the upper surface of the steel plate 1b.
- the body 10 is sandwiched between the electrodes 2a and 2b.
- the laminate 10 is pressed with a pair of electrodes 2a and 2b as a preliminary process, and the electrodes 2a and 2b are energized (see the white arrow C) as a welding process.
- a molten portion 4d is formed at the steel plate interface 4. In this way, the steel plates 1a and 1b can be joined.
- the energization points 5a and 5b are formed at the contact portions between the projections 6a and 6b and the steel plate 1b.
- the welding current C is divided between the electrodes 2a and 2b, and a part thereof flows through the energization points 5a and 5b (see white arrows C2 and C3).
- a current C1 directly from the electrode 2a to the electrode 2b a current C2 from the electrode 2a through the energization point 5a to the electrode 2b, and an energization point 5b from the electrode 2a.
- a current C3 flows through the electrode 2b.
- the currents C2 and C3 flow through the energization points 5a and 5b, heat generation in the vicinity of the melting portion 4d can be promoted, and the steel plates 1a and 1b can be softened in the vicinity of the melting portion 4d.
- the contact resistance in the steel plate interface 4 can be made small in the vicinity of the melting part 4d, and the heat generation in the melting part 4d can be prevented from becoming excessive.
- spot welding can be continuously performed on the portions where the protrusions 6a and 6b are not formed by executing the above-described continuous process.
- the horizontal distance W between the energization points 5a and 5b and the fusion part 4d (the distance between the energization point center and the fusion part center) is , Set within 20 mm.
- the horizontal distance between the axis of the electrodes 2a, 2b and the tip of the projection 6a (contact portion with the steel plate 1b), and the axis of the electrodes 2a, 2b and the tip of the projection 6b (The distance in the horizontal direction from the contact portion with the steel plate 1b is set within 20 mm. It is preferable that the fusion
- the protruding portions 6a and 6b are provided on the steel plate 1a.
- the protruding portion may be provided on at least one steel plate. Therefore, the protrusion may be provided on the steel plate 1b instead of the steel plate 1a.
- the steel plates 1a and 1b may be provided with protrusions, respectively.
- the number of protrusions is not limited to the above example, and only one protrusion may be provided, or three or more protrusions may be provided.
- the press contact portions of the protrusions 6a and 6b and the steel plate 1b may change from the press contact state to the melt joint state during welding, and in this case, the functions of the energization points 5a and 5b are maintained.
- a spacer having the same size as that of the protrusions 6a and 6b may be arranged, and the energization point may be formed by press-contacting the spacer and the steel plates 1a and 1b.
- the resistance spot welding method of the present invention can be suitably used for welding a laminate composed of two high-tensile steel plates and satisfying the above-mentioned formula (i), and is composed of a mild steel plate and a high-tensile steel plate. And it can utilize suitably also for the welding of the laminated body (for example, steel plate for motor vehicles) which satisfy
- the laminated body for example, steel plate for motor vehicles
- a laminate having various configurations is prepared, and resistance spot welding is performed by the method described with reference to FIG. 1 to form a sufficiently large melted portion without generating dust.
- the range of possible current values (appropriate current range) was measured.
- As the electrodes 2a and 2b DR type electrodes (DR40) each having a tip diameter of 6 mm were used.
- a sufficiently large molten part means a molten part having a nugget diameter of 4 ⁇ t (mm) or more (t is the thickness of the first steel plate and the second steel plate). It means the minimum value (mm) of the plate thickness.
- the appropriate current range could be expanded by 20% or more than single point welding. From this, it can be seen that according to the present invention characterized in that the distance between the energization point and the melted portion is set within 20 mm, the appropriate current range can be sufficiently expanded as compared with single point welding. That is, according to the present invention, it can be seen that a sufficiently large melting portion can be easily formed while suppressing generation of dust.
- the single-stage energization method is used as the energization condition.
- the energization conditions of the resistance spot welding method according to the present invention are not limited to the single-stage energization method.
- the board set (laminated body) to which the present invention is applied is not limited to a board set made only of high-tensile steel plates. That is, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain an effect of expanding the appropriate current range for an arbitrary plate set satisfying the above-described formula (i).
- the welding pressure of the welding machine can be changed without changing the applied pressure and / or energization amount during welding in two or more stages during welding. A sufficient current range can be secured without complicating the structure. Therefore, this invention is most suitable for resistance spot welding when manufacturing a plate assembly in which two steel plates are laminated, in particular, an automobile structural member.
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Abstract
Description
(TS1×t1+TS2×t2)/(t1+t2)≧440 ・・・(i)
ただし、(i)式において、
TS1は第1鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t1は第1鋼板の板厚(mm)を、
TS2は第2鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t2は第2鋼板の板厚(mm)をそれぞれ示す。
前記積層体を、前記一対の電極で挟持し、押圧しつつ、通電して鋼板界面に通電ポイントを形成する予備工程と、
該通電ポイントからの水平方向の距離が20mm以内の範囲に溶融部が形成されるようにスポット溶接を行う溶接工程を備える、抵抗スポット溶接方法。
(TS1×t1+TS2×t2)/(t1+t2)≧440 ・・・(i)
ただし、(i)式において、
TS1は第1鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t1は第1鋼板の板厚(mm)を、
TS2は第2鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t2は第2鋼板の板厚(mm)をそれぞれ示す。
(TS1×t1+TS2×t2)/(t1+t2)≧440 ・・・(i)
ただし、(i)式において、
TS1は第1鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t1は第1鋼板の板厚(mm)を、
TS2は第2鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t2は第2鋼板の板厚(mm)をそれぞれ示す。
以下、本発明の実施形態とは異なるが、通電ポイントを形成して板組を接合する抵抗スポット溶接方法の他の一例を参考例として説明する。図3は、参考例に係る抵抗スポット溶接方法を説明するための図である。本参考例では、例えば、図3(a)に示すように、鋼板1aの下面に一対の突起部6a,6bを設け、突起部6a,6bを鋼板1bの上面に接触させた状態で、積層体10を、電極2a,2bで挟持する。次に、図3(b)に示すように、予備工程として一対の電極2a,2bで積層体10を押圧しつつ、溶接工程として電極2a,2b間に通電(白抜き矢印C参照)して鋼板界面4に溶融部4dを形成する。このようにして、鋼板1a,1bを接合することができる。
2a,2b 電極
4 鋼板界面
4a,5a,5b 通電ポイント
4b,4c,4d 溶融部
6a,6b 突起部
10 積層体
20 ピラー
21 積層体
22 フランジ
23 溶接部
C 溶接電流
C1,C2,C3 電流
W 通電ポイントと溶融部との距離
t1,t2 鋼板の厚み
Claims (3)
- 第1鋼板および第2鋼板によって構成されかつ下記の(i)式を満たす積層体を、一対の電極で挟持し、押圧しつつ、通電して鋼板界面に溶融部を形成することによって鋼板を接合する抵抗スポット溶接方法であって、
前記積層体を、前記一対の電極で挟持し、押圧しつつ、通電して鋼板界面に通電ポイントを形成する予備工程と、
該通電ポイントからの水平方向の距離が20mm以内の範囲に溶融部が形成されるようにスポット溶接を行う溶接工程を備える、抵抗スポット溶接方法。
(TS1×t1+TS2×t2)/(t1+t2)≧440 ・・・(i)
ただし、(i)式において、
TS1は第1鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t1は第1鋼板の板厚(mm)を、
TS2は第2鋼板の引張強度(MPa)を、
t2は第2鋼板の板厚(mm)をそれぞれ示す。 - 前記通電ポイントまたは前記溶融部からの水平方向の距離が20mm以内の範囲に新たな溶融部が形成されるようにスポット溶接を繰り返し行う連続工程をさらに備える、請求項1に記載の抵抗スポット溶接方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載の方法によって得られた溶接構造物。
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JP2015536517A JP6123904B2 (ja) | 2013-09-12 | 2014-08-26 | 抵抗スポット溶接方法および溶接構造物の製造方法 |
CN201480050348.XA CN105531065B (zh) | 2013-09-12 | 2014-08-26 | 电阻点焊方法以及焊接构造物 |
US14/917,281 US10406626B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2014-08-26 | Resistance spot welding method and welded structure |
KR1020167009523A KR101871077B1 (ko) | 2013-09-12 | 2014-08-26 | 저항 스폿 용접 방법 및 용접 구조물 |
MX2016003142A MX369617B (es) | 2013-09-12 | 2014-08-26 | Metodo de soldadura por resistencia por puntos y estructura soldada. |
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US10406626B2 (en) | 2019-09-10 |
US20160214202A1 (en) | 2016-07-28 |
CN105531065B (zh) | 2018-08-31 |
CN105531065A (zh) | 2016-04-27 |
KR20160054594A (ko) | 2016-05-16 |
KR101871077B1 (ko) | 2018-06-25 |
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