WO2014057968A1 - エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 - Google Patents
エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014057968A1 WO2014057968A1 PCT/JP2013/077454 JP2013077454W WO2014057968A1 WO 2014057968 A1 WO2014057968 A1 WO 2014057968A1 JP 2013077454 W JP2013077454 W JP 2013077454W WO 2014057968 A1 WO2014057968 A1 WO 2014057968A1
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- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N zafuleptine Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(C(C)C)NCC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DJWUNCQRNNEAKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc acetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O DJWUNCQRNNEAKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000314 zinc acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RKQOSDAEEGPRER-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc diethyldithiocarbamate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCN(CC)C([S-])=S.CCN(CC)C([S-])=S RKQOSDAEEGPRER-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electroluminescence element (EL element), and more particularly, to an electroluminescence element excellent in luminous efficiency and luminous lifetime.
- EL element electroluminescence element
- organic electroluminescence element using an organic substance
- OLED Organic light-Emitting Diode
- OLED Organic light-Emitting Diode
- the use as an efficient and inexpensive large-area full-color display element and light source array is regarded as promising, and research and development is actively promoted.
- illumination that is thinner and lighter than conventional ones and that does not break (illumination made of a flexible substrate) is expected.
- the performance is low with respect to existing fluorescent lamps and white LEDs, and there is a need for technologies for further increasing efficiency and extending the life.
- An organic EL element is composed of an organic functional layer (single layer portion or multilayer portion) having a thickness of only about 0.1 ⁇ m containing an organic light emitting substance between a pair of anode and cathode formed on a film. It is a thin film type all solid state device.
- a relatively low voltage of about 2 to 20 V is applied to such an organic EL element, electrons are injected from the cathode and holes are injected from the anode into the organic compound layer. It is known that emission is obtained by releasing energy as light when the electrons and holes recombine in the light emitting layer and the energy level returns from the conduction band to the valence band. This technology is expected as a flat display and lighting.
- QLED quantum dot LED
- OLED organic EL element
- Patent Document 3 a zinc oxide layer is formed by baking at about 300 ° C. for 5 minutes on the first electrode (transparent electrode, ITO) on the substrate.
- ITO transparent electrode
- the metal oxide thin film has a high surface roughness, easily causes dark spots due to leakage, and has a problem in terms of life.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 a light emitting layer composed of a single quantum dot layer is used.
- quantum dots when quantum dots are aggregated, the light emission efficiency decreases. Therefore, appropriate dispersion in the host improves the light emission efficiency. Is effective, but a host compound suitable as a field electroluminescence device using quantum dots, particularly a blue electroluminescence device, has not been found so far, and there is still a problem with respect to lifetime.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems and situations, and the solution is to provide an electroluminescent device with high luminous efficiency and long life, and further, productivity on a plastic film (firing temperature and An object of the present invention is to provide an electroluminescent device excellent in firing time and the like.
- the present inventor has searched for an electron transport layer that can be formed at a temperature that plastics can withstand.
- the work function of a transparent electrode such as ITO is generally about ⁇ 4.8 eV
- the LUMO level of a quantum dot is generally about ⁇ 4.0 to ⁇ 3.0 eV. It is necessary to have an electron transport layer that is a compound having a position and can be formed at about 150 ° C.
- An electroluminescent element in which at least a first electrode, a light emitting layer, and a second electrode are laminated in this order on a substrate, The light emitting layer contains quantum dots, An intermediate layer made of a polymer containing nitrogen atoms is formed either between the first electrode and the light-emitting layer or between the light-emitting layer and the second electrode.
- An electroluminescence element characterized by the above.
- the polymer containing a nitrogen atom contains an amino group.
- the polymer containing a nitrogen atom is a conjugated polymer compound having a structural unit containing an aromatic ring as a main chain, Two or more amino groups are bonded to each of the aromatic rings of the main chain.
- the polymer containing an amino group has a structural unit (including a salt form) represented by the general formula (A) as a main chain.
- n 1 or 2
- m 2 to 1000.
- A1 represents a nitrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom.
- L1 and L2 are an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and 1 carbon atom.
- R1 and R2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon, An aryl group having 6 to 30 atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms is represented. ]
- the compound having the structural unit represented by the general formula (A) as a main chain is a neutral compound. 6). More preferably, the general formula (A) is represented by the general formula (B).
- n 1 or 2
- m 2 to 1000.
- A2 represents a nitrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom.
- Z1 and Z2 each independently represent —C (R3) ⁇ C (R4) —, —C (R5) ⁇ N—, —O— or —S—.
- L1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- R1 to R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon, An aryl group having 6 to 30 atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms is represented. ]
- Z1 and Z2 each independently represent —CH ⁇ CH—. 8). More preferably, in the general formula (B), A2 represents a carbon atom. 9. More preferably, in the general formula (A) or the general formula (B), R1 and R2 both represent an alkyl group.
- the intermediate layer has a thickness of 2 to 10 nm.
- the intermediate layer is formed between the first electrode and the light emitting layer.
- the light emitting layer includes at least one host material and at least one quantum dot, The emission maximum wavelength attributed to the 0-0 transition band in the phosphorescence spectrum of the host material is in the wavelength region of 414 to 459 nm.
- the average particle size of the quantum dots is in the range of 1 to 20 nm.
- the quantum dots are composed of Si, Ge, GaN, GaP, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, InP, InN, ZnS, In 2 S 3 , ZnO, CdO, CuInS, CuInSe, CuInGaSe or a mixture thereof. Yes. 15. More preferably, the host compound has a molecular weight of 500 to 1000.
- the host compound is represented by the general formula (1).
- X represents NR ′, O, S, CR′R ′′, or SiR′R ′′.
- y1 and y2 represent CR ′ or N.
- R ′ and R ′′ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Ar1 and Ar2 represent an aromatic ring and may be the same or different from each other.
- m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 4.
- X is O or NR ′.
- at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is represented by the general formula (2).
- y 1 and y 2 each represent CR ′ or a nitrogen atom.
- R ′ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 each represent an aromatic ring and may be the same or different from each other.
- m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 4.
- the light emitting layer contains a phosphorescent dopant compound having an emission maximum wavelength attributed to a 0-0 transition band in a phosphorescence spectrum in a wavelength region of 460 to 827 nm.
- the light emitting layer contains a phosphorescent light emitting dopant represented by the general formula (3).
- R1 represents a substituent.
- Z represents a nonmetallic atom group necessary for forming a 5- to 7-membered ring.
- n1 represents an integer of 0 to 5.
- B1 to B5 each represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and at least one represents a nitrogen atom.
- M1 represents a group 8-10 metal in the periodic table.
- X1 and X2 represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom.
- L1 represents an atomic group forming a bidentate ligand together with X1 and X2.
- m1 represents an integer of 1, 2 or 3
- m2 represents an integer of 0, 1 or 2
- m1 + m2 is 2 or 3.
- an electroluminescent device having a high luminous efficiency and a long life, and further excellent in productivity (such as firing temperature and firing time) on a plastic film.
- ⁇ is used to mean that the numerical values described before and after it are included as the lower limit value and the upper limit value.
- an EL element 100 has a support substrate 1.
- a first electrode 2 (cathode, cathode) is formed on the support substrate 1
- an organic functional layer 20 is formed on the first electrode 2
- a second electrode 8 (anode) is formed on the organic functional layer 20.
- Anode is formed.
- the organic functional layer 20 refers to each layer constituting the EL element 100 provided between the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 8.
- the organic functional layer 20 includes, for example, a hole blocking layer 21 (intermediate layer), a light emitting layer 22, a hole transport layer 23, a hole injection layer 24, and other organic layers such as an electron injection layer. May be.
- the first electrode 2, the organic functional layer 20, and the second electrode 8 on the support substrate 1 are sealed with a flexible sealing member 10 through a sealing adhesive 9.
- Support substrate / first electrode / hole blocking layer / light emitting layer / second electrode / sealing adhesive / sealing member (ii) support substrate / first electrode / hole blocking layer / light emission Layer / hole transport layer / second electrode / sealing adhesive / sealing member (iii) support substrate / first electrode / hole blocking layer / light emitting layer / hole injection layer / second electrode / Sealing adhesive / sealing member (iv) Support substrate / first electrode / hole blocking layer / light emitting layer / hole transporting layer / hole injection layer / second electrode / sealing adhesive / sealing Stop member (v) Support substrate / first electrode / electron injection layer / hole blocking layer / light emitting layer / second electrode / sealing adhesive / sealing member (vi) support substrate / first electrode / Electron injection layer / hole blocking layer / light emitting layer / hole transport layer / second electrode / sealing adhesive / sealing member (vii) support substrate / first electrode / electron injection layer / hole blocking layer / hole blocking
- the organic functional layer 20 is formed from the first electrode 2 toward the second electrode 8 with the first electrode 2 serving as an anode and the second electrode 8 serving as a cathode. It is also possible to adopt a normal layer type structure in which a hole injection layer 24, a hole transport layer 23, a light emitting layer 22, and a hole blocking layer 21 (intermediate layer) are formed. Of course, even in the layer structures as exemplified in the above (i) to (viii), the first electrode is used as the anode (anode) and the second electrode is used as the cathode (cathode). A normal layer structure in which the layer structure of the organic functional layer with the electrode is reversed can also be employed.
- Organic functional layer of EL element >> Next, details of the organic functional layer constituting the EL element will be described.
- Injection layer hole injection layer, electron injection layer
- an injection layer can be provided as necessary.
- As the injection layer there are an electron injection layer and a hole injection layer, and as described above, exist between the first electrode and the light emitting layer or hole blocking layer, and between the second electrode and the light emitting layer or electron transport layer. You may let them.
- the injection layer referred to in the present invention is a layer provided between the electrode and the organic functional layer in order to lower the driving voltage and improve the light emission luminance.
- Injection materials include triazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives and pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives.
- the details of the electron injection layer are described in, for example, JP-A-6-325871, JP-A-9-17574, and JP-A-10-74586, and specific examples thereof include strontium and aluminum.
- a composition in which conductivity is improved by doping the above-described alkali metal compound, alkali metal, an electron transport material described later with an n-type dopant as described in WO2005 / 86251, WO2007 / 107306, or the like is also preferably used.
- an electron injection layer in which an alkali metal and an electron transport layer are combined can be formed with reference to Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 083303 (2009)).
- the buffer layer is a very thin film, and potassium fluoride and sodium fluoride are preferable.
- the film thickness is about 0.1 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 100 nm, more preferably 0.5 to 10 nm, and most preferably 0.5 to 4 nm.
- the hole transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting holes, and may have a function of transmitting holes injected from the anode to the light emitting layer.
- the total thickness of the hole transport layer of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 nm to 500 nm, and further preferably 5 nm to 200 nm.
- the material used for the hole transport layer (hereinafter referred to as a hole transport material) may have any of the hole injection property or the transport property and the electron barrier property. Any one can be selected and used.
- porphyrin derivatives for example, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, carbazole derivatives , Indolocarbazole derivatives, isoindole derivatives, acene derivatives such as anthracene and naphthalene, fluorene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, and polymer materials or oligomers in which an aromatic amine is introduced into the main chain or side chain, polysilane , Conductive polymers or oligomers (for example, PEDOT: PSS, aniline copolymers, polyaniline, polythiophene, etc.) and the like.
- PEDOT PSS, aniline copolymers,
- triarylamine derivative examples include a benzidine type typified by ⁇ NPD, a starburst type typified by MTDATA, and a compound having fluorene or anthracene in the triarylamine-linked core such as Spiro-TPD.
- hexaazatriphenylene derivatives such as those described in JP-T-2003-519432 and JP-A-2006-135145 can also be used as hole transport materials.
- a hole transport layer having a high p property doped with impurities can also be used. Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, JP-A-2001-102175, J. Pat. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like. JP-A-11-251067, J. Org. Huang et. al.
- p-type hole transport materials inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC, as described in the literature (Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), p. 139).
- ortho-metalated organometallic complexes having Ir or Pt as the central metal represented by Ir (ppy) 3 are also preferably used.
- the above-mentioned materials can be used as the hole transport material, a triarylamine derivative, carbazole derivative, indolocarbazole derivative, azatriphenylene derivative, organometallic complex, aromatic amine is introduced into the main chain or side chain.
- the polymer materials or oligomers used are preferably used.
- Patent Publication No. 200880106190 U.S. Pat. Publication No. 20080018221, International Publication No. -135145, US Patent Application No. 13/585981, and the like.
- the hole transport material may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the hole blocking layer constituting the organic functional layer of the EL element is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons.
- the electron injection layer and the electron transport layer are also used as the hole blocking layer. included.
- the hole blocking layer may be a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- Hole blocking material As the hole blocking material, a polymer containing an amino group is used.
- the polymer containing an amino group has a structural unit (including a salt form) represented by the general formula (A) as a main chain.
- n 1 or 2
- m 2 to 1000.
- A1 represents a nitrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom.
- L1 and L2 are an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and 1 carbon atom.
- R1 and R2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon, An aryl group having 6 to 30 atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms is represented.
- the compound having the structural unit represented by the general formula (A) as a main chain is a neutral compound.
- the compound represented by the general formula (A) is preferably represented by the general formula (B).
- n 1 or 2
- m 2 to 1000.
- A2 represents a nitrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom.
- Z1 and Z2 each independently represent —C (R3) ⁇ C (R4) —, —C (R5) ⁇ N—, —O— or —S—.
- L1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a heteroarylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- R1 to R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon, An aryl group having 6 to 30 atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms is represented.
- Z1 and Z2 preferably each independently represent —CH ⁇ CH—.
- A2 preferably represents a carbon atom.
- R1 and R2 each preferably represents an alkyl group.
- the hole blocking layer is formed by thinning the hole blocking material by a known method such as a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, or an LB method.
- a spin coating method such as a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, or an LB method.
- it can be formed by a wet process using a coating solution containing the hole blocking material and the fluorinated alcohol solvent.
- the thickness of the hole blocking layer is not particularly limited, but is about 2 to 10 nm, preferably 5 to 10 nm.
- the hole blocking layer may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- the light emitting layer constituting the EL element contains quantum dots.
- the structure of the light emitting layer is not particularly limited as long as the contained light emitting material satisfies the above requirements.
- the thickness of the light emitting layer is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 nm, more preferably 50 nm or less because a lower driving voltage can be obtained.
- each light emitting layer It is preferable to adjust the film thickness of each light emitting layer to a range of 1 to 50 nm.
- the individual light emitting layers may emit blue, green, and red colors, and there is no particular limitation on the film thickness relationship of each light emitting layer.
- a light-emitting material or a host compound which will be described later, is formed into a known thin film such as, for example, a vacuum evaporation method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method (Langmuir Brodgett method), an inkjet method, or the like.
- the film can be formed by the method.
- the light emitting layer contains a host compound and quantum dots, and may further contain a light emitting material (phosphorescent dopant).
- a light emitting material phosphorescent dopant
- the quantum dots and the phosphorescent light-emitting dopant may be included in one light-emitting layer, or layers including each of them are laminated. May be.
- a layer containing quantum dots and a layer containing a phosphorescent dopant may be laminated directly adjacent to each other, or a layer containing only a host compound not containing a light emitting material. Alternatively, they may be stacked with a charge generation layer interposed.
- the host compound is a compound having a short emission wavelength in which the emission wavelength attributed to the 0-0 transition band in the phosphorescence spectrum is in the range of 414 to 459 nm (2.7 to 3.0 eV). That is, it is a compound having a high triplet energy.
- the host compound according to the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the above conditions.
- the emission wavelength attributed to the 0-0 transition band in the phosphorescence spectrum of the host compound according to the present invention can be determined by the following method.
- any solvent that can dissolve the host compound may be used.
- the above-described measurement method is considered to have no problem because the solvent effect of the phosphorescence wavelength is negligible.
- the 0-0 transition band is determined.
- the 0-0 transition band having the maximum emission wavelength that appears on the shortest wavelength side in the phosphorescence spectrum chart obtained by the above measurement method is Define.
- the emission spectrum during excitation light irradiation (for convenience, this is referred to as a steady light spectrum) is expanded, and after the excitation light is irradiated, the emission spectrum after 100 ms (for convenience, this is referred to as a phosphorescence spectrum). It can be determined by reading the peak wavelength of the phosphorescence spectrum from the stationary light spectrum portion derived from the phosphorescence spectrum.
- a fluorometer F4500 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technology Corporation can be exemplified.
- a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescence emission at room temperature (25 ° C.) of less than 0.1 is preferable. More preferably, the phosphorescence quantum yield is less than 0.01. Moreover, it is preferable that the volume ratio in the layer is 50% or more among the compounds contained in a light emitting layer.
- the host compound is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having the above conditions defined in the present invention, and a known host compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a known host compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the host compound used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having the above-mentioned conditions defined in the present invention, and may be a conventionally known low molecular compound or a high molecular compound having a repeating unit, and may be a vinyl group. Or a low molecular compound (polymerizable light-emitting host) having a polymerizable group such as an epoxy group, but when a high molecular weight material is used, the compound may take up the solvent and swell or gelate, and the solvent is unlikely to escape. In order to prevent this phenomenon, it is preferable that the molecular weight is not high.
- a material having a molecular weight of 2,000 or less during coating and a molecular weight of 1,000 or less during coating. It is more preferable to use a material, and in particular, a host compound having a molecular weight in the range of 500 to 1000 is preferable.
- the known host compound a compound that has a hole transporting ability and an electron transporting ability, prevents the emission of light from being increased in wavelength, and has a high Tg (glass transition temperature) is preferable.
- the glass transition point (Tg) is a value determined by a method based on JIS-K-7121 using DSC (Differential Scanning Colorimetry).
- the host compound according to the present invention is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (1). This is because the compound represented by the following formula (1) has a condensed ring structure and therefore has a high carrier transport property, and also has the above-described broad triplet energy (0-0 band of phosphorescence).
- X represents NR ′, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, CR′R ′′ or SiR′R ′′.
- Y 1 and y 2 each represent CR ′ or a nitrogen atom.
- R ′ and R ′′ each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 each represent an aromatic ring and may be the same or different from each other.
- M, n represents an integer of 0-4.
- examples of the substituent represented by R ′ and R ′′ include an alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, t -Butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, etc.), cycloalkyl group (eg, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, etc.), alkenyl group (eg, vinyl group, allyl group) Group), alkynyl group (for example, ethynyl group, propargyl group, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbon ring group (aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc.), for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl
- a compound in which X is NR ′ or an oxygen atom in the general formula (1) is preferable. That is, a compound having a (aza) carbazole ring or a (aza) dibenzofuran ring is preferable.
- R ′ is an aromatic hydrocarbon group (also called an aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc., for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, Azulenyl, acenaphthenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, indenyl, pyrenyl, biphenylyl) or aromatic heterocyclic groups (eg furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl) Group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, thiazolyl group, quinazolinyl group, phthalazinyl group, etc.) are particularly preferred.
- aromatic hydrocarbon group also called an aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc., for example, phen
- aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group may each have a substituent represented by R ′ and R ′′ in X of the general formula (1).
- examples of the atom represented by y 1 and y 2 include CR ′ and a nitrogen atom, and CR ′ is more preferable.
- Such a compound is also excellent in hole transportability, and can efficiently recombine and emit electrons and holes injected from the first electrode and the second electrode in the light emitting layer.
- examples of the aromatic ring represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 include an aromatic hydrocarbon ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring.
- the aromatic ring may be a single ring or a condensed ring, and may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent represented by R ′ and R ′′ in X of the general formula (1).
- examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 include a benzene ring, biphenyl ring, naphthalene ring, azulene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, chrysene ring, Naphthacene ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m-terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, fluorene ring, fluoranthrene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring, Examples include a picene ring, a pyrene ring, a pyranthrene ring, and an anthraanthrene ring.
- examples of the aromatic heterocycle represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 include a furan ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a thiophene ring, an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, and a pyridazine.
- These rings may further have a substituent represented by R ′ and R ′′ in the general formula (1).
- the aromatic ring represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 is preferably a carbazole ring, carboline ring, dibenzofuran ring, or benzene ring, and more preferably used.
- the aromatic rings represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 are each preferably a condensed ring of three or more rings, and as an aromatic hydrocarbon condensed ring in which three or more rings are condensed.
- aromatic heterocycle condensed with three or more rings include an acridine ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a carbazole ring, a carboline ring, a phenazine ring, a phenanthridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a carboline ring, a cyclazine ring, Kindin ring, tepenidine ring, quinindrin ring, triphenodithiazine ring, triphenodioxazine ring, phenanthrazine ring, anthrazine ring, perimidine ring, diazacarbazole ring (any one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring is a nitrogen atom Phenanthroline ring, dibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, naphthofuran ring, naphthothiophene ring, benzodifuran ring, benzod
- n represents an integer of 0 to 4, preferably 0 to 2, and particularly 1 to 2 when X is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. It is preferable. m and n may be the same as or different from each other.
- a host compound having both a dibenzofuran ring and a carbazole ring is particularly preferable.
- At least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is preferably represented by general formula (2).
- y 1 and y 2 each represent CR ′ or a nitrogen atom.
- R ′ each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 each represent an aromatic ring and may be the same or different from each other.
- M, n represents an integer of 0 to 4, and may be the same or different from each other.
- Aromatic ring represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 may be the same as the aromatic ring represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 in the general formula (1).
- the host compound according to the present invention in which the emission wavelength attributed to the 0-0 transition band in the phosphorescence spectrum is in the range of 414 to 459 nm (2.7 to 3.0 eV) is represented by the general formula (1).
- Examples of the compound composed of the compound represented by formula (2) and other structures are shown below, but are not limited thereto.
- Luminescent material a fluorescent compound or a phosphorescent material (also referred to as a phosphorescent compound or a phosphorescent compound) can be used.
- an organic EL device having a high color temperature and a high color rendering property can be obtained preferably by using a phosphorescent compound in combination. This is because light emitted from quantum dots has a narrow spectrum width, and it is difficult to obtain white light emission having a broad color rendering property and a broad spectrum. Thus, white light with high color temperature and high color rendering can be obtained by combining short-wave blue light emission from the quantum dots and relatively broad light emission from the phosphorescent light-emitting material.
- a phosphorescent compound is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed, specifically a compound that emits phosphorescence at room temperature (25 ° C.) and has a phosphorescence quantum yield of 25. Although it is defined as a compound of 0.01 or more at ° C., a preferable phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more.
- the above phosphorescence quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectra II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of the Fourth Edition Experimental Chemistry Course 7.
- the phosphorescence quantum yield in a solution can be measured using various solvents, but when using a phosphorescent material in the present invention, the above phosphorescence quantum yield (0.01 or more) is achieved in any solvent. It only has to be done.
- the excited state energy of the phosphorescent material is lower than the excited state energy of the host compound.
- the phosphorescent light-emitting material can be appropriately selected from known materials used for the light-emitting layer of the organic EL element, but is preferably a complex compound containing a group 8-10 metal in the periodic table of elements. More preferred are iridium compounds, osmium compounds, platinum compounds (platinum complex compounds), and rare earth complexes, and most preferred are iridium compounds.
- the phosphorescent dopant according to the present invention includes a phosphorescent dopant having an emission wavelength belonging to the 0-0 transition band in the phosphorescence spectrum in the range of 460 to 827 nm (2.7 to 1.5 eV). It is preferable that White illumination with high color rendering properties can be obtained by combining the spectrum of the phosphorescent dopant having an emission wavelength in such a range and the quantum dot compound emitting light at 414 to 477 nm according to the present invention.
- the emission wavelength attributed to the 0-0 transition band of the phosphorescent dopant according to the present invention can be determined by the same method used for the measurement of the emission wavelength attributed to the 0-0 transition band of the host compound. .
- a phosphorescent dopant represented by the following general formula (3) is preferable.
- R 1 represents a substituent.
- Z represents a nonmetallic atom group necessary for forming a 5- to 7-membered ring.
- n1 represents an integer of 0 to 5.
- B 1 to B 5 each represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom, and at least one represents a nitrogen atom.
- M 1 represents a group 8 to group 10 metal in the periodic table.
- X 1 and X 2 represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen atom
- L 1 represents an atomic group that forms a bidentate ligand together with X 1 and X 2 .
- m1 represents an integer of 1, 2, or 3
- m2 represents an integer of 0, 1, or 2
- m1 + m2 is 2 or 3.
- the phosphorescent compound represented by the general formula (3) according to the present invention has a HOMO of ⁇ 5.15 to ⁇ 3.50 eV, a LUMO of ⁇ 1.25 to +1.00 eV, and preferably a HOMO of ⁇ 4.80 to ⁇ 3.50 eV, and LUMO is ⁇ 0.80 to +1.00 eV.
- examples of the substituent represented by R 1 include an alkyl group (eg, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group).
- Z represents a nonmetallic atom group necessary for forming a 5- to 7-membered ring.
- the 5- to 7-membered ring formed by Z include a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, pyridine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrrole ring, thiophene ring, pyrazole ring, imidazole ring, oxazole ring and thiazole ring. Of these, a benzene ring is preferred.
- B 1 to B 5 represent a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and at least one represents a nitrogen atom.
- the aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycle formed by these five atoms is preferably a monocycle. Examples include pyrrole ring, pyrazole ring, imidazole ring, triazole ring, tetrazole ring, oxazole ring, isoxazole ring, thiazole ring, isothiazole ring, oxadiazole ring, and thiadiazole ring.
- a pyrazole ring and an imidazole ring are preferable, and an imidazole ring in which B2 and B5 are nitrogen atoms is particularly preferable.
- These rings may be further substituted with the above substituents.
- Preferred as the substituent are an alkyl group and an aryl group, and more preferably an aryl group.
- L 1 represents an atomic group that forms a bidentate ligand together with X 1 and X 2 .
- Specific examples of the bidentate ligand represented by X 1 -L 1 -X 2 include, for example, substituted or unsubstituted phenylpyridine, phenylpyrazole, phenylimidazole, phenyltriazole, phenyltetrazole, pyrazabol, picolinic acid And acetylacetone. These groups may be further substituted with the above substituents.
- n1 represents an integer of 1, 2 or 3
- m2 represents an integer of 0, 1 or 2
- m1 + m2 is 2 or 3.
- the case where m2 is 0 is preferable.
- the metal represented by M 1 a transition metal element belonging to Group 8 to 10 of the periodic table (also simply referred to as a transition metal) is used, among which iridium and platinum are preferable, and iridium is more preferable.
- phosphorescent compound (D-1 to D-93) represented by the general formula (3) are shown below.
- the 0-0 transition band in the phosphorescence spectrum is exemplified.
- a phosphorescent compound having an emission wavelength belonging to is in the range of 460 to 827 nm (2.7 to 1.5 eV) is more preferable.
- Quantum Dots The present invention is characterized in that the light emitting layer contains quantum dots having an emission wavelength in the range of 413 to 477 nm.
- the quantum dots 30 are contained in the light emitting layer 22.
- the quantum dots 30 may exist at the interface between the light emitting layer 22 and a layer adjacent to the light emitting layer (for example, the hole blocking layer 21 or the hole transporting layer 23). In the present invention, it is particularly preferable that the quantum dots are contained in at least the light emitting layer 22.
- the quantum dot according to the present invention refers to a particle having a predetermined size, which is composed of a crystal of a semiconductor material and has a quantum confinement effect, and is a fine particle having a particle diameter of about several nanometers to several tens of nanometers. This means that the quantum dot effect can be obtained.
- the particle diameter of the quantum dots (fine particles) according to the present invention is specifically preferably in the range of 1 to 20 nm, more preferably in the range of 1 to 10 nm.
- the energy level E of such a quantum dot is generally expressed by the following formula (I) when the Planck constant is “h”, the effective mass of the electron is “m”, and the radius of the fine particle is “R”. Is done.
- the band gap of the quantum dot increases in proportion to “R ⁇ 2 ”, and a so-called quantum dot effect is obtained.
- the band gap value of a quantum dot can be controlled by controlling and defining the particle diameter of the quantum dot. That is, by controlling and defining the particle diameter of the fine particles, it is possible to provide diversity not found in ordinary atoms. For this reason, it is possible to convert electrical energy into light of a desired wavelength by exciting it with light or applying a voltage to an EL element including a quantum dot to confine electrons and holes in the quantum dot and recombine them. Can be emitted. In the present invention, such a light-emitting quantum dot material is defined as a quantum dot.
- the average particle diameter of the quantum dots is about several nanometers to several tens of nanometers.
- the average particle diameter is set to the target light emission color.
- the average particle diameter of the quantum dots is preferably set within a range of 3.0 to 20 nm.
- the average particle diameter of the quantum dots is set to It is preferable to set within the range of 1.5 to 15 nm, and when obtaining blue light emission, it is preferable to set the average particle diameter of the quantum dots within the range of 1.0 to 10 nm.
- the average particle diameter of the blue-emitting quantum dots varies depending on the material constituting the quantum dots.
- a known method can be used. For example, a quantum dot particle observation is performed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and a method for obtaining the number average particle size of the particle size distribution therefrom, or a method for obtaining an average particle size using an electron force microscope (AFM),
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- a particle size measuring apparatus using a dynamic light scattering method for example, “ZETASIZER Nano-Series—Nano-ZS, manufactured by Malvern, Inc. can be measured using a spectrum obtained by a small-angle X-ray scattering method.
- a method of deriving a particle size distribution using particle size distribution simulation calculation and the like can be mentioned.
- a method of obtaining an average particle size using an electron force microscope (AFM) is preferable.
- the aspect ratio (major axis diameter / minor axis diameter) is preferably in the range of 1.0 to 2.0, more preferably 1.1 to 1. .7 range.
- the aspect ratio (major axis diameter / minor axis diameter) related to the quantum dots according to the present invention can also be determined by measuring the major axis diameter and the minor axis diameter using, for example, an electron force microscope (AFM). .
- the number of individuals to be measured is preferably 300 or more.
- the addition amount of the quantum dots is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 50% by mass, and in the range of 0.05 to 25% by mass, when the total constituent materials of the layer to be added are 100% by mass. More preferably, it is most preferably in the range of 0.1 to 20% by mass. If the addition amount is 0.01% by mass or more, white light emission with sufficient luminance efficiency and good color rendering can be obtained, and if it is 50% by mass or less, an appropriate distance between quantum dot particles can be maintained. The size effect can be exhibited sufficiently.
- the phosphorescent compound described above has a relatively long excitation lifetime on the order of millimeters or microseconds, so-called concentration quenching, in which the exciton energy is relaxed and lost when the concentration in the layer is too high.
- concentration quenching in which the exciton energy is relaxed and lost when the concentration in the layer is too high.
- concentration quenching in which the exciton energy is relaxed and lost when the concentration in the layer is too high.
- Examples of the constituent material of the quantum dot include a simple substance of a periodic table group 14 element such as carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin, a simple substance of a periodic table group 15 element such as phosphorus (black phosphorus), and a periodicity of selenium, tellurium, and the like.
- Table 16 group element simple substance, compound consisting of a plurality of periodic table group 14 elements such as silicon carbide (SiC), tin oxide (IV) (SnO 2 ), tin sulfide (II, IV) (Sn (II) Sn (IV) S 3 ), tin sulfide (IV) (SnS 2 ), tin (II) sulfide (SnS), tin (II) selenide (SnSe), tin telluride (II) (SnTe), lead sulfide (II) ) (PbS), lead selenide (II) (PbSe), lead telluride (II) (PbTe) periodic table group 14 element and periodic table group 16 element compound, boron nitride (BN), phosphorus Boron halide (BP), Boron arsenide (BAs), Aluminum nitride (AlN), Al phosphide Ni (AlP
- III-V group compound semiconductors aluminum sulfide ( Al 2 S 3 ), aluminum selenide (Al 2 Se 3 ), gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3 ), gallium selenide (Ga 2 Se 3 ), gallium telluride (Ga 2 Te 3 ), indium oxide (In 2) O 3), indium sulfide (In 2 S 3), indium selenide (I 2 Se 3), compounds of tellurium indium (In 2 Te 3) periodic table group 13 elements and the periodic table group 16 element such as, thallium chloride (I) (TlCl), thallium bromide (I) (TlBr ), Compounds of group 13 elements of the periodic table and elements of group 17 of the periodic table such as thallium (I) iodide (TlI), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), tellurium Zinc iodide (ZnTe), cadmi
- Group 15 elements and Group 16 elements of the periodic table, Group 11 elements of the periodic table and Group 16 of the periodic table such as copper (I) (Cu 2 O), copper selenide (Cu 2 Se), etc.
- Periodic tables of compounds with elements copper chloride (I) (CuCl), copper bromide (I) (CuBr), copper iodide (I) (CuI), silver chloride (AgCl), silver bromide (AgBr), etc.
- Nickel oxide (II) N compounds of periodic table group 10 elements such as iO) and periodic table group 16 elements
- periodic table group 9 elements such as cobalt (II) oxide (CoO), cobalt sulfide (II) (CoS) and periodic table Compounds with Group 16 elements
- compounds of Group 8 elements of the periodic table such as triiron tetroxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), iron (II) sulfide (FeS), and Group 16 elements of the periodic table
- manganese (II) oxide A compound of a periodic table group 7 element such as (MnO) and a periodic table group 16 element, a periodic table group 6 element such as molybdenum sulfide (IV) (MoS 2 ), tungsten oxide (IV) (WO 2 ), etc.
- Periodic Table Group 5 elements such as vanadium (II) oxide (VO), vanadium oxide (IV) (VO 2 ), tantalum oxide (V) (Ta 2 O 5 ) and the period Table compound of group 16 element, a titanium oxide (TiO 2, Ti 2 O 5 , Ti 2 O , A compound of Group 4 of the periodic table element and Periodic Table Group 16 element of Ti 5 O 9, etc.) and the like, magnesium sulfide (MgS), the second group elements and the periodic table periodic table such as magnesium selenide (MgSe) Compounds with group 16 elements, cadmium (II) chromium (III) (CdCr 2 O 4 ), cadmium selenide (II) chromium (III) (CdCr 2 Se 4 ), copper sulfide (II) chromium (III) ( Examples thereof include chalcogen spinels such as CuCr 2 S 4 ), mercury (II) se
- III-V group compound semiconductors such as Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , Ga 2 Se 3 , Ga 2 Te 3 , In 2 O 3 , In 2 S 3 , In 2 Se 3 , In 2 Te 3, etc.
- Compounds of Group 13 elements and Group 16 elements of the periodic table ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe and other II-VI group compound semiconductors, As 2 O 3 , As 2 S 3 , As 2 Se 3 , As 2 Te 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , Sb 2 S 3 , Sb 2 Se 3 , Sb 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , Bi 2 S 3 , Bi 2
- a compound of a periodic table group 15 element such as Se 3 or Bi 2 Te 3 and a group 16 element of the periodic table, a compound of periodic table group 2 element such as MgS or MgSe, and a group 16 element of the periodic table are preferable, Among them, Si, Ge GaN, GaP, InN, InP, Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , In 2 O 3 , In 2 S 3 , Z
- the quantum dots may be CuInS, CuInSe, or CuInGaSe. Said material may be used by 1 type and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- quantum dots can be doped with a small amount of various elements as impurities as necessary. By adding such a doping substance, the emission characteristics can be greatly improved.
- the quantum dot according to the present invention is characterized in that the emission wavelength is in the range of 413 to 477 nm (2.6 to 3.6 eV).
- the band gap (eV) of a quantum dot can be measured using a Tauc plot.
- the Tauc plot which is one of the optical scientific measurement methods of the band gap (eV), will be described.
- quantum dots were generated not only in light emission due to direct recombination of holes and electrons in the quantum dots, but also in an organic electron block hole transport layer, an organic light emission layer, or a hole block electron transport layer.
- the energy of excitons may be absorbed by the quantum dots to obtain light emission from the quantum dot core. Since these quantum dots are lightly doped, other phosphorescent compounds can also absorb the exciton energy to obtain light emission.
- the surface of the quantum dot is preferably coated with an inert inorganic coating layer or a coating composed of an organic ligand. That is, the surface of the quantum dot has a core / shell structure having a core region made of a quantum dot material and a shell region made of an inert inorganic coating layer or an organic ligand. Is preferred.
- This core / shell structure is preferably formed of at least two kinds of compounds, and a gradient structure (gradient structure) may be formed of two or more kinds of compounds.
- a gradient structure gradient structure
- a surface modifier as described later can be reliably supported in the vicinity of the surface of the quantum dot.
- the thickness of the coating (shell part) is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 nm, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5 nm.
- the emission color can be controlled by the average particle diameter of the quantum dots, and if the thickness of the coating is within the above range, the thickness of the coating can be determined from the thickness corresponding to several atoms.
- the thickness is less than one, the quantum dots can be filled with high density, and a sufficient amount of light emission can be obtained.
- the presence of the coating can suppress non-luminous electron energy transfer due to defects existing on the particle surfaces of the core particles and electron traps on the dangling bonds, thereby suppressing a decrease in quantum efficiency.
- Functional surface modifiers applicable in the present invention may be those directly attached to the surface of the quantum dots, or those attached via a shell (the surface modifier is directly attached to the shell. In other words, it may not be in contact with the core of the quantum dot.
- the surface modifier examples include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, and polyoxyethylene oleyl ether; tripropylphosphine, tributylphosphine, trihexylphosphine, trioctylphosphine, and the like.
- Trialkylphosphines polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene n-octylphenyl ether and polyoxyethylene n-nonylphenyl ether; tri (n-hexyl) amine, tri (n-octyl) amine, tri ( tertiary amines such as n-decyl) amine; tripropylphosphine oxide, tributylphosphine oxide, trihexylphosphine oxide, trioctylphosphineoxy Organic phosphorus compounds such as tridecylphosphine oxide; polyethylene glycol diesters such as polyethylene glycol dilaurate and polyethylene glycol distearate; organic nitrogen compounds such as nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds such as pyridine, lutidine, collidine and quinolines; hexylamine; Aminoalkanes such as octylamine, decylamine, dodecyl
- the surface modifier may be a fine particle of quantum dots in a high-temperature liquid phase. It is preferable that the substance is coordinated to be stabilized, specifically, trialkylphosphines, organic phosphorus compounds, aminoalkanes, tertiary amines, organic nitrogen compounds, dialkyl sulfides, dialkyl sulfoxides. , Organic sulfur compounds, higher fatty acids and alcohols are preferred.
- the dispersibility of the quantum dots in the coating solution can be made particularly excellent.
- the shape of the quantum dot formed at the time of manufacture of a quantum dot can be made into a higher sphericity, and the particle size distribution of a quantum dot can be made sharper.
- the size (average particle diameter) of the quantum dots is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 nm.
- the size of the quantum dots means the total area composed of a core region composed of a quantum dot material, a shell region composed of an inert inorganic coating layer or an organic ligand, and a surface modifier. Represents size. If the surface modifier or shell is not included, the size does not include it.
- raw material aqueous solution for example, alkanes such as n-heptane, n-octane, isooctane, or benzene, toluene
- alkanes such as n-heptane, n-octane, isooctane, or benzene
- Inverted micelles which exist as reverse micelles in non-polar organic solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, and crystal growth in this reverse micelle phase, inject a thermally decomposable raw material into a high-temperature liquid-phase organic medium
- examples thereof include a hot soap method for crystal growth and a solution reaction method involving crystal growth at a relatively low temperature using an acid-base reaction as a driving force, as in the hot soap method. Any method can be used from these production methods, and among these, the liquid phase production method is preferred.
- the organic surface modifier present on the surface when the quantum dots are synthesized is referred to as an initial surface modifier.
- the initial surface modifier in the hot soap method include trialkylphosphines, trialkylphosphine oxides, alkylamines, dialkyl sulfoxides, alkanephosphonic acid and the like. These initial surface modifiers are preferably exchanged for the above-described functional surface modifiers by an exchange reaction.
- the initial surface modifier such as trioctyl phosphine oxide obtained by the hot soap method described above is obtained by performing the functional surface modification described above by an exchange reaction performed in a liquid phase containing the functional surface modifier. It is possible to replace it with an agent.
- the following shows an example of a method for producing quantum dots.
- n-octanethiol added to TOA (210 ⁇ l in 6 ml) is injected at a rate of 1 ml / min using a syringe pump and allowed to react for 40 minutes.
- a 16 ml aliquot of Zn-oleic acid solution (heated at 100 ° C.) is injected into the Cd-containing reaction medium at a rate of 2 ml / min.
- 6.4 mmol of n-octanethiol in TOA (1.12 ml in 6 ml) is injected at a rate of 1 ml / min using a syringe pump.
- TOPO fixed quantum dots nanoparticles with CdSe nanocrystals with TOPO fixed on the surface and ZnS as the core.
- TOPO fixed quantum dots nanoparticles with CdSe nanocrystals with TOPO fixed on the surface and ZnS as the core.
- the quantum dot of this state is soluble in organic solvents, such as toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF).
- the prepared TOPO fixed quantum dots were dissolved in THF, heated to 85 ° C., and N-[(S) -3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl] -L-proline (Sigma) dissolved in ethanol there. (Aldrich) 100 mg was added dropwise and refluxed for about 12 hours. After refluxing for 12 hours, an aqueous NaOH solution was added, and the mixture was heated at 90 ° C. for 2 hours to evaporate THF.
- the obtained unpurified quantum dots are purified and concentrated using ultrafiltration (Millipore, “Microcon”) and Sephadex column (Amersham Biosciences, “MicroSpin G-25 Columns”).
- a hydrophilic quantum dot in which N-[(S) -3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl] -L-proline is immobilized on the surface of the quantum dot can be produced.
- the quantum dot film formation method is preferably a wet process.
- spin coating method casting method, die coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, ink jet method, printing method, spray coating method, curtain coating method, LB method (Langmuir Brodgett method), etc.
- LB method Liangmuir Brodgett method
- a film forming method using a transfer method that transfers after forming a monomolecular film of quantum dots on another medium is also useful.
- the solvent used preferably includes a solvent having a boiling point of 100 to 150 ° C.
- a solvent having a boiling point of 100 to 150 ° C By using the solvent in such a range, an appropriate drying speed is obtained, the quantum dot compound contained in the coating film can be properly oriented, and higher luminous efficiency and durability can be obtained.
- a solvent such as toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, n-butanol and the like can be raised.
- a mixed solvent containing these solvents may be used, and the ratio is preferably in the range of 9: 1 to 0:10.
- First electrode (cathode, cathode)
- an electrode material made of a metal having a low work function (4 eV or less) (referred to as an electron injecting metal), an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or a mixture thereof is used.
- Specific examples of such electrode materials include sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Mixtures, indium, lithium / aluminum mixtures, rare earth metals and the like.
- the second electrode includes, for example, a magnesium / silver mixture, a magnesium / aluminum mixture, a magnesium / indium mixture, an aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixture, lithium, and the like. / Aluminum mixtures, aluminum etc. are preferred.
- the first electrode is preferably a transparent electrode because the light generated in the light emitting layer can be taken out by making the electrode transparent. That is, an electrode made of a metal oxide such as ITO, IZO, AZO, or FTO may be used.
- the first electrode can be produced by forming a thin film of these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the first electrode is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- an electrode material made of a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound and a mixture thereof having a high work function (4 eV or more) is preferably used.
- an electrode substance include a conductive transparent material such as a metal such as Au, CuI, indium-tin composite oxide (hereinafter abbreviated as ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- a conductive transparent material such as a metal such as Au, CuI, indium-tin composite oxide (hereinafter abbreviated as ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- an amorphous material such as IDIXO (In 2 O 3 —ZnO) capable of forming a transparent conductive film may be used.
- a thin film may be formed by depositing these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering, and a desired shape pattern may be formed by a photolithography method, or when pattern accuracy is not required (100 ⁇ m or more) The degree) may form a pattern through a mask having a desired shape at the time of vapor deposition or sputtering of the electrode material. Or when using the substance which can be apply
- the metal oxide-based conductive transparent material mentioned in the description of the first electrode is formed thereon, so that the transparent or A semitransparent second electrode can be manufactured, and by applying this, an EL element in which both the first electrode and the second electrode are transmissive can be manufactured.
- ⁇ Support substrate ⁇ There are no particular limitations on the material of the support substrate (hereinafter also referred to as a substrate, substrate, substrate, support, etc.), such as glass or plastic, and it may be transparent or opaque.
- the support substrate is preferably transparent.
- the transparent support substrate preferably used include glass, quartz, and a transparent resin film. Since a substrate that is more flexible than a rigid substrate exerts the effect of suppressing high-temperature storage stability and chromaticity variation, a particularly preferable support substrate has flexibility that can give flexibility to an EL element. Resin film.
- polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate ( CAP), cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate or derivatives thereof, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyimide , Polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone , Polyetherimide, polyetherketoneimide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylic or polyarylates, cyclone resins such as Arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) or Appel (trade name
- an inorganic film, an organic film or a hybrid film of both may be formed on the surface of the resin film.
- Relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) is preferably 0.01 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less, and further measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987.
- the water vapor permeability is more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less.
- the material for forming the barrier film may be any material that has a function of suppressing entry of factors that cause deterioration of the EL element such as moisture and oxygen.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like may be used. it can.
- laminate stack both alternately several times.
- the method for forming the barrier film is not particularly limited.
- a polymerization method, a plasma CVD method (CVD: Chemical Vapor Deposition), a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, and the like can be used, but atmospheric pressure plasma weight as described in JP-A-2004-68143 is used.
- a legal method is particularly preferred.
- the opaque support substrate examples include metal plates such as aluminum and stainless steel, films, opaque resin substrates, ceramic substrates, and the like.
- the external extraction efficiency of light emission at room temperature is preferably 1% or more, more preferably 5% or more.
- the external extraction quantum efficiency (%) the number of photons emitted to the outside of the EL element / the number of electrons sent to the EL element ⁇ 100.
- a sealing means applicable to the EL element for example, a method of adhering a sealing member, an electrode, and a support substrate with a sealing adhesive can be exemplified.
- the sealing member may be disposed so as to cover the display area of the EL element, and may be concave or flat. Further, transparency and electrical insulation are not particularly limited.
- Specific examples include a glass plate, a polymer plate / film, and a metal plate / film.
- the glass plate include soda-lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz.
- the polymer plate include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone.
- the metal plate include those made of one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicone, germanium, and tantalum.
- the sealing member a polymer film or a metal film can be preferably used because the EL element can be thinned.
- the polymer film has an oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 cm 3 / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less, and conforms to JIS K 7129-1992.
- the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) measured by the above method is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less.
- sealing member For processing the sealing member into a concave shape, sandblasting, chemical etching, or the like is used.
- the sealing adhesive include photo-curing and thermosetting adhesives having a reactive vinyl group of acrylic acid-based oligomers and methacrylic acid-based oligomers, and moisture-curing types such as 2-cyanoacrylic acid esters. Mention may be made of adhesives. Moreover, heat
- an EL element may be deteriorated by heat treatment
- a material that can be adhesively cured from room temperature to 80 ° C. is preferable.
- a desiccant may be dispersed in the adhesive.
- coating of the adhesive agent to a sealing part may use commercially available dispenser, and may print like screen printing.
- the electrode and the organic functional layer are coated on the outside of the electrode facing the support substrate with the organic functional layer interposed therebetween, and an inorganic or organic layer is formed in contact with the support substrate to form a sealing film.
- the material for forming the film may be any material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of elements that cause deterioration of elements such as moisture and oxygen.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like may be used. it can.
- vacuum deposition sputtering, reactive sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, cluster ion beam method, ion plating method, plasma polymerization method, atmospheric pressure plasma
- a polymerization method a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or an inert liquid such as fluorinated hydrocarbon or silicon oil. Is preferably injected. A vacuum is also possible. Moreover, a hygroscopic compound can also be enclosed inside.
- hygroscopic compound examples include metal oxides (for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide) and sulfates (for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate).
- metal oxides for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide
- sulfates for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate.
- metal halides eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide etc.
- perchloric acids eg perchloric acid Barium, magnesium perchlorate, and the like
- anhydrous salts are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides, and perchloric acids.
- Sealing includes casing type sealing (can sealing) and close contact type sealing (solid sealing), but solid sealing is preferable from the viewpoint of thinning.
- solid sealing is preferable because the sealing member is also required to be flexible.
- thermosetting adhesive an ultraviolet curable resin, or the like
- a thermosetting adhesive such as an epoxy resin, an acrylic resin, or a silicone resin, more preferably moisture resistant. It is an epoxy thermosetting adhesive resin that is excellent in water resistance and water resistance and has little shrinkage during curing.
- the water content of the sealing adhesive according to the present invention is preferably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 0.01 to 200 ppm, and most preferably 0.01 to 100 ppm.
- the moisture content in the present invention may be measured by any method.
- a volumetric moisture meter Karl Fischer
- an infrared moisture meter a microwave transmission moisture meter
- a heat-dry weight method a GC / MS
- IR a GC / MS
- IR a GC / MS
- IR a GC / MS
- IR a GC / MS
- IR a GC / MS
- IR IR
- DSC Densonic Scanning Calorimeter
- TDS Temporal Scanning Calorimeter
- the moisture content of the sealing adhesive can be adjusted by, for example, placing it in a nitrogen atmosphere with a dew point temperature of ⁇ 80 ° C. or lower and an oxygen concentration of 0.8 ppm, and changing the time. Further, it can be dried in a vacuum state of 100 Pa or less while changing the time. Further, the sealing adhesive can be dried only with an adhesive, but can also be placed in advance on the sealing member and dried.
- the sealing member for example, a 50 ⁇ m thick PET (polyethylene terephthalate) laminated with an aluminum foil (30 ⁇ m thick) can be used.
- a sealing adhesive was placed in advance, the resin substrate and the sealing member were aligned, and both were crimped (0 0.1-3 MPa) and at a temperature of 80-180 ° C., it can be tightly bonded (bonded) to achieve close sealing (solid sealing).
- Heating or pressure bonding time varies depending on the type, amount, and area of the adhesive, but temporary bonding is performed at a pressure of 0.1 to 3 MPa, and heat curing time is in the range of 5 seconds to 10 minutes at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C. Just choose.
- a heated pressure-bonding roll because pressure bonding (temporary bonding) and heating can be performed simultaneously, and internal voids can be eliminated simultaneously.
- a coating method such as roll coating, spin coating, screen printing, spray coating, or the like can be used using a dispenser depending on the material.
- solid sealing is a form in which there is no space between the sealing member and the EL element substrate and the resin is covered with a cured resin.
- sealing member examples include metals such as stainless steel, aluminum and magnesium alloys, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, nylon, plastics such as polyvinyl chloride, and composites thereof, glass, and the like.
- metals such as stainless steel, aluminum and magnesium alloys, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, nylon, plastics such as polyvinyl chloride, and composites thereof, glass, and the like.
- a laminate of gas barrier layers such as aluminum, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride can be used as in the case of a resin substrate.
- the gas barrier layer can be formed by sputtering, vapor deposition or the like on both surfaces or one surface of the sealing member before molding the sealing member, or may be formed on both surfaces or one surface of the sealing member after sealing by a similar method.
- the oxygen permeability is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less
- the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) is 1 ⁇ It is preferably 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less.
- the sealing member may be a film laminated with a metal foil such as aluminum.
- a method for laminating the polymer film on one side of the metal foil a generally used laminating machine can be used.
- the adhesive polyurethane-based, polyester-based, epoxy-based, acrylic-based adhesives and the like can be used. You may use a hardening
- a hot melt lamination method, an extrusion lamination method and a coextrusion lamination method can also be used, but a dry lamination method is preferred.
- the metal foil when the metal foil is formed by sputtering or vapor deposition and is formed from a fluid electrode material such as a conductive paste, it may be created by a method of forming a metal foil on a polymer film as a base. Good.
- a protective film or a protective plate may be provided outside the sealing film or the sealing film on the side facing the support substrate with the organic functional layer interposed therebetween.
- the mechanical strength is not necessarily high, and thus it is preferable to provide such a protective film and a protective plate.
- the same glass plate, polymer plate / film, metal plate / film, etc. used for the sealing can be used, but the polymer film is light and thin. Is preferably used.
- a light extraction member between the flexible support substrate and the first electrode or at any position on the light emission side from the flexible support substrate.
- Examples of the light extraction member include a prism sheet, a lens sheet, and a diffusion sheet. Further, a diffraction grating or a diffusion structure introduced into an interface or any medium that causes total reflection can be used.
- a part of the light emitted from the light emitting layer causes total reflection at the interface between the substrate and air, causing a problem of light loss.
- prismatic or lens-like processing is applied to the surface of the substrate, or prism sheets, lens sheets, and diffusion sheets are affixed to the surface of the substrate, thereby suppressing total reflection and light extraction efficiency. To improve.
- Method for Manufacturing EL Element As an example of a method for manufacturing an EL element, a method for manufacturing an EL element including a first electrode / a hole blocking layer / a light emitting layer / a hole transport layer / a hole injection layer / a second electrode will be described.
- a desired electrode material for example, a thin film made of a first electrode material is formed on a suitable substrate by a thin film forming method such as vapor deposition or sputtering so as to have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 to 200 nm.
- a thin film forming method such as vapor deposition or sputtering so as to have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 to 200 nm.
- an organic functional layer including a hole blocking layer, a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, and a hole injection layer is formed thereon.
- the step of forming the organic functional layer mainly includes: (i) a step of applying and laminating the coating liquid constituting the organic functional layer on the first electrode of the support substrate; and (ii) after the application and lamination. And a step of drying the coating liquid.
- a vapor deposition method for example, spin coating method, casting method, die coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, ink jet method, printing method, spray coating).
- Method curtain coating method, LB method (Langmuir-Blodgett method and the like can be used).
- a light emitting layer containing at least quantum dots is formed by a coating method, and the coating liquid for forming the light emitting layer contains a solvent having a boiling point in the range of 100 to 150 ° C. The form is preferred.
- a wet process in the present invention from the viewpoint that a homogeneous film is easily obtained and pinholes are difficult to be generated, among others, a spin coating method, a casting method, Film formation by a coating method such as a die coating method, a blade coating method, a roll coating method, or an ink jet method is preferable.
- liquid medium for dissolving or dispersing the EL material examples include ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, cyclohexylbenzene and the like.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, decalin and dodecane, and organic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be used.
- the boiling point is in the range of 100 to 150 ° C. It is preferable to use the solvent in the inside.
- a dispersion method it can disperse
- the preparation process for dissolving or dispersing the EL material and the application process until the EL material is applied on the base material are in an inert gas atmosphere. Since film formation can be performed without deteriorating device performance, it may not always be performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, the manufacturing cost can be suppressed, which is more preferable.
- each layer for example, a hole transport layer layer, a hole injection layer, etc.
- the layer can also be formed by a well-known vapor deposition method.
- step (Ii) In the step (ii), the coated and laminated organic functional layer is dried.
- Drying refers to reduction to 0.2% or less when the solvent content of the film immediately after coating is 100%.
- the means for drying those generally used can be used, and examples thereof include reduced pressure or pressure drying, heat drying, air drying, IR drying, and electromagnetic wave drying.
- heat drying is preferable, the temperature is equal to or higher than the boiling point of the solvent having the lowest boiling point in the organic functional layer coating solvent, and the temperature is lower than (Tg + 20) ° C. of the material having the lowest Tg among the Tg of the organic functional layer material.
- it is held at In the present invention, more specifically, it is preferable to hold and dry at 80 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower, and more preferable to hold and dry at 100 ° C. or higher and 130 ° C. or lower.
- the atmosphere when drying the coating liquid after coating / lamination is preferably an atmosphere having a volume concentration of a gas other than the inert gas of 200 ppm or less, but it is not necessarily in an inert gas atmosphere as in the liquid preparation coating process. It may not be necessary. In this case, the manufacturing cost can be suppressed, which is more preferable.
- the inert gas is preferably a rare gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas, and most preferably nitrogen gas in terms of production cost.
- the coating / laminating and drying steps of these layers may be single wafer manufacturing or line manufacturing. Further, the drying process may be performed while being conveyed on the line, but from the viewpoint of productivity, it may be deposited or rolled in a non-contact manner in a roll form.
- a thin film made of the second electrode material is formed thereon by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering so as to have a film thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably in the range of 50 nm to 200 nm.
- An EL element can be manufactured by adhering the contact sealing or sealing member to the electrode and the support substrate with an adhesive after the heat treatment.
- the EL element of the present invention can be used as various light sources such as a display device, a display, and illumination.
- Examples of light sources include home lighting, interior lighting, clock and liquid crystal backlights, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, light sources for optical storage media, light sources for electrophotographic copying machines, light sources for optical communication processors, and light sources for optical sensors. Furthermore, it can be used in a wide range of applications such as general household appliances that require a display device, but it can be used effectively as a backlight for a liquid crystal display device combined with a color filter, and as a light source for illumination. it can.
- patterning may be performed by a metal mask, an ink jet printing method, or the like as needed during film formation.
- patterning only the electrode may be patterned, the electrode and the light emitting layer may be patterned, or the entire layer of the element may be patterned.
- a conventionally known method is used. Can do.
- the spectrum of the coating film is a thin dotted line (immediately after coating).
- a thick dotted line (oDCB 65C coating) is obtained by re-coating only o-dichlorobenzene on this coating film, and a solid line (oDCB immersion) is obtained by immersing this coating film in o-dichlorobenzene for 1 minute. ) Spectrum.
- the coating film of the conjugated polymer compound (Exemplary Compound 15) according to the present invention is soluble in o-dichlorobenzene generally used for coating a light emitting layer and a photoelectric conversion layer. It is shown not to. Therefore, it is considered that a light-emitting layer or a photoelectric conversion layer can be easily formed on the light-emitting layer or the photoelectric conversion layer on the coating film by a coating method without correlation mixing.
- first electrode A 120 nm thick ITO (indium tin oxide) film is formed on the prepared flexible film having a gas barrier property by a sputtering method, and patterned by a photolithography method. Electrodes (cathode, cathode) were formed. The pattern was such that the light emission area was 50 mm square.
- a light-emitting layer composition having the following composition and a composition diluted twice with the same solvent were respectively formed by spin coating at 1500 rpm for 30 seconds, and then held at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes. A light emitting layer having a thickness of 40 nm was formed.
- a hole injection layer having a thickness of 10 nm was formed on the hole transport layer at 0.005 nm / second. Subsequently, aluminum was deposited to form a second electrode (anode, anode) having a thickness of 100 nm.
- a sealing member was bonded using a commercially available roll laminating apparatus to produce Comparative Example Sample 1 (EL element).
- a sealing member a flexible aluminum foil (manufactured by Toyo Aluminum Co., Ltd.), a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (12 ⁇ m thickness) and an adhesive for dry lamination (two-component reaction type urethane system) Adhesive) laminated (adhesive layer thickness 1.5 ⁇ m) was used.
- a thermosetting adhesive was uniformly applied to the aluminum surface with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m along the adhesive surface (shiny surface) of the aluminum foil using a dispenser.
- thermosetting adhesive an epoxy adhesive mixed with the following (A) to (C) was used.
- DGEBA Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- DIY Dicyandiamide
- C Epoxy adduct curing accelerator
- the sealing substrate is closely attached and arranged so as to cover the joint portion between the extraction electrode and the electrode lead so as to be in the form shown in FIG.
- the sample was comparatively sealed at a temperature of 120 ° C., a pressure of 0.5 MPa, and an apparatus speed of 0.3 m / min to prepare Comparative Example Sample 1 (EL element).
- Example Samples 11 to 27, 31 In the above-mentioned “Production of Comparative Sample 1”, the following materials were used as the coating liquid for the hole blocking layer, and the firing conditions (firing temperature and Example samples 11 to 27 and 31 were produced by changing the firing time) to the conditions described below.
- a host compound (see Table 2) was used in addition to the quantum dots to form the light emitting layer. The amount of the host compound added is 7.0 parts by mass in 2000 parts by mass of toluene.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- Example Sample 31 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used as the flexible film instead of PEN, and the type of quantum dots in the light emitting layer (see Table 2) was changed.
- Example Samples 13 to 27 and 31 Exemplified Compound 1 was prepared as J.P. Am. Chem. Soc. In accordance with 2011, 133, 8416, Exemplified Compound 2 was prepared according to Adv. Mater. , 2011, 23, p3086, Example Compound 3 was synthesized according to J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 8416, and Example Compound 11 was synthesized according to Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2010. Exemplary compounds 10 and 15 were synthesized as follows.
- Compound B was synthesized in the same manner as in Production Example 1. 1.0 g of this compound B and 9.0 g of 3,3′-iminobis (N, N-dimethylpropylamine) (manufactured by Aldrich) were dissolved in a mixed solvent of 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 100 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide. The reaction was carried out with stirring at (25 ° C.) for 48 hours. After completion of the reaction, the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure, and further reprecipitation was performed in water to obtain 1.3 g of Exemplified Compound 15 (yield 90%). The structure of the obtained compound was identified by H-NMR. The results are shown below. 7.6-8.0ppm (br), 2.88ppm (br), 2.18ppm (m), 2.08ppm (s), 1.50ppm (m), 1.05ppm (br).
- AEAPTMS 2-aminoethyl-2-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
- Example Samples 11 to 27, 31 can be formed at a very low temperature and at a higher speed than a hole blocking layer made of a known metal oxide.
- an element obtained using the hole blocking layer has sufficiently high luminance (emission efficiency) and a long life even on a plastic substrate.
- these characteristics can be further improved by including a specific host compound in a light emitting layer. From these results, in order to make the electroluminescence device including quantum dots highly efficient and have a long lifetime, a hole blocking layer as disclosed in the present invention is used, and further, a host of a light emitting layer including quantum dots is used. It can be seen that it is useful to control the wavelength of the 0-0 transition band in the phosphorescence spectrum within a certain range as a compound.
- first electrode A 120 nm thick ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film is formed on a prepared white plate glass substrate having a thickness of 0.5 mm by sputtering, and patterned by photolithography. A first electrode layer (anode) was formed. The pattern was such that the light emission area was 50 mm square.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- a light-emitting layer composition having the following composition and a composition diluted twice with the same solvent were each formed by spin coating at 1500 rpm for 30 seconds, and then 30 ° C. at 30 ° C. Each of the light emitting layers having a film thickness of 40 nm was formed by holding for 30 minutes.
- Quantum dot light emitting layer composition Quantum dot (Trilite (registered trademark) 450, 450 nm light emission manufactured by Cytodiagnostics) 3.0 parts by weight Exemplary compound H-115 7.0 parts by weight Toluene 2000 parts by weight
- thermosetting adhesive an epoxy adhesive mixed with the following (A) to (C) was used.
- DGEBA Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- DIY Dicyandiamide
- C Epoxy adduct curing accelerator
- Example Samples 42 to 44 were prepared using the following materials as the coating liquid for the hole blocking layer, respectively. .
- Example samples 46 to 48 were produced in the same manner as in “Production of Example Samples 42 to 44”, except that the composition in forming the second light-emitting layers was changed as follows.
- Example sample 49 was produced in the same manner as in “Production of Example Sample 48”, except that the composition in forming the intermediate layer was changed to the charge generation layer described below.
- the present invention is used to provide an electroluminescent device having a high luminous efficiency and a long lifetime, and is suitable for providing an electroluminescent device excellent in productivity (such as firing temperature and firing time) on a plastic film. Can be used.
- Second electrode 9 Sealing adhesive 10 Flexible sealing member 20 Organic functional layer 21 Hole blocking layer (intermediate layer) 22 Light emitting layer 23 Hole transport layer 24 Hole injection layer 30 Quantum dot 100 EL element
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Abstract
Description
特に移動体(携帯電話、自動車、航空機)においては従来よりも薄く軽量で、割れない照明(フレキシブル基板からなる照明)が期待されている。また、これらの新しい価値を期待されつつも、既存の蛍光灯や白色LEDに対して性能が低いのが現状であり、さらなる高効率化、長寿命化の技術が求められている。
さらに、最近発見されたリン光発光を利用する有機EL素子では、以前の蛍光発光を利用するそれに比べ、原理的に約4倍の発光効率が実現可能であることから、その材料開発を始めとし、有機機能層の層構成や電極の研究開発が世界中で行われている。特に、地球温暖化防止策の1つとして、人類のエネルギー消費の多くを占める照明器具への応用が検討されはじめ、従来の照明器具に置き換わりうる白色発光パネルの実用化に向けて、性能向上やコストダウンの試みが盛んになっている。
しかしリン光有機EL素子(OLED;Organic light-Emitting Diode)は酸素および水分に敏感であるため、前記のようなフレキシブルな照明として使用したい場合、バリア性の高い高額なバリアフィルムおよび生産性の低い工程の処理(真空蒸着、および不活性雰囲気下での塗布プロセス等)が必要となるため、必ずしも安価かつ生産性の高いものとはいえなかった。
ここで蛍光からの発光であるため、基底三重項である分子である酸素分子によって失活されにくく、また特許文献2で開示されるように、水分に対しても強い傾向があるため、大気下のような生産性の高い環境で製造することができる可能性があると想定される。さらに特許文献3のように逆層構成とすることで、層内に酸素や水分で劣化しやすいフッ化リチウム等のアルカリ金属ハライドを含まないため、より安定性の高い素子を得られると期待される。
また、逆層構成においては、非常に準位の深い量子ドットのHOMO/LUMOに対して準位の近い金属酸化物等の正孔ブロック層・電子輸送層を用いることができるため、高い効率を期待することができる。
また、前記特許文献1~3では量子ドット層単体からなる発光層が用いられているが、量子ドットは凝集すると発光効率が低下するため、適度にホスト中に分散させることが発光効率の向上には有効であるが、量子ドットを用いた電界エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、中でも青色エレクトロルミネッセンス素子として適切なホスト化合物はこれまで見出されておらず、寿命に関しては未だ課題を有していた。
ここで、一般にITOなどの透明電極の仕事関数は-4.8eV程度であり、量子ドットのLUMO準位は一般的に-4.0~-3.0eV程度であるため、この中間にLUMO準位を有する化合物で、かつ~150℃程度で製膜できる電子輸送層が必要となる。
しかし、このような深い準位を有する有機物はほとんどなく、あったとしても塗布性・製膜性が低く使用できないものであった。
他方で、金属及び金属酸化物等の表面をごく薄い有機物層(自己組織化単分子膜等)で覆うと、有機物層の電子特性によって金属及び金属酸化物表面の電位が変動することが知られている。
本発明者らは、特定の化合物を用いることでこのような効果を適切に発揮させることができ、第1電極と量子ドットのLUMO準位の間の電気的な接合が改善され、高い効率および高い耐久性を得ることができることを見出した。
1. 基板上に、少なくとも、第1の電極、発光層および第2の電極をこの順に積層したエレクトロルミネッセンス素子であって、
前記発光層には量子ドットが含有され、
前記第1の電極と前記発光層との間か、または前記発光層と前記第2の電極との間のいずれか一方には、窒素原子を含有するポリマーからなる中間層が形成されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
2. 好ましくは、前記窒素原子を含有するポリマーがアミノ基を含有する。
3. 好ましくは、前記窒素原子を含有するポリマーが、芳香族環を含む構造単位を主鎖として有する共役系高分子化合物であり、
前記主鎖の芳香族環のそれぞれには2個以上のアミノ基が結合されている。
A1は窒素原子、炭素原子またはケイ素原子を表す。
L1およびL2は炭素原子数1~20のアルキレン基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、炭素原子数6~30のアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~20のアルキレンオキシ基およびこれらの組合せから選ばれる2価の連結基を表す。
R1およびR2は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~20のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数6~30のアリール基または置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリール基を表す。]
6. より好ましくは、前記一般式(A)が一般式(B)で表される。
A2は窒素原子、炭素原子またはケイ素原子を表す。
Z1およびZ2は、それぞれ独立して、-C(R3)=C(R4)-、-C(R5)=N-、-O-または-S-を表す。
L1は炭素原子数1~20のアルキレン基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、炭素原子数6~30のアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~20のアルキレンオキシ基およびこれらの組合せから選ばれる2価の連結基を表す。
R1~R5は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~20のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数6~30のアリール基または置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリール基を表す。]
8. さらに好ましくは、前記一般式(B)中、A2が炭素原子を表す。
9. さらに好ましくは、前記一般式(A)または前記一般式(B)中、R1およびR2がいずれもアルキル基を表す。
11. 好ましくは、前記中間層が前記第1の電極と前記発光層との間に形成されている。
12. 好ましくは、前記発光層には、少なくとも1種のホスト材料と、少なくとも1種の量子ドットとが含まれ、
前記ホスト材料のリン光スペクトルにおける0-0遷移バンドに帰属される発光極大波長が414~459nmの波長領域内にある。
14. より好ましくは、前記量子ドットがSi、Ge、GaN、GaP、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、InP、InN、ZnS、In2S3、ZnO、CdO、CuInS、CuInSe、CuInGaSeまたはこれらの混合物で構成されている。
15. より好ましくは、前記ホスト化合物の分子量が500~1000である。
y1、y2はCR’またはNを表す。
R’、R’’は各々水素原子または置換基を表す。
Ar1およびAr2は芳香環を表し、互いに同一でもよいし異なっていてもよい。
m、nは0~4の整数を表す。]
18. さらに好ましくは、前記一般式(1)中、Ar1およびAr2の少なくとも一方が、一般式(2)で表される。
R′は各々水素原子または置換基を表す。
Ar1およびAr2は各々芳香環を表し、互いに同一でもよいし異なっていてもよい。
m、nは0~4の整数を表す。〕
Zは5~7員環を形成するのに必要な非金属原子群を表す。
n1は0~5の整数を表す。
B1~B5は炭素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子または硫黄原子を表し、少なくとも1つは窒素原子を表す。
M1は元素周期表における8族~10族の金属を表す。
X1およびX2は炭素原子、窒素原子または酸素原子を表す。
L1はX1およびX2と共に2座の配位子を形成する原子群を表す。
m1は1、2または3の整数を表し、m2は0、1または2の整数を表し、m1+m2は2または3である。]
図1に示すとおり、本発明の好ましい実施形態にかかるEL素子100は、支持基板1を有している。支持基板1上には第1の電極2(陰極、カソード)が形成され、第1の電極2上には有機機能層20が形成され、有機機能層20上には第2の電極8(陽極、アノード)が形成されている。
EL素子100の代表的な構成として、例えば、下記(i)~(xviii)に例示するような層構造を挙げることができる。
(ii)支持基板/第1の電極/正孔阻止層/発光層/正孔輸送層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(iii)支持基板/第1の電極/正孔阻止層/発光層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(iv)支持基板/第1の電極/正孔阻止層/発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(v)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/正孔阻止層/発光層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(vi)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/正孔阻止層/発光層/正孔輸送層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(vii)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/正孔阻止層/発光層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(viii)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/正孔阻止層/発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(ix)支持基板/第1の電極/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/電荷発生層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(x)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(xi)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/中間層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(xii)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/電荷発生層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(xiii)支持基板/第1の電極/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(xiv)支持基板/第1の電極/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/中間層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(XV)支持基板/第1の電極/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/電荷発生層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(xvi)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(xvii)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/中間層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(xviii)支持基板/第1の電極/電子注入層/電子輸送層/第1の発光層/電荷発生層/第2の発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極/封止用接着剤/封止部材
もちろん、上記(i)~(viii)に例示するような層構造においても、第1の電極を陽極(アノード)としかつ第2の電極を陰極(カソード)として、第1の電極と第2の電極との有機機能層の層構成を逆転させた順層型の構造もとりうる。
次いで、EL素子を構成する有機機能層の詳細について説明する。
EL素子においては、注入層は必要に応じて設けることができる。
注入層としては電子注入層と正孔注入層があり、上記の如く第1の電極と発光層または正孔阻止層の間、及び第2の電極と発光層または電子輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
本発明において正孔輸送層とは、正孔を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、陽極より注入された正孔を発光層に伝達する機能を有していればよい。
本発明の正孔輸送層の総膜厚については特に制限はないが、通常は5nm~5μmの範囲であり、より好ましくは2nm~500nmであり、さらに好ましくは5nm~200nmである。
正孔輸送層に用いられる材料(以下、正孔輸送材料という)としては、正孔の注入性または輸送性、電子の障壁性のいずれかを有していればよく、従来公知の化合物の中から任意のものを選択して用いることができる。
例えば、ポルフィリン誘導体、フタロシアニン誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、ピラゾリン誘導体、ピラゾロン誘導体、フェニレンジアミン誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、ポリアリールアルカン誘導体、トリアリールアミン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、インドロカルバゾール誘導体、イソインドール誘導体、アントラセンやナフタレン等のアセン系誘導体、フルオレン誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、、及びポリビニルカルバゾール、芳香族アミンをを主鎖または側鎖に導入した高分子材料またはオリゴマー、ポリシラン、導電性ポリマーまたはオリゴマー(例えばPEDOT:PSS、アニリン系共重合体、ポリアニリン、ポリチオフェン等)等が挙げられる。
トリアリールアミン誘導体としては、αNPDに代表されるベンジジン型や、MTDATAに代表されるスターバースト型、Spiro-TPD等のトリアリールアミン連結コア部にフルオレンやアントラセンを有する化合物等が挙げられる。
さらに不純物をドープしたp性の高い正孔輸送層を用いることもできる。その例としては、特開平4-297076号公報、特開2000-196140号公報、同2001-102175号公報の各公報、J.Appl.Phys.,95,5773(2004)等に記載されたものが挙げられる。
また、特開平11-251067号公報、J.Huang et.al.著文献(Applied Physics Letters 80(2002),p.139)に記載されているような、所謂p型正孔輸送材料やp型-Si、p型-SiC等の無機化合物を用いることもできる。さらにIr(ppy)3に代表されるような中心金属にIrやPtを有するオルトメタル化有機金属錯体も好ましく用いられる。
正孔輸送材料としては、上記のものを使用することができるが、トリアリールアミン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、インドロカルバゾール誘導体、アザトリフェニレン誘導体、有機金属錯体、芳香族アミンを主鎖または側鎖に導入した高分子材料またはオリゴマー等が好ましく用いられる。
例えば、Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2160 (1996)、J. Lumin. 72-74, 985 (1997)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 673 (2001)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987)、Synth. Met. 87, 171 (1997)、Synth. Met. 91, 209 (1997)、Synth. Met. 111,421 (2000)、SID Symposium Digest, 37, 923 (2006)、J. Mater. Chern. 3, 319 (1993)、Adv. Mater. 6, 677 (1994)、Chern. Mater. 15,3148 (2003)、米国特許公開第20030162053号、米国特許公開第20020158242号、米国特許公開第20060240279号、米国特許公開第20080220265号、米国特許第5061569号、国際公開第2007002683号、国際公開第2009018009号、EP650955、米国特許公開第20080124572号、米国特許公開第20070278938号、米国特許公開第20080106190号、米国特許公開第20080018221号、国際公開第2012115034号、特表2003-519432号公報、特開2006-135145号、米国特許出願番号13/585981号等である。
正孔輸送材料は単独で用いてもよく、また複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
EL素子の有機機能層を構成する正孔阻止層とは、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、広い意味で電子注入層、電子輸送層も正孔阻止層に含まれる。正孔阻止層層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
正孔阻止材料としては、アミノ基を含有するポリマーが使用される。
アミノ基を含有するポリマーは、一般式(A)で表わされる構造単位(塩の形態を含む。)を主鎖として有する。
A1は窒素原子、炭素原子またはケイ素原子を表す。
L1およびL2は炭素原子数1~20のアルキレン基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、炭素原子数6~30のアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~20のアルキレンオキシ基およびこれらの組合せから選ばれる2価の連結基を表す。
R1およびR2は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~20のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数6~30のアリール基または置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリール基を表す。
A2は窒素原子、炭素原子またはケイ素原子を表す。
Z1およびZ2は、それぞれ独立して、-C(R3)=C(R4)-、-C(R5)=N-、-O-または-S-を表す。
L1は炭素原子数1~20のアルキレン基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、炭素原子数6~30のアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~20のアルキレンオキシ基およびこれらの組合せから選ばれる2価の連結基を表す。
R1~R5は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~20のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数6~30のアリール基または置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリール基を表す。
一般式(B)中、A2は好ましくは炭素原子を表す。
一般式(A)または一般式(B)中、R1およびR2は好ましくはいずれもアルキル基を表す。
正孔阻止層は、上記正孔阻止材料を、例えば、スピンコート法、キャスト法、インクジェット法を含む印刷法、LB法等の公知の方法により、薄膜化することにより形成することができ、好ましくは上記正孔阻止材料,フッ化アルコール溶剤を含有する塗布液を用いたウェットプロセスにより形成することができる。
EL素子を構成する発光層には量子ドットが含有されている。
なお、量子ドットとリン光発光ドーパントとを共に含む際には、1層の発光層内に量子ドットとリン光発光ドーパントが共に含まれていても良いし、それぞれを別々に含む層が積層されていても良い。複数の層に分けて積層される場合には、量子ドットを含む層とリン光発光ドーパントを含む層とが、直接隣接して積層されても良いし、発光材料を含まないホスト化合物のみの層または電荷発生層が介在した状態で積層されていても良い。
ホスト化合物としては、リン光スペクトルにおける0-0遷移バンドに帰属される発光波長が414~459nm(2.7~3.0eV)の範囲という発光波長の短い化合物であり、すなわち三重項エネルギーの高い化合物であるにあることを特徴とするものである。
「y1およびy2」は各々CR′または窒素原子を表す。
「R′およびR″」は各々水素原子または置換基を表す。
「Ar1およびAr2」は各々芳香環を表し、互いに同一でもよいし異なっていてもよい。
「m、n」は0~4の整数を表す。
m、nは互いに同じでもよいし異なっていてもよい。
「R′」は各々水素原子または置換基を表す。
「Ar1およびAr2」は各々芳香環を表し、互いに同一でもよいし異なっていてもよい。
「m、n」は0~4の整数を表し、互いに同じでもよいし異なっていてもよい。
Ar1およびAr2で表される芳香環は、前記一般式(1)においてAr1及びAr2により表される芳香環と同様のものを挙げることができる。
本発明に係る発光材料としては、一般には、蛍光性化合物、リン光発光材料(リン光発光性化合物、リン光発光性化合物等ともいう)を用いることができる。
本発明においては、好ましくはリン光発光性化合物を併用することで、色温度が高く演色性も高い有機EL素子を得ることができる。これは量子ドットからなる発光はスペクトル幅が狭いため、演色性の高いブロードなスペクトルの白色発光を得難いためである。このように、量子ドットからの短波な青色発光と、リン光発光材料からの比較的ブロードな発光を組み合わせることで、色温度が高く、かつ演色性も高い白色光を得ることができる。
このような範囲の発光波長を有するリン光発光ドーパントと、本発明に係る414~477nmに発光する量子ドット化合物とのスペクトルの組合せにより、演色性の高い白色照明を得ることができる。
中でも、少なくとも520~560nm、600~640nmの波長領域に発光極大波長を有するリン光発光ドーパントを含むことが好ましく、さらに460~490nmの波長領域に発光極大波長を有するリン光発光ドーパントも含むことが好ましい。
本発明においては、発光層が、発光波長が413~477nmの範囲にある量子ドットを含有することを特徴とする。
本発明においては、特には、量子ドットが、少なくとも発光層22に含有している態様が好ましい。
E∝h2/mR2
式(I)で示されるように、量子ドットのバンドギャップは、「R-2」に比例して大きくなり、いわゆる、量子ドット効果が得られる。このように、量子ドットの粒子径を制御、規定することによって、量子ドットのバンドギャップ値を制御することができる。すなわち、微粒子の粒子径を制御、規定することにより、通常の原子には無い多様性を持たせることができる。そのため、光によって励起させたり、量子ドットを含むEL素子に対して電圧をかけることで、量子ドットに電子とホールを閉じ込めて再結合させたりすることで電気エネルギーを所望の波長の光に変換して出射させることができる。本発明では、このような発光性の量子ドット材料を量子ドットと定義する。
上記の材料は、1種で用いるものであってもよいし、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
αhν=B(hν-E0)2
従って、吸収スペクトルを測定し、そこから(αhν)の0.5乗に対してhνをプロット(いわゆる、Taucプロット)し、直線区間を外挿したα=0におけるhνの値が求めようとする量子ドットのバンドギャップエネルギーE0となる。
量子ドットを含有している有機機能層を湿式塗布方式で形成する際、それに用いる塗布液中においては、量子ドットの表面近傍に、表面修飾剤が付着していることが好ましい。これにより、塗布液中における量子ドットの分散安定性を特に優れたものとすることができる。また、量子ドットの製造時において、量子ドット表面に表面修飾剤を付着させることにより、形成される量子ドットの形状が真球度の高いものとなり、また、量子ドットの粒子径分布を狭く抑えられるため、特に優れたものとすることができる。
量子ドットの製造方法としては、従来行われている下記のような量子ドットの製造方法等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではなく公知の任意の方法を用いることができる。また、また、Aldrich社、CrystalPlex社、NNLab社等から市販品として購入することもできる。
まず、CdOパウダー(1.6mmol、0.206g;Aldrich、+99.99%)とオレイン酸(6.4mmol、1.8g;Aldrich、95%)とを40mlのトリオクチルアミン(TOA、Aldrich、95%)中で混合する。混合された溶液を高速で撹拌しながら150℃で熱処理し、N2を流しながら300℃まで温度を上昇させた。次いで、300℃で、トリオクチルホスフィン(TOP、Strem、97%)に添加された2.0モル/LのSe(Alfa Aesar)0.2mlを、上記Cd-含有混合物に高速で注入する。
CdSe/ZnSのコア/シェル構造を有する量子ドットを得ようとする場合、界面活性剤としてTOPO(trioctylphosphine oxide)を使用した有機溶媒に(CH3)2Cd(dimethyl cadmium)、TOPSe(trioctylphosphine selenide)などのコア(CdSe)に該当する前駆体物質を注入して結晶が生成されるようにし、結晶が一定の大きさで成長するように高温で一定時間維持した後、シェル(ZnS)に該当する前駆体物質を注入して既に生成されたコアの表面にシェルが形成されるようにすることで、TOPOでキャッピング(capping)されたCdSe/ZnSの量子ドットを得ることができる。
アルゴン気流下、トリ-n-オクチルホスフィンオキシド(TOPO)(関東化学社製)7.5gに、ステアリン酸(関東化学社製)2.9g、n-テトラデシルホスホン酸(AVOCADO社製)620mg、及び、酸化カドミニウム(和光純薬工業社製)250mgを加え、370℃に加熱混合した。これを270℃まで自然冷却させた後、予めトリブチルホスフィン(関東化学社製)2.5mLにセレン(STREM CHEMICAL社製)200mgを溶解させた溶液を加え、減圧乾燥し、TOPOで被覆されたCdSe微粒子を得る。
量子ドットの製膜方法は、ウェットプロセスによるものが好ましい。例えば、スピンコート法、キャスト法、ダイコート法、ブレードコート法、ロールコート法、インクジェット法、印刷法、スプレーコート法、カーテンコート法、LB法(ラングミュア・ブロジェット(Langmuir Blodgett法)等を挙げることができる。
第1の電極としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属(電子注入性金属と称する)、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム-カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属等が挙げられる。
これらの中で、酸化等に対する耐久性の点から、第2の電極は、例えば、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、アルミニウム等が好適である。
なお、発光した光を透過させるため、EL素子の第1の電極または第2の電極のいずれか一方が透明または半透明であれば発光輝度が向上し好都合であるが、一般には基板および第1の電極を透明とすることで発光層で発生した光を外部に取りだせるため、第1の電極は透明電極であることが好ましい。すなわち、ITO,IZO、AZO、FTOなどの金属酸化物からなる電極であっても良い。
第1の電極はこれらの電極物質を蒸着やスパッタリング等の方法により薄膜を形成させることにより、作製することができる。また、第1の電極としてのシート抵抗は数百Ω/□以下が好ましく、膜厚は通常10nm~5μm、好ましくは50~200nmの範囲で選ばれる。
第1の電極としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが好ましく用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、Au等の金属、CuI、インジウム-スズの複合酸化物(以下、ITOと略記。)、SnO2、ZnO等の導電性透明材料が挙げられる。また、IDIXO(In2O3-ZnO)等非晶質で透明導電膜を作製可能な材料を用いてもよい。
第1の電極は、これらの電極物質を蒸着やスパッタリング等の方法により薄膜を形成させ、フォトリソグラフィー法で所望の形状パターンを形成してもよく、あるいはパターン精度をあまり必要としない場合(100μm以上程度)は、上記電極物質の蒸着やスパッタリング時に所望の形状のマスクを介してパターンを形成してもよい。あるいは、有機導電性化合物のように塗布可能な物質を用いる場合には、印刷方式、コーティング方式等湿式成膜法を用いることもできる。
この第1の電極より発光を取り出す場合には、透過率を10%より大きくすることが望ましく、また第1の電極としてのシート抵抗は数百Ω/□以下が好ましい。さらに膜厚は材料にもよるが、通常は、10~1000nmの範囲であり、好ましくは10~200nmの範囲で選ばれる。
支持基板(以下、基体、基板、基材、支持体等ともいう。)としては、ガラス、プラスチック等、その材質には特に限定はなく、また透明であっても不透明であってもよい。支持基板側から光を取り出す場合には、支持基板は透明であることが好ましい。好ましく用いられる透明な支持基板としては、例えば、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。リジットな基板よりもフレキシブルな基板が、高温保存安定性や色度変動を抑制する効果が大きく発現するため、特に好ましい支持基板は、EL素子にフレキシブル性を与えることが可能な可撓性を備えた樹脂フィルムである。
EL素子に適用可能な封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と電極、支持基板とを封止接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。
有機機能層を挟み支持基板と対向する側の封止膜、あるいは封止用フィルムの外側に、EL素子の機械的強度を高めるため、保護膜あるいは保護板を設けてもよい。特に、封止が封止膜により行われている場合には、その機械的強度は必ずしも高くないため、このような保護膜、保護板を設けることが好ましい。これに使用することができる材料としては、前記封止に用いたのと同様なガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等を用いることができるが、軽量かつ薄膜化ということからポリマーフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
EL素子の製造方法の一例として、第1の電極/正孔阻止層/発光層/正孔輸送層/正孔注入層/第2の電極からなるEL素子の製造方法を説明する。
本発明のEL素子の製造方法においては、少なくとも量子ドットを含有する発光層を塗布方式で形成し、該発光層の形成用塗布液が、沸点が100~150℃の範囲内にある溶媒を含有する形態が好ましい。
本発明のEL素子は、表示デバイス、ディスプレイ、照明等の各種発光光源として用いることができる。
石英ガラス基板を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。
洗浄した基板上に、例示化合物15を0.1質量%になるようにヘキサフルオロイソプロパノールに溶解して溶液を調製した。
この溶液を、乾燥膜厚が約20nmになるように、上記石英ガラス基板上に、65℃に調温したブレードコーターを用いて塗布乾燥した。その後、100℃の温風で2分間加熱処理して、例示化合物15の塗布膜を形成した。
図2に示す結果から、本発明に係る共役系高分子化合物(例示化合物15)の塗布膜は、発光層や光電変換層を塗布するのに一般的に使用されるo-ジクロロベンゼンには溶解しないことが示される。ゆえに、この塗布膜上に発光層や光電変換層を塗布法によって、発光層や光電変換層上に相関混合なくかつ容易に形成できることが考察される。
(1)比較例サンプル1の作製
(1.1)ガスバリア性の可撓性フィルムの作製
可撓性フィルムとして、ポリエチレンナフタレートフィルム(帝人デュポン社製フィルム、以下、PENと略記する)の第1電極を形成する側の全面に、特開2004-68143号に記載の構成からなる大気圧プラズマ放電処理装置を用いて、連続して可撓性フィルム上に、SiOxからなる無機物のガスバリア膜を厚さ500nmとなるように形成し、酸素透過度10E-4ml/m2/day以下、水蒸気透過度10E-4g/m2/day以下のガスバリア性の可撓性フィルムを作製した。
準備したガスバリア性の可撓性フィルム上に厚さ120nmのITO(インジウムチンオキシド)をスパッタ法により成膜し、フォトリソグラフィー法によりパターニングを行い、第1の電極(陰極、カソード)を形成した。なお、パターンは発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとした。
正孔阻止層の形成は、J.Am.Chem.Soc 2010,132, PP17381-17383に記載の方法に従って作製した。但し、ここで用いられている300℃の焼成はPEN基板では不可能なため、PEN基板の加熱可能な最大温度である120℃での焼成に変更した。
すなわち、パターニング後のITO基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った。この基板上に、下記の方法により調製したゾルゲルZnO形成液を2000rpm、30秒でスピンコート法により製膜した後、120℃で5分焼成することにより、ZnOから構成される膜厚30nmの正孔阻止層を設けた。
無水酢酸亜鉛(シグマ-アルドリッチ社製 99.999%グレード) 157質量部
2-メトキシエタノール 960質量部
エタノールアミン 40質量部
次いで、下記組成の発光層組成物および同溶媒により倍希釈した組成物を1500rpm、30秒でスピンコート法によりそれぞれ製膜した後、120℃で30分間保持し膜厚40nmの発光層をそれぞれ形成した。
<発光層組成物>
量子ドット(サイトダイアグノスティクス社製Trilite(登録商標)450、450nm発光) 3.0質量部
トルエン 2000質量部
続いて、基板を大気に曝露することなく真空蒸着装置へ取り付けた。また、モリブデン製抵抗加熱ボートにSpiro-TPD、H-121(TCTA)およびF4-TCNQを入れたものを真空蒸着装置に取り付け、真空槽を4×10-5Paまで減圧した後、前記ボートに通電して加熱してSpiro-TPDを0.02nm/秒で前記発光層上に膜厚60nmの正孔輸送層を形成し、続けて同様H-121とF4-TCNQをそれぞれ0.02nm/秒、0.005nm/秒で前記正孔輸送層上に膜厚10nmの正孔注入層を形成した。
引き続き、アルミニウムを蒸着して厚さ100nmの第2の電極(陽極、アノード)を形成した。
引き続き、市販のロールラミネート装置を用いて封止部材を接着し、比較例サンプル1(EL素子)を製作した。
なお、封止部材として、可撓性の厚み30μmのアルミニウム箔(東洋アルミニウム株式会社製)に、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム(12μm厚)をドライラミネーション用の接着剤(2液反応型のウレタン系接着剤)を用いラミネートした(接着剤層の厚み1.5μm)ものを用いた。
アルミニウム面に封止用接着剤として、熱硬化性接着剤を、ディスペンサを使用してアルミ箔の接着面(つや面)に沿って厚み20μmで均一に塗布した。これを100Pa以下の真空下で12時間乾燥させた。さらに露点温度が-80℃以下、酸素濃度0.8ppmの窒素雰囲気下へ移動し、12時間以上乾燥させ、封止用接着剤の含水率を100ppm以下となるように調整した。
熱硬化接着剤としては下記の(A)~(C)を混合したエポキシ系接着剤を用いた。
(A)ビスフェノールAジグリシジルエーテル(DGEBA)
(B)ジシアンジアミド(DICY)
(C)エポキシアダクト系硬化促進剤
上記「比較例サンプル1の作製」において、正孔阻止層を、以下の方法で合成した酸化亜鉛ナノパーティクルを用いて形成した。
それ以外は上記と同様にして比較例のサンプル2を得た。
<酸化亜鉛ナノパーティクルの合成>
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, No. 7, p1188を参考として、酸化亜鉛ナノ粒子を合成した。
60℃に保持した酢酸亜鉛2水和物の10mM溶液125mlに対し、水酸化カリウム30mMメタノール65mlに60℃で溶解させた溶液を加えて、乳白濁したのち、還流を行って無色透明となった時点から3時間還流を行い、室温で4時間放置した。上澄みをデカントしたのち、再びメタノール100mlを加えて16時間放置し、再度上澄みをデカントし、すぐにクロロベンゼンを加えて18mlに調整し、約50mg/mlのZnOナノパーティクル分散液を得た。
その後、前記(1.1)で得られた基板上に、前記酸化亜鉛ナノパーティクル溶液を3000rpm、30秒でスピンコート法により製膜した後、120℃で10分間乾燥し、膜厚30nmの正孔阻止層を設けた。
以降は比較例のサンプル1と同様にして封止まで行い、比較例サンプル2を作製した。
上記「比較例サンプル1の作製」において、正孔阻止層の塗布液として、下記に記載の材料をそれぞれ使用するとともに、焼成条件(焼成温度および焼成時間)を下記に記載の条件に変更して実施例サンプル11~27、31を作製した。
なお、実施例サンプル20~27、31では、発光層を形成するのに、量子ドットに加えてホスト化合物(表2参照)も使用した。当該ホスト化合物の添加量は、2000質量部のトルエン中に7.0質量部である。
実施例サンプル31では、可撓性フィルムとして、PENに代えてポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)を用いるとともに、発光層の量子ドットの種類(表2参照)を変更した。
実施例サンプル13~27、31では、正孔阻止層の形成に際して、例示化合物1はJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 8416に従って、例示化合物2はAdv. Mater.,2011,23,p3086に従って、例示化合物3はJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 8416に従って、例示化合物11はAdv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2010に従って合成した。
例示化合物10、15は下記のとおりに合成した。
下記反応により、例示化合物10を合成した。
下記反応により、例示化合物15を合成した。
得られた化合物について、H-NMRによって構造を特定した。結果を下記に示す。7.6~8.0ppm(br), 2.88ppm(br), 2.18ppm(m), 2.08ppm(s), 1.50ppm(m), 1.05ppm(br).
n-ブタノール:PEI(ポリエチレンイミン):DEG(他官能エポキシ、Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl etherの2または3置換体)=100:0.2:0.1
焼成条件;100℃、3分
n-ブタノール:2-アミノエチル-2-アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン(AEAPTMS)=100:0.3
なお、AEAPTMS自身は低分子化合物であるが、大気中で塗布・ベーク中に水分やアミノ基等の触媒効果によりトリメトキシシリル基が反応し、ポリマー状の不溶層を形成することができる。
焼成条件;100℃、3分
TFPO(テトラフルオロプロパノール):表1および表2に記載の化合物=100:0.3
焼成条件;70℃、30秒
比較例サンプル1~2および実施例サンプル11~27、31について、下記の各評価を行った。
正孔阻止層を形成する際の塗布液の焼成温度(製膜温度)と焼成時間(乾燥・ベーク時間)とを、生産性の観点から以下の基準で評価した。
<製膜温度>
◎ 70℃以下
○ 100℃以下
△ 120°以下
× 121℃以上
<乾燥・ベーク時間>
◎ 30秒以下
○ 1分以下
△ 3分以下
× 3分以上
各サンプルに対し、室温(約23~25℃)で、2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件下による点灯を行い、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用いて測定した。
表3では、比較例サンプル2の発光効率を1.00として、他のサンプルの発光効率を相対値で示している。数値が大きいほど、発光効率に優れていることを表す。なお、比較例サンプル1は発光しなかった。
各サンプルを連続駆動させ、上記分光放射輝度計CS-2000を用いて輝度を測定し、測定した輝度が70%となる時間(LT70)を求めた。駆動条件は、連続駆動開始時に1000cd/m2となる電流値とした。
比較例サンプル2のLT70を1.00とした相対値を求め、これを連続駆動安定性の尺度とした。
表3中、数値が大きいほど、連続駆動安定性に優れている(長寿命である)ことを表す。
表3に示すとおり、実施例サンプル11~27、31では、公知の金属酸化物からなる正孔阻止層に比して非常に低温かつ高速に製膜できることが明らかである。また、その正孔阻止層を用いて得られる素子は、プラスチック基板上であっても十分発光輝度(発光効率)が高く、寿命も向上している。また、特定のホスト化合物を発光層に含むことで、さらにこれらの特性を向上できることが分かる。
このような結果から、量子ドットを含むエレクトロルミネッセンス素子を高効率かつ長寿命にするためには、本発明で開示されるような正孔阻止層を用い、さらには量子ドットを含む発光層のホスト化合物としてリン光スペクトルにおける0-0遷移バンドの波長を一定の範囲に制御することが有用であることがわかる。
(1)比較例サンプル41の作製
特許文献3を参考として作製を行った。
準備した厚さ0.5mmの白板ガラス基板上に厚さ120nmのITO(インジウムチンオキシド)をスパッタ法により成膜し、フォトリソグラフィー法によりパターニングを行い、第1電極層(陽極)を形成した。なお、パターンは発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとした。
前記実施例2の「比較例サンプル2の作製」において使用した酸化亜鉛ナノパーティクル溶液を、3000rpmで30秒間のスピンコートにより製膜した後、120℃で10分間乾燥させ、膜厚30nmの正孔阻止層を設けた。
次いで、下記組成の発光層組成物および同溶媒により倍希釈した組成物を1500rpm、30秒でスピンコート法によりそれぞれ製膜した後、120℃で30分間保持し膜厚40nmの発光層をそれぞれ形成した。
<量子ドット発光層組成物>
量子ドット(サイトダイアグノスティクス社製Trilite(登録商標)450、450nm発光) 3.0質量部
例示化合物H-115 7.0質量部
トルエン 2000質量部
続いて、基板を大気に曝露することなく真空蒸着装置へ取り付けた。また、モリブデン製抵抗加熱ボートにH-73を入れたものを真空蒸着装置に取り付け、真空槽を4×10-5Paまで減圧した後、前記ボートに通電して加熱し、H-73からなる厚さ20nmの中間層を形成した。
引き続き、蒸着速度を調整して下記の比率となるように第2の発光層を30nmの膜厚で形成した。
イリジウム錯体G: 4.0質量部
イリジウム錯体R: 1.0質量部
ホスト化合物H-73: 92質量部
続いて、基板を大気に曝露することなく真空蒸着装置へ取り付けた。また、モリブデン製抵抗加熱ボートにSpiro-TPD、H-121およびF4-TCNQを入れたものを真空蒸着装置に取り付け、真空槽を4×10-5Paまで減圧した後、前記ボートに通電して加熱してSpiro-TPDを0.02nm/秒で前記発光層上に膜厚60nmの正孔輸送層を形成し、続けて同様H-121とF4-TCNQをそれぞれ0.02nm/秒、0.005nm/秒で前記正孔輸送層上に膜厚10nmの正孔注入層を形成した。
引き続き、アルミニウムを蒸着して厚さ100nmの陽極を形成した。
続いて、基板を大気に曝露することなく真空蒸着装置から取出し、グローブボックス内でガラスキャップと熱硬化接着材としてエポキシ系接着剤を用いて封止し、比較例サンプル41を製作した。
熱硬化接着剤としては下記の(A)~(C)を混合したエポキシ系接着剤を用いた。
(A)ビスフェノールAジグリシジルエーテル(DGEBA)
(B)ジシアンジアミド(DICY)
(C)エポキシアダクト系硬化促進剤
上記「比較例サンプル41の作製」において、正孔阻止層の塗布液として、下記に記載の材料をそれぞれ使用して実施例サンプル42~44を作製した。
n-ブタノール:PEI(ポリエチレンイミン):DEG(他官能エポキシ、Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl etherの2または3置換体)=100:0.2:0.1
n-ブタノール:2-アミノエチルー2-アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン=100:0.3
TFPO(テトラフルオロプロパノール):例示化合物15=100:0.3
上記「比較例サンプル41の作製」において、第2の発光層の形成における組成を以下に変更した以外は同様にして、比較例サンプル45を作製した。
上記「実施例サンプル42~44の作製」において、各第2の発光層の形成における組成を以下に変更した以外は同様にして、実施例サンプル46~48を作製した。
イリジウム錯体D-90(B): 7.6質量部
イリジウム錯体G: 0.3質量部
イリジウム錯体R: 0.1質量部
ホスト化合物H-73: 92質量部
上記「実施例サンプル48の作製」において、中間層の形成における組成を以下に記載の電荷発生層に変更した以外は同様にして、実施例サンプル49を作製した。
<電荷発生層>
第1層(正孔輸送層) Spiro-TPD、厚さ20nm
第2層(p型層) H-121:F4-TCNQ=100:10、厚さ5nm
第3層(金属層) アルミニウム、厚さ1nm
第4層(n型層) BPhen:Alq3:リチウム=49:49:2、厚さ40nm
比較例サンプル41、45および実施例サンプル42~44、46~48、49について、下記の各評価を行った。
各サンプルに対し、室温(約23~25℃)で、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用いて、各サンプルの発光輝度を測定し、発光輝度1000cd/m2における色温度および演色性を評価した。評価の基準は下記のとおりである。
<色温度>
◎:5000K以上
○:5000K未満
△:4000K未満
×:3000K未満
<演色性>
◎:85以上
○:85未満
△:75未満
×:65未満
各サンプルを、室温(約23℃)で、2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件下で発光させ、発光開始直後の発光輝度Lを、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタオプティクス社製)を用いて測定した。
次いで、比較例サンプル41の発光輝度を1.00とした相対発光輝度を求め、これを初期の発光効率(外部取り出し量子効率)の尺度とした。数値が大きいほど、発光効率に優れていることを表す。
各サンプルを連続駆動させ、上記分光放射輝度計CS-2000を用いて輝度を測定し、測定した輝度が70%となる時間(LT70)を求めた。駆動条件は、連続駆動開始時に4000cd/m2となる電流値とした。
比較例サンプル41のLT70を1.00とした相対値を求め、これを連続駆動安定性の尺度とした。数値が大きいほど、連続駆動安定性に優れている(長寿命である)ことを表す。
表5に示すとおり、実施例サンプル42~44、46~48、49では、公知の金属酸化物からなる正孔阻止層に比して十分発光効率が高く、寿命も向上している。また特定のリン光発光化合物を第2の発光層に含むことで、さらにこれらの特性を向上できるだけでなく、演色性や色温度を高められることが分かる。
このような結果から、量子ドットを含む白色発光エレクトロルミネッセンス素子を高効率かつ長寿命にするためには、本発明で開示されるような正孔阻止層を用い、さらには発光層に量子ドット化合物だけでなく特定のリン光発光化合物を含有させることが有用であることがわかる。
8 第2の電極
9 封止接着剤
10 可撓性封止部材
20 有機機能層
21 正孔阻止層(中間層)
22 発光層
23 正孔輸送層
24 正孔注入層
30 量子ドット
100 EL素子
Claims (20)
- 基板上に、少なくとも、第1の電極、発光層および第2の電極をこの順に積層したエレクトロルミネッセンス素子であって、
前記発光層には量子ドットが含有され、
前記第1の電極と前記発光層との間か、または前記発光層と前記第2の電極との間のいずれか一方には、窒素原子を含有するポリマーからなる中間層が形成されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記窒素原子を含有するポリマーがアミノ基を含有することを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記窒素原子を含有するポリマーが、芳香族環を含む構造単位を主鎖として有する共役系高分子化合物であり、
前記主鎖の芳香族環のそれぞれには2個以上のアミノ基が結合されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記アミノ基を含有するポリマーが、一般式(A)で表わされる構造単位(塩の形態を含む。)を主鎖として有することを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
A1は窒素原子、炭素原子またはケイ素原子を表す。
L1およびL2は炭素原子数1~20のアルキレン基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、炭素原子数6~30のアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~20のアルキレンオキシ基およびこれらの組合せから選ばれる2価の連結基を表す。
R1およびR2は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~20のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数6~30のアリール基または置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリール基を表す。] - 請求項4に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記一般式(A)で表わされる構造単位を主鎖として有する化合物が、中性の化合物であることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項4に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記一般式(A)が一般式(B)で表されることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
A2は窒素原子、炭素原子またはケイ素原子を表す。
Z1およびZ2は、それぞれ独立して、-C(R3)=C(R4)-、-C(R5)=N-、-O-または-S-を表す。
L1は炭素原子数1~20のアルキレン基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキレン基、炭素原子数6~30のアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリーレン基、炭素原子数1~20のアルキレンオキシ基およびこれらの組合せから選ばれる2価の連結基を表す。
R1~R5は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~20のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数6~30のアリール基または置換もしくは無置換の炭素原子数1~30のヘテロアリール基を表す。] - 請求項6に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記一般式(B)中、Z1およびZ2が、それぞれ独立して、-CH=CH-を表すことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項6に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記一般式(B)中、A2が炭素原子を表すことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項6に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記一般式(A)または前記一般式(B)中、R1およびR2がいずれもアルキル基を表すことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記中間層の層厚が2~10nmの範囲内であることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記中間層が前記第1の電極と前記発光層との間に形成されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記発光層には、少なくとも1種のホスト材料と、少なくとも1種の量子ドットとが含まれ、
前記ホスト材料のリン光スペクトルにおける0-0遷移バンドに帰属される発光極大波長が414~459nmの波長領域内にあることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項12に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記量子ドットの平均粒子径が1~20nmの範囲内であることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項12に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記量子ドットがSi、Ge、GaN、GaP、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、InP、InN、ZnS、In2S3、ZnO、CdO、CuInS、CuInSe、CuInGaSeまたはこれらの混合物で構成されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項12に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記ホスト化合物の分子量が500~1000であることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項16に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記一般式(1)中、XがOまたはNR’であることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記発光層には、リン光スペクトルにおける0-0遷移バンドに帰属される発光極大波長が460~827nmの波長領域内にあるリン光発光ドーパント化合物が含有されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 請求項1に記載のエレクトロルミネッセンス素子において、
前記発光層には、一般式(3)で表されるリン光発光ドーパントが含有されていることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
Zは5~7員環を形成するのに必要な非金属原子群を表す。
n1は0~5の整数を表す。
B1~B5は炭素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子または硫黄原子を表し、少なくとも1つは窒素原子を表す。
M1は元素周期表における8族~10族の金属を表す。
X1およびX2は炭素原子、窒素原子または酸素原子を表す。
L1はX1およびX2と共に2座の配位子を形成する原子群を表す。
m1は1、2または3の整数を表し、m2は0、1または2の整数を表し、m1+m2は2または3である。]
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Also Published As
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US20150287927A1 (en) | 2015-10-08 |
JP6237636B2 (ja) | 2017-11-29 |
JPWO2014057968A1 (ja) | 2016-09-05 |
US9935269B2 (en) | 2018-04-03 |
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