WO2014103036A1 - 半導体装置、自動車 - Google Patents

半導体装置、自動車 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014103036A1
WO2014103036A1 PCT/JP2012/084153 JP2012084153W WO2014103036A1 WO 2014103036 A1 WO2014103036 A1 WO 2014103036A1 JP 2012084153 W JP2012084153 W JP 2012084153W WO 2014103036 A1 WO2014103036 A1 WO 2014103036A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
control signal
temperature
electrode
semiconductor element
semiconductor device
Prior art date
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PCT/JP2012/084153
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
光徳 愛甲
慎太郎 荒木
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三菱電機株式会社
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Publication date
Application filed by 三菱電機株式会社 filed Critical 三菱電機株式会社
Priority to PCT/JP2012/084153 priority Critical patent/WO2014103036A1/ja
Priority to DE112012007270.7T priority patent/DE112012007270B4/de
Priority to US14/653,822 priority patent/US9484927B2/en
Priority to JP2014554025A priority patent/JP6339022B2/ja
Priority to CN201280078050.0A priority patent/CN104885218B/zh
Publication of WO2014103036A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014103036A1/ja

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    • H03L1/00—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply
    • H03L1/02—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply against variations of temperature only
    • H03L1/022—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply against variations of temperature only by indirect stabilisation, i.e. by generating an electrical correction signal which is a function of the temperature
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a semiconductor device used for high voltage, large current switching and the like, and an automobile equipped with the semiconductor device.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses a power semiconductor module for power in which a semiconductor element, a collector electrode, an emitter electrode, and a gate electrode are joined to an insulating substrate with solder or the like.
  • This power semiconductor module for electric power measures the temperature of a semiconductor element and each component by a thermocouple, and grasps the deterioration of the bonding interface and the cooling state of the apparatus from the measured temperature change. When cracks occur and develop at the joint interface, the thermal resistance increases and the temperature rises. Therefore, the progress of cracks can be determined by measuring the degree of temperature rise.
  • the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device capable of reducing the size of the electrode while keeping the temperature of the electrode below a standard value, and an automobile including the semiconductor device. To do.
  • a semiconductor device has a gate and is controlled by a gate voltage, a gate drive circuit that controls the gate voltage, and the semiconductor element, and a main current of the semiconductor element flows.
  • the temperature detection unit for detecting the temperature of the electrode, and the temperature detected by the temperature detection unit, a maximum energization amount is applied to the semiconductor element within a range in which the temperature of the electrode does not exceed a predetermined temperature.
  • the generation unit that generates the first control signal to be applied, the first control signal, and the second control signal transmitted from the outside to control the gate voltage, and the temperature of the electrode can be suppressed.
  • a comparison unit that selects a selection control signal that is a control signal.
  • the gate driving circuit controls the gate voltage in accordance with the selection control signal.
  • the electrode since the control signal is changed based on the detected electrode temperature so that the electrode temperature does not exceed the standard value, the electrode can be miniaturized while keeping the electrode temperature below the standard value.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram of a semiconductor device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. It is sectional drawing which shows the inside of resin. 4 is a flowchart showing an operation of the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment of the present invention. It is sectional drawing which shows the modification of the attachment position of a temperature detection part. It is a figure of the semiconductor device which concerns on Embodiment 2 of this invention. It is a figure of the semiconductor device which concerns on Embodiment 3 of this invention. It is a figure of the motor vehicle concerning Embodiment 4 of this invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram of a semiconductor device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • This semiconductor device includes a substrate 10.
  • the substrate 10 is formed by a heat spreader, for example.
  • a semiconductor element 12 is fixed on the substrate 10 with solder, for example.
  • the semiconductor element 12 is formed of an IGBT having a gate 12a and an emitter 12b on the surface.
  • a diode 14 functioning as a free-wheeling diode is fixed beside the semiconductor element 12 on the substrate 10 by, for example, solder.
  • the diode 14 has a surface electrode 14a.
  • a gate electrode 22 is connected to the gate 12a through a wire 20.
  • the gate electrode 22 is connected to a gate drive circuit 26 through a wire 24.
  • the gate drive circuit 26 is a part that controls the gate voltage of the gate 12a.
  • the semiconductor element 12 is controlled by this gate voltage.
  • the electrode 30 is fixed to the emitter 12b and the surface electrode 14a with, for example, solder.
  • the main current of the semiconductor element 12 flows through the electrode 30.
  • the electrode 30 has a branch portion 30a branched from the main current path.
  • a temperature detector 40 is attached to the branch part 30a.
  • the temperature detector 40 is formed of a thermocouple that detects the temperature of the electrode 30.
  • An electrode 32 is fixed to the substrate 10.
  • the electrode 32 is electrically connected to the collector on the back surface of the semiconductor element 12 through the substrate 10.
  • the semiconductor element 12, the diode 14, the gate electrode 22, and the electrodes 30 and 32 are covered with a resin 50 so that a part of the gate electrode 22 and a part of the electrodes 30 and 32 are exposed to the outside.
  • the electrodes 30 and 32 extend outside the resin 50 for connection to an external bus bar. Further, the aforementioned branch part 30 a and the temperature detection part 40 are exposed outside the resin 50.
  • a controller 60 is connected to the temperature detector 40 via a wire 42.
  • the control unit 60 includes a generation unit 60a, a comparison unit 60b, and an output unit 60c. Based on the temperature detected by the temperature detector 40, the generator 60a generates a first control signal that gives the semiconductor device 12 the maximum energization amount within a range in which the temperature of the electrode 30 does not exceed a predetermined temperature (standard value). This is the part to be generated.
  • the control signal determines the energization time of the semiconductor element 12, and is, for example, a signal related to duty ratio and switching to be achieved by the arm.
  • the host system 70 is connected to the control unit 60 via a wire 62.
  • the host system 70 is a part that transmits a second control signal for controlling the gate voltage to the control unit 60.
  • the host system 70 is not necessarily included in the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment of the present invention. That is, the host system 70 is not essential if the control unit 60 can receive a signal from “external”.
  • the comparison unit 60b is a part that compares the first control signal with the second control signal and selects the control signal that can suppress the temperature of the electrode 32.
  • the control signal selected by the comparison unit 60b is referred to as a “selection control signal”.
  • the output unit 60 c is a part that transmits this selection control signal to the gate drive circuit 26.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the inside of the resin 50.
  • the semiconductor element 12 has a collector 12c on the back surface.
  • the diode 14 has a back electrode 14b on the back surface.
  • the collector 12c and the back electrode 14b are fixed to the surface of the substrate 10 with, for example, solder.
  • An insulating sheet 80 is attached to the back surface of the substrate 10.
  • a copper foil 82 is fixed to the back surface of the substrate 10 via the insulating sheet 80. It is preferable that a heat sink is fixed to the copper foil 82 by, for example, soldering, ultrasonic bonding, brazing, welding, or adhesive.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the operation of the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • the temperature detection unit 40 detects the temperature of the electrode 30 (step S1). Since the temperature detection unit 40 is a thermocouple, a thermoelectromotive force (voltage signal) is transmitted to the control unit 60 via the wire 42.
  • the detected temperature is digitally converted by the generator 60a (step S2).
  • the generation unit 60a generates a first control signal based on the digitally converted thermoelectromotive force (step S3).
  • the generation unit 60a calculates the first control signal using data such as the shape of the electrode 30 (hereinafter referred to as a shape model) stored in the generation unit 60a. Examples of parameters included in the shape model include the thickness of the substrate 10 and the thickness, width, and length of the electrode 30.
  • the first control signal is a signal that gives the maximum energization amount to the semiconductor element 12 within a range where the temperature of the electrode 30 does not exceed the standard value.
  • the comparison unit 60b compares the first control signal and the second control signal, and selects a control signal (selection control signal) that can suppress the temperature of the electrode 32 (step S5).
  • the output unit 60c transmits this selection control signal to the gate drive circuit 26 (step S6).
  • the gate drive circuit 26 controls the gate voltage according to the selection control signal.
  • step S7 Such a series of operations is performed at least every time the second control signal is sent from the host system 70 to the control unit 60.
  • a more preferable operation is that the temperature detection unit 40 continuously updates the first control signal by continuously detecting the temperature of the electrode 30, and compares the latest first control signal with the second control signal. .
  • the second control signal is not adopted when the second control signal output from the host system 70 is to raise the temperature of the electrode 30 above the standard value.
  • the semiconductor element 12 can be controlled by the first control signal. Selecting the first control signal without selecting the second control signal is substantially equivalent to reducing the energization amount of the second control signal. In this way, the temperature of the electrode 30 can be kept below the standard value. And since it presupposes using the small electrode 30 in this invention, it can prevent that the temperature of an electrode exceeds a standard value by setting the standard value of the said small electrode 30 concerned. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the size of the electrode while keeping the temperature of the electrode below the standard value.
  • the first control signal generated by the generation unit 60a may be a signal that gives the semiconductor device the maximum energization amount within a range not exceeding the standard value so that the desired control of the host system 70 can be realized as much as possible. preferable. Therefore, the first control signal must be generated with high accuracy.
  • the first control signal is generated using the shape model stored in the generation unit 60a, and thus the temperature prediction accuracy of the electrode 30 is high. Therefore, the first control signal can be generated with high accuracy.
  • the first control signal is generated using the shape model, but the present invention is not limited to this.
  • the generation unit 60a may generate the first control signal using map data that stores the first control signal corresponding to the electrode temperature. In this case, since the first control signal can be generated immediately from the electrode temperature using the map data, no calculation is required. Therefore, processing can be speeded up.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a modified example of the attachment position of the temperature detection unit.
  • This semiconductor device includes a metal portion 90 that is connected to the electrode 30 in the resin 50 and a part of which is exposed to the outside of the resin 50.
  • the socket 92 which makes the contact part the part exposed to the exterior of the resin 50 of the metal part 90 is provided.
  • the temperature detection unit 94 has a shape that can be inserted into the socket 92. In this way, the temperature of the electrode 30 can be easily detected simply by inserting the temperature detector 94 into the socket 92.
  • the socket 92 may be omitted and the temperature detection unit may be fixed to the metal unit 90.
  • the semiconductor device measures the temperature of the electrode through which the main current of the semiconductor element 12 flows. Therefore, the temperature detection part is not limited to the branch part 30a or the metal part 90 in the socket 92, but may be attached to any part of the electrode through which the main current flows.
  • the temperature detector 40 is not particularly limited to a thermocouple as long as the temperature can be detected.
  • the temperature detector 40 may be formed of a thermal diode.
  • the semiconductor element 12 is not particularly limited to the IGBT as long as the semiconductor element 12 is controlled to be turned on / off by the gate voltage.
  • a power MOSFET may be used as the semiconductor element 12.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram of a semiconductor device according to the second embodiment of the present invention. This semiconductor device detects the temperature of the semiconductor element 12 in addition to the electrode 30.
  • the element temperature detection unit 100 is attached to the surface of the semiconductor element 12.
  • the element temperature detection unit 100 is formed of, for example, a thermocouple.
  • An element temperature monitoring unit 104 is connected to the element temperature detection unit 100 via a wire 102.
  • the element temperature monitoring unit 104 includes a third control signal generation unit 104a and an output unit 104b. Based on the temperature detected by the element temperature detection unit 100, the third control signal generation unit 104 a has a maximum energization amount to the semiconductor element 12 within a range where the temperature of the semiconductor element 12 does not exceed a predetermined temperature (element standard value). Is a portion for generating a third control signal.
  • the output unit 104 b is a part that transmits the third control signal to the control unit 60.
  • the comparison unit 60b compares the first control signal, the second control signal, and the third control signal. Of these three control signals, the control signal that can most suppress the temperature of the electrode 32 is selected as the selection control signal. This selection control signal is also a control signal that can most suppress the temperature of the semiconductor element 12.
  • the temperature of the semiconductor element 12 does not exceed the element standard value, and the temperature of the electrode 30 has the standard value. Can not exceed. Therefore, the reliability of the semiconductor element 12 can be ensured while obtaining the same effect as in the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram of a semiconductor device according to the third embodiment of the present invention. In this semiconductor device, the control unit 110 is different from that in the first embodiment.
  • the control unit 110 is transmitted from the host system 70 to control the gate voltage based on the temperature detected by the temperature detection unit 40 so that the temperature of the electrode 30 does not exceed a predetermined temperature (standard value). Change the contents of the control signal. This change is performed when the control signal transmitted from the host system 70 to the control unit 110 causes the electrode temperature to be higher than the standard value.
  • the specific change is, for example, reduction of the energization current of the semiconductor element 12 or reduction of the energization time (signal width). This reduction amount is increased as the temperature detected by the temperature detection unit 40 is higher.
  • the gate drive circuit 26 controls the gate voltage according to the control signal changed as necessary by the control unit 110.
  • the semiconductor device according to the third embodiment of the present invention changes this control signal based on the control signal transmitted from the host system 70, the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment while simplifying the configuration of the control unit 110. The same effect can be obtained.
  • FIG. Embodiment 4 of the present invention relates to an automobile.
  • the automobile according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention includes the semiconductor device of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram of an automobile according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
  • This automobile is a hybrid car that travels using both or one of the engine 200 and the motor 202.
  • the motor 202 is controlled by the inverter 204.
  • the inverter 204 includes the semiconductor device described with reference to FIG. More specifically, for example, six semiconductor elements 12 are arranged to form a three-phase AC inverter.
  • the motor 202 is controlled by the main current of the semiconductor element included in the inverter 204.
  • High voltage for the inverter 204 is supplied from a high voltage power source 208 via a relay 206.
  • a low voltage for the gate drive circuit 26 is supplied from a low voltage power supply 210.
  • the energization current pattern of the power module for automobiles includes a pulse energization mode used during normal operation and a DC energization mode used during motor lock. Since semiconductor devices such as IGBTs are often designed to suppress heat generation by a temperature sensing function, the size can be easily optimized. On the other hand, when the electrodes (electrodes 30 and 32 in FIG. 1) are designed based on the DC current in the DC energization mode, there is a problem that the size of the electrodes cannot be avoided.
  • the comparison unit 60b of the control unit 60 selects the first control signal at the time of a large current such as the DC energization mode, so that the electrode temperature is reduced to a standard value or less. Since it can maintain, an electrode can be reduced in size. Therefore, the automobile can be reduced in size.
  • the semiconductor device of the second or third embodiment may be employed in the automobile according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
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Abstract

　ゲートを有し、ゲート電圧により制御される半導体素子と、該ゲート電圧を制御するゲート駆動回路と、該半導体素子と接続され、該半導体素子の主電流が流れる電極と、該電極の温度を検出する温度検出部と、該温度検出部で検出した温度に基づき、該電極の温度が予め定められた温度を超えない範囲で該半導体素子に最大の通電量を与える第１制御信号を生成する生成部と、該第１制御信号と、該ゲート電圧を制御するために外部から伝送された第２制御信号とを比較し、該電極の温度を抑制できる方の制御信号である選択制御信号を選択する比較部と、を備える。そして、該ゲート駆動回路は該選択制御信号に従い該ゲート電圧を制御する。

Description

半導体装置、自動車
　この発明は、高電圧、大電流のスイッチングなどに用いられる半導体装置及びその半導体装置を備えた自動車に関する。
　特許文献１には、はんだ等により絶縁基板に半導体素子、コレクタ電極、エミッタ電極、及びゲート電極を接合した電力用パワー半導体モジュールが開示されている。この電力用パワー半導体モジュールは、熱電対により半導体素子及び各部品の温度を測定し、測定された温度の変化から接合界面の劣化及び装置の冷却状況を把握するものである。接合界面に亀裂が発生進展すると熱抵抗が増大し温度の上昇が起こる。従って温度の上昇の度合を測定することによって亀裂の進行状況がわかる。
日本特開平０７－０１４９４８号公報
　特許文献１に開示の構成では、半導体素子と電極が高温になる可能性がある。半導体素子にヒートシンクなどを取り付けることで半導体素子の放熱は容易に達成できる。しかしヒートシンクを取り付けていない電極の放熱は容易ではない。また、半導体装置において、電極の大部分は樹脂に覆われるので電極及びその周辺に熱がたまりやすい。従って、電極の温度を予め定められた規格値以下に保つためには、電極のサイズを大きくしなければならない問題があった。
　本発明は上述の問題を解決するためになされたものであり、電極の温度を規格値以下に保ちつつ、電極を小型化できる半導体装置及びその半導体装置を備えた自動車を提供することを目的とする。
　本願の発明にかかる半導体装置は、ゲートを有し、ゲート電圧により制御される半導体素子と、該ゲート電圧を制御するゲート駆動回路と、該半導体素子と接続され、該半導体素子の主電流が流れる電極と、該電極の温度を検出する温度検出部と、該温度検出部で検出した温度に基づき、該電極の温度が予め定められた温度を超えない範囲で該半導体素子に最大の通電量を与える第１制御信号を生成する生成部と、該第１制御信号と、該ゲート電圧を制御するために外部から伝送された第２制御信号とを比較し、該電極の温度を抑制できる方の制御信号である選択制御信号を選択する比較部と、を備える。そして、該ゲート駆動回路は該選択制御信号に従い該ゲート電圧を制御する。
　本発明のその他の特徴は以下に明らかにする。
　この発明によれば、検出した電極温度に基づき、電極の温度が規格値を超えないように制御信号を変えるので、電極の温度を規格値以下に保ちつつ、電極を小型化できる。
本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置の図である。 樹脂の内部を示す断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置の動作を示すフローチャートである。 温度検出部の取り付け位置の変形例を示す断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態２に係る半導体装置の図である。 本発明の実施の形態３に係る半導体装置の図である。 本発明の実施の形態４に係る自動車の図である。
　本発明の実施の形態に係る半導体装置について図面を参照して説明する。同じ又は対応する構成要素には同じ符号を付し、説明の繰り返しを省略する場合がある。
実施の形態１．
　図１は、本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置の図である。この半導体装置は、基板１０を備えている。基板１０は例えばヒートスプレッダで形成されている。基板１０の上には例えばはんだで半導体素子１２が固定されている。半導体素子１２は表面にゲート１２ａとエミッタ１２ｂを有するＩＧＢＴで形成されている。基板１０上の半導体素子１２の横には例えばはんだで、還流ダイオードとして機能するダイオード１４が固定されている。ダイオード１４は表面電極１４ａを有している。
　ゲート１２ａにはワイヤ２０を介してゲート電極２２が接続されている。ゲート電極２２はワイヤ２４を介してゲート駆動回路２６に接続されている。ゲート駆動回路２６は、ゲート１２ａのゲート電圧を制御する部分である。半導体素子１２は、このゲート電圧により制御される。
　エミッタ１２ｂと表面電極１４ａには例えばはんだで電極３０が固定されている。電極３０には半導体素子１２の主電流が流れる。電極３０は、主電流経路から分岐した分岐部３０ａを有している。分岐部３０ａには温度検出部４０が取り付けられている。温度検出部４０は電極３０の温度を検出する熱電対で形成されている。基板１０には電極３２が固定されている。電極３２は、基板１０を介して半導体素子１２の裏面のコレクタと電気的に接続されている。
　半導体素子１２、ダイオード１４、ゲート電極２２、及び電極３０、３２は、ゲート電極２２の一部、及び電極３０、３２の一部を外部に露出させるように樹脂５０で覆われている。電極３０、３２は外部のバスバーとの接続のために樹脂５０の外に伸びている。また、前述の分岐部３０ａ及び温度検出部４０は樹脂５０の外に露出している。
　温度検出部４０には、ワイヤ４２を介して制御部６０が接続されている。制御部６０は、生成部６０ａ、比較部６０ｂ、及び出力部６０ｃを備えている。生成部６０ａは、温度検出部４０で検出した温度に基づき、電極３０の温度が予め定められた温度（規格値）を超えない範囲で半導体素子１２に最大の通電量を与える第１制御信号を生成する部分である。制御信号とは、半導体素子１２の通電時間を決めるものであり、例えば、アームで達成されるべきデューティ比及びスイッチングに関する信号である。
　制御部６０には、ワイヤ６２を介して上位システム７０が接続されている。上位システム７０は、ゲート電圧を制御するための第２制御信号を制御部６０へ伝送する部分である。この上位システム７０は必ずしも本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置に含める必要はない。つまり、制御部６０が「外部」から信号を受信できれば上位システム７０は必須ではない。以下の実施の形態でも同様である。比較部６０ｂは、第１制御信号と第２制御信号とを比較し、電極３２の温度を抑制できる方の制御信号を選択する部分である。比較部６０ｂで選択された制御信号を「選択制御信号」と称する。出力部６０ｃは、この選択制御信号をゲート駆動回路２６に伝送する部分である。
　図２は、樹脂５０の内部を示す断面図である。半導体素子１２は裏面にコレクタ１２ｃを有している。ダイオード１４は裏面に裏面電極１４ｂを有している。コレクタ１２ｃと裏面電極１４ｂは例えばはんだで基板１０の表面に固定されている。基板１０の裏面には絶縁シート８０が貼り付けられている。基板１０の裏面にはこの絶縁シート８０を介して銅箔８２が固定されている。銅箔８２には、例えばはんだ付け、超音波接合、ロウ付け、溶接、又は接着剤などでヒートシンクが固定されることが好ましい。
　本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置の動作について説明する。図３は、本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置の動作を示すフローチャートである。まず、温度検出部４０で電極３０の温度を検出する（ステップＳ１）。温度検出部４０は熱電対であるので、ワイヤ４２を介して熱起電力（電圧信号）が制御部６０に伝送される。
　次いで、検出した温度（熱起電力）を生成部６０ａでデジタル変換する（ステップＳ２）。次いで、デジタル変換された熱起電力に基づき生成部６０ａが、第１制御信号を生成する（ステップＳ３）。ここで、生成部６０ａは、生成部６０ａに記憶された電極３０の形状等のデータ（以後、形状モデルと称する）を利用して第１制御信号を演算する。形状モデルに含まれるパラメータとしては、例えば、基板１０の厚み、並びに電極３０の厚さ、幅、及び長さなどがある。前述のとおり第１制御信号は、電極３０の温度が規格値を超えない範囲で半導体素子１２に最大の通電量を与える信号である。
　次いで、比較部６０ｂが第１制御信号と第２制御信号を比較して、電極３２の温度を抑制できる方の制御信号（選択制御信号）を選択する（ステップＳ５）。次いで、出力部６０ｃが、この選択制御信号をゲート駆動回路２６に伝送する（ステップＳ６）。そして、ゲート駆動回路２６は選択制御信号に従いゲート電圧を制御する。
　次いで、新たな第２制御信号が出されていれば再度上記の工程を実施し、新たな制御信号が出されていなければ処理を終了する（ステップＳ７）。このような一連の動作は、少なくとも上位システム７０から制御部６０へ第２制御信号が送られてくるたびに実施する。より好ましい動作は、温度検出部４０が電極３０の温度を継続的に検出することで常に第１制御信号を更新し続け、最新の第１制御信号と第２制御信号とを比較することである。
　本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置によれば、上位システム７０から出された第２制御信号が電極３０の温度を規格値より高めるものである場合には第２制御信号を採用せず、第１制御信号にて半導体素子１２を制御できる。第２制御信号を選択せず第１制御信号を選択することは、実質的には第２制御信号の通電量を削減することに等しい。このようにして、電極３０の温度を規格値以下に保つことができる。そして、本発明では小型の電極３０を用いることを前提としているので、当該小型の電極３０の規格値を設定しておくことで、電極の温度が規格値を超えることを防止できる。従って、電極の温度を規格値以下に保ちつつ、電極を小型化できる。
　ところで生成部６０ａで生成する第１制御信号は、可能な限り上位システム７０の所望の制御を実現できるように、規格値を超えない範囲で半導体素子に最大の通電量を与えるものであることが好ましい。従って、第１制御信号は精度よく生成されなければならない。本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置では生成部６０ａに記憶された形状モデルを用いて第１制御信号を生成しているので、電極３０の温度の予測精度が高い。よって精度よく第１制御信号を生成できる。
　本発明の実施の形態１では、形状モデルを用いて第１制御信号を生成したが、本発明はこれに限定されない。例えば、生成部６０ａは、電極温度に対応する第１制御信号を記憶したマップデータを利用して第１制御信号を生成してもよい。この場合、マップデータを用いて電極温度から即座に第１制御信号を生成できるので演算が不要となる。よって、処理を迅速化できる。
　図４は、温度検出部の取り付け位置の変形例を示す断面図である。この半導体装置は、樹脂５０内で電極３０に接続され、一部が樹脂５０の外部に露出する金属部９０を備えている。また、金属部９０の樹脂５０の外部に露出した部分を接点とするソケット９２を備えている。さらに、温度検出部９４はソケット９２に挿入できる形状となっている。このようにすると、温度検出部９４をソケット９２に挿入するだけで容易に電極３０の温度を検出できる。なお、ソケット９２を省略して金属部９０に温度検出部を固定してもよい。
　本発明の実施の形態１に係る半導体装置は、半導体素子１２の主電流が流れる電極の温度を測定するものである。従って、温度検出部は、分岐部３０ａ、又はソケット９２内の金属部９０に限らず、主電流が流れる電極のどこかに取り付けられればよい。
　温度検出部４０は温度検出が可能なものであれば特に熱電対に限定されない。例えば、温度検出部４０はサーマルダイオードで形成してもよい。半導体素子１２はゲート電圧でオンオフを制御するものであれば特にＩＧＢＴに限定されない。例えば、半導体素子１２としてパワーＭＯＳＦＥＴを利用してもよい。なお、上記の各変形は以下の実施の形態においても応用可能である。
実施の形態２．
　本発明の実施の形態２に係る半導体装置は実施の形態１に係る半導体装置と一致点が多いので、実施の形態１に係る半導体装置との相違点を中心に説明する。図５は、本発明の実施の形態２に係る半導体装置の図である。この半導体装置は、電極３０に加えて半導体素子１２の温度も検出するものである。
　半導体素子１２の表面には素子温度検出部１００が取り付けられている。素子温度検出部１００は例えば熱電対で形成されている。素子温度検出部１００にはワイヤ１０２を介して素子温度監視部１０４が接続されている。素子温度監視部１０４は、第３制御信号生成部１０４ａと出力部１０４ｂを備えている。第３制御信号生成部１０４ａは、素子温度検出部１００で検出した温度に基づき、半導体素子１２の温度が予め定められた温度（素子規格値）を超えない範囲で半導体素子１２に最大の通電量を与える第３制御信号を生成する部分である。出力部１０４ｂは第３制御信号を制御部６０へ伝送する部分である。
　本発明の実施の形態２に係る半導体装置の動作を説明する。比較部６０ｂでは、第１制御信号と第２制御信号と第３制御信号を比較する。そして、これらの３つの制御信号のうち、電極３２の温度を最も抑制できる制御信号を選択制御信号として選択する。この選択制御信号は、半導体素子１２の温度を最も抑制できる制御信号でもある。
　本発明の実施の形態２に係る半導体装置によれば、選択制御信号により半導体素子１２を制御することで、半導体素子１２の温度は素子規格値を超えず、かつ電極３０の温度は規格値を超えないようにすることができる。よって、実施の形態１と同様の効果を得つつ半導体素子１２の信頼性を確保することができる。
　実施の形態３．
　本発明の実施の形態３に係る半導体装置は実施の形態１に係る半導体装置と一致点が多いので、実施の形態１に係る半導体装置との相違点を中心に説明する。図６は、本発明の実施の形態３に係る半導体装置の図である。この半導体装置は、制御部１１０が実施の形態１と異なっている。
　制御部１１０は、温度検出部４０で検出した温度に基づき、電極３０の温度が予め定められた温度（規格値）を超えないように、ゲート電圧を制御するために上位システム７０から伝送された制御信号の内容を変更する。この変更は、上位システム７０から制御部１１０へ伝送された制御信号が電極の温度を規格値より高めてしまうものである場合に行われる。具体的な変更内容は、例えば半導体素子１２の通電電流の削減又は通電時間（信号幅）の削減である。この削減量は温度検出部４０で検出した温度が高いほど大きくする。そして、ゲート駆動回路２６は制御部１１０で必要に応じて変更された制御信号に従いゲート電圧を制御する。
　本発明の実施の形態３に係る半導体装置は、上位システム７０から伝送された制御信号をベースとしてこの制御信号を変更するので、制御部１１０の構成を簡素化しつつ、実施の形態１の半導体装置と同様の効果を得ることができる。
実施の形態４．
　本発明の実施の形態４は自動車に関する。本発明の実施の形態４に係る自動車は実施の形態１の半導体装置を含む。図７は、本発明の実施の形態４に係る自動車の図である。この自動車はエンジン２００とモータ２０２の両方又は一方を用いて走行するハイブリッドカーである。モータ２０２は、インバータ２０４で制御される。インバータ２０４は、図１で説明した半導体装置を含む。より具体的には、例えば半導体素子１２が６つ並べられて３相交流インバータを形成している。そして、モータ２０２はインバータ２０４に含まれる半導体素子の主電流によって制御される。
　インバータ２０４に対する高電圧はリレー２０６を介して高電圧電源２０８から供給される。ゲート駆動回路２６に対する低電圧は低電圧電源２１０から供給される。
　ところで、自動車用パワーモジュールの通電電流パターンには、通常時に用いるパルス通電モードと、モータロック時に用いるＤＣ通電モードがある。ＩＧＢＴなどの半導体素子は温度センス機能によってその発熱を抑える設計がなされていることが多いので、サイズの最適化が容易であった。他方、電極（図１の電極３０、３２）を、ＤＣ通電モードのＤＣ電流をもとに設計すると、電極の大型化が避けられない問題があった。
ところが、本発明の実施の形態４に係る自動車によれば、ＤＣ通電モードのような大電流時に制御部６０の比較部６０ｂが第１制御信号を選択することで、電極温度を規格値以下に保つことができるので、電極を小型化できる。よって、自動車を小型化できる。なお、本発明の実施の形態４に係る自動車に、実施の形態２又は３の半導体装置を採用してもよい。
　１０　基板、　１２　半導体素子、　１２ａ　ゲート、　１２ｂ　エミッタ、　１２ｃ　コレクタ、　１４　ダイオード、　１４ａ　表面電極、　１４ｂ　裏面電極、　２０，２４，４２，６２　ワイヤ、　２２　ゲート電極、　２６　ゲート駆動回路、　３０，３２　電極、　３０ａ　分岐部、　４０　温度検出部、　５０　樹脂、　６０　制御部、　６０ａ　生成部、　６０ｂ　比較部、　６０ｃ　出力部、　７０　上位システム、　８０　絶縁シート、　８２　銅箔、　９０　金属部、　９２　ソケット、　９４　温度検出部、　１００　素子温度検出部、　１０４　素子温度監視部、　１０４ａ　第３制御信号生成部、　１０４ｂ　出力部、　１１０　制御部、　２００　エンジン、　２０２　モータ、　２０４　インバータ

Claims (8)

  1. 　ゲートを有し、ゲート電圧により制御される半導体素子と、
    　前記ゲート電圧を制御するゲート駆動回路と、
    　前記半導体素子と接続され、前記半導体素子の主電流が流れる電極と、
    　前記電極の温度を検出する温度検出部と、
    　前記温度検出部で検出した温度に基づき、前記電極の温度が予め定められた温度を超えない範囲で前記半導体素子に最大の通電量を与える第１制御信号を生成する生成部と、
    　前記第１制御信号と、前記ゲート電圧を制御するために外部から伝送された第２制御信号とを比較し、前記電極の温度を抑制できる方の制御信号である選択制御信号を選択する比較部と、を備え、
    　前記ゲート駆動回路は前記選択制御信号に従い前記ゲート電圧を制御することを特徴とする半導体装置。
  2. 　前記生成部は、前記電極の形状モデルを利用して前記第１制御信号を生成することを特徴とする請求項１に記載の半導体装置。
  3. 　前記生成部は、前記電極の温度に対応する前記第１制御信号を記憶したマップデータを利用して前記第１制御信号を生成することを特徴とする請求項１に記載の半導体装置。
  4. 　前記半導体素子に取り付けられた素子温度検出部と、
    　前記素子温度検出部で検出した温度に基づき、前記半導体素子の温度が予め定められた温度を超えない範囲で前記半導体素子に最大の通電量を与える第３制御信号を生成する第３制御信号生成部と、を備え、
    　前記比較部では、前記第１制御信号と前記第２制御信号と前記第３制御信号を比較することを特徴とする請求項１乃至３のいずれか１項に記載の半導体装置。
  5. 　ゲートを有し、ゲート電圧により制御される半導体素子と、
    　前記ゲート電圧を制御するゲート駆動回路と、
    　前記半導体素子と接続され、前記半導体素子の主電流が流れる電極と、
    　前記電極の温度を検出する温度検出部と、
    　前記温度検出部で検出した温度に基づき、前記電極の温度が予め定められた温度を超えないように、前記ゲート電圧を制御するために外部から伝送された制御信号の内容を変更する制御部と、を備え、
    　前記ゲート駆動回路は前記制御部で変更された制御信号に従い前記ゲート電圧を制御することを特徴とする半導体装置。
  6. 　前記電極は主電流経路から分岐した分岐部を有し、
    　前記温度検出部は、前記分岐部に取り付けられたことを特徴とする請求項１乃至５のいずれか１項に記載の半導体装置。
  7. 　前記半導体素子と前記電極を、前記電極の一部を外部に露出させるように覆う樹脂と、
    　前記樹脂内で前記電極に接続され、一部が前記樹脂の外部に露出する金属部と、
    　前記金属部の前記樹脂の外部に露出した部分を接点とするソケットと、を備え、
    　前記温度検出部は前記ソケットに挿入できる形状であることを特徴とする請求項１乃至５のいずれか１項に記載の半導体装置。
  8. 　請求項１乃至７のいずれか１項に記載の半導体装置を備えた自動車。
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