WO2014136303A1 - 半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法 - Google Patents

半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014136303A1
WO2014136303A1 PCT/JP2013/077115 JP2013077115W WO2014136303A1 WO 2014136303 A1 WO2014136303 A1 WO 2014136303A1 JP 2013077115 W JP2013077115 W JP 2013077115W WO 2014136303 A1 WO2014136303 A1 WO 2014136303A1
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Prior art keywords
metal film
semiconductor device
region
inner region
electrode
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PCT/JP2013/077115
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English (en)
French (fr)
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洋輔 中田
誠也 中野
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三菱電機株式会社
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Application filed by 三菱電機株式会社 filed Critical 三菱電機株式会社
Priority to CN201380074382.6A priority Critical patent/CN105009266B/zh
Priority to DE112013006790.0T priority patent/DE112013006790B8/de
Priority to US14/769,387 priority patent/US10157865B2/en
Priority to JP2015504118A priority patent/JP6038280B2/ja
Publication of WO2014136303A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014136303A1/ja

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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device, and more particularly, to a semiconductor device having a wire connection structure corresponding to a large current capacity and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device.
  • Patent Document 1 direct bonding of an external electrode, which is a copper plate, and an element electrode of a semiconductor element with solder is disclosed. In this way, a connection capable of conducting a large current can be realized while reducing the electrical resistance.
  • JP 2010-272711 A (patent document 2), it is disclosed that the reliability at the time of solder bonding is improved by forming a Ni layer having a proper thickness as a metal film for solder bonding. . By optimizing the Ni thickness, it is possible to achieve both process feasibility and junction reliability better.
  • a portion through which current of the semiconductor element flows is subjected to thermal stress due to temperature cycles.
  • a semiconductor device having a junction structure as disclosed in Patent Document 1 has an appropriate thickness of a metal film for solder junction in order to enhance junction reliability as in Patent Document 2. Need to be formed.
  • the metal film is patterned into an appropriate shape in order to control the spread shape of the solder when bonding the external electrode thereon.
  • a lift-off method which is a simple patterning method, is suitable for this patterning.
  • the ease of removing the unnecessary part in the lift-off method, that is, the lift-off property decreases as the thickness of the metal film increases. For this reason, when the thickness of the metal film is large, a portion to be lifted off may remain, or the surface exposed by the lift off may be scratched. Thus, if the thickness of the metal film is large, the yield of the lift-off process is reduced. For this reason, it has been difficult to form a metal film for controlling the spread shape of the solder with high productivity.
  • the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and a semiconductor device and a semiconductor capable of forming a metal film for controlling the spread shape of solder when bonding external electrodes with high productivity.
  • the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a device.
  • a semiconductor device includes a semiconductor element, an element electrode, a metal film, and an external electrode.
  • the element electrode is provided on the surface of the semiconductor element.
  • the metal film is provided on the device electrode and has an inner region and an outer region located around the inner region.
  • the metal film is provided with an opening for exposing the device electrode between the inner region and the outer region.
  • the element electrode has solder wettability lower than that of the metal film.
  • the outer electrode is soldered to the inner region of the metal film.
  • a semiconductor device includes a semiconductor element, an element electrode, a metal film, a covering film, and an external electrode.
  • the element electrode is provided on the surface of the semiconductor element.
  • the metal film is provided on the device electrode.
  • the covering film is partially provided on the metal film, and divides the metal film into an inner region and an outer region surrounding the inner region.
  • the coating film has solder wettability lower than that of the metal film.
  • the outer electrode is soldered to the inner region of the metal film.
  • a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device is a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device described above, and includes the following steps.
  • a substrate provided with a main surface having an effective area in which a semiconductor element provided with an element electrode is disposed and an ineffective area outside the effective area is formed.
  • a metal film is formed on the device electrode.
  • the metal film includes a portion located on the ineffective region. After the metal film is formed, the semiconductor element is cut out by dicing along dicing lines in the ineffective region.
  • the external electrode is soldered to the inner region of the metal film.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a semiconductor device in a first embodiment of the present invention. It is a schematic plan view which shows the pattern of the metal film which the semiconductor device of FIG. 1 has.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view along line III-III of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 7 is a flow diagram schematically showing a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device in the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic partial cross sectional view showing the first step of the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device in the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic partial cross sectional view showing the second step of the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device in the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic partial cross sectional view showing the third step of the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device in the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view showing a fourth step of the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device in the first embodiment of the present invention. It is a schematic plan view (A) which shows the pattern of the photoresist in the process of FIG. 7, and the enlarged view (B) of the IXB part. It is a schematic plan view which shows the pattern of the metal film which the semiconductor device in Embodiment 2 of this invention has.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view (A) along line XIA-XIA in FIG.
  • FIG. 10 and a schematic partial cross-sectional view (B) along line XIB-XIB. It is a schematic plan view which shows the pattern of the metal film which the semiconductor device in Embodiment 3 of this invention has.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view (A) along line XIIIA-XIIIA in FIG. 12 and a schematic partial cross-sectional view (B) along line XIIIB-XIIIB. It is a schematic plan view which shows the pattern of the metal film which the semiconductor device in Embodiment 4 of this invention has.
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view along the line XV-XV in FIG. It is a schematic plan view which shows the pattern of the metal film which the semiconductor device in Embodiment 5 of this invention has.
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view along the line XVII-XVII in FIG.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a structure of a semiconductor device 200 according to the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a pattern of the metal film 105 of the semiconductor element 101 according to the present embodiment. In FIG. 2, the openings of the metal film 105 are hatched in order to make the drawing easy to see.
  • the semiconductor device 200 includes a semiconductor element 101, an emitter electrode 103 (element electrode), a metal film 105, and an external electrode 117.
  • Emitter electrode 103 is provided on the surface of semiconductor element 101.
  • the metal film 105 is provided on the emitter electrode 103, and has an inner region 105a and an outer region 105b1 located around the inner region 105a.
  • the metal film 105 is provided with a moat-shaped opening TR which exposes the emitter electrode 103 between the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b1.
  • the moat-shaped opening TR is provided in a moat between the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b1.
  • the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b1 of the metal film 105 are separated by the moat-shaped opening TR.
  • the emitter electrode 103 has solder wettability lower than that of the metal film 105.
  • the emitter electrode 103 is soldered to the inner region 105 a of the metal film 105 by a solder portion 121.
  • the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b1 are formed of the same material. For this reason, the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b1 can be formed in the same process, specifically, a lift-off process.
  • the outer region 105b1 is left during patterning of the metal film 105 by the lift-off process, so the area of the portion removed by the lift-off is reduced.
  • the thickness of the metal film 105 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more in order to sufficiently protect the emitter electrode 103 at the time of soldering.
  • the semiconductor device 200 further includes the insulating sheet 111, the base plate 113, the solder layer 115, the other external electrode 118, the solder portion 122, and the sealing material. 123, a gate pad 203 (control electrode), a metal wire 213, and an external control electrode 223 can be provided.
  • the semiconductor element 101 is, for example, a vertical IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) having electrodes on the front surface side and the back surface side.
  • An emitter electrode 103 as a first main electrode is provided on the upper surface side of the semiconductor element 101.
  • a metal film 105 is formed on the emitter electrode 103, and the metal film 105 is an inner region 105a as a metal film for solder bonding through an exposed portion for forming an opening so as to expose the emitter electrode 103 in a moat shape.
  • an outer region 105b1 as a dummy metal film.
  • a gate wiring (not shown) is formed to surround emitter electrode 103 and is electrically connected to gate pad 203.
  • a termination region 205 is formed outside the gate wiring.
  • the semiconductor element 101 has a protective film 209 around the metal film 105 in a region other than the gate pad 203.
  • the semiconductor element 101 also has a collector electrode 109 as a second main electrode on the lower surface side.
  • the collector electrode 109 is connected to the base plate 113 on the insulating sheet 111 via the solder layer 115.
  • the emitter electrode 103 is made of metal and preferably contains Al as a main component. Specifically, the emitter electrode 103 is preferably made of a material containing 95% or more of Al.
  • the gate pad 203 can be made of the same material as the emitter electrode 103. In addition, it is general to form the gate pad 203 in the same manufacturing process as the emitter electrode 103. By employing a material mainly containing Al as the emitter electrode 103 and the gate pad 203, it can be easily formed and processed by an existing method as an electrode of a semiconductor element using various substrates such as a Si substrate. Further, by using Al as described above, when the metal wire 213 is bonded to the gate pad 203 by wire bonding, it is possible to secure a connection having excellent connection reliability. Since the resistance increases as the Al content decreases, it is not preferable as an electrode of a semiconductor device that handles a large current. By containing 95% or more of Al, the compatibility with the Al wire bond is good, and the conductivity can be increased.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view showing a structure taken along line III-III in FIG.
  • the metal film 105 formed on the emitter electrode 103 is, for example, a laminated metal film in which an adhesion securing metal film 105c, a solder bonding metal film 105d, and an oxidation preventing metal film 105e are sequentially stacked from the emitter electrode 103 side. It is.
  • Ti may be used as the adhesion securing metal film 105c
  • Ni may be used as the solder bonding metal film 105d
  • Au may be used as the oxidation preventing metal film 105e.
  • the reason why Ti is deposited on the emitter electrode 103 is that the adhesion between the emitter electrode 103 mainly made of a material containing Al and the solder bonding metal film 105d formed of Ni is secured while the metal for the solder bonding is used. This is to prevent Ni of the film 105 d from diffusing into the semiconductor element 101.
  • the adhesion securing metal film 105c for securing the adhesion to the emitter electrode 103 may be other than Ti, for example, Mo.
  • Emitter electrode 103 mainly made of a material containing Al is difficult to join, for example, SnAgCu-based Pb-free solder, so by depositing Ni via Ti, it is possible to join with solder and have solderability. I have secured.
  • the solder wettability decreases when the Ni film is oxidized
  • Au is deposited as the oxidation preventing metal film 105 e for the purpose of preventing the oxidation of Ni.
  • the oxidation preventing metal film 105e may be other than Au, for example, Ag.
  • a Ti / Ni / Au film can be deposited as the metal film 105 on the emitter electrode 103 so that SnAgCu-based Pb-free solder can be joined and the adhesion to the emitter electrode 103 is ensured. It is suitable.
  • FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device 200.
  • step S10 a so-called wafer level process is roughly completed except for the formation of metal film 105. That is, a wafer (substrate) provided with a main surface having an effective region where the semiconductor element 101 provided with the emitter electrode 103 (element electrode) is disposed and an ineffective region outside the effective region is formed.
  • the emitter electrode 103 is an Al or AlSi or AlCu film formed by sputtering.
  • the electrode may be heat treated at 400-470 ° C. in a hydrogen or nitrogen atmosphere. The heat treatment enlarges the crystal size and improves the flatness. Thereby, the coverage of the metal film 105 formed later can be improved.
  • the metal film 105 is formed (FIG. 4: step S20). Specifically, referring to FIG. 6, first, a photoresist 501 is applied. Referring to FIG. 7, photoresist 501 is patterned by performing exposure and development on photoresist 501. Thus, the patterning of the photoresist 501 can be performed by photolithography. This patterning is performed such that the area where the metal film 105 is not finally left is covered by the photoresist 501.
  • metal films 105c, 105d and 105e constituting metal film 105 are formed. Specifically, Ti, Ni and Au are sequentially stacked by sputtering or the like. In order to improve the resistance to thermal stress, it is preferable to deposit Ni thicker than Ti and Au as the main metal of the metal film 105.
  • the metal film 105 is at least partially It also has high hardness. Thus, when solder bonding is performed on the metal film 105 described later, the emitter electrode 103 can be protected, and the destruction of the emitter electrode 103 can be suppressed.
  • the thickness of the metal film 105 is reduced due to solder corrosion. Therefore, the thickness of Ni of the metal film 105 is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more. Further, the residual Ni thickness after soldering is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, whereby the electrode can be sufficiently protected.
  • the photoresist 501 and the metal film 105f thereon are removed by a lift-off process.
  • the following process is an example of the lift-off process.
  • the photoresist 501 is melted using a thinner as the organic solvent.
  • thinner or pure water is applied to the wafer at high pressure to physically remove the photoresist 501 and the metal film 105f formed thereon.
  • a pattern having the inner region 105 a and the outer region 105 b 1 is formed on the metal film 105.
  • FIG. 9A shows the pattern of the photoresist 501 (FIG. 7) over the entire main surface of the wafer 100 (substrate), and FIG. 9B shows an enlarged view of the IXB portion.
  • the hatched portions in FIGS. 9A and 9B indicate regions where the photoresist 501 is disposed in plan view.
  • the photoresist 501 has a grid-like region 401 and a moat-like region 403.
  • the moat region 403 is for forming the moat-shaped opening TR (FIG. 3) in the metal film 105.
  • the grid-like region 401 is for the dicing line DL to be positioned at the opening of the metal film 105 when dicing of the wafer 100 is performed along the dicing line DL.
  • the metal film 105 on the dicing line DL is at least partially removed by lift-off, so that an opening is formed in the metal film 105 on the dicing line DL, which makes it possible to perform easier dicing thereafter.
  • an opening region 509 is provided in the photoresist 501 by photolithography.
  • the opening region 509 further includes a region 409 in addition to the region 405 corresponding to the inner region 105a (FIG. 2) and the region 407 corresponding to the outer region 105b1.
  • the region 409 is disposed outside the effective region ER in which the semiconductor element 101 is disposed.
  • the region 409 is disposed in the ineffective region IR of the wafer 100 which does not finally become the semiconductor element 101.
  • the invalid area IR includes an outer peripheral area of the wafer 100 and an area near the dicing line DL.
  • the metal film 105 has to be removed as an extra metal film region while securing the function of controlling the solder shape. Can be reduced as much as possible.
  • step S30 (FIG. 4) dicing along dicing lines DL in the ineffective region IR is performed.
  • the semiconductor element 101 is cut out.
  • a semiconductor device 200 (FIG. 1) is obtained by packaging the semiconductor element 101 that has been cut out.
  • the external electrode 117 is soldered to the inner region 105a of the metal film 105 (FIG. 4: step S40). The solder bonding process will be described below.
  • Solder bonding of the external electrode 117 and the inner region 105a of the metal film 105 by the solder portion 121 is performed, for example, by dropping molten solder from a through hole 119 (FIG. 1) provided in the external electrode 117.
  • the dropped solder wets and spreads on the inner region 105a.
  • the spread of the solder stops when reaching the moat-shaped opening TR. This is because the emitter electrode 103 exposed by the moat-shaped opening TR has lower solder wettability than the solder wettability of the inner region 105a.
  • the main material of the emitter electrode 103 is Al, a natural oxide film is formed on the surface, so that the solder wettability of the exposed portion of the emitter electrode 103 is poor, and the solder at the exposed portion of the emitter electrode 103 at the metal film end is Wet spreading stops. As described above, since the wetting and spreading of the solder is inhibited by the emitter electrode 103, the solder does not progress to the outer region 105b1 outside the exposed portion of the emitter electrode 103, and the solder shape is restrained in the inner region 105a. A solder portion 121 having a desired shape is obtained.
  • step S50 the semiconductor device 200 which is a module to which the external electrode 117 and the like are attached is completed.
  • the metal film 105 has the outer region 105b1 in addition to the inner region 105a used for solder bonding. That is, the outer region 105b1 is not removed by lift-off. As a result, the rate of removal of the metal film 105 by lift-off can be reduced compared to when the outer region 105b1 is removed. Thereby, lift-off can be performed more easily and reliably. In addition, the amount of the metal film 105f removed by lift-off is small, and the area of the emitter electrode 103 exposed is correspondingly small, so that the metal film 105f removed at the time of lift-off is caused to hit the emitter electrode 103. The occurrence of wounds is suppressed.
  • the yield of the lift-off process can be increased.
  • the lift-off of the metal film 105 can be performed more easily and reliably. Therefore, even if the metal film 105 is deposited thick, the yield of the lift-off process can be maintained, and the decrease in productivity can be suppressed.
  • FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a pattern of the metal film 105 of the semiconductor device according to the present embodiment.
  • the openings of the metal film 105 are hatched to make the drawing easier to see.
  • FIGS. 11A and 11B is a schematic partial cross-sectional view showing a structure along lines XIA-XIA and XIB-XIB in FIG.
  • the metal film 105 has an inner region 105a and an outer region 105b2 located around the inner region 105a.
  • the outer region 105b2 like the outer region 105b1 (FIG. 2), is a dummy metal film which is not particularly necessary for solder bonding.
  • the outer region 105b2 has a plurality of portions discretely located around the inner region 105a. In other words, the lattice-like openings SP are provided in the outer region 105b2 so as to separate these portions from one another.
  • the other configuration of the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment.
  • solder which wets and spreads in the inner region 105a is not wetted in the sufficiently small outer region 105b2 and is restrained in the inner region 105a, so the shape of the solder portion 121 (FIG. 1), ie, the solder shape after solder bonding is controlled. be able to.
  • the advantage is that the total edge length of the photoresist used for lift-off of the metal film 105 is increased. There is. This increases the chances of thinner entering and melting of the photoresist in the lift-off process, so lift-off can be performed more easily and reliably.
  • FIG. 12 is a plan view showing a pattern of the metal film 105 on the semiconductor element according to the present embodiment.
  • the openings of the metal film 105 are hatched in order to make the drawing easy to see.
  • FIGS. 13 (A) and 13 (B) is a schematic partial cross-sectional view showing a structure taken along line XIIIA-XIIIA and XIIIB-XIIIB in FIG.
  • the metal film 105 has an inner region 105a and an outer region 105b3 located around the inner region 105a.
  • the outer region 105b3 is provided with a plurality of discrete openings IL for exposing the emitter electrode 103.
  • the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b3 are connected to each other only in the dimension WD (one dimension) or less, as shown in FIG.
  • the dimension WD is small enough to prevent the spread of the solder from the inner region 105a to the outer region 105b3 when the molten solder is disposed on the inner region 105a.
  • the solder which wets and spreads the inner region 105 a of the metal film 105 during soldering is blocked by the exposed emitter electrode 103 at the discrete opening IL. Specifically, since the line width (in the figure, dimension WD) of the outer region 105b3 between the exposed emitter electrodes 103 around the inner region 105a is sufficiently small, the solder wets to the outside of the inner region 105a. Since it does not spread and is confined within the inner region 105a, the shape of the solder portion 121 (FIG. 1), that is, the solder shape after solder bonding can be controlled.
  • the other configuration of the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment.
  • the outer region 105b3 may have a dimension equal to or smaller than the dimension WD also in the portion separated from the inner region 105a by the discrete opening IL. Thereby, the wetting and spreading of the solder can be more reliably prevented.
  • the advantage is that the edge length of the photoresist used for lift-off of the metal film 105 is increased. is there. This increases the chances of thinner entering and melting of the photoresist in the lift-off process, so lift-off can be performed more easily and reliably.
  • FIG. 14 is a plan view showing a pattern of the metal film 105 of the semiconductor element according to the present embodiment.
  • the covering film 1101 on the metal film 105 is hatched to make it easy to see the figure.
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view showing a structure along line XV-XV in FIG.
  • the metal film 105 has an inner region 105a and an outer region 105b4 located around the inner region 105a.
  • the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b4 constitute an integral metal film having no opening. In other words, both are connected to each other in the entire boundary between the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b4. That is, the metal film 105 is formed on the entire surface of the emitter electrode 103.
  • a covering film 1101 is formed on the metal film 105 to prevent the solder from developing when the external electrode 117 (FIG. 1) is soldered.
  • the covering film 1101 is partially provided on the metal film 105, and divides the metal film 105 into an inner area 105a and an outer area 105b4 surrounding the inner area 105a. Solder bonding of the external electrode 117 and the metal film 105 is performed on the inner region 105a.
  • the covering film 1101 surrounds the inner region 105a.
  • the other configuration of the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment.
  • the coating film 1101 has solder wettability lower than that of the metal film 105.
  • the covering film 1101 is preferably an insulating film made of polyimide.
  • the thickness is preferably about 2 ⁇ m or more and about 20 ⁇ m or less. If the film thickness of the polyimide exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the warpage of the wafer due to the shrinkage stress of the polyimide generated when the polyimide is baked tends to be excessive. In addition, if it is attempted to deposit polyimide over 20 ⁇ m, the in-plane uniformity of the wafer tends to be impaired.
  • this polyimide also serves to cover and protect the termination region 205 etc., and if the polyimide film thickness is less than 2 ⁇ m, the step portion of these termination regions 205 It is easy for the formation defect to occur.
  • the solder that wets and spreads on the inner region 105a is blocked by the coating film 1101 and does not spread to the metal film 105 outside the coating film 1101, ie, the outer region 105b4, and is restrained in the inner region 105a.
  • the shape of the portion 121 (FIG. 1) that is, the solder shape after solder bonding can be controlled.
  • the covering film 1101 By forming the covering film 1101 with the same material as the passivation film (not shown) provided on the semiconductor element 101, the process can be simplified. Moreover, if both are formed collectively, it is possible to reduce the number of processes.
  • As a material of the passivation film there are polybenzoxador and other silicon resin materials other than polyimide. By using these, the formation process of the coating film 1101 can be completed in the wafer process before dicing. Also, as another material used in the wafer process, a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride film formed by a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method is used in addition to an organic material represented by polyimide or polybenzoxador. It is also possible to form a coating 1101.
  • CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
  • the solder bonding metal film 105d is deposited on the oxidation preventing metal film 105e due to a thermal load during CVD, and the precipitate is oxidized to cause solder wettability. May be inhibited.
  • the oxidation preventing metal film 105e is formed of Au or Ag, the cost increases if the oxidation preventing metal film 105e is thickened. Therefore, when the metal film 105e for preventing oxidation is formed of Au or Ag, the material of the covering film 1101 is preferably an organic material represented by polyimide or polybenzoxador.
  • lift-off of the metal film 105 on the emitter electrode 103 is not particularly required, and lift-off of the metal film 105 is performed by the termination region 205, dicing line DL, gate It may be performed only on the pad 203 or the like. This simplifies the lift-off process and increases productivity.
  • FIG. 16 is a plan view showing a pattern of the metal film 105 of the semiconductor element according to the present embodiment.
  • the covering film 1101 is hatched in order to make the drawing easy to see.
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view showing a structure taken along line XVII-XVII in FIG.
  • the metal film 105 has an inner region 105a and an outer region 105b5 located around the inner region 105a.
  • the outer region 105b5 is substantially similar to the outer region 105b1 (FIG. 2).
  • the metal film 105 has a moat-shaped opening TR (FIG. 17) that exposes the emitter electrode 103 between the inner region 105a and the outer region 105b5.
  • the moat-shaped opening TR surrounds an inner area 105a which is an area where solder bonding is performed. Over the moat-shaped opening TR, a coating film 1301 is formed to prevent the progress of the solder. As shown in FIG.
  • the covering film 1301 has a width wider than the opening width of the moat-shaped opening TR, and like the moat-shaped opening TR, surrounds a region where solder bonding is to be performed.
  • the material and formation method of the coating film 1301 are the same as those of the coating film 1101 (Embodiment 4).
  • the configuration other than the above is substantially the same as the configuration of the fourth embodiment described above, so the same or corresponding elements are denoted by the same reference characters and description thereof will not be repeated.
  • the coating film 1301 is a polyimide film
  • the adhesion between Au and polyimide is low.
  • polyimide may be released during solder bonding.
  • the polyimide film and the emitter electrode 103 are in close contact with each other through the moat-shaped opening TR of the metal film 105, detachment of the polyimide can be prevented.
  • a material having an Al content higher than that of the metal film 105 is used for the emitter electrode 103, this effect is large.
  • the emitter electrode 103 formed of a material containing 95% or more of Al has good adhesion to polyimide, the risk of detachment of the polyimide film can be further reduced. The same effect can be obtained even when a material containing Au or Ag is used for the outermost surface layer of the metal film 105 and a material having a smaller content of Au or Ag than the outermost surface layer of the metal film 105 is used for the emitter electrode 103. can get.
  • the coating film 1301 which is less likely to be detached than the coating film 1101 of the fourth embodiment. Therefore, control of the shape of the solder portion 121 (FIG. 1) by the covering film 1301 can be performed more reliably.
  • the opening formed in the metal film 105 is the moat-shaped opening TR similar to that of the first embodiment, but the shape of the opening is not limited to this.
  • the same shape as that of the lattice-like aperture SP (FIG. 10: Embodiment 2) or the discrete aperture IL (FIG. 12: Embodiment 3) may be used.
  • the lift-off process in each of the above embodiments is not limited to one performed by applying thinner or pure water to the photoresist at a high pressure.
  • the lift-off may be performed, for example, by applying a tape to a metal film and peeling off the tape. In this case, the adhesive force of the tape removes the metal film on the photoresist.
  • the present invention can freely combine the above-described embodiments within the scope of the invention, and can arbitrarily modify or omit any component of each embodiment.
  • the present specification includes the disclosures of (i) to (ix) below.
  • the first metal film is disposed in a shape covering an area other than the first metal film of the electrode so as to form an exposed portion which forms an opening (TR) for exposing the electrode in a moat shape along the outer periphery of the first metal film.
  • a second metal film (105b1) An external electrode (117) soldered to the first metal film;
  • a semiconductor device (200) comprising:
  • the configuration of this semiconductor device can be read, for example, from the first embodiment.
  • a semiconductor element 101
  • An electrode (103) provided on the surface of the semiconductor element;
  • a first metal film (105a) provided on the surface of the electrode in such a manner as to control a solder shape after solder bonding;
  • a second metal film (105b2) discretely disposed in a plurality of shapes smaller than the first metal film in an exposed portion where the electrode is exposed in the periphery of the first metal film;
  • a semiconductor device (200) comprising:
  • the configuration of this semiconductor device can be read, for example, from the second embodiment.
  • a semiconductor element 101
  • An electrode (103) provided on the surface of the semiconductor element
  • a first metal film (105) provided on the surface of the electrode
  • An external electrode (117) soldered to the first metal film; Equipped with The first metal film includes a solder bonding area (105a) for solder bonding with the external electrode;
  • a semiconductor device (200) comprising an exposed portion (IL) in which the electrode is exposed in a region other than the solder bonding region so as to have a thin line width (WD) which inhibits solder growth.
  • the configuration of this semiconductor device can be read, for example, from the third embodiment.
  • the semiconductor device (200) according to any one of (i) to (iii) above.
  • the configuration of this semiconductor device can be read, for example, from the fifth embodiment.
  • a semiconductor device (200) comprising:
  • the configuration of this semiconductor device can be read, for example, from the fourth embodiment.
  • Reference Signs List 100 wafer (substrate), 101 semiconductor element, 103 emitter electrode (element electrode), 105 metal film, 105a inner region, 105b1 to 105b5 outer region, 117 external electrode, 121 solder portion, 200 semiconductor device, 1101, 1301 coating film , DL dicing line, ER effective area, IL discrete opening (aperture), IR invalid area, SP lattice-like opening (aperture), TR moat-like opening (aperture).

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Abstract

 素子電極(103)は、半導体素子(101)の表面に設けられている。金属膜(105)は、素子電極(103)上に設けられており、内側領域(105a)と、内側領域(105a)の周りに位置する外側領域(105b1)とを有する。金属膜(105)には、内側領域(105a)および外側領域(105b1)の間で素子電極(103)を露出する開口(TR)が設けられている。素子電極(103)は、金属膜(105)の半田濡れ性よりも低い半田濡れ性を有する。外部電極(117)は金属膜(105)の内側領域(105a)に半田接合されている。

Description

半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法
 本発明は、半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法に関し、特に、大電流容量に対応した配線接続構造を有する半導体装置とその半導体装置の製造方法に関するものである。
 大電流をスイッチングする半導体装置において、半導体素子の素子電極と、外部電極との接続は、大電流に適したものである必要がある。この接続にワイヤボンディング法による固相接合が用いられる場合、アルミニウム等から作られた、線径の大きい複数の金属ワイヤが並列にワイヤボンディングされる。より大きい電流やより高い電圧に対応するためには、並列接続される金属ワイヤの数を増やしたり、金属ワイヤの線径を大きくしたりする対応が必要である。このような対応を行う場合、接合に必要な電極面積が大きくなることから、半導体装置の大きさが大きくなってしまう。またこのような対応は、構造および実装の観点で困難性が高くなってきている。このためワイヤボンディング法以外の技術も提案されている。
 特開2008-182074号公報(特許文献1)によれば、銅板である外部電極と、半導体素子の素子電極とを半田で直接接合することが開示されている。これにより、電気抵抗を下げつつ大電流通電が可能な接続が実現され得る。
 特開2010-272711号公報(特許文献2)によれば、半田接合用の金属膜として適正な厚みのNi層を形成することで、半田接合時の信頼性を向上させることが開示されている。Ni厚みを最適化することで、プロセス成立性と接合信頼性とをより良好に両立させ得る。
特開2008-182074号公報 特開2010-272711号公報
 半導体素子を有する半導体装置において、半導体素子の電流が流れる部分は温度サイクルによる熱ストレスを受ける。このような熱ストレス環境下において、特許文献1で開示されるような接合構造を有する半導体装置では、特許文献2のように接合信頼性を高めるために半田接合用の金属膜を適正な厚さに形成する必要がある。
 上記金属膜は、その上に外部電極を接合する際の半田の広がり形状を制御するために、適切な形状にパターニングされる。このパターニングには、簡便なパターニング法であるリフトオフ法が適している。リフトオフ法における不要部分の除去の容易性、すなわちリフトオフ性は、金属膜の厚さが大きくなるほど低下する。このため、金属膜の厚さが大きい場合、リフトオフされるべき部分が残存したり、リフトオフによって露出された表面に傷がついたりすることがある。このように、金属膜の厚さが大きい場合、リフトオフプロセスの歩留まりが低下する。このため、半田の広がり形状を制御する金属膜を高い生産性で形成することが困難であった。
 この発明は、上記の問題点を解決するためになされたもので、外部電極を接合する際の半田の広がり形状を制御する金属膜を、高い生産性で形成することができる、半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法を提供するものである。
 本発明の一の局面に従う半導体装置は、半導体素子と、素子電極と、金属膜と、外部電極とを有する。素子電極は、半導体素子の表面に設けられている。金属膜は、素子電極上に設けられており、内側領域と、内側領域の周りに位置する外側領域とを有する。金属膜には、内側領域および外側領域の間で素子電極を露出する開口が設けられている。素子電極は、金属膜の半田濡れ性よりも低い半田濡れ性を有する。外部電極は金属膜の内側領域に半田接合されている。
 本発明の他の局面に従う半導体装置は、半導体素子と、素子電極と、金属膜と、被覆膜と、外部電極とを有する。素子電極は半導体素子の表面に設けられている。金属膜は素子電極上に設けられている。被覆膜は、金属膜上に部分的に設けられており、金属膜を内側領域と内側領域を囲む外側領域とに区分している。被覆膜は金属膜の半田濡れ性よりも低い半田濡れ性を有する。外部電極は金属膜の内側領域に半田接合されている。
 本発明の半導体装置の製造方法は、上記半導体装置の製造方法であり、次の工程を有する。素子電極が設けられた半導体素子が配置された有効領域と、有効領域の外側の無効領域と、を有する主面が設けられた基板が形成される。素子電極上に金属膜が形成される。金属膜は無効領域上に位置する部分を含む。金属膜が形成された後に、無効領域におけるダイシングラインに沿ったダイシングによって、半導体素子が切り出される。金属膜の内側領域に外部電極が半田接合される。
 この発明によれば、外部電極を接合する際の半田の広がり形状を制御する金属膜を、高い生産性で形成することができる。
 この発明の目的、特徴、局面、および利点は、以下の詳細な説明と添付図面とによって、より明白となる。
本発明の実施の形態1における半導体装置の構成を示す概略断面図である。 図1の半導体装置が有する金属膜のパターンを示す概略平面図である。 図2の線III-IIIに沿う概略部分断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態1における半導体装置の製造方法を概略的に示すフロー図である。 本発明の実施の形態1における半導体装置の製造方法の第1工程を示す概略部分断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態1における半導体装置の製造方法の第2工程を示す概略部分断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態1における半導体装置の製造方法の第3工程を示す概略部分断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態1における半導体装置の製造方法の第4工程を示す概略部分断面図である。 図7の工程におけるフォトレジストのパターンを示す概略平面図(A)、およびそのIXB部の拡大図(B)である。 本発明の実施の形態2における半導体装置が有する金属膜のパターンを示す概略平面図である。 図10の線XIA-XIAに沿う概略部分断面図(A)、および線XIB-XIBに沿う概略部分断面図(B)である。 本発明の実施の形態3における半導体装置が有する金属膜のパターンを示す概略平面図である。 図12の線XIIIA-XIIIAに沿う概略部分断面図(A)、および線XIIIB-XIIIBに沿う概略部分断面図(B)である。 本発明の実施の形態4における半導体装置が有する金属膜のパターンを示す概略平面図である。 図14の線XV-XVに沿う概略部分断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態5における半導体装置が有する金属膜のパターンを示す概略平面図である。 図14の線XVII-XVIIに沿う概略部分断面図である。
 (実施の形態1)
 はじめに半導体装置200の構成の概要について説明する。図1は、本実施の形態に係る半導体装置200の構造を示す断面図である。また、図2は本実施の形態の半導体素子101の金属膜105のパターンについて示す平面図である。なお図2において、図を見やすくするために、金属膜105の開口部にハッチングを付している。
 半導体装置200は、半導体素子101と、エミッタ電極103(素子電極)と、金属膜105と、外部電極117とを含む。エミッタ電極103は半導体素子101の表面に設けられている。金属膜105は、エミッタ電極103上に設けられており、内側領域105aと、内側領域105aの周りに位置する外側領域105b1とを有する。金属膜105には、内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b1の間でエミッタ電極103を露出する堀状開口TRが設けられている。堀状開口TRは、内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b1の間に堀状に設けられている。堀状開口TRによって金属膜105の内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b1は分離されている。エミッタ電極103は、金属膜105の半田濡れ性よりも低い半田濡れ性を有する。エミッタ電極103は金属膜105の内側領域105aに半田部121によって半田接合されている。内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b1は同じ材料で形成されている。このため内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b1は、同じ工程、具体的にはリフトオフプロセス、で形成することができる。
 以上の構成によれば、金属膜105のリフトオフプロセスによるパターニングの際に、外側領域105b1が残存させられるので、リフトオフによって除去される部分の面積が小さくされる。これにより、金属膜105の厚さが比較的厚くても、リフトオフの高い生産性を維持することができる。ここで金属膜105の厚さは、半田付けの際にエミッタ電極103を十分に保護するために、1μm以上であることが好ましい。
 なお半導体装置200は、上述した構成に加えてさらに、図1に示すように、絶縁シート111と、ベース板113と、半田層115と、外部他方電極118と、半田部122と、封止材123と、ゲートパッド203(制御用電極)と、金属ワイヤ213と、外部制御電極223とを有し得る。
 次により詳細な内容について、以下に説明する。
 半導体素子101は、たとえば表面側と裏面側に電極を有する縦型のIGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)である。半導体素子101の上面側には、第1主電極としてのエミッタ電極103が設けられている。エミッタ電極103上には金属膜105が形成されており、金属膜105は、エミッタ電極103を堀状に露出するように開口を形成する露出部を介して半田接合用金属膜としての内側領域105aとダミー金属膜としての外側領域105b1とに分離されている。エミッタ電極103を囲む形でゲート配線(図示せず)が形成され、ゲートパッド203と電気的に接続されている。ゲート配線の外側にはターミネーション領域205が形成されている。半導体素子101は、金属膜105の周りの、ゲートパッド203以外の領域に、保護膜209を有する。また半導体素子101はその下面側に、第2主電極としてのコレクタ電極109を有する。コレクタ電極109は絶縁シート111上のベース板113と半田層115を介して接続されている。
 エミッタ電極103は、金属からなり、Alを主成分とすることが好ましく、具体的には、Alを95%以上含む材料から作られていることが好ましい。ゲートパッド203はエミッタ電極103の材料と同様のものから作られ得る。またエミッタ電極103と共通の製造プロセスにてゲートパッド203を形成することが一般的である。主としてAlを含む材料をエミッタ電極103とゲートパッド203として採用することによって、Si基板など各種基板を用いた半導体素子の電極として、既存の方法で容易に形成・加工できる。また上記のようにAlを用いることで、ゲートパッド203に対して金属ワイヤ213をワイヤボンドで接合する際に、接続信頼性の優れた接合を確保できる。Alの含有率が下がると抵抗が増加するため、大電流を扱う半導体装置の電極としては好ましくない。Alを95%以上含むことで、Alワイヤボンドとの相性がよく、また導電率を上げることができる。
 図3は図2中の線III-IIIに沿う構造について示す概略部分断面図である。エミッタ電極103の上に形成される金属膜105は、たとえばエミッタ電極103側から順に密着性確保用金属膜105c、半田接合用金属膜105d、および酸化防止用金属膜105eが積層された積層金属膜である。各金属膜の具体的材料としては、密着性確保用金属膜105cとしてTi、半田接合用金属膜105dとしてNi、酸化防止用金属膜105eとしてAuが使用され得る。エミッタ電極103の上にTiを堆積する理由は、主としてAlを含む材料が使用されたエミッタ電極103とNiで形成された半田接合用金属膜105dとの密着性を確保すると同時に、半田接合用金属膜105dのNiが半導体素子101へ拡散することを防止するためである。エミッタ電極103との密着性を確保するための密着性確保用金属膜105cはTi以外でもよく、たとえばMoでもよい。主としてAlを含む材料が使用されたエミッタ電極103は、たとえばSnAgCu系のPbフリー半田を接合することが困難なため、Tiを介してNiを堆積させることで半田との接合性および半田濡れ性を確保している。また、Ni膜が酸化されると半田濡れ性が低下するため、Niが酸化されることを防止する目的で酸化防止用金属膜105eとしてAuを堆積させている。酸化防止用金属膜105eはAu以外でもよく、たとえばAgでもよい。上記のような理由により、エミッタ電極103の上に、SnAgCu系のPbフリー半田が接合可能でエミッタ電極103との密着性を確保したTi/Ni/Au膜を、金属膜105として堆積することが好適である。
 図4は、半導体装置200の製造方法のフロー図を示す。まず図5を参照して、ステップS10(図4)にて、金属膜105の形成を除いて、いわゆるウエハレベルのプロセスがおおよそ完了される。すなわち、エミッタ電極103(素子電極)が設けられた半導体素子101が配置された有効領域と、有効領域の外側の無効領域とを有する主面が設けられたウエハ(基板)が形成される。エミッタ電極103はスパッタリング法で形成されるAlまたはAlSiまたはAlCu膜である。この電極は、水素または窒素雰囲気内で400~470℃で熱処理されてもよい。この熱処理により結晶サイズが拡大され、また平坦性が向上する。これにより、この後に形成される金属膜105のカバレッジ性を向上させることができる。
 次に、金属膜105が形成される(図4:ステップS20)。具体的には、図6を参照して、まずフォトレジスト501が塗布される。図7を参照して、フォトレジスト501に対して露光および現像が行われることで、フォトレジスト501がパターニングされる。このように、フォトレジスト501のパターニングはフォトリソグラフィ法によって行い得る。このパターニングは、金属膜105を最終的に残存させない領域がフォトレジスト501によって被覆されるように行われる。
 図8を参照して、金属膜105を構成する金属膜105c、105dおよび105eが成膜される。具体的には、Ti、NiおよびAuがスパッタ法などで順次積層される。熱ストレスに対する耐性を向上させるために、金属膜105の主たる金属としてNiをTiおよびAuより厚く堆積することが好ましい。少なくとも部分的に(たとえば、金属膜105の一部である金属膜105dの部分)、Niのように硬度が高い材料を用いることにより、金属膜105は少なくとも部分的に、エミッタ電極103の硬度よりも高い硬度を有する。これにより、後述する金属膜105に対して半田接合するときに、エミッタ電極103を保護することができ、エミッタ電極103の破壊を抑制することができる。また半田付けを行うと半田食われにより金属膜105の厚さが減少するため、金属膜105のNiの厚さを1μm以上とすることが望ましい。また半田付け後のNi残厚は0.5μm以上が好ましく、これにより電極を十分に保護することができる。
 再び図3を参照してフォトレジスト501およびその上の金属膜105fがリフトオフプロセスにより除去される。リフトオフプロセスの一例としては、以下のプロセスがある。まず有機溶剤にシンナーを用い、フォトレジスト501を融解させる。次に、シンナーまたは純水を高圧力でウエハ上にあて、物理的にフォトレジスト501およびその上に成膜された金属膜105fを除去する。このようにして金属膜105に、内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b1を有するパターンが形成される。
 ここで、上述したリフトオフプロセスに用いられるフォトレジスト501(図7)のパターンについてさらに説明する。図9(A)は、フォトレジスト501(図7)のパターンをウエハ100(基板)の主面全体について示し、図9(B)はそのIXB部を拡大して示す。なお図9(A)および(B)においてハッチングを付された部分は、平面視においてフォトレジスト501が配置された領域を示す。
 フォトレジスト501は、格子状領域401および堀状領域403を有する。堀状領域403は、金属膜105に堀状開口TR(図3)を形成するためのものである。格子状領域401は、ウエハ100のダイシングがダイシングラインDLに沿って行われる際に、ダイシングラインDLが金属膜105の開口に位置するようにするためのものである。ダイシングラインDL上の金属膜105がリフトオフによって少なくとも部分的に除去されることで、ダイシングラインDL上において金属膜105に開口が形成されることで、その後のより容易なダイシングが可能となる。
 またフォトレジスト501にはフォトリソグラフィによって開口領域509が設けられる。開口領域509は、内側領域105a(図2)に対応する領域405と、外側領域105b1に対応する領域407とに加え、さらに領域409を有する。領域409は、半導体素子101が配置される有効領域ERの外側に配置される。言い換えれば、領域409は、最終的に半導体素子101とならない、ウエハ100の無効領域IRに配置される。無効領域IRは、ウエハ100の外周領域、およびダイシングラインDL近傍の領域を含む。領域409が付加されることで、金属膜105のうちリフトオフされることになる部分がより少なくなる。これにより、より確実なリフトオフプロセスを行うことができるので、生産性を向上させることができる。
 フォトレジスト501のパターンとして、図9(A)および(B)に示すものを使用することで、金属膜105が半田形状を制御する機能を担保しつつ、余分な金属膜領域として除去しなければならない領域を極力少なくすることができる。
 次にステップS30(図4)にて、無効領域IRにおけるダイシングラインDLに沿ったダイシングが行われる。これにより半導体素子101が切り出される。切り出された半導体素子101がパッケージングされることで半導体装置200(図1)が得られる。このパッケージング工程において、金属膜105の内側領域105aに外部電極117が半田接合される(図4:ステップS40)。この半田接合工程について、以下に説明する。
 外部電極117と金属膜105の内側領域105aとの、半田部121による半田接合は、たとえば、外部電極117に設けられた貫通口119(図1)から溶融半田を滴下することで行われる。滴下された半田は、内側領域105a上を濡れ広がる。この半田の広がりは堀状開口TRに達することで停止する。これは、堀状開口TRによって露出されたエミッタ電極103が、内側領域105aの半田濡れ性に比して低い半田濡れ性を有するためである。エミッタ電極103の主な材料がAlである場合、その表面には自然酸化膜が形成されるため、エミッタ電極103露出部の半田濡れ性は悪く、金属膜端部のエミッタ電極103露出部で半田の濡れ広がりが止まる。このようにエミッタ電極103によって半田の濡れ広がりが阻害されるため、エミッタ電極103露出部より外側の外側領域105b1へは半田は進展せず、半田形状が内側領域105a内に拘束されることで、所望の形状の半田部121が得られる。
 最終的には、半導体素子101は封止材123などで封止される(図4:ステップS50)。これにより、外部電極117などが取り付けられたモジュールである半導体装置200が完成する。
 本実施の形態によれば、金属膜105は、半田接合に用いられる内側領域105a以外に、外側領域105b1を有する。すなわち、外側領域105b1は、リフトオフによって除去されていない。これにより、外側領域105b1が除去される場合に比して、金属膜105のうちリフトオフによって除去される割合を小さくすることができる。これにより、リフトオフをより容易かつ確実に行うことができる。また、リフトオフによって除去される金属膜105fの量が少なく、またこれに対応して、露出されるエミッタ電極103の面積も小さいので、リフトオフ時に除去した金属膜105fがエミッタ電極103に当たることに起因した傷の発生が抑制される。以上から、リフトオフプロセスの歩留まりを上げることができる。このように金属膜105のリフトオフをより容易かつ確実に行うことができる。よって、金属膜105を厚く堆積させても、リフトオフプロセスの歩留まりを維持し、生産性の低下を抑制することができる。
 (実施の形態2)
 図10は、本実施の形態に係る半導体素子の金属膜105のパターンについて示す平面図である。図10において、図を見やすくするために、金属膜105の開口部にハッチングを付している。また、図11(A)および(B)のそれぞれは、図10中の線XIA-XIAおよびXIB-XIBに沿う構造について示す概略部分断面図である。
 本実施の形態においては、金属膜105は、内側領域105aと、内側領域105aの周りに位置する外側領域105b2とを有する。外側領域105b2は、外側領域105b1(図2)と同様、半田接合のためには特に必要のないダミー金属膜である。外側領域105b2は、内側領域105aの周辺に離散的に位置する複数の部分を有する。言い換えれば、これら部分を互いに分離するように、外側領域105b2には格子状開口SPが設けられている。本実施の形態のその他の構成は、実施の形態1と同様である。内側領域105aを濡れ広がる半田は、十分に小さい外側領域105b2には濡れ広がらず内側領域105a内に拘束されるので、半田部121(図1)の形状、すなわち半田接合後の半田形状を制御することができる。
 本実施の形態によれば、リフトオフプロセスで除去しなければならない金属膜105の領域が実施の形態1に比べ増加し得るものの、金属膜105のリフトオフに用いられるフォトレジストの総エッジ長が増える利点がある。これによりリフトオフプロセスにおいてシンナーが進入しフォトレジストを溶融する機会が増加するため、リフトオフをより容易かつ確実に行うことができる。
 (実施の形態3)
 図12は、本実施の形態に係る半導体素子上の金属膜105のパターンについて示す平面図である。図12において、図を見やすくするために、金属膜105の開口部にハッチングを付している。図13(A)および(B)のそれぞれは、図12中の線XIIIA-XIIIAおよびXIIIB-XIIIBに沿う構造について示す概略部分断面図である。
 本実施の形態においては、金属膜105は、内側領域105aと、内側領域105aの周りに位置する外側領域105b3とを有する。外側領域105b3には、エミッタ電極103を露出する複数の離散的開口ILが設けられている。離散的開口ILが設けられることで、内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b3は、図12に示すように、互いに寸法WD(一の寸法)以下でのみつながっている。寸法WDは、溶融した半田が内側領域105a上に配置された場合に内側領域105aから外側領域105b3への半田の広がりが阻害される程度に小さい。
 上記構成により、半田付けの際に金属膜105の内側領域105aを濡れ広がる半田は、離散的開口ILにおいて露出されたエミッタ電極103に阻まれる。具体的には、内側領域105aの周辺において露出されたエミッタ電極103の間の外側領域105b3の線幅(図中、寸法WD)が十分に小さいために、半田は内側領域105aの外側へは濡れ広がらず内側領域105a内に拘束されるので、半田部121(図1)の形状、すなわち半田接合後の半田形状を制御することができる。本実施の形態のその他の構成は、実施の形態1と同様である。
 なお図13(A)に示すように、外側領域105b3は、内側領域105aから離散的開口ILによって隔てられている部分においても、寸法WD以下の寸法を有してもよい。これにより、半田の濡れ広がりがより確実に防止される。
 本実施の形態によれば、リフトオフプロセスで除去しなければならない金属膜105の領域が実施の形態1に比べ増加し得るものの、金属膜105のリフトオフに用いられるフォトレジストのエッジ長が増える利点がある。これによりリフトオフプロセスにおいてシンナーが進入しフォトレジストを溶融する機会が増加するため、リフトオフをより容易かつ確実に行うことができる。
 (実施の形態4)
 図14は、本実施の形態に係る半導体素子の金属膜105のパターンについて示す平面図である。図14において、図を見やすくするために、金属膜105上の被覆膜1101にハッチングを付している。図15は、図14中の線XV-XVに沿う構造について示す概略部分断面図である。
 本実施の形態においては、金属膜105は、内側領域105aと、内側領域105aの周りに位置する外側領域105b4とを有する。内側領域105aおよび外側領域105b4は、開口を有しない一体の金属膜を構成している。言い換えれば、内側領域105aと外側領域105b4との境界の全体において両者は互いにつながっている。すなわち金属膜105は、エミッタ電極103上全面に形成されている。
 金属膜105上には、外部電極117(図1)の半田付けの際に半田進展を防止するための被覆膜1101が形成されている。被覆膜1101は、金属膜105上に部分的に設けられており、金属膜105を内側領域105aと内側領域105aを囲む外側領域105b4とに区分している。外部電極117と金属膜105との半田接合は内側領域105a上で行われる。被覆膜1101は内側領域105aを囲んでいる。本実施の形態のその他の構成は、実施の形態1と同様である。
 被覆膜1101は金属膜105の半田濡れ性よりも低い半田濡れ性を有する。この観点で被覆膜1101は、ポリイミドからなる絶縁膜であることが好ましい。またその厚さは2μm程度以上20μm程度以下が好ましい。ポリイミドの膜厚が20μmを超えるとポリイミドを焼き固めるときに発生するポリイミドの収縮応力によるウエハの反りが過大となりやすい。また、20μmを超えてポリイミドを積もうとするとウエハ面内の均一性が損なわれやすい。また、被覆膜1101と共に一括して保護膜209が形成される場合、このポリイミドはターミネーション領域205などの被覆保護も兼ねており、ポリイミドの膜厚が2μm未満では、これらターミネーション領域205の段差部等で形成不良が発生しやすい。
 内側領域105a上を濡れ広がる半田は、被覆膜1101に阻まれ、被覆膜1101より外側の金属膜105、すなわち外側領域105b4へは濡れ広がらず、内側領域105a内に拘束されるので、半田部121(図1)の形状、すなわち半田接合後の半田形状を制御することができる。被覆膜1101に耐熱性に優れたポリイミドを採用し、かつ、厚みを2~20μm厚さの範囲とすることで、プロセス整合性を保ちつつ、より確実に半田の濡れ広がりを阻止することができる。
 被覆膜1101を、半導体素子101に設けられるパッシベーション膜(図示せず)と同じ材料で形成することで、工程を簡素化することができる。また両者を一括して形成すれば、工程数を削減することが可能である。パッシベーション膜の材料として、ポリイミド以外にはポリベンゾオキサドールや他のシリコン系樹脂材料などがある。これらを使用することで、ダイシング前のウエハプロセス中で被覆膜1101の形成工程を完結させることができる。また、ウエハプロセス中で使用される他の材料として、ポリイミドやポリベンゾオキサドールに代表される有機系材料以外にCVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition)法で形成されるシリコン酸化膜やシリコン窒化膜を用いて被覆膜1101を形成することも可能である。CVD法で窒化膜や酸化膜を形成する場合、CVD時の熱負荷で半田接合用金属膜105dが酸化防止用金属膜105e上に析出し、この析出物が酸化されることで半田濡れ性が阻害される可能性がある。105eの析出を抑制するためには105eを厚く形成する必要があるが、酸化防止用金属膜105eをAuやAgで形成する場合、この酸化防止用金属膜105eを厚くするとコストが上昇する。よって酸化防止用金属膜105eをAuやAgで形成する場合には被覆膜1101の材料は、ポリイミドやポリベンゾオキサドールに代表される有機系材料が望ましい。
 本実施の形態によれば、上述した実施の形態1~3と異なりエミッタ電極103上における金属膜105のリフトオフは特に不要であり、金属膜105のリフトオフは、ターミネーション領域205、ダイシングラインDL、ゲートパッド203上などの上のみで行えばよい。これによりリフトオフプロセスが簡素化されるので、生産性が高められる。
 (実施の形態5)
 図16は、本実施の形態に係る半導体素子の金属膜105のパターンについて示す平面図である。図16において、図を見やすくするために、被覆膜1101にハッチングを付している。図17は、図16中の線XVII-XVIIに沿う構造について示す概略部分断面図である。
 本実施の形態においては、金属膜105は、内側領域105aと、内側領域105aの周りに位置する外側領域105b5とを有する。外側領域105b5は、外側領域105b1(図2)とほぼ同様である。言い換えれば、金属膜105は、内側領域105aと外側領域105b5との間に、エミッタ電極103を露出する堀状開口TR(図17)を有する。堀状開口TRは、半田接合が行われる領域である内側領域105aを取り囲んでいる。堀状開口TR上には、半田進展を防止するための被覆膜1301が形成されている。被覆膜1301は、図17に示すように、堀状開口TRの開口幅より広い幅で、堀状開口TRと同様に、半田接合が行われる領域を取り囲んでいる。被覆膜1301の材料および形成方法は、被覆膜1101(実施の形態4)と同様である。なお、上記以外の構成については、上述した実施の形態4の構成とほぼ同じであるため、同一または対応する要素について同一の符号を付し、その説明を繰り返さない。
 たとえば金属膜105の最表面層にAuが用いられ、被覆膜1301がポリイミド膜である場合、金属膜105上にポリイミドのパターンを形成すると、Auとポリイミドの密着性が低いためにウエハプロセス中や半田接合中にポリイミドが離脱する可能性がある。本実施の形態では、金属膜105の堀状開口TRを通してポリイミド膜とエミッタ電極103とが密着するので、ポリイミドの離脱を防ぐことができる。金属膜105よりもAl含有量の多い材料をエミッタ電極103に用いた場合にはこの効果が大きい。特にAlを95%以上含む材料で形成されたエミッタ電極103はポリイミドとの密着性が良好であるため、ポリイミド膜の離脱のリスクをさらに低減することができる。金属膜105の最表面層にAuあるいはAgを含む材料が用いられ、エミッタ電極103に金属膜105の最表面層よりAuあるいはAgの含有量の少ない材料を用いた場合にも、同様の効果が得られる。
 本実施の形態によれば、実施の形態4の被覆膜1101よりも離脱しにくい被覆膜1301を形成することができる。よって被覆膜1301による、半田部121(図1)の形状の制御をより確実に行うことができる。
 なお本実施の形態では、金属膜105に形成する開口は実施の形態1と同様の堀状開口TRであるが、開口の形状はこれに限定されるものではない。たとえば、格子状開口SP(図10:実施の形態2)または離散的開口IL(図12:実施の形態3)と同様の形状が用いられてもよい。
 上記各実施の形態におけるリフトオフプロセスは、シンナーや純水を高圧力でフォトレジストに当てることにより行われるものに限定されるものではない。リフトオフは、たとえば、金属膜にテープを貼り付け、このテープを剥がすことにより行われてもよい。この場合、テープの粘着力でフォトレジスト上の金属膜が除去される。
 本発明は、その発明の範囲内において、前述の各実施の形態を自由に組み合わせることが可能であり、また各実施の形態の任意の構成要素を適宜、変形または省略することが可能である。
 この発明は詳細に説明されたが、上記した説明は、すべての局面において、例示であって、この発明がそれに限定されるものではない。例示されていない無数の変形例が、この発明の範囲から外れることなく想定され得るものと解される。
 (付記)
 本明細書は、以下の(i)~(ix)の開示を含む。
(i) 半導体素子(101)と、
 前記半導体素子の表面に設けられた電極(103)と、
 前記電極の表面に半田接合後の半田形状を制御する形で設けられた第1の金属膜(105a)と、
 前記第1の金属膜の外周に沿って堀状に前記電極を露出する開口(TR)を形成する露出部を形成するように前記電極の前記第1の金属膜以外の領域を覆う形状で配置された第2の金属膜(105b1)と、
 前記第1の金属膜に半田接合された外部電極(117)と、
を備えたことを特徴とする半導体装置(200)。
 この半導体装置の構成は、たとえば上記実施の形態1から読み取ることができる。
(ii) 半導体素子(101)と、
 半導体素子表面に設けられた電極(103)と、
 前記電極の表面に半田接合後の半田形状を制御する形で設けられた第1の金属膜(105a)と、
 前記第1の金属膜の周辺の前記電極が露出した露出部に、前記第1の金属膜より小さい形状で離散的に複数個配置された第2の金属膜(105b2)と、
 前記第1の金属膜に半田接合された外部電極(117)と、
を備えたことを特徴とする半導体装置(200)。
 この半導体装置の構成は、たとえば上記実施の形態2から読み取ることができる。
(iii) 半導体素子(101)と、
 半導体素子表面に設けられた電極(103)と、
 前記電極の表面に設けられた第1の金属膜(105)と、
 前記第1の金属膜に半田接合された外部電極(117)と、
を備え、
 前記第1の金属膜は、前記外部電極と半田接合するための半田接合領域(105a)と、
 前記半田接合領域以外の領域に、半田進展を阻害する細線幅(WD)となるように前記電極を露出させた露出部(IL)を有することを特徴とする半導体装置(200)。
 この半導体装置の構成は、たとえば上記実施の形態3から読み取ることができる。
(iv) 前記露出部上に半田接合時の半田形状を制御する形で設けられた被覆膜(1301)と、
を備えたことを特徴とする、上記(i)~(iii)のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置(200)。
 この半導体装置の構成は、たとえば上記実施の形態5から読み取ることができる。
(v) 半導体素子(101)と、
 半導体素子表面に設けられた電極(103)と、
 前記電極の表面に設けられた金属膜(105)と、
 前記金属膜上に半田接合時の半田形状を制御する形で設けられた被覆膜(1101)と、
を備えたことを特徴とする半導体装置(200)。
 この半導体装置の構成は、たとえば上記実施の形態4から読み取ることができる。
(vi) 前記被覆膜が、厚さが2~20μmのポリイミドで形成されていることを特徴とする、上記(iv)または(v)に記載の半導体装置。
(vii) 前記電極がアルミを95%以上含む材料からなっていることを特徴とする、上記(i)~(vi)のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
(viii) 上記(i)~(vii)のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法であって、
 前記第1の金属膜の形成工程で、ウエハ(100)面内全領域中で半導体装置として使用しない無効領域(IR)上にも前記第1の金属膜と同等の金属膜を形成することを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。
(ix) 前記無効領域上の金属膜に開口を形成し、前記開口がダイシングライン(DL)上にあることを特徴とする、上記(viii)に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
 100 ウエハ(基板)、101 半導体素子、103 エミッタ電極(素子電極)、105 金属膜、105a 内側領域、105b1~105b5 外側領域、117 外部電極、121 半田部、200 半導体装置、1101,1301 被覆膜、DL ダイシングライン、ER 有効領域、IL 離散的開口(開口)、IR 無効領域、SP 格子状開口(開口)、TR 堀状開口(開口)。

Claims (16)

  1.  半導体素子(101)と、
     前記半導体素子の表面に設けられた素子電極(103)と、
     前記素子電極上に設けられ、内側領域(105a)と前記内側領域の周りに位置する外側領域(105b1~105b3)とを有する金属膜(105)とを備え、前記金属膜には前記内側領域および前記外側領域の間で前記素子電極を露出する開口(TR,SP,IL)が設けられており、前記素子電極は前記金属膜の半田濡れ性よりも低い半田濡れ性を有し、さらに
     前記金属膜の前記内側領域に半田接合された外部電極(117)を備えた、
    半導体装置。
  2.  前記金属膜の前記内側領域および前記外側領域(105b1,105b2)は前記開口(TR,SP)によって分離されている、請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
  3.  前記開口(TR)は、前記金属膜の前記内側領域および前記外側領域(105b1)の間に堀状に設けられている、請求項2に記載の半導体装置。
  4.  前記金属膜の前記外側領域(105b2)は、離散的に配置された複数の部分を有する、請求項2に記載の半導体装置。
  5.  前記金属膜の前記内側領域および前記外側領域(105b3)は互いに一の寸法(WD)以下でのみつながっており、前記一の寸法は、溶融した半田が前記金属膜の前記内側領域上に配置された場合に前記内側領域から前記外側領域への半田の広がりが阻害される程度に小さい、請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
  6.  前記金属膜の前記内側領域および前記外側領域は同じ材料で形成されている、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  7.  前記金属膜の前記内側領域および前記外側領域は同じ工程で形成されている、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  8.  前記金属膜は、少なくとも部分的に、前記素子電極の硬度よりも高い硬度を有する、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  9.  前記金属膜は1μm以上の厚さを有する、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  10.  半導体素子(101)と、
     前記半導体素子の表面に設けられた素子電極(103)と、
     前記素子電極上に設けられた金属膜(105)と、
     前記金属膜上に部分的に設けられ、前記金属膜を内側領域(105a)と前記内側領域を囲む外側領域(105b4,105b5)とに区分し、前記金属膜の半田濡れ性よりも低い半田濡れ性を有する被覆膜(1101,1301)と、
     前記金属膜の前記内側領域に半田接合された外部電極(117)とを備えた、
    半導体装置。
  11.  前記金属膜の前記内側領域および前記外側領域(105b4)は、前記内側領域と前記外側領域との境界の全体において互いにつながっている、請求項10に記載の半導体装置。
  12.  前記金属膜には前記内側領域および前記外側領域の間で前記素子電極を露出する開口が設けられており、前記被覆膜(1301)は前記開口に配置されている、請求項10に記載の半導体装置。
  13.  前記被覆膜は、厚さ2μm以上20μm以下を有するポリイミド膜を含む、請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  14.  前記素子電極は、アルミニウムを95%以上含む材料から作られている、請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置。
  15.  請求項1~5および10~12のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法であって、
     前記素子電極が設けられた前記半導体素子が配置された有効領域(ER)と、前記有効領域の外側の無効領域(IR)と、を有する主面が設けられた基板(100)を形成する工程と、
     前記素子電極上に前記金属膜を形成する工程とを備え、前記金属膜は前記無効領域上に位置する部分を含み、さらに
     前記金属膜が形成された後に、前記無効領域におけるダイシングライン(DL)に沿ったダイシングによって、前記半導体素子を切り出す工程と、
     前記金属膜の前記内側領域に前記外部電極を半田接合する工程とを備えた、
    半導体装置の製造方法。
  16.  前記金属膜を形成する工程は、前記ダイシングライン上において前記金属膜に開口を形成する工程を含む、請求項15に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
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