WO2013161023A1 - 太陽電池および太陽電池の製造方法、太陽電池モジュール - Google Patents
太陽電池および太陽電池の製造方法、太陽電池モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013161023A1 WO2013161023A1 PCT/JP2012/061106 JP2012061106W WO2013161023A1 WO 2013161023 A1 WO2013161023 A1 WO 2013161023A1 JP 2012061106 W JP2012061106 W JP 2012061106W WO 2013161023 A1 WO2013161023 A1 WO 2013161023A1
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- diffusion layer
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- solar cell
- impurity diffusion
- semiconductor substrate
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- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/02168—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties for the solar cells
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/065—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the graded gap type
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- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
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- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell, a method for manufacturing a solar cell, and a solar cell module.
- SE selective emitter
- a general crystalline silicon (Si) solar cell has a structure in which an antireflection film is formed on a photoelectric conversion part in which a pn junction is formed, and a comb electrode is formed on a front surface (light receiving surface). It has a structure in which full-surface electrodes are arranged on the back surface.
- Such a solar battery cell is called a uniform emitter cell (hereinafter referred to as HE cell).
- the impurity concentration on the outermost surface of the light receiving region affects carrier recombination. For example, when the impurity concentration on the outermost surface of the light receiving region increases. It is known that the recombination of carriers increases and the characteristics of the solar cell deteriorate. For this reason, for the purpose of suppressing carrier recombination, a method has been reported in which the outermost surface of a semiconductor substrate is etched to lower the impurity concentration (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1).
- the impurity concentration in the region (electrode formation region) corresponding to the region under the electrode on the light receiving surface side is also decreased.
- the ohmic characteristics of an electrode are better when the impurity concentration under the electrode is higher, which is contrary to conditions suitable for suppressing recombination of carriers.
- the SE structure was considered.
- the light-receiving region is a low-concentration diffusion layer in which the impurity concentration is lowered to suppress carrier recombination, while the region (electrode) corresponding to the region below the electrode on the light-receiving surface side.
- the formation region is a high-concentration diffusion layer having a high impurity concentration, and has a structure in which two specification impurity diffusion layers are provided in the light-receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate.
- an SE cell In a cell using an SE structure so far (hereinafter referred to as an SE cell), a texture is formed in the light receiving region on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate, and an electrode forming region for forming the light receiving surface side electrode later is
- the high-concentration diffusion layer and the low-concentration diffusion layer are distinguished from each other depending on the surface shape, such as a flat state or a groove (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2).
- the method of locally changing the surface shape on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate in this way is complicated and the process is not suitable for mass production.
- a low concentration diffusion layer is formed by thermal diffusion on the light receiving surface side of a semiconductor substrate, and then the electrode forming region for forming the light receiving surface side electrode is locally heated with a laser.
- a method of selectively forming a high concentration diffusion layer has been proposed (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3).
- the conventional technique there is no difference in the surface shape between the light receiving region and the electrode forming region.
- the light-receiving surface side electrode of a general crystalline silicon solar cell is formed by printing and baking a paste.
- there is no difference in the surface shape between the light receiving region and the electrode forming region so that there is a problem that it is extremely difficult to align the paste printing.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and an object of the present invention is to obtain a solar cell that is easy to form an electrode and has excellent photoelectric conversion characteristics, a manufacturing method thereof, and a solar cell module.
- a solar cell according to the present invention includes a first conductivity type semiconductor substrate having an impurity diffusion layer in which a second conductivity type impurity element is diffused on one surface side, A passivation film made of an oxide film of the semiconductor substrate material formed on the impurity diffusion layer, and an antireflection film made of a translucent material having a refractive index different from that of the oxide film and formed on the passivation film; A light receiving surface side electrode electrically connected to the impurity diffusion layer and formed on one surface side of the semiconductor substrate, and a back surface side electrode formed on the other surface side of the semiconductor substrate, and the impurity diffusion
- the layer is a light receiving region and includes a first impurity diffusion layer containing the impurity element at a first concentration, and a second region which is a lower region of the light receiving surface side electrode and contains the impurity element higher than the first concentration.
- the first impurity diffusion layer and the second impurity diffusion layer have a uniform surface state, and the thickness of the passivation film on the second impurity diffusion layer is the first impurity diffusion layer. It is characterized by being thinner than the thickness of the passivation film on one impurity diffusion layer.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2-1 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 2-2 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 2-3 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 2-4 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. 2-1 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 2-2 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating
- FIGS. 2-5 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 2-6 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 2-7 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 2-8 is principal part sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- FIGS. FIG. 3 is a main part perspective view showing a schematic configuration of the solar battery cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a view showing a surface photograph of a solar cell produced by the method for producing a solar cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a surface photograph of a solar cell produced by a conventional process that does not go through the steam oxidation step.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a principal part showing a schematic configuration of a sample HE cell.
- FIG. 7-1 is a characteristic diagram showing a change in internal quantum efficiency depending on whether or not an oxide film is removed after steam oxidation in a HE cell manufactured by performing steam oxidation.
- FIG. 7B is an enlarged view of region A in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 2-1 to 2-9 are cross-sectional views of relevant parts for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a main part perspective view showing a schematic configuration of the solar cell according to the first embodiment manufactured by the method for manufacturing the solar cell according to the first embodiment.
- a wafer cleaning process, a dipping process in hydrofluoric acid for the purpose of removing a natural oxide film, and a water cleaning process are performed between the processes as necessary. Yes.
- a semiconductor substrate for example, a p-type single crystal silicon substrate (hereinafter referred to as a p-type silicon substrate) 1 that is most often used for consumer solar cells is prepared (FIG. 2-1).
- the p-type silicon substrate 1 is obtained by cutting and slicing a single crystal silicon ingot or polycrystalline silicon ingot made by cooling and solidifying molten silicon to a desired size and thickness with a wire saw using a band saw or a multi-wire saw. Because it is manufactured, the damage when slicing remains on the surface. Therefore, first, the p-type silicon substrate 1 is also immersed in an acid or heated alkaline solution, for example, a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, and the surface is etched so as to remove the damaged layer. A damaged region that occurs at the time of cutting and exists near the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1 is removed (FIG. 2-1). Although a p-type silicon substrate is described here as an example, the silicon substrate may be p-type or n-type.
- minute unevenness is formed as a texture structure on the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1 on the light receiving surface side (FIG. 2-2, step S10).
- the p-type silicon substrate 1 is anisotropically etched with a solution of about 80 ° C. to 90 ° C. obtained by adding several to several tens of wt% of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to a several wt% potassium hydroxide (KOH) aqueous solution.
- IPA isopropyl alcohol
- KOH potassium hydroxide
- Pyramidal micro unevenness (texture) 1 b is formed on the light receiving surface side surface of the mold silicon substrate 1.
- a texture structure By forming such a texture structure on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate, it is possible to cause multiple reflections of light on the surface of the solar cell and efficiently absorb the light incident on the solar cell inside the silicon substrate. It is possible to effectively reduce the reflectance and improve the conversion efficiency.
- a random pyramid-shaped texture structure is formed by anisotropic etching of the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1 using alkali.
- an alkaline aqueous solution containing isopropyl alcohol or a method using acid etching mainly composed of a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, and a mask material partially provided with an opening is formed on the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1.
- Whichever method is used, such as a method of obtaining a honeycomb structure or an inverted pyramid structure on the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1 by etching through a mask material, or a method using reactive gas etching (RIE). There is no problem.
- this p-type silicon substrate 1 is put into a thermal diffusion furnace and heated in an atmosphere of phosphorus (P) which is an n-type impurity.
- phosphorus (P) is diffused at a low concentration on the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1, and a first n-type impurity diffusion layer (hereinafter referred to as a low-concentration impurity diffusion region containing phosphorus (P) at a first concentration)
- a semiconductor pn junction is formed by forming 2a (referred to as a first n-type diffusion layer) (FIG. 2-3, step S20).
- the first n-type diffusion layer 2a is formed by heating the p-type silicon substrate 1 in a phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ) gas atmosphere at a temperature of 850 ° C. to 900 ° C., for example.
- the surface sheet resistance of the first n-type diffusion layer 2a is, for example, 80 ⁇ / sq.
- the heat treatment is controlled by adjusting the treatment temperature, the treatment time, and the gas flow rate so as to be about the same.
- a phosphorus glass layer (doping glass layer) 3 which is an oxide film containing phosphorus (P) oxide as a main component is formed on the surface after the formation of the first n-type diffusion layer 2a.
- the next step is performed without removing the phosphor glass layer 3.
- an n-type diffusion layer is formed by diffusing phosphorus (P) as a donor in a p-type silicon substrate is described as an example.
- boron A p-type diffusion layer is formed using an acceptor such as B) as an impurity.
- the light receiving surface side electrode forming region which is the region where the light receiving surface side electrode will be formed later, is formed according to the shape of the light receiving surface side electrode.
- Laser irradiation L is performed.
- the first n-type diffusion layer 2 a is locally heated by the laser irradiation L, phosphorus (P) is diffused from the phosphorus glass layer 3.
- the first n-type diffusion layer 2a subjected to the laser irradiation L has a higher impurity concentration than before the laser irradiation L, and contains phosphorus (P) at a second concentration higher than the first concentration.
- a second n-type impurity diffusion layer (hereinafter referred to as a second n-type diffusion layer) 2b which is a low-concentration high-concentration impurity diffusion region (FIG. 2-4, step S30).
- the second n-type diffusion layer 2b is formed up to a region deeper than the first n-type diffusion layer 2a.
- the p-type silicon substrate 1 is damaged depending on the wavelength of the laser used. Therefore, for example, a laser having a wavelength of 532 nm is used, and the fluence is set to 1.25 to 2.00 (J / cm 2 ). With such a wavelength and fluence laser, there is no fear of damaging the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1.
- the shape of one shot of the laser used is, for example, 300 ⁇ m ⁇ 600 ⁇ m. This shape can be slightly changed depending on the lens mounted on the laser device. For example, when forming a light-receiving surface side electrode having a grid electrode width of 100 ⁇ m and a bus electrode width of 1.5 mm and a bus electrode, the grid should be considered in consideration of alignment margin when forming electrodes by printing.
- the electrode formation region is 300 ⁇ m wide, and the bus electrode formation region is 2.1 mm wide (600 ⁇ m ⁇ 4, overlap width 100 ⁇ m).
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the second n-type diffusion layer 2b which is a high concentration impurity diffusion region is lower than the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the first n-type diffusion layer 2a which is a low concentration impurity diffusion region. For this reason, it is preferable that the region of the second n-type diffusion layer 2b protruding from the light receiving surface side electrode in the surface direction of the p-type silicon substrate 1 is as small as possible.
- the second n-type diffusion layer 2b which is a high concentration impurity diffusion region
- the minimum width is about 100 ⁇ m (0.1 mm) and the maximum is about 4 mm.
- the minimum width of the second n-type diffusion layer 2b is limited by the grid electrode, and the maximum width is limited by the bus electrode.
- the width of the grid electrode is less than 100 ⁇ m, the electrode resistance may increase or disconnection may occur.
- the width of the bus electrode is larger than 4 mm, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is lowered due to the reduction of the light receiving area.
- the phosphorus glass layer 3 is removed using hydrofluoric acid or the like (FIG. 2-5, step S40).
- the first n-type diffusion layer 2a having an impurity concentration suitable for the light-receiving portion and the second n-type diffusion having an impurity concentration suitable for the impurity diffusion layer in the lower region of the light-receiving surface side electrode A selective diffusion layer 2 comprising the layer 2b is formed.
- the p-type silicon substrate 1 made of p-type single crystal silicon as the first conductivity type layer and the n-type impurity diffusion layer as the second conductivity type layer formed on the light receiving surface side of the p-type silicon substrate 1 As a result, the semiconductor substrate 11 having a pn junction is obtained.
- a silicon oxide film is formed on the surface of the selective diffusion layer 2 by steam oxidation or pyrogenic oxidation (FIG. 2-6, step S50).
- silicon oxide films having different thicknesses are formed on the first n-type diffusion layer 2a and the second n-type diffusion layer 2b. This is because the first n-type diffusion layer 2a and the second n-type diffusion layer 2b differ in the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface depending on the presence or absence of the laser irradiation L.
- the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the second n-type diffusion layer 2b that has been subjected to laser irradiation L is the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the first n-type diffusion layer 2a that has not been subjected to laser irradiation L.
- the thickness of the silicon oxide film formed on the second n-type diffusion layer 2b is about 10% to 30% thinner than that of the first n-type diffusion layer 2a.
- the silicon oxide film of the passivation film 4 formed by steam oxidation also has a role as a part of the antireflection film 5.
- the thickness of the silicon oxide film is larger than 30 nm, the reflectance is higher than that of the PECVD-SiN single-layer antireflection film, no matter how the film thickness of PECVD-SiN laminated thereon is adjusted. , The photocurrent will decrease.
- the film used as the antireflection film 5 is not limited to PECVD-SiN.
- the allowable range of the thickness of the silicon oxide film on the light receiving surface varies depending on the refractive index of the antireflection film 5 laminated thereon. In this case, it is necessary to determine the thickness of the silicon oxide film using optical simulation.
- a light-receiving surface side electrode is prepared (before firing). That is, a silver paste 6a, which is an electrode material paste including glass frit in the shape of the light receiving surface side electrode, is applied on the antireflection film 5 that is the light receiving surface of the semiconductor substrate 11 by screen printing, and then the silver paste 6a is dried. (FIG. 2-8, step S70).
- the silver paste 6a is applied, for example, in a comb-like shape of a light receiving surface side electrode composed of a front silver grid electrode and a front silver bus electrode.
- an aluminum paste 9a which is an electrode material paste, is applied to the entire back surface by screen printing on the back surface side of the semiconductor substrate 11, and dried (FIG. 2-8, step S70).
- the distinction between the first n-type diffusion layer 2a and the second n-type diffusion layer 2b can be visually clearly recognized by the interference color described above, the alignment at the time of electrode material paste printing is easy. It becomes.
- the electrode paste on the front and back surfaces of the semiconductor substrate 11 is fired simultaneously at, for example, 600 ° C. to 900 ° C., so that the antireflection film 5 is formed of the glass material contained in the silver paste 6 a on the front side of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the silver material contacts the silicon and re-solidifies.
- the front silver grid electrode 6 and the front silver bus electrode 7 are obtained in a comb shape as the light receiving surface side electrode, and conduction between the light receiving surface side electrode 8 and the silicon of the semiconductor substrate 11 is ensured (FIG. 2-). 9, step S70).
- Such a process is called a fire-through method. In the figure, only the front silver grid electrode 6 is shown.
- the aluminum paste 9a reacts with the silicon of the semiconductor substrate 11 to obtain the back aluminum electrode 9, and the surface layer portion immediately below the back aluminum electrode 9 has a p + layer (BSF (Back Surface Field) containing high concentration impurities. )) 10 is formed.
- BSF Back Surface Field
- an SE cell is obtained through laser isolation (pn separation).
- the order of arrangement of the paste, which is an electrode material, on the semiconductor substrate 11 may be switched between the light receiving surface side and the back surface side.
- the solar cell according to the first embodiment manufactured by the above method has a first n-type diffusion layer having an impurity concentration suitable for the light receiving portion on the light receiving surface side of the p-type silicon 1.
- 2a and a second n-type diffusion layer 2b having an impurity concentration suitable for the impurity diffusion layer in the lower region of the light-receiving surface side electrode are formed, and a semiconductor substrate 11 having a pn junction is formed.
- a passivation film 4 made of a silicon oxide film is formed on the selective diffusion layer 2, and an antireflection film 5 made of a silicon nitride film (SiN film) is formed thereon.
- a plurality of long and narrow surface silver grid electrodes 6 are arranged on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 11, and a surface silver bus electrode 7 electrically connected to the surface silver grid electrode 6 is substantially the same as the surface silver grid electrode 6. They are provided so as to be orthogonal to each other, and are respectively electrically connected to the n-type impurity diffusion layer 2b at the bottom.
- the front silver grid electrode 6 and the front silver bus electrode 7 constitute a light receiving surface side electrode 8 that is a first electrode having a comb shape.
- a back aluminum electrode 9 made of an aluminum material is provided as a whole on the back surface (surface opposite to the light receiving surface) of the semiconductor substrate 11, and p + is formed on the surface layer portion immediately below the back aluminum electrode 9.
- a layer (BSF) 10 is formed.
- FIG. 4 is a view showing a surface photograph of a solar cell produced by the method for producing a solar cell according to the first embodiment.
- the difference in the thickness of the silicon oxide film on the first n-type diffusion layer 2a and the second n-type diffusion layer 2b is manifested by the deposition of the PECVD-SiN film thereon to cause interference. It appears as a difference in color, and the distinction between the regions of the second n-type diffusion layer 2b that is the laser irradiation region and the first n-type diffusion layer 2a that is an unexecuted region of the laser irradiation can be grasped visually. .
- FIG. 5 shows a surface photograph of a solar cell produced by a conventional process that does not go through the steam oxidation step as in Non-Patent Document 2.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a surface photograph of a solar cell produced by a conventional process that does not go through the steam oxidation step.
- the distinction between the regions of the second n-type diffusion layer 2b that is a laser irradiation region and the first n-type diffusion layer 2a that is an unexecuted region of laser irradiation cannot be grasped visually.
- the laser irradiation area can be visualized.
- an alignment region is formed by irradiating two or more lasers at appropriate locations within the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1 independently of the pattern of the light receiving surface side electrode formation region.
- the passivation film 4 having a film thickness different from that of the first n-type diffusion layer 2a is formed by steam oxidation or pyrogenic oxidation in the same manner as the electrode formation region.
- this alignment region can be used as an alignment mark when the light-receiving surface electrode is formed. That is, when printing the light-receiving surface electrode, the electrode printing may be performed by aligning with the alignment region.
- the silicon oxide film of the passivation film 4 As a method for forming the silicon oxide film of the passivation film 4, there is dry oxidation in addition to steam oxidation or pyrogenic oxidation.
- the oxidation method to be applied in this embodiment is limited to steam oxidation or pyrogenic oxidation. .
- Even when the silicon oxide film is formed by dry oxidation it is possible to make a difference in film thickness between the laser irradiation portion and the region not irradiated with the laser.
- dry oxidation has a low silicon oxide film formation rate. For this reason, in order to form a desired film thickness (for example, 30 nm or less), higher temperature and longer time than steam oxidation are required.
- the first n-type diffusion layer 2a is formed by thermal diffusion of the p-type silicon substrate 1 in a phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ) gas atmosphere.
- electrically inactive phosphorus (P) exists on the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1.
- the inactive phosphorus (P) is activated, and the already activated phosphorus (P) is also converted into the p-type silicon substrate 1. It is diffused deeply and the impurity concentration profile changes. Specifically, the impurity concentration profile changes, and the sheet resistance of the selective diffusion layer 2 becomes lower than that before oxidation. Therefore, when the silicon oxide film of the passivation film 4 is formed by dry oxidation, the sheet resistance of the selective diffusion layer 2 becomes lower than a desired set value.
- a silicon oxide film having a desired film thickness can be formed in a short time at a temperature lower than the diffusion temperature of phosphorus (P). For this reason, phosphorus (P) can be prevented from diffusing deep into the p-type silicon substrate 1 when the silicon oxide film is formed. Furthermore, since phosphorus (P) on the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1 is taken into the silicon oxide film before being diffused, the phosphorus concentration on the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 1 can be lowered.
- Table 1 shows the results of measuring the sheet resistance of the selective diffusion layer 2 before and after oxidation when the sample subjected to the above step S40 is oxidized. Oxidation was performed under three conditions of dry oxidation (850 ° C., 30 minutes), steam oxidation (850 ° C., 30 minutes), and steam oxidation (800 ° C., 7 minutes), and measurements were made on 5 samples each. The oxidized sample was measured by removing the formed silicon oxide film with hydrofluoric acid. The thermal diffusion of phosphorus (P) during the formation of the first n-type diffusion layer 2a is all performed at 830 ° C.
- P phosphorus
- the treatment temperature in steam oxidation or pyrogenic oxidation can be said to be a reasonable temperature up to 850 ° C. which is the diffusion temperature of phosphorus (P) generally used at the maximum.
- P phosphorus
- Examination of the steam oxidation data shows that an oxide film can be formed even at 600 ° C., but the film thickness that can be formed in 50 hours is about 30 nm and the oxidation rate is extremely slow. Although it depends on the target oxide film thickness, in the specification of the present application, about 800 ° C. is considered as the practical lower limit.
- an oxide film with a thickness of 30 nm can be formed in 20 minutes.
- the thickness of the oxide film at each temperature is data for a bare wafer. If the resistivity of the wafer is low or if a diffusion layer is formed on the wafer surface, the oxide film is formed thick. Is done.
- the oxide film formed by steam oxidation is removed by wet etching to remove the dead layer on the surface. It is described. However, the technique of this embodiment is different from this, and it is necessary to leave the oxide film without removing it.
- a PECVD-SiN film is generally used as an antireflection film for a single crystal silicon solar cell.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a principal part showing a schematic configuration of a sample HE cell.
- an n-type impurity diffusion layer 102 is formed by phosphorous diffusion on the light-receiving surface side of a semiconductor substrate 101 made of p-type single crystal silicon, and a semiconductor substrate 111 having a pn junction is formed. .
- An antireflection film 103 made of a silicon nitride film (SiN film) is formed on the n-type impurity diffusion layer 102.
- a plurality of long and narrow surface silver grid electrodes 105 are arranged side by side on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 111, and a surface silver bus electrode 106 electrically connected to the surface silver grid electrode 105 is substantially the same as the surface silver grid electrode 105.
- the front silver grid electrode 105 and the front silver bus electrode 106 constitute a light receiving surface side electrode 104 which is a first electrode having a comb shape.
- a back aluminum electrode 107 made of an aluminum material is provided on the back surface (surface opposite to the light receiving surface) of the semiconductor substrate 111 as a back surface side electrode.
- the HE cell is manufactured by a known method. After forming the n-type impurity diffusion layer 102 on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 101 and forming a 20 nm silicon oxide film by steam oxidation, the semiconductor substrate 101 is divided into two groups. In one group, the silicon oxide film was removed, and in the other group, the PECVD-SiN of the antireflection film 103 was formed while the silicon oxide film was left, and a HE cell was fabricated. In FIG. 6, the silicon oxide film is not shown.
- FIG. 7A is a characteristic diagram showing a change in internal quantum efficiency depending on whether or not an oxide film is removed after steam oxidation in a HE cell manufactured by performing steam oxidation.
- FIG. 7B is an enlarged view of region A in FIG. In FIGS. 7-1 and 7-2, the light wavelength [nm] for the HE cell manufactured by removing the silicon oxide film after steam oxidation and the HE cell manufactured by leaving the silicon oxide film after steam oxidation are shown. ] And the internal quantum efficiency.
- the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the diffusion layer can be reduced by changing the diffusion conditions (higher sheet resistance of the diffusion layer) without using steam oxidation. The process is not performed. Therefore, if the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the diffusion layer is simply reduced by increasing the sheet resistance of the diffusion layer and the alignment with the light receiving surface side electrode is performed by another method, one process of steam oxidation is omitted. Therefore, it is thought that cost reduction can be realized. However, this method is not effective.
- Voc (SE) is the SE cell open voltage Voc
- Voc (HE) is the HE cell open voltage Voc
- ⁇ Voc is the difference between Voc (SE) and Voc (HE).
- the characteristic improvement effect by the SE structure is described specifically for the open-circuit voltage Voc in order to reduce the surface recombination rate due to the decrease in the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the diffusion layer.
- the sheet resistance of the diffusion layer is 120 ⁇ / sq. If it is not increased up to 4.3 mV, the Voc improvement effect of 4.3 mV cannot be obtained. On the other hand, in the SE cell subjected to the steam oxidation, the sheet resistance of the diffusion layer is 90 ⁇ / sq. Thus, the same Voc improvement effect can be obtained. From this, it can be seen that the effect of reducing the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the light receiving region (selective diffusion layer) by water vapor oxidation is higher than simply changing the diffusion conditions and increasing the sheet resistance of the selective diffusion layer. .
- a high fill factor (FF) can be obtained if the number of grid electrodes is not increased when steam oxidation is not performed compared to when steam oxidation is performed. Can not. However, when the number of grid electrodes is increased, a high fill factor (FF) can be obtained, but shading loss increases, current decreases, and the amount of paste required to form the grid electrodes also increases. Therefore, it can be said that steam oxidation or pyrogenic oxidation is more advantageous than simply increasing the sheet resistance of the diffusion layer from the viewpoint of fill factor (FF) and electrode material.
- the thickness of the silicon oxide film used as the passivation film 4 is different between the light receiving region and the electrode forming region, and a material having a refractive index different from that of the silicon oxide film is formed thereon.
- the antireflection film 5 is deposited.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 on which the SE structure (the first n-type diffusion layer 2a serving as the light-receiving region and the second n-type diffusion layer 2b serving as the formation region of the light-receiving surface side electrode) formed by laser irradiation is subjected to steam oxidation or By oxidizing by pyrogenic oxidation, a silicon oxide film thinner than the first n-type diffusion layer 2a is formed on the second n-type diffusion layer 2b, and the silicon oxide film is refracted without removing the silicon oxide film.
- Another material PECVD-SiN having a different rate is deposited thereon to form the antireflection film 5.
- the second n-type diffusion layer 2b which is the formation region of the light receiving surface side electrode, can be captured visually, the formation of the light receiving surface side electrode at the time of electrode printing can be performed. Alignment of the electrodes becomes easy.
- a diffusion layer equivalent to the impurity concentration on the outermost surface of the diffusion layer formed by simply changing the diffusion conditions can be realized with a lower sheet resistance, so that the resistance loss in the diffusion layer is reduced. Therefore, a solar cell with high photoelectric efficiency can be realized.
- the effect of reducing the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the light receiving region is higher than simply increasing the sheet resistance of the diffusion layer by changing the diffusion condition, and lower sheet resistance. Since the same improvement effect is obtained, it is difficult to adversely affect the fill factor (FF).
- Embodiment 1 since the silicon oxide film formed by steam oxidation is used as a part of the antireflection film 5, the raw material of the antireflection film 5 (PECVD-SiN) deposited thereon can be reduced. it can.
- the distinction between the first n-type diffusion layer 2a serving as the light-receiving region and the second n-type diffusion layer 2b serving as the formation region of the light-receiving surface side electrode is visually clarified, and the electrode It is possible to improve the solar cell characteristics by facilitating alignment and lowering the phosphorous concentration in the light receiving region, and it is possible to realize a solar cell that is easy to form electrodes and excellent in photoelectric conversion characteristics.
- FIG. FIG. 8 is a flowchart for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- Embodiment 1 the case where phosphorus glass is removed after laser irradiation has been described.
- the order of laser irradiation and phosphorus glass removal is not limited to this.
- the order of laser irradiation and phosphorus glass removal may be reversed, that is, laser irradiation may be performed after the phosphorus glass is removed.
- phosphorus (P) that is not electrically activated (inactive) is present on the surface of the silicon substrate.
- inactive phosphorus (P) is activated by laser irradiation, and already activated phosphorus (P) is diffused into a deeper region of the silicon substrate to form an SE structure.
- the phosphorus (P) concentration on the outermost surface of the light receiving region can be lowered while making a difference in the oxide film thickness between the laser irradiation part and the light receiving region.
- a solar cell having an SE structure with high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be manufactured.
- the region between the first n-type diffusion layer 2a serving as the light-receiving region and the second n-type diffusion layer 2b serving as the region where the light-receiving surface side electrode is formed is distinguished.
- the characteristics of the solar cell can be improved by visually clarifying and facilitating the alignment of the electrodes, and by reducing the phosphorus (P) concentration in the light receiving region of the diffusion layer. Thereby, the solar cell which is easy to form an electrode and excellent in photoelectric conversion characteristics can be realized.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency having a selective emitter structure is excellent.
- the solar cell module can be realized by a simple method. In this case, for example, one light receiving surface side electrode and the other back surface side electrode of adjacent solar cells may be electrically connected.
- the solar cell according to the present invention is useful for realizing a solar cell having a selective emitter structure in which electrode formation is easy and photoelectric conversion characteristics are excellent.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1にかかる太陽電池セルの製造工程の一例を説明するためのフローチャートである。図2-1~図2-9は、本発明の実施の形態1にかかる太陽電池セルの製造工程の一例を説明するための要部断面図である。図3は、実施の形態1にかかる太陽電池セルの製造方法により作製された実施の形態1にかかる太陽電池セルの概略構成を示す要部斜視図である。なお、図1および以下の説明においては記載していないが、各工程間には必要に応じて、ウェハ洗浄処理、自然酸化膜除去を目的としたフッ酸への浸漬処理、水洗処理を行っている。
図8は、本発明の実施の形態2にかかる太陽電池セルの製造工程の一例を説明するためのフローチャートである。実施の形態1においてはレーザ照射後にリンガラスを除去する場合について説明したが、レーザ照射とリンガラスの除去との順序はこれに限定されない。レーザ照射とリンガラスの除去との順序が逆、すなわち、リンガラスを除去した後にレーザ照射を行ってもかまわない。
2 選択拡散層
2a 第1n型不純物拡散層(第1n型拡散層)
2b 第2n型不純物拡散層(第2n型拡散層)
3 リンガラス層
4 パッシベーション膜
5 反射防止膜
6 表銀グリッド電極
6a 銀ペースト
7 表銀バス電極
8 受光面側電極
9 裏アルミニウム電極
9a アルミニウムペースト
11 半導体基板
101 半導体基板
102 n型不純物拡散層
103 反射防止膜
104 受光面側電極
105 表銀グリッド電極
106 表銀バス電極
107 裏アルミニウム電極
111 半導体基板
L レーザ照射
Claims (10)
- 一面側に第2導電型の不純物元素が拡散された不純物拡散層を有する第1導電型の半導体基板と、
前記不純物拡散層上に形成された前記半導体基板の材料の酸化膜からなるパッシベーション膜と、
前記酸化膜と異なる屈折率を有する透光性材料からなり前記パッシベーション膜上に形成された反射防止膜と、
前記不純物拡散層に電気的に接続して前記半導体基板の一面側に形成された受光面側電極と、
前記半導体基板の他面側に形成された裏面側電極と、
を備え、
前記不純物拡散層は、受光領域であって前記不純物元素を第1の濃度で含む第1不純物拡散層と、前記受光面側電極の下部領域であって前記不純物元素を前記第1の濃度よりも高い第2の濃度で含む第2不純物拡散層とからなり、
前記第1不純物拡散層と前記第2不純物拡散層との表面が均一な表面状態とされ、
前記第2不純物拡散層上の前記パッシベーション膜の膜厚が、前記第1不純物拡散層上の前記パッシベーション膜の膜厚よりも薄いこと、
を特徴とする太陽電池。 - 前記第2不純物拡散層は、前記半導体基板の面方向において前記受光面側電極の形状に沿った形状を有し、短手方向の長さが0.1mm以上4mm以下であること、
を特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記半導体基板が、シリコン基板であること、
を特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の太陽電池。 - 第1導電型の半導体基板の一面側に、第2導電型の不純物元素が第1の濃度で拡散された第1不純物拡散層と、前記第2導電型の不純物元素の酸化物を主成分として前記第1不純物拡散層上を覆う不純物元素酸化膜とを熱拡散法により形成する第1工程と、
前記第1不純物拡散層における受光面側電極の形成領域にレーザ照射を行って局所的に加熱することにより、前記不純物元素を前記第1の濃度よりも高い第2の濃度で含む第2不純物拡散層を選択的に形成する第2工程と、
水蒸気酸化またはパイロジェニック酸化により前記半導体基板の一面側を酸化することにより、前記半導体基板の材料の酸化膜からなるパッシベーション膜を前記第1不純物拡散層上と前記第2不純物拡散層上とで異なる膜厚に形成する第3工程と、
前記パッシベーション膜上の前記第2不純物拡散層上の領域に受光面側電極を形成する第4工程と、
前記半導体基板の他面側に裏面側電極を形成する第5工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする太陽電池の製造方法。 - 水蒸気酸化またはパイロジェニック酸化における処理温度が850℃以下であること、
を特徴とする請求項4に記載の太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記第1工程の後、前記不純物元素酸化膜を除去せずに前記第2工程を行い、
前記第2工程の後、前記不純物元素酸化膜を除去すること、
を特徴とする請求項4または5に記載の太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記第1工程の後、前記不純物元素酸化膜を除去した後に前記第2工程を行うこと、
を特徴とする請求項4または5に記載の太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記第2工程において、前記第1不純物拡散層における少なくとも2つ以上の領域にレーザ照射を行って局所的に加熱することによりアライメント領域を形成し、
前記第3工程において、前記第1不純物拡散層上と異なる膜厚の前記パッシベーション膜を前記アライメント領域上に形成し、
前記第4工程において、前記アライメント領域を用いて位置合わせを行って前記受光面側電極を形成すること、
を特徴とする請求項4~7のいずれか1つに記載の太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記半導体基板が、シリコン基板であること、
を特徴とする請求項4~8のいずれか1つに記載の太陽電池の製造方法。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載の太陽電池の少なくとも2つ以上が電気的に直列または並列に接続されてなること、
を特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/394,367 US20150083183A1 (en) | 2012-04-25 | 2012-04-25 | Solar cell, manufacturing method for solar cell, and solar cell module |
KR1020147032447A KR101538602B1 (ko) | 2012-04-25 | 2012-04-25 | 태양전지 및 태양전지의 제조 방법, 태양전지 모듈 |
JP2014512225A JP5826380B2 (ja) | 2012-04-25 | 2012-04-25 | 太陽電池および太陽電池の製造方法、太陽電池モジュール |
DE112012006278.7T DE112012006278T5 (de) | 2012-04-25 | 2012-04-25 | Solarzelle, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Solarzelle und Solarzellenmodul |
CN201280072636.6A CN104254922B (zh) | 2012-04-25 | 太阳能电池及太阳能电池的制造方法、太阳能电池组件 | |
PCT/JP2012/061106 WO2013161023A1 (ja) | 2012-04-25 | 2012-04-25 | 太陽電池および太陽電池の製造方法、太陽電池モジュール |
TW101134401A TWI479668B (zh) | 2012-04-25 | 2012-09-20 | Solar cell and solar cell manufacturing method, solar cell module |
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PCT/JP2012/061106 WO2013161023A1 (ja) | 2012-04-25 | 2012-04-25 | 太陽電池および太陽電池の製造方法、太陽電池モジュール |
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US (1) | US20150083183A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5826380B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101538602B1 (ja) |
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Cited By (2)
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CN111095571A (zh) * | 2017-10-04 | 2020-05-01 | 株式会社钟化 | 太阳能电池的制造方法、太阳能电池以及太阳能电池模块 |
JP2023086063A (ja) * | 2021-12-09 | 2023-06-21 | ジョジアン ジンコ ソーラー カンパニー リミテッド | 太陽電池及び光起電力モジュール |
Families Citing this family (5)
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JP5919567B2 (ja) * | 2012-05-31 | 2016-05-18 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | テクスチャサイズの測定装置、太陽電池の製造システム、及び太陽電池の製造方法 |
WO2017099020A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-07 | 2017-06-15 | 東レ株式会社 | 半導体素子の製造方法および太陽電池の製造方法 |
CN111448672A (zh) * | 2018-04-16 | 2020-07-24 | 太阳能公司 | 具有从切割边缘缩回的结的太阳能电池 |
CN114695591B (zh) * | 2020-12-25 | 2024-03-12 | 苏州阿特斯阳光电力科技有限公司 | 一种硅片、硅片绒面结构及其制备方法 |
CN114551606B (zh) * | 2021-09-16 | 2024-10-15 | 晶科能源股份有限公司 | 一种太阳能电池、光伏组件 |
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- 2012-04-25 JP JP2014512225A patent/JP5826380B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-04-25 KR KR1020147032447A patent/KR101538602B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2012-04-25 DE DE112012006278.7T patent/DE112012006278T5/de not_active Ceased
- 2012-04-25 WO PCT/JP2012/061106 patent/WO2013161023A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2012-09-20 TW TW101134401A patent/TWI479668B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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TW201344930A (zh) | 2013-11-01 |
JP5826380B2 (ja) | 2015-12-02 |
TWI479668B (zh) | 2015-04-01 |
DE112012006278T5 (de) | 2015-03-05 |
US20150083183A1 (en) | 2015-03-26 |
JPWO2013161023A1 (ja) | 2015-12-21 |
KR20150000510A (ko) | 2015-01-02 |
CN104254922A (zh) | 2014-12-31 |
KR101538602B1 (ko) | 2015-07-21 |
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