WO2015019985A1 - 蓄電デバイス用負極活物質およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
蓄電デバイス用負極活物質およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device used for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and the like, and a method for producing the same.
- Carbon materials such as graphitic carbon materials and hard carbon are generally used for negative electrode active materials for power storage devices such as lithium ion secondary batteries and sodium ion secondary batteries.
- layered sodium titanium oxide Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 has been proposed as a negative electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions and sodium ions (see Patent Document 1).
- the layered sodium titanium oxide Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 negative electrode active material has a problem that the discharge capacity retention rate (cycle characteristics) is low.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device having a high discharge capacity retention rate and a method for producing the same.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention is characterized by containing TiO 2 , Na 2 O, and a network forming oxide.
- the network forming oxide is preferably B 2 O 3 .
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention preferably contains a monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O.
- the monoclinic crystal is preferably a crystal belonging to the space group P2 1 / m.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention preferably contains an amorphous phase.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention may contain 10 to 75% of TiO 2 , 10 to 50% of Na 2 O, and 0.1 to 50% of a network forming oxide in terms of mol% in terms of oxide. preferable.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention is preferably in the form of particles and the particle surfaces are coated with conductive carbon.
- the method for producing a negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention includes (1) a step of preparing a batch containing TiO 2 , Na 2 O, and a network-forming oxide, and (2) a step of melting the batch to obtain molten glass. And (3) a step of cooling the molten glass to obtain a molten solidified product.
- step (5) it is preferable to add an organic compound or conductive carbon or both to the melt-solidified powder and perform firing in an inert or reducing atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the negative electrode active material of Example 1.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention is characterized by containing TiO 2 , Na 2 O, and a network forming oxide.
- TiO 2 is a redox component that becomes a driving force for charging and discharging.
- the content of TiO 2 is preferably 10 to 75%, more preferably 20 to 70%, still more preferably 30 to 65%, and particularly preferably 40 to 60%.
- the discharge capacity of the negative electrode active material tends to decrease.
- the content of TiO 2 is too large, different types of crystals other than monoclinic crystals containing Na, Ti and O are likely to be precipitated, and the electrode potential of the negative electrode active material is increased.
- Na 2 O is a component that improves lithium ion and sodium ion conductivity.
- the content of Na 2 O is preferably 10 to 50%, more preferably 15 to 45%, further preferably 20 to 42%, and particularly preferably 25 to 40%.
- the discharge capacity is lowered in the negative electrode active material, high-speed charge-discharge characteristics tend to be lowered.
- the content of Na 2 O is too large, chemical durability tends to decrease.
- the network-forming oxide is an oxide that can form a three-dimensional irregular network structure, that is, an amorphous phase, by itself, specifically, B 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , P 2 O. 5 , GeO 2 and the like.
- the network-forming oxide has an effect of facilitating inclusion of an amorphous phase in the negative electrode active material and improving lithium ion and sodium ion conductivity.
- the content of the network forming oxide is preferably 0.1 to 50%, more preferably 1 to 40%, still more preferably 3 to 30%, and more preferably 5 to 20%. Particularly preferred. When there is too little content of a network formation oxide, lithium ion and sodium ion conductivity will fall easily. On the other hand, when there is too much content of network formation oxide, there exists a tendency for the discharge capacity of a negative electrode active material to fall.
- the content of B 2 O 3 is preferably 0.1 to 50%, more preferably 1 to 40%, and particularly preferably 3 to 30%. If the content of B 2 O 3 is too small, a lithium ion and sodium ion conductivity tends to decrease. On the other hand, when the content of B 2 O 3 is too large, the chemical durability tends to decrease.
- the content of SiO 2 is preferably 0 to 40%, more preferably 1 to 30%, and particularly preferably 3 to 20%. When the content of SiO 2 is too large, the discharge capacity of the negative electrode active material tends to decrease.
- the content of P 2 O 5 is preferably 0 to 25%, more preferably 1 to 20%, and particularly preferably 3 to 15%.
- the content of P 2 O 5 is too small, it reduces the lithium ion and sodium ion conductivity, charge and discharge characteristics tends to decrease rapidly.
- the content of P 2 O 5 is too large, chemical durability tends to decrease.
- the GeO 2 content is preferably 0 to 40%, more preferably 1 to 30%, and particularly preferably 3 to 20%. When the content of GeO 2 is too large, the discharge capacity of the negative electrode active material tends to decrease.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention may contain ZnO, SnO, MnO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , Sb 2 O 3 or Bi 2 O 3 .
- ZnO, SnO, MnO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , Sb 2 O 3 or Bi 2 O 3 By containing these components, electron conductivity becomes high and high-speed charge / discharge characteristics are easily improved.
- the total content of the above components is preferably from 0.1 to 25%, particularly preferably from 0.2 to 10%. If the total content of the above components is too large, different crystals that do not participate in charge / discharge of the electricity storage device are generated, and the discharge capacity of the negative electrode active material tends to decrease.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention preferably contains a monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O.
- a monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O By containing a monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O, the electrode potential of the negative electrode active material tends to decrease and the discharge capacity tends to increase.
- the monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O is preferably a crystal belonging to the space group P2 1 / m, and has the general formula Na x Ti y O (x / 2 + 2y) (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, 2 ⁇ A crystal represented by y ⁇ 4) is more preferable, and a Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 crystal is particularly preferable.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention preferably contains an amorphous phase.
- an amorphous phase By including an amorphous phase, the lithium ion and sodium ion conductivity of the negative electrode active material is improved, and thus high-speed charge / discharge characteristics are easily improved.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention is preferably made of crystallized glass.
- crystallized glass both the monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O and the amorphous phase can be easily combined, improving both the discharge capacity and high-speed charge / discharge characteristics of the negative electrode active material. Tend to.
- the crystallinity of the monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O in the negative electrode active material is preferably 30% by mass or more, 40% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 50% by mass or more.
- the discharge capacity tends to decrease.
- it does not specifically limit about an upper limit In reality, it is 99 mass% or less.
- the crystallinity of the monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O is the same as that of the crystalline diffraction line in the diffraction line profile of 10-60 ° with 2 ⁇ value obtained by powder X-ray diffraction measurement using CuK ⁇ ray. It is calculated
- the integrated intensity obtained by peak-separating a broad diffraction line (amorphous halo) at 10 to 45 ° from the total scattering curve obtained by subtracting the background from the diffraction line profile is Ia
- 10 Integral intensity obtained from peak separation of crystalline diffraction lines derived from monoclinic crystals containing Na, Ti and O detected at ⁇ 60 ° is Ic
- integrated intensity obtained from other crystalline diffraction lines is obtained from the following equation.
- the crystallite size of the monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O is smaller, the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material particles can be reduced, and the electrical conductivity can be improved.
- the crystallite size of the monoclinic crystal containing Na, Ti and O is preferably 100 nm or less, particularly preferably 80 nm or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is actually 1 nm or more, and further 10 nm or more.
- the crystallite size is determined according to Scherrer's equation from the analysis result of powder X-ray diffraction.
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention is preferably in the form of particles, and the particle surfaces are coated with conductive carbon.
- the particle surface is coated with conductive carbon, the electron conductivity is increased and the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics are easily improved.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m, 0.3 to 15 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material is too small, the cohesive force between the negative electrode active material particles becomes strong and is difficult to disperse when formed into a paste. As a result, the internal resistance of the battery increases and the discharge voltage tends to decrease. In addition, the electrode density tends to decrease and the discharge capacity per unit volume of the battery tends to decrease.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material is too large, the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material tends to be small, and lithium ion and sodium ion conductivity at the interface between the negative electrode active material and the electrolyte tends to decrease. Moreover, there exists a tendency to be inferior to the surface smoothness of an electrode.
- the average particle diameter means D50 volume-based average particle diameter
- D50 volume-based average particle diameter
- the negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention has a carbon content of 0.01 to 20% by mass, 0.05 to 20% by mass, 1 to 20% by mass, 2 to 15% by mass, particularly 3 to 12% by mass. It is preferable that When the carbon content is too small, the coating with the carbon-containing layer becomes insufficient, and the electron conductivity tends to be inferior. On the other hand, when the carbon content is too large, the content of the negative electrode active material particles is relatively small, and the discharge capacity per unit mass of the negative electrode active material tends to be small.
- the ratio of 1300 ⁇ 1400 cm -1 peak intensity D to the peak intensity G of 1550 ⁇ 1650 cm -1 in Raman spectroscopy is 1 or less, especially 0.8 or less
- the ratio (F / G) of the peak intensity F from 800 to 1100 cm ⁇ 1 to the peak intensity G is preferably 0.5 or less, particularly preferably 0.1 or less.
- the method for producing a negative electrode active material for an electricity storage device of the present invention includes (1) a step of preparing a batch containing TiO 2 , Na 2 O, and a network-forming oxide, and (2) a step of melting the batch to obtain molten glass. And (3) a step of cooling the molten glass to obtain a molten solidified product.
- the melting temperature may be appropriately adjusted so that the raw material batch is melted homogeneously. Specifically, it is preferably 700 ° C. or higher, particularly 900 ° C. or higher. Although an upper limit is not specifically limited, Since it will lead to an energy loss when too high, it is preferable that it is 1500 degrees C or less, especially 1400 degrees C or less.
- a sol-gel process a chemical vapor synthesis process such as spraying a solution mist into a flame, a mechanochemical process, or the like can also be applied as a step for obtaining a melt-solidified body.
- a step of pulverizing the obtained molten solidified body to obtain a molten solidified powder a step of pulverizing the obtained molten solidified body to obtain a molten solidified powder
- a molten solidified powder of 500 to 1000 ° C It is preferable to include a step of baking to obtain crystallized glass powder.
- the method for pulverizing the melt-solidified material is not particularly limited, and a general pulverizing apparatus such as a ball mill, a bead mill, or an attritor can be used.
- the heat treatment temperature of the melt-solidified powder is not particularly limited because it varies depending on the composition of the melt-solidified.
- the lower limit of the heat treatment temperature is preferably 500 ° C, 550 ° C, particularly 600 ° C or higher. If the heat treatment temperature is too low, precipitation of monoclinic crystals containing Na, Ti and O becomes insufficient, and the discharge capacity may be reduced.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature is preferably 1000 ° C., 950 ° C., particularly 900 ° C. If the heat treatment temperature is too high, monoclinic crystals containing Na, Ti and O may be dissolved, which is not preferable.
- the heat treatment time is appropriately adjusted so that precipitation of monoclinic crystals containing Na, Ti and O proceeds sufficiently. Specifically, it is preferably 0.5 to 20 hours, 1 to 15 hours, particularly 8 to 12 hours.
- the step (5) it is preferable to add an organic compound or conductive carbon or both to the melt-solidified powder and perform firing in an inert or reducing atmosphere.
- the negative electrode active material particle surface can be coat
- Examples of conductive carbon include graphite, acetylene black, and amorphous carbon. Note that it is preferable that amorphous carbon does not substantially detect a C—O bond peak or a C—H bond peak that causes a decrease in conductivity of the negative electrode active material in the FT-IR analysis.
- Examples of the organic compound include carboxylic acids such as aliphatic carboxylic acids and aromatic carboxylic acids, glucose and organic binders, surfactants, and the like.
- the addition amount of the organic compound and / or the conductive carbon is preferably 0.01 to 50 parts by mass and preferably 0.1 to 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the precursor glass powder. More preferably, it is 1 to 30 parts by mass, further preferably 5 to 20 parts by mass.
- the addition amount of the organic compound and / or the conductive carbon is too small, it becomes difficult to sufficiently cover the surface of the negative electrode active material particles with the carbon-containing layer.
- the addition amount of the organic compound and / or the conductive carbon is too large, the thickness of the carbon-containing layer is increased, the movement of lithium ions and sodium ions is hindered, and the discharge capacity tends to decrease.
- the negative electrode for an electricity storage device of the present invention is a slurry obtained by adding a conductive additive and a binder to the negative electrode active material described above, and suspending them in a solvent such as water or N-methylpyrrolidone. Is applied to a current collector such as an aluminum foil or a copper foil, dried and pressed to form a strip.
- Conductive aid is a component added to achieve rapid charge / discharge.
- Specific examples include highly conductive carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black, graphite, coke and the like. Among them, it is preferable to use highly conductive carbon black that exhibits excellent conductivity when added in a very small amount.
- binder examples include thermoplastic linear polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluorine-based rubber, and styrene-butanediene rubber (SBR); thermosetting polyimide, polyamide Thermosetting resins such as imide, polyamide, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, urea resin, melamine resin, unsaturated polyester resin, polyurethane; carboxymethylcellulose (including carboxymethylcellulose salts such as carboxymethylcellulose sodium; the same shall apply hereinafter), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose , Cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and hydroxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, Pyrrolidone and water-soluble polymer of the copolymer, and the like.
- thermoplastic linear polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (P
- the compounding ratio of the negative electrode active material, the conductive assistant and the binder is preferably in the range of 70 to 95% by weight of the negative electrode active material, 3 to 20% by weight of the conductive assistant and 2 to 20% by weight of the binder.
- an aluminum foil, an aluminum alloy foil, or a copper foil can be used as the current collector.
- the aluminum alloy include alloys made of aluminum and elements such as magnesium, zinc, and silicon.
- the negative electrode active materials of Examples 1 and 2 were produced as follows. Sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and boric anhydride (B 2 O 3 ) are used as raw materials, and raw material powders are prepared so as to have the composition shown in Table 1, at 1300 ° C. Melting was performed in an air atmosphere for 1 hour. Then, molten glass was poured into a pair of rolls, and a molten solidified body was produced by forming into a film shape while rapidly cooling.
- Sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and boric anhydride (B 2 O 3 ) are used as raw materials, and raw material powders are prepared so as to have the composition shown in Table 1, at 1300 ° C. Melting was performed in an air atmosphere for 1 hour. Then, molten glass was poured into a pair of rolls, and a molten solidified body was produced by forming into a film shape while rapidly cooling.
- the obtained melt-solidified product was pulverized with a ball mill for 20 hours and air classified to obtain a melt-solidified powder having an average particle size of 2 ⁇ m.
- the obtained melt-solidified powder was heat-treated at 800 ° C. for 1 hour in an air atmosphere to obtain a negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode active material The powder X-ray diffraction pattern was confirmed, diffraction lines derived from the crystals described in Table 1 were confirmed.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the negative electrode active material of Example 1 is shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode active material of Example 3 was produced as follows. Sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and boric anhydride (B 2 O 3 ) are used as raw materials, and raw material powders are prepared so as to have the composition shown in Table 1, at 1300 ° C. Melting was performed in an air atmosphere for 1 hour. Then, molten glass was poured into a pair of rolls, and a molten solidified body was produced by forming into a film shape while rapidly cooling.
- Sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and boric anhydride (B 2 O 3 ) are used as raw materials, and raw material powders are prepared so as to have the composition shown in Table 1, at 1300 ° C. Melting was performed in an air atmosphere for 1 hour. Then, molten glass was poured into a pair of rolls, and a molten solidified body was produced by forming into a film shape while rapidly cooling.
- the obtained melt-solidified product was pulverized with a ball mill for 20 hours and air classified to obtain a negative electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 2 ⁇ m.
- the powder X-ray diffraction pattern was confirmed, the diffraction line derived from a crystal
- the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 was produced as follows. Sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) are used as raw materials, and raw material powders are prepared so as to have the composition shown in Table 1, pulverized and mixed by a ball mill, and then pelletized. The solid phase reaction was carried out at 800 ° C. for 20 hours. Then, the negative electrode active material was obtained by performing each process of the grinding
- a separator made of a polypropylene porous film having a diameter of 16 mm was placed on the lower lid of the coin cell, and the obtained working electrode was placed with the copper foil surface facing down and dried under reduced pressure at 60 ° C. for 8 hours.
- Celagard's Celgard # 2400) and metallic sodium as a counter electrode were laminated to produce a sodium ion secondary battery.
- the test battery was assembled in an environment with a dew point temperature of ⁇ 70 ° C. or lower.
- CC constant current
- discharging release of sodium ions from the negative electrode active material
- the C rate was 0.1C.
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate in a sodium ion secondary battery refers to the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 20th cycle to the initial discharge capacity.
- a separator and a counter electrode made of a polypropylene porous film having a diameter of 16 mm, which was placed on the lower lid of the coin cell with the obtained working electrode facing the copper foil surface and dried under reduced pressure at 60 ° C. for 8 hours.
- a certain lithium metal was laminated to produce a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the test battery was assembled in an environment with a dew point temperature of ⁇ 40 ° C. or lower.
- CC constant current charging from 2.5 V to 1.2 V
- discharging release of sodium ions from the negative electrode active material
- the C rate was 0.1C.
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate in a lithium ion secondary battery refers to the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 10th cycle to the initial discharge capacity.
- the discharge capacity in the sodium ion secondary battery is as high as 87 to 122 mAhg ⁇ 1. Also, the discharge capacity maintenance rate was as high as 72 to 92%. In addition, the discharge capacity in the lithium ion secondary battery was 48 to 51 mAhg ⁇ 1 and the discharge capacity retention rate was as high as 96 to 98%.
- the negative electrode active material produced in Comparative Example 1 did not contain B 2 O 3 , the discharge capacity in the sodium ion secondary battery was as high as 112 mAhg ⁇ 1 , but the discharge capacity retention rate was as low as 25%. . Further, the discharge capacity in the lithium ion secondary battery was 45 mAhg ⁇ 1 and the discharge capacity retention rate was 75%, both of which were low.
Abstract
Description
Claims (11)
- TiO2、Na2O、及び網目形成酸化物を含有することを特徴とする蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記網目形成酸化物が、B2O3であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- Na、TiおよびOを含む単斜晶系結晶を含有することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記単斜晶系結晶が、空間群P21/mに属する結晶であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- 非晶質相を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- 酸化物換算のモル%表示で、TiO2 10~75%、Na2O 10~50%、網目形成酸化物 0.1~50%を含有することを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- さらに、ZnO+SnO+MnO2+Nb2O5+Sb2O3+Bi2O3 0.1~25%を含有することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- 粒子状であり、粒子表面が導電性炭素で被覆されていることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質。
- (1)TiO2、Na2O、及び網目形成酸化物を含むバッチを調合する工程、(2)バッチを溶融し、溶融ガラスを得る工程、および(3)溶融ガラスを冷却し溶融固化体を得る工程を含むことを特徴とする蓄電デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法。
- さらに、(4)得られた溶融固化体を粉砕し、溶融固化体粉末を得る工程、および(5)溶融固化体粉末を500~1000℃で焼成し結晶化ガラス粉末を得る工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項9に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 工程(5)において、溶融固化体粉末に有機化合物または導電性カーボン、あるいはその両方を添加し、不活性または還元雰囲気にて焼成を行うことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法。
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JPH1140150A (ja) * | 1997-07-17 | 1999-02-12 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池 |
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