WO2014156165A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法、当該正極活物質を用いた非水電解質二次電池用正極、及び当該正極を用いた非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法、当該正極活物質を用いた非水電解質二次電池用正極、及び当該正極を用いた非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/626—Metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a method for producing the same, a positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode.
- Lithium ion batteries that charge and discharge when lithium ions move between the positive and negative electrodes along with charge and discharge have high energy density and high capacity. Widely used.
- the above mobile information terminal has a tendency to further increase power consumption with enhancement of functions such as a video playback function and a game function, and further increase in capacity is strongly desired.
- the charge voltage of the battery is increased.
- the charging voltage of the battery is increased, there is a problem that the electrolytic solution is easily decomposed. In particular, when the battery is stored at a high temperature or a charge / discharge cycle is repeated at a high temperature, there arises a problem that the discharge capacity decreases. .
- Patent Document 1 when a charge voltage is increased by causing a group 3 element to be present on the surface of the positive electrode active material base material particles, it occurs at the interface between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte. It has been proposed to suppress deterioration of the charge storage characteristics due to the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution.
- Patent Document 1 describes that the deterioration of the charge storage characteristics is suppressed, the discharge performance at a low temperature cannot be sufficiently obtained.
- An object of the present invention is to use a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and the positive electrode active material capable of sufficiently obtaining discharge performance at a low temperature even when the potential of the positive electrode is set to a high potential.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention includes a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a surface in contact with a compound containing a rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material includes a solution in which a rare earth element salt is dissolved in a suspension containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide and a silicate and / or a borate.
- the pH of the suspension is adjusted to 6 or more and 10 or less.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention includes a solution in which a rare earth salt is dissolved and a solution in which a silicate and / or borate is dissolved while stirring a lithium transition metal oxide. , Separately spraying or dripping.
- the positive electrode according to one aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode mixture layer has a rare earth element on the surface.
- a positive electrode active material containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide in contact with a compound containing silicic acid and / or boric acid, a binder, and a conductive agent are included.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- a secondary battery can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view showing an example of the configuration of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic top view showing an example of the configuration of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment.
- a compound containing a rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is in contact with part of the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the compound containing the rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is in contact with the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, so that lithium ions are received between the lithium transition metal composite oxide and the electrolyte. Since the activation energy is reduced and the ion conductivity is improved, the discharge performance at a low temperature can be improved.
- the compound may be present inside the lithium transition metal composite oxide. Further, when the compound is in contact with the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, the compound may be in contact with the surface of the primary particle as well as the surface of the secondary particle of the lithium transition metal composite oxide. good. This is because the activation energy related to the acceptance of lithium ions between the lithium transition metal composite oxide and the electrolytic solution is lowered by contacting the compound with at least one of the primary particles or secondary particles of the lithium transition metal composite oxide. This is because ion conductivity is thereby improved.
- the compound containing a rare earth element and silicic acid is more preferably a compound comprising a rare earth element, silicic acid and an alkali metal element, or a compound comprising a rare earth element and silicic acid, and among them, a compound comprising a rare earth element and silicic acid. It is preferable that
- the compound containing a rare earth element and boric acid is more preferably a compound consisting of a rare earth element, boric acid and an alkali metal element, or a compound consisting of a rare earth element and boric acid, and among them, a compound consisting of a rare earth element and boric acid. It is preferable that
- the compound containing rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is fixed to the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide. If the compound containing the rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is in contact with the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide and adheres to the surface, the above-mentioned effects are exhibited over a long period of time. It is easy to be done. If this is a positive electrode active material having such a configuration, when kneaded with a conductive agent or the like, a compound containing a rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is difficult to peel off from the lithium transition metal composite oxide. This is because the state where the compound is fixed is easily maintained.
- the average particle size of the compound containing rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is preferably 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the compound is less than 1 nm, the electron conductivity of the compound is poor, so that it is difficult to exchange electrons by covering the surface of the transition metal composite oxide densely, which may cause a decrease in discharge performance. There is.
- the contact area with the lithium transition metal composite oxide becomes small, and therefore, side reactions such as decomposition of the electrolyte that occur between the lithium transition metal composite oxide and the electrolyte It becomes difficult to exhibit the effect of suppressing the activation energy and the effect of suppressing the activation energy associated with lithium ion movement.
- the positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is an example of the present embodiment, includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode mixture layer Includes a positive electrode active material including a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a surface in contact with a compound containing a rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid, a binder, and a conductive agent.
- a suspension containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide and silicate and / or borate is used.
- a solution in which a rare earth element salt is dissolved is added.
- the pH of the suspension is desirably 6 or more and 10 or less. This is because when the pH is less than 6, the lithium transition metal composite oxide may be dissolved.
- impurities such as rare earth hydroxide may be generated when a solution in which a compound containing a rare earth element is dissolved is added.
- the pH can be adjusted using an acidic or basic aqueous solution.
- acidic solutions include solutions containing inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid.
- the basic solution include solutions containing lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium and the like.
- a compound containing a rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid can be brought into contact with the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide (adhering in the case of the above method).
- the above method it is possible not only to fix the compound on the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, but also to disperse and fix it uniformly, thereby further improving the discharge characteristics at low temperatures. Can be made.
- the method of bringing the compound into contact with the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is not limited to the above-described method.
- a mechanical mixing method for example, a dry particle mixer such as a rake machine, a ball mill apparatus, a mechano-fusion, or a nobilta can be used.
- a method of contacting (fixing) the above compound to the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, while stirring the particle powder of the lithium transition metal composite oxide, a solution in which a rare earth salt is dissolved in the particle powder A method in which a solution in which a silicate and / or borate is dissolved is sprayed or dropped separately, or while stirring a particle powder of a lithium transition metal composite oxide, a rare earth salt and a silica are added to the particle powder. A method of spraying or dropping a solution in which an acid salt and / or borate is dissolved together may be used.
- the powder of the compound containing the rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is partially in contact with the lithium transition metal composite oxide powder, but the lithium transition The metal composite oxide is not in close contact with the metal composite oxide.
- the above compound powder is likely to be detached from the lithium transition metal composite oxide at the time of preparing the positive electrode mixture slurry, and the effect of suppressing side reactions such as decomposition of the electrolytic solution There is a risk that it may be difficult to exert an effect of suppressing activation energy accompanying lithium ion migration.
- the compound containing a rare earth element and silicic acid and / or boric acid is a lithium transition metal composite oxide. Since it precipitates above, it is in a state of being closely adhered and fixed to the lithium transition metal composite oxide, so that it exists as a powder in which the compound and the lithium transition metal composite oxide are integrated. This makes it difficult for the compound powder to be detached from the lithium transition metal composite oxide during the preparation of the positive electrode mixture slurry, thereby suppressing the side reaction such as decomposition of the electrolyte and the activation energy associated with lithium ion migration. It is easy to show effects.
- a method of bringing the compound into contact with the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide a method of bringing the compound into contact (adhering) to the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide as compared with a method of mechanically mixing. Is more preferable.
- the ratio of the rare earth element and the compound containing silicic acid and / or boric acid to the lithium transition metal composite oxide is 0.01% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less in terms of rare earth element. desirable. If the ratio is less than 0.01% by mass, the amount of the compound adhering to the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide becomes too small to obtain a sufficient effect. If it exceeds 0% by mass, it becomes difficult to transfer electrons between the active materials, or between the active material and the conductive agent, or between the active material and the current collector, resulting in deterioration of the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery. Because.
- silicate examples include alkali (alkaline earth) metals such as silicic acid, ammonium silicate, or sodium silicate, potassium silicate, magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, hexafluorosilicate, and silicic acid. And silicon alkoxides such as ethyl silicate.
- alkali (alkaline earth) metals such as silicic acid, ammonium silicate, or sodium silicate, potassium silicate, magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, hexafluorosilicate, and silicic acid.
- silicon alkoxides such as ethyl silicate.
- borate for example, borate such as boron oxide, boric acid, or ammonium borate, metaboric acid, sodium metaborate, lithium metaborate, potassium tetraborate, potassium borohydride, hydrogenated Hydroborates such as sodium boron, tetrahydroborate such as sodium tetrahydroborate, fluoroborate such as lithium tetrafluoroborate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, sodium peroxoborate, peroxoborate
- peroxoborate salts such as potassium.
- silicate and / or borate As addition amount of the said silicate and / or borate, it shall be 0.01 mass% or more and 10 mass% or less in conversion of a silicon element and / or boron element with respect to 1 mass% in conversion of a rare earth element. Is preferred.
- the addition amount of silicate and / or borate is 0.01% by mass or less, the effect of the rare earth element salt and the compound containing silicate and / or borate becomes poor, and 10% by mass is added. This is because if it exceeds, the amount of the compound added is too much and wasted.
- rare earth salts include sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, acetates, and oxalates.
- the rare earth element includes at least one element selected from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and the like.
- at least one element of lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, erbium, and ytterbium is more preferable.
- the positive electrode active material manufactured by the above method may be heat-treated in an oxidizing atmosphere, a reducing atmosphere, or a reduced pressure state after manufacturing.
- the heat treatment temperature exceeds 600 ° C.
- the compound fixed on the surface of the lithium transition metal composite oxide is decomposed or aggregated as the temperature is increased, and the compound is not lithium. It diffuses inside the transition metal complex oxide.
- the heat treatment temperature is 600 ° C. or less.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 80 ° C. or higher in order to appropriately remove moisture.
- the lithium containing transition metal complex oxide containing transition metals such as cobalt, nickel, and manganese
- transition metals such as cobalt, nickel, and manganese
- lithium cobalt oxide, Ni—Co—Mn lithium composite oxide, Ni—Mn—Al lithium composite oxide, Ni—Co—Al lithium composite oxide, Co—Mn lithium composite oxide And oxoacid salts of transition metals including iron, manganese, etc. represented by LiMPO 4 , Li 2 MSiO 4 , LiMBO 3 , where M is selected from Fe, Mn, Co, Ni). These may be used alone or in combination.
- the lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide may contain a substance such as Al, Mg, Ti, Zr or the like, or may be contained in the grain boundary.
- a compound such as Al, Mg, Ti, or Zr may be fixed to the surface. This is because even if these compounds are fixed, contact between the electrolytic solution and the positive electrode active material can be suppressed.
- the Ni—Co—Mn lithium composite oxide has a molar ratio of Ni, Co, and Mn of 1: 1: 1, 5: 3: 2, 6: 2: 2, 7
- a known composition such as 1: 2, 7: 2: 1, or 8: 1: 1 can be used.
- the ratio of Ni and Co is higher than that of Mn so that the positive electrode capacity can be increased. It is preferable to use a large amount, and the difference in the molar ratio of Ni and Mn to the sum of the moles of Ni, Co and Mn is preferably 0.05% or more.
- the solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte used in the present invention is not limited, and a solvent conventionally used for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be used.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, propionic acid
- esters such as ethyl and ⁇ -butyrolactone
- compounds containing sulfone groups such as propane sultone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dioxane, 1,4 -Compounds containing ethers such as dioxane and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, butyronitrile, valer
- a solvent in which a part of these H is substituted with F is preferably used. Further, these can be used alone or in combination, and a solvent in which a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate are combined, and a solvent in which a compound containing a small amount of nitrile or a compound containing ether is combined is preferable. .
- the solute of the non-aqueous electrolyte used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and a known lithium salt that is conventionally used in non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be used.
- a lithium salt a lithium salt containing one or more elements among P, B, F, O, S, N, and Cl can be used.
- a lithium salt having an oxalato complex as an anion can also be used.
- the lithium salt having the oxalato complex as an anion include LiBOB [lithium-bisoxalate borate] and a lithium salt having an anion in which C 2 O 4 2 ⁇ is coordinated to the central atom, for example, Li [M (C 2 O 4 ) x R y ] (wherein M is a transition metal, an element selected from groups IIIb, IVb, and Vb of the periodic table, R is selected from a halogen, an alkyl group, and a halogen-substituted alkyl group) Group, x is a positive integer, and y is 0 or a positive integer).
- Li [B (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 ] Li [P (C 2 O 4 ) F 4 ] Li [P (C 2 O 4 ) 2 F 2 ]
- LiBOB it is most preferable to use LiBOB in order to form a stable film on the surface of the negative electrode even in a high temperature environment.
- the said solute may be used not only independently but in mixture of 2 or more types.
- the concentration of the solute is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.8 to 1.7 mol per liter of the electrolyte.
- the concentration of the solute is desirably 1.0 to 1.6 mol per liter of the electrolyte.
- a conventionally used negative electrode can be used, and in particular, a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, a metal that can be alloyed with lithium, or an alloy compound containing the metal Is mentioned.
- the carbon material natural graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, graphite such as artificial graphite, coke, etc. can be used, and examples of the alloy compound include those containing at least one metal that can be alloyed with lithium. It is done.
- silicon or tin is preferable as an element capable of forming an alloy with lithium, and silicon oxide, tin oxide, or the like in which these are combined with oxygen can also be used.
- what mixed the said carbon material and the compound of silicon or tin can be used.
- a negative electrode material having a higher charge / discharge potential than lithium carbon such as lithium titanate can be used.
- a layer made of an inorganic filler that has been conventionally used can be formed.
- the filler it is possible to use oxides or phosphate compounds using titanium, aluminum, silicon, magnesium, etc., which have been used conventionally, or those whose surfaces are treated with hydroxide or the like.
- the filler layer can be formed by directly applying a filler-containing slurry to a positive electrode, a negative electrode, or a separator, or by attaching a sheet formed of a filler to the positive electrode, the negative electrode, or the separator. it can.
- the separator conventionally used can be used. Specifically, not only a separator made of polyethylene, but also a material in which a layer made of polypropylene is formed on the surface of a polyethylene layer, or a material in which a resin such as an aramid resin is applied to the surface of a polyethylene separator is used. Also good.
- a positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a positive electrode, and a battery according to the present invention will be described below.
- the positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the positive electrode, and the battery in the present invention are not limited to those shown in the following embodiments, and can be appropriately changed and implemented without changing the gist thereof.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was measured by ICP, it was 0.085 mass% in terms of erbium element and 0.014 mass% in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- the molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte To a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 7, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) is adjusted to a concentration of 1.0 mol / liter. A non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- LiPF6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- a positive electrode current collecting tab 3 and a negative electrode current collecting tab 4 were attached to each of the positive and negative electrodes, and a separator was disposed between the two electrodes and wound in a spiral shape, and then the winding core was pulled out to produce a spiral electrode body.
- the spiral electrode body 5 was crushed to obtain a flat electrode body 5. Thereafter, the flat electrode body 5 and the non-aqueous electrolyte are placed in an aluminum laminate exterior body 1, and the heat sheet opening 2 of the aluminate exterior body is heated and welded. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having the structure shown in FIG. 2 was produced.
- the size of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is 3.6 mm ⁇ 35 mm ⁇ 62 mm, and the discharge capacity when the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is charged to 4.40V and discharged to 2.75V. Was 750 mAh.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A1.
- Example 2 Instead of 1.45 g of sodium silicate, 2.9 g of sodium silicate (0.028% by mass in terms of silicon element) was used, and erbium nitrate pentahydrate was used instead of 2.26 g of erbium nitrate pentahydrate.
- a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that 53 g (0.171% by mass in terms of erbium element) was used. When measured by ICP, it was 0.171% by mass in terms of erbium element and 0.028% by mass in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. The molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A2.
- Example 3 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that the heat treatment conditions were changed to heat treatment at 120 ° C. for 2 hours in air instead of heat treatment at 300 ° C. for 5 hours in air.
- the heat treatment conditions were changed to heat treatment at 120 ° C. for 2 hours in air instead of heat treatment at 300 ° C. for 5 hours in air.
- ICP when measured by ICP, it was 0.085 mass% in terms of erbium element and 0.014 mass% in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- the molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A3.
- Example 4 An active material and a battery were produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 2, except that the pH of the suspension containing lithium cobaltate and sodium silicate was changed from 7 to 9. When measured by ICP, it was 0.171% by mass in terms of erbium element and 0.028% by mass in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. The molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A4.
- Example 5 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that 2.21 g of lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate was used instead of 2.26 g of erbium nitrate pentahydrate. As measured by ICP, it was 0.071% by mass in terms of lanthanum element and 0.014% by mass in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. The molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A5.
- Example 6 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that 2.24 g of neodymium nitrate hexahydrate was used instead of 2.26 g of erbium nitrate pentahydrate. When measured by ICP, it was 0.074% by mass in terms of neodymium element and 0.014% by mass in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. The molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A6.
- Example 7 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that 2.27 g of samarium nitrate hexahydrate was used instead of 2.26 g of erbium nitrate pentahydrate. In addition, when measured by ICP, it was 0.077% by mass in terms of samarium element and 0.014% by mass in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. The molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A7.
- Example 8 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that 2.11 g of ytterbium nitrate trihydrate was used instead of 2.26 g of erbium nitrate pentahydrate. When measured by ICP, it was 0.088% by mass in terms of ytterbium element and 0.014% by mass in terms of silicon element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide. The molar ratio of the rare earth element to the silicon element was 1: 1. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A8.
- Example 9 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that a positive electrode active material (non-surface modified positive electrode active material) in which a compound containing erbium and silicic acid was not fixed to the surface of lithium cobaltate was used.
- the battery thus produced is referred to as A9.
- the batteries A1 to A8 using lithium cobalt oxide surface-modified with a compound containing erbium and silicic acid have a higher discharge capacity maintenance rate at low temperatures than the batteries A9 and A10. I understand that.
- the above results are considered to be due to the following reasons. That is, in the batteries A1 to A8, the presence of the compound containing erbium and silicic acid fixed on the surface of the lithium cobaltate reduces the activation energy related to the reception of lithium ions between the lithium cobaltate surface and the electrolyte, thereby It is considered that the discharge performance at low temperature has been dramatically improved by improving the ionic conductivity.
- the obtained powder was dried at 120 ° C. to obtain a compound containing erbium and boric acid fixed on the surface of the lithium cobalt oxide. Thereafter, the obtained powder was heat treated in air at 300 ° C. for 5 hours to obtain a positive electrode active material powder.
- the obtained positive electrode active material was measured by ICP, it was 0.085% by mass in terms of erbium element and 0.06% by mass in terms of boron element with respect to lithium cobalt oxide.
- the molar ratio of the rare earth element and boron element was 1: 1.
- a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material powder obtained above was used.
- the secondary battery produced in this way is hereinafter referred to as battery B1.
- the battery B1 was charged and discharged in the same manner as the batteries A1 to A10, and the low-temperature discharge capacity retention rate was obtained. The results are shown in Table 2 together with the batteries A9 and A10.
- the battery B1 using lithium cobaltate surface-modified with a compound containing erbium and boric acid is the battery using lithium cobaltate surface-modified with a compound containing erbium and silicic acid.
- A1 to A8 it can be seen that the discharge capacity retention rate at low temperatures is higher than that of batteries A9 and A10. Therefore, even when the compound containing erbium and silicic acid is fixed on the surface of lithium cobaltate, the ionic conductivity is similar to the case where the compound containing erbium and silicic acid is fixed on the surface of lithium cobaltate. It is thought that the effect of improving is acquired.
- the present invention can be expected to be developed for driving power sources for mobile information terminals such as mobile phones, notebook computers, smartphones, etc., and driving power sources for high outputs such as HEVs and electric tools.
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Abstract
Description
一方、上述のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の表面に上記化合物を接触(固着)させる方法を用いた場合には、希土類元素とケイ酸及び/又はホウ酸を含む化合物が、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物上で析出するため、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物と密着して固着した状態となるために、上記化合物とリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物とが一体化してなる粉末として存在するようになる。これにより、正極合剤スラリー作製時に上記化合物粉末がリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物から脱離しにくくなるため、電解液の分解などの副反応を抑制する効果やリチウムイオン移動に伴う活性化エネルギーを抑制する効果などを発揮しやすい。
(1)本発明における正極活物質としては、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガンなどの遷移金属を含むリチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物が挙げられる。具体的には、コバルト酸リチウム、Ni-Co-Mnのリチウム複合酸化物、Ni-Mn-Alのリチウム複合酸化物、Ni-Co-Alのリチウム複合酸化物、Co-Mnのリチウム複合酸化物、鉄、マンガンなどを含む遷移金属のオキソ酸塩(LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、LiMBO3で表され、MはFe、Mn、Co、Niから選択される)が例示される。また、これらを単独で用いてもよいし、混合して用いてもよい。
炭素材料としては、天然黒鉛や難黒鉛化性炭素、人造黒鉛等のグラファイト類、コークス類等を用いることができ、合金化合物としては、リチウムと合金化可能な金属を少なくとも1種類含むものが挙げられる。特に、リチウムと合金形成可能な元素としてはケイ素やスズであることが好ましく、これらが酸素と結合した、酸化ケイ素や酸化スズ等も用いることもできる。また、上記炭素材料とケイ素やスズの化合物とを混合したものを用いることができる。
上記の他、エネルギー密度は低下するものの、負極材料としてはチタン酸リチウム等の金属リチウムに対する充放電の電位が、炭素材料等より高いものも用いることができる。
上記フィラー層の形成は、正極、負極、或いはセパレータに、フィラー含有スラリーを直接塗布して形成する方法や、フィラーで形成したシートを、正極、負極、或いはセパレータに貼り付ける方法等を用いることができる。
(実験例1)
[正極活物質の作製]
先ず、コバルト酸リチウムに対してMg及びAlを各1.0モル%固溶し、且つZrを0.04モル%含有したコバルト酸リチウム粒子1000gを用意し、この粒子を3.0Lの純水に添加し攪拌して、コバルト酸リチウムが分散した懸濁液を調製した。次に、この懸濁液に、100mLの純水にケイ酸ナトリウム1.45g(ケイ素元素換算で、0.014質量%)を溶解させた水溶液を加えた。次いで、上記懸濁液に、硝酸エルビウム5水和物2.26g(エルビウム元素換算で、0.085質量%)が200mLの純水に溶解された水溶液を加えた。尚、上記懸濁液に硝酸エルビウム5水和物が溶解された溶液を加える間、懸濁液に10質量%の硝酸水溶液、或いは、10質量%の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を適宜加えて、pHを7に調整した。
上記正極活物質粉末と、正極導電剤としてのカーボンブラック(アセチレンブラック)粉末(平均粒径:40nm)と、正極バインダー(結着剤)としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、質量比で95:2.5:2.5の割合になるように、NMP溶液中で混練し正極合剤スラリーを調製した。最後に、この正極合剤スラリーを、アルミニウム箔から成る正極集電体の両面に塗布、乾燥した後、圧延ローラにより圧延することにより、正極集電体の両面に正極合剤層が形成された正極を作製した。なお、正極の充填密度は、3.7g/cm3とした。
先ず、負極活物質としての人造黒鉛と、分散剤としてのCMC(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム)と、結着剤としてのSBR(スチレン-ブタジエンゴム)とを、98:1:1の質量比で水溶液中において混合し、負極合剤スラリーを調製した。次に、この負極合剤スラリーを銅箔から成る負極集電体の両面に均一に塗布した後、乾燥させ、更に、圧延ローラにより圧延した。これにより、負極集電体の両面に負極合剤層が形成された負極を得た。尚、この負極における負極活物質の充填密度は1.60g/cm3であった。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを、3:7の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に対し、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1.0モル/リットルの濃度になるように溶解させて、非水電解液を調製した。
上記正負極それぞれに正極集電タブ3、負極集電タブ4を取り付け、これら両極間にセパレータを配置して渦巻き状に巻回した後、巻き芯を引き抜いて渦巻状の電極体を作製した。次に、この渦巻状の電極体を押し潰して、偏平型の電極体5を得た。この後、この偏平型電極体5と上記非水電解液とを、アルミニウムラミネート製の外装体1内に配置し、アルミニウムネート外装体のヒートシート開口部2を加熱して溶着し、図1及び図2に示した構造の非水電解質二次電池を作製した。尚、当該非水電解質二次電池のサイズは、3.6mm×35mm×62mmであり、また、当該非水電解質二次電池を4.40Vまで充電し、2.75Vまで放電したときの放電容量は750mAhであった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A1と称する。
ケイ酸ナトリウム1.45gに代えてケイ酸ナトリウム2.9g(ケイ素元素換算で、0.028質量%)を用い、硝酸エルビウム5水和物2.26gに代えて硝酸エルビウム5水和物4.53g(エルビウム元素換算で、0.171質量%)を用いたこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してエルビウム元素換算で、0.171質量%、ケイ素元素換算で、0.028質量%であった。また、希土類元素とケイ素元素のモル比は、1:1であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A2と称する。
熱処理条件を、空気中にて300℃で5時間熱処理に代えて、空気中にて120℃2時間熱処理に変更したこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してエルビウム元素換算で、0.085質量%、ケイ素元素換算で、0.014質量%であった。また、希土類元素とケイ素元素のモル比は、1:1であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A3と称する。
コバルト酸リチウムとケイ酸ナトリウムとを含む懸濁液のpHを7から9に代えたこと以外は、実験例2と同様にして活物質及び電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してエルビウム元素換算で、0.171質量%、ケイ素元素換算で、0.028質量%であった。また、希土類元素とケイ素元素のモル比は、1:1であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A4と称する。
硝酸エルビウム5水和物2.26gに代えて、硝酸ランタン6水和物2.21gを用いたこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してランタン元素換算で、0.071質量%、ケイ素元素換算で、0.014質量%であった。また、希土類元素とケイ素元素のモル比は、1:1であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A5と称する。
硝酸エルビウム5水和物2.26gに代えて、硝酸ネオジム6水和物2.24gを用いたこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してネオジム元素換算で、0.074質量%、ケイ素元素換算で、0.014質量%であった。また、希土類元素とケイ素元素のモル比は、1:1であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A6と称する。
硝酸エルビウム5水和物2.26gに代えて、硝酸サマリウム6水和物2.27gを用いたこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してサマリウム元素換算で、0.077質量%、ケイ素元素換算で、0.014質量%であった。また、希土類元素とケイ素元素のモル比は、1:1であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A7と称する。
硝酸エルビウム5水和物2.26gに代えて、硝酸イッテルビウム3水和物2.11gを用いたこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してイッテルビウム元素換算で、0.088質量%、ケイ素元素換算で、0.014質量%であった。また、希土類元素とケイ素元素のモル比は、1:1であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A8と称する。
コバルト酸リチウムの表面にエルビウムとケイ酸とを含む化合物を固着しなかった正極活物質(非表面改質正極活物質)を用いたこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして電池を作製した。
このようにして作製した電池をA9と称する。
100mLの純水にケイ酸ナトリウム1.45gを溶解させた水溶液を加えず、純水のみを用いたこと、硝酸エルビウム5水和物を4.53gに代えて2.26gにしたこと以外は、実験例4と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、ICPにより測定したところ、コバルト酸リチウムに対してエルビウム元素換算で、0.085質量%であった。
このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A10と称する。
上記の電池A1~A10について、下記条件にて充放電した。
・1サイクル目の充電条件
1.0It(750mA)の電流で電池電圧が4.40Vとなるまで定電流充電を行い、更に、4.40Vの電圧で電流値が37.5mAとなるまで定電圧充電を行った。
・1サイクル目の放電条件
1.0It(750mA)の電流で電池電圧が2.75Vとなるまで定電流放電を行った。
・休止
上記充電と放電との間の休止間隔は10分間とした。
25℃にて上記の条件で充放電サイクル試験を1回行って、放電容量Q1(25℃の放電容量Q1)を測定した。
25℃にて、1.0It(750mA)の電流で電池電圧4.40Vとなるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.40Vの定電圧で電流が(1/20)It(37.5mA)になるまで充電した。次に、-20℃の恒温槽に4時間放置した後、1.0It(750mA)の電流で電池電圧2.75Vとなるまで定電流放電を行って、放電容量Q2(-20℃の放電容量Q2)を測定した。
下記(1)式から低温放電容量維持率を求めた。これらの結果を表1に示す。
低温放電容量維持率(%)=(-20℃の放電容量Q2/25℃の放電容量Q1)×100(%)・・・・(1)
上記のような結果となったのは、以下に示す理由によるものと考えられる。即ち、電池A1~A8では、コバルト酸リチウムの表面に固着したエルビウムとケイ酸を含む化合物の存在により、コバルト酸リチウム表面と電解液間のリチウムイオンの受け入れに関する活性化エネルギーを低下させ、それによってイオン伝導性が向上することで、低温での放電性能が飛躍的に向上したものと考えられる。これに対して、電池A9ではエルビウムとケイ酸を含む化合物が存在しておらず、このような効果は発揮されない。また、A10ではオキシ水酸化エルビウムは存在しているが、オキシ水酸化エルビウムがケイ酸との化合物を形成していないため、このような相乗効果を十分に発揮しえず、低温時の放電容量維持率が向上しないものと考えられる。
(実験例11)
[正極活物質の作製]
先ず、コバルト酸リチウムに対してMg及びAlを各1.0モル%固溶し、且つZrを0.04モル%含有したコバルト酸リチウム粒子1000gを用意した。次に、コバルト酸リチウム粒子1000gを攪拌しながら、この粒子に、硝酸エルビウム5水和物2.26g(エルビウム元素換算で、0.085質量%)が50mLの純水に溶解された水溶液と、ホウ酸アンモニウム8水和物0.28g(ホウ素元素換算で、0.006質量%)が50mLの純水に溶解された水溶液とを、別々に噴霧して混合した。
2…アルミニウムラミネート外装体のヒールシート閉口部
3…正極集電タブ
4…負極集電タブ
5…扁平型電極体
Claims (11)
- 表面に希土類元素とケイ酸及び/又はホウ酸を含む化合物が接触したリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を含む、非水電解液二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記化合物が、希土類元素とケイ酸を含む化合物である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記化合物が、希土類元素とホウ酸を含む化合物である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記化合物が、希土類元素とケイ酸からなる化合物である、請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記化合物が、希土類元素とホウ酸からなる化合物である、請求項3に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記希土類元素が、ランタン、ネオジム、サマリウム、エルビウム及びイッテルビウムから選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物と、ケイ酸塩及び/又はホウ酸塩とを含む懸濁液に、希土類元素塩を溶解した溶液を加える工程において、前記懸濁液のpHを6以上10以下にする非水電解液二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- リチウム遷移金属酸化物を攪拌しながら、希土類塩を溶解した溶液と、ケイ酸塩及び/又はホウ酸塩を溶解した溶液とを、別々に噴霧或いは滴下する工程を有する、非水電解液二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項7又は8に記載の工程の後に、600℃以下で熱処理する工程を有する、請求項7又は8に記載の非水電解液二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 正極集電体と、前記正極集電体の少なくとも一方の面に形成された正極合剤層とを含み、前記正極合剤層は、上記請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の正極活物質と、バインダーと、導電剤とを含む、非水電解液二次電池用正極。
- 上記請求項10に記載の正極と、負極と、非水電解液とを有する非水電解液二次電池。
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JP6233406B2 (ja) | 2017-11-22 |
JPWO2014156165A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
US20160056457A1 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
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