WO2013144222A1 - A novel brazing concept - Google Patents

A novel brazing concept Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013144222A1
WO2013144222A1 PCT/EP2013/056554 EP2013056554W WO2013144222A1 WO 2013144222 A1 WO2013144222 A1 WO 2013144222A1 EP 2013056554 W EP2013056554 W EP 2013056554W WO 2013144222 A1 WO2013144222 A1 WO 2013144222A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
silicon
boron
blend
substrate
product
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2013/056554
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Per SJÖDIN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alfa Laval Corporate AB
Original Assignee
Alfa Laval Corporate AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to JP2015502330A priority Critical patent/JP6117332B2/ja
Priority to NZ630078A priority patent/NZ630078A/en
Priority to AP2014007939A priority patent/AP2014007939A0/xx
Priority to EP13712291.7A priority patent/EP2830817B1/en
Priority to RU2014143253/02A priority patent/RU2585886C2/ru
Priority to SG11201406138TA priority patent/SG11201406138TA/en
Priority to KR1020147026737A priority patent/KR101660617B1/ko
Priority to US14/387,061 priority patent/US9849534B2/en
Priority to CA2868674A priority patent/CA2868674C/en
Priority to SI201331600T priority patent/SI2830817T1/sl
Priority to MX2014010902A priority patent/MX376799B/es
Application filed by Alfa Laval Corporate AB filed Critical Alfa Laval Corporate AB
Priority to ES13712291T priority patent/ES2754307T3/es
Priority to AU2013241815A priority patent/AU2013241815B2/en
Priority to CN201380017372.9A priority patent/CN104203489B/zh
Priority to BR112014023770A priority patent/BR112014023770B1/pt
Publication of WO2013144222A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013144222A1/en
Priority to ZA2014/06626A priority patent/ZA201406626B/en
Priority to IL234790A priority patent/IL234790A/en
Priority to PH12014502127A priority patent/PH12014502127B1/en
Priority to CR20140446A priority patent/CR20140446A/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/02—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers
    • B21D53/04—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers of sheet metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0012—Brazing heat exchangers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/19—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering taking account of the properties of the materials to be soldered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/20—Preliminary treatment of work or areas to be soldered, e.g. in respect of a galvanic coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/20—Preliminary treatment of work or areas to be soldered, e.g. in respect of a galvanic coating
    • B23K1/203—Fluxing, i.e. applying flux onto surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/002—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/24—Preliminary treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
    • B23K35/004—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of a metal of the iron group
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
    • B23K35/007—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of copper or another noble metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • B23K35/025—Pastes, creams, slurries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/34—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material comprising compounds which yield metals when heated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/3612—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with organic compounds as principal constituents
    • B23K35/3613—Polymers, e.g. resins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/362—Selection of compositions of fluxes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/365—Selection of non-metallic compositions of coating materials either alone or conjoint with selection of soldering or welding materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • C23C30/005—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process on hard metal substrates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0062—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by spaced plates with inserted elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
    • B23K2103/12—Copper or alloys thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0012—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the apparatus having an annular form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
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    • F28F21/082—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from steel or ferrous alloys
    • F28F21/083—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from steel or ferrous alloys from stainless steel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/089—Coatings, claddings or bonding layers made from metals or metal alloys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
    • F28F3/04—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element
    • F28F3/042—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element in the form of local deformations of the element
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/12778—Alternative base metals from diverse categories
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/12986—Adjacent functionally defined components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/259—Silicic material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/266—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension of base or substrate
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel brazing concept, a blend, a composition, a product.
  • the present invention relates further to a method for providing a brazed product, to a brazed product obtained by the method, and to uses.
  • brazing refers to a method wherein the base material with or without additional material is melted, i.e. creation of a cast product via melting and re-solidification.
  • Another joining method is brazing. During the brazing process a braze filler is added to the base material, and the braze filler is melted during the process at a temperature above 450 °C, i.e. forming a liquid interface, at a temperature lower than liquidus temperature of the base material to be joined. When brazing the liquid interface should have good wetting and flow.
  • Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing of a filler metal, i.e. a solder, into the joint, the solder having a lower melting point than the work-piece.
  • a filler metal i.e. a solder
  • the filler metal melts at a higher temperature than the solder, but the work-piece metal does not melt.
  • the distinction between soldering and brazing is based on the melting temperature of the filler alloy. A temperature of 450 °C is usually used as a practical delineating point between soldering and brazing.
  • the first stage is called the physical stage.
  • the physical stage includes wetting and flowing of the braze filler.
  • the second stage normally occurs at a given joining temperature.
  • This stage there is solid-liquid interaction, which is accompanied by substantial mass transfer.
  • the base material volume that immediately adjoins the liquid filler metal either dissolves or is reacted with the filler metal in this stage.
  • a small amount of elements from the liquid phases penetrates into the solid base material. This redistribution of components in the joint area results in changes to the filler metal composition, and sometimes, the onset of solidification of the filler metal.
  • the last stage, which overlaps the second is characterized by the formation of the final joint microstructure and progresses during solidification and cooling of the joint.
  • DFB diffusion brazing
  • TLP Transient Liquid-phase bonding
  • ADB Activated Diffusion Bonding
  • Diffusion brazing Diffusion brazing
  • TLP Transient Liquid-phase bonding
  • ADB Activated Diffusion Bonding
  • brazing e.g having the possibility to braze larger gaps etc
  • a brazing technique and braze fillers disclosed by WO 2002/38327, WO 2008/060225 and WO 2008/060226.
  • a braze filler i.e. a braze alloy
  • a composition close to the base material but with added melting point depressants e.g. silicon and/or boron and/or phosphorus.
  • braze joint will have a composition close to the base material after brazing since braze filler had a similar composition as the base material, the braze filler blends with the base material due to dissolution of the base material and the melting point depressants diffuses into the base material.
  • fillers i.e. alloys
  • the filler has to be in a form that could be applied to the base metal before heating.
  • the fillers are particles suitably produced by atomization, but the fillers may also be in form of foils produced by "melt-spinning", i.e. rapid solidification (RS).
  • RS rapid solidification
  • a limited number of compositions are possible to produce by RS.
  • the number of compositions that can be made as particles, i.e. powder is greater and the normal production of powders is by atomizing.
  • the fillers are in form of powders then they are often combined with binders to form a paste, which could be applied to the base metal in any suitable way.
  • a purpose for the invention is to reduce the process steps when joining substrates of parent materials. Another purpose is to simplify the joining of the parent materials and thus reduce costs. If possible, when selecting braze fillers, a composition close to the parent material is beneficial, since the parent material has been selected for the product purposes. If it would have been possible and cost was no limit, it would be best to develop one braze filler for each parent material. Therefore, another purpose with the invention is to decrease the needed number of braze fillers.
  • the first aspect relates to a blend of at least one boron source and at least one silicon source, wherein the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 3:100 wt/wt to about 100:3 wt/wt, preferably within a range from about 5:100 wt/wt to about 2:1 wt/wt, more preferred from about 5:100 wt/wt to about 1 :1 wt/wt, wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 25 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 35 wt%.
  • the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders may have an average particle size less than 250 ⁇ , preferably the particles in the powders have an average particle size less than 160 ⁇ , more preferred the particle have an average particle size less than 100 ⁇ .
  • a blend of the present invention is advantageous in that it provides possibilities to obtain joints between substrates.
  • the obtained joints are of similar material as the material(s) of the substrates except that the joints contain additional amounts of the elements of the blend.
  • Substrates refer to parts of an obtainable product, the parts could be for instance but not limited to thick parts such as separators or decanters etc. or thin parts such as plates or coils.
  • the substrates could be any parts that should be joined or coated. Substrate could also be work-pieces.
  • the substrates are of parent materials, i.e. material to be brazed.
  • the parent materials refer to parent metals or parent alloys, said parent metal or parent alloys are suitable to braze. Examples of parent materials, can be found in Table 1 , the invention is not limited to the examples in Table 1 .
  • the parent material may be an alloy comprising elements such as iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobolt (Co) etc. Examples of such alloys are found in the list in Table 1 , the parent materials are not limited to the list and are just examples of possible parent materials.
  • Parent material refers to a metal or an alloy. Alloy is defined as an intimate association or compound of two or more elements, the alloy possessing a marked degree of all or most of those characteristics commonly described as metallic. Alloys are compounds not mere mixtures. A metal refers to an element which has metallic properties.
  • Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.
  • Glass, steel, iron oxide are compounds wherein every atom is attracted by all the adjacent atoms so as to make a uniform or very nearly uniform solid, such bodies are clearly not mere mechanical mixtures, chemical compounds of varying or indefinite composition such as silicates, polymers are chemically combined but are compound of varying compositions.
  • the inventors believe that the presence of boron provides for wettability and for lowering of the melting point, and the silicon provides for lowering of the melting point.
  • a boron source refers to elemental boron (B), an alloy or compound containing boron.
  • a silicon source refers to elemental silicon (Si), an alloy or compound containing silicon.
  • a mechanical blend of powders refers to mechanical mixing of two or more components.
  • the mechanical blend of powders are particles from different sources, each particles is either a boron source or a silicon source.
  • Contaminating oxygen refers to inevitable amounts of oxygen which for instance is contained in technical grades etc. of a silicon source or of a boron source, and the amount may be as high as 5 wt% oxygen in the boron source and as high as 5 wt% in the silicon source.
  • the contaminating oxygen may be as high as 10 wt%.
  • the amount of silicon and boron in the blend depends on purity of silicon and boron, but also on the type of silicon source or boron source which are contained in the blend. For instance if the silicon source is Fe - Si the Fe is heavy and the amount of silicon and boron will be lower. In Table 2 there are a few examples.
  • the blend of at least one boron source and at least one silicon source comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 5:100 to about 2:1 , preferably from about 5:100 to about 1 :1 , wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 50 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 60wt%, more preferred silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 70 wt%, most preferred silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 80 wt%, and wherein the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is a mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders have an average particle size less than 160 ⁇ .
  • One advantage of a particle size less than 250 ⁇ is the ability to distribute the blend as evenly as possible on the substrate.
  • a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 5:100 to about 2:1 is that the obtained braze alloy will have wettability and thus good flow. Good flow is an advantage when brazing joints because the obtained braze alloy will flow from the areas where the braze alloy is obtained and flow to the area of the joint.
  • the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 1 :10 to about 7:10, wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 25 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 35 wt%.
  • the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is a mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders have an average particle size less than 160 ⁇ , preferably less than 100 ⁇ .
  • the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 15:100 to about 4:10, wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 25 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend in at least 35 wt%.
  • the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is a mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders have a particle size less than 160 ⁇ , preferably less than 100 ⁇ .
  • the blend of at least one boron source and at least one silicon source may the blend of at least one boron source and at least one silicon source, wherein the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 3:100 to about 100:3, preferably within a range from about 5:100 to about 1 :1 , wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 40 wt% to about 100 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 45 wt% to about 100 wt%.
  • the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is a mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders have an average particle size less than 160 ⁇ , preferably less than 100 ⁇ .
  • the blend of at least one boron source and at least one silicon source wherein the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 1 :10 to about 7:10, wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 40 wt% to about 100 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 45 wt% to about 100 wt%.
  • the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is a mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders have an average particle size less than 160 ⁇ , preferably the average particle size is less than 100 ⁇ , more preferred less than 50 ⁇ .
  • the blend of at least one boron source and at least one silicon source wherein the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 15:100 to about 4:10, wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 40 wt% to about 100 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 45 wt% to about 100 wt%.
  • the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is a mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders have an average particle size less than 160 ⁇ , preferably the average particle size is less than 100 ⁇ , more preferred less than 50 ⁇ .
  • the blend of boron and silicon wherein the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 1 :10 to about 7:10, wherein silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 40 wt% to about 100 wt%, preferably silicon and boron are present in the blend within a range from about 45 wt% to about 100 wt%.
  • the at least one boron source and the at least one silicon source are oxygen free except for inevitable amounts of contaminating oxygen, and wherein the blend is a mechanical blend of powders and particles in the powders have an average particle size less than 160 ⁇ , preferably the particle size is less than 100 ⁇ , more preferred less than 50 ⁇ .
  • the at least one silicon source may be selected from the group consisting of elemental silicon (Si), an alloy or compound containing silicon.
  • the silicon source may be pure or be of technical grade.
  • the at least one boron source may be selected from the group consisting of elemental boron (B), an alloy or compound containing boron.
  • the boron source may be pure or be of technical grade.
  • the at least one boron source may be selected from, but not limited to, elemental boron, boron carbides, nickel borides, or silicon borides.
  • the at least one silicon source may be selected from, but not limited to, elemental silicon, ferro silicon, iron silicides, silicon carbides, or silicon borides.
  • the at least one boron source may be selected from elemental boron, B C, B Si, B 3 Si, NiB, and FeB
  • the at least one silicon source may be selected from elemental silicon, FeSi, SiC, and B Si, B 3 Si.
  • the blend may be a mechanical blend of powders.
  • a blend is defined as mechanical mixing of two or more components.
  • a blend is a mechanical blend or mechanical mixture of two or more powders, i.e. a blend of "silicon source” powder and "boron source” powder.
  • the second aspect relates to a composition comprising the blend according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the composition may further comprise powders of a parent material in combination with any one of the examples of the blend according to the first aspect.
  • a parent material refers to a metal or alloy that is suitable for brazing as mentioned above.
  • the parent material may comprise any metal as shown in Table 2.
  • the composition may also comprise powders of a parent material, wherein the parent material is present in an amount less than 75 wt% calculated on the total weight of silicon, boron and parent material.
  • Such a composition provides for additional parent material when obtaining the braze alloy during the alloying process. When brazing for instance thin parts or thin plates additional parent material can decreases or reduces the risk of burning through the plates or the parts, as seen in the Experimental Examples below.
  • composition further comprises powders of a braze alloy.
  • a braze alloy refers to a parent material which is alloyed with melting point depressents, and thus received a lower melting point than the parent material.
  • composition further comprises at least one binder selected from solvents, water, oils, gels, lacquers, varnish, polymers, wax or combinations thereof.
  • the binder may be selected from polyesters, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylic polymers, (met)acrylic polymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetates, polystyrenes, waxes.
  • the binder may be a polyester, a wax or combinations thereof.
  • the composition is a paint or the composition is a paste or the composition is a dispersion.
  • the binder is a gel, and the composition is a paste.
  • the binder is a lacquer or a varnish, and the composition is a paint.
  • composition being a paint is that the paint easily can be distributed over the surface of the substrate and adhere to the surface and therefore can be handled during for instance transportation, pressing, cutting etc. .
  • the binder is selected from polyesters, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylic polymers, (met)acrylic polymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetates, polystyrenes, waxes or combinations thereof, and the composition is a paint or the composition is a paste.
  • the binder is selected from polyesters, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylic polymers, (met)acrylic polymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetates, polystyrenes, waxes or combinations thereof, and the composition is a paint.
  • the binder is selected from polyesters, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylic polymers, (met)acrylic polymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetates, polystyrenes, waxes or combinations thereof, and the composition is a paste.
  • the blend is dispersed in the binder.
  • the composition is a dispersion.
  • the third aspect relates also to a product wherein the composition according to the examples of the second aspect may be applied on a substrate.
  • the substrate may be a parent material.
  • a parent material can be a metal or an alloy, said parent materials is suitable to be brazed as mentioned before.
  • An alloy is defined as an intimate association or compound of two or more elements, the alloy possessing in a marked degree all or most of those characteristics commonly described as metallic. Alloys are compounds not mere mixtures. Boron is classed as metalloid and is not a metal. Silicon is a tetravalent metalloid and not a metal. Silicon and boron can be alloys when they are in a compound together with a metal element.
  • Substrate is parts of an obtainable product, the parts could be for instance but not limited to thick parts such as parts of separators or parts of decanters etc. or thin parts such as plates or coils, i.e. the substrate could be any parts that should be joined or coated. Substrate could also be work-pieces.
  • the product comprises a substrate of a parent material, which parent material has a solidus temperature above 1 100 °C, and the product comprises also a composition according any one of the examples according to the second aspect, wherein at least a part of the substrate has a surface layer of the composition
  • the new brazing concept provides for example joints which are obtained by a brazing alloy, which brazing alloy is formed in a melting process of the parent material and a blend of boron and silicon.
  • the brazing alloy in molten form are transported by capillary forces to the area of the joint mainly from neighboring areas.
  • the temperature for the brazing concept is above 900 °C, i.e. above delineating point between soldering and brazing.
  • the formed braze alloy is an alloy which has apart for the elements of a parent material liquidus temperature lowering elements. Therefore, the braze alloy has a liquidus temperature lower than the parent material.
  • the composition is applied on the substrate, and the average total amount of applied silicon and boron is applied in an average amount less than 1 mg/mm 2 , preferably within a range from 0.01 to 1 mg/mm 2 , more preferred within a range 0.02 to 0.8 mg/mm 2 , most preferred within a range 0.03 to 0.07 mm/mm 2 .
  • the average total amount of applied silicon and boron is applied in an average amount within a range 0.06 to 0.3 mg/mm 2 when the substrate has a thickness ⁇ 1 mm.
  • the average total amount of applied silicon and boron is applied in an average amount within a range 0.06 to 1 mg/mm 2 when the substrate has a thickness > 1 mm.
  • the product may be obtained by applying the composition according to any one of the examples of the second aspect, on the surface of a substrate, said composition may be applied as a paint, or the composition may be applied as a paste, or the composition may be applied as a dispersion.
  • the product according to any one of the examples according to the third aspect may be for brazing of joints between contact areas of substrates or the product may be for coatings of substrates, or the product may be for both brazing of joints and coatings of substrate.
  • the parent material of the product may be selected from the group consisting of iron based alloys, nickel based alloys, chromium based alloys, copper based alloys and cobolt based alloys.
  • the parent material may comprise from about 15 to about 22 wt% chromium, from about 8 to about 22 wt% nickel, from about 0 to about 3 wt% manganese, from about 0 to about 1 .5 wt% silicon, optionally from about 1 to about 8 wt% molybdenum, and balanced with iron, all percentage in percent by weight.
  • the parent material may comprise from about 15 to about 22 wt% chromium, from about 8 to about 22 wt% nickel, from about 0.2 to about 3 wt% manganese, from about 0.1 to about 1 .5 wt% silicon, optionally from about 1 to about 8 wt% molybdenum, and balanced with iron, all percentage in percent by weight.
  • the parent material may comprise from about 15 to about 22 wt% chromium, from about 8 to about 22 wt% nickel, from about 1 to about 3 wt% manganese, from about 0.5 to about 1 .5 wt% silicon, optionally from about 1 to about 8 wt% molybdenum, and balanced with iron.
  • the parent material may comprise more than 80 wt% Ni.
  • the parent material may comprise more than 50 wt% Fe, less than 13 wt% Cr, less than 1 wt% Mo, less than 1 wt% Ni and less than 3 wt% Mn.
  • the parent material may comprise more than 10 wt% Cr and more than 60 wt% Ni. According to another example the parent material may comprise more than 15 wt% Cr, more than 10 wt% Mo, and more than 50 wt% Ni.
  • the parent material may comprise more than 10 wt% Fe, 0.1 to 30wt% Mo, 0.1 to 30 wt% Ni, and more than 50 wt% Co.
  • the surface layer of the material may be provided on at least one side of a substrate or the surface layer of the material is provided on both sides of a substrate.
  • the substrates may be coils, plates, parts of products.
  • the substrates may be cut, formed, pressed or combinations thereof.
  • the substrates may be heat exchanger plates or reactor plates or parts of separators, or parts of decanters, or parts of valves etc.
  • there are different preferred parent material having different solidus temperature, i.e. the temperature point at which a material solidifies.
  • the solidus temperature of the parent material be above 1 100 °C.
  • the solidus temperature of the parent material be above 1220 °C. According to another alternative of the invention may the solidus temperature of the parent material be above 1250 °C. According to a further alternative of the invention may the solidus temperature of the parent material be above 1300 °C.
  • the surface layer may be applied as a powder of the blend or by means such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), or chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
  • PVD physical vapor deposition
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • the application method involves purely physical processes such as high temperature vacuum evaporation with subsequent condensation, or plasma sputter bombardment rather than involving a chemical reaction at the surface to be coated as in chemical vapor deposition.
  • Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a chemical process used to produce high- purity, high-performance solid materials.
  • the process is for example used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films.
  • the wafer i.e. the substrate
  • the wafer is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface to produce the desired deposit.
  • volatile by-products are also produced, which are removed by gas flow through the reaction chamber.
  • the forth aspect relates to a braze alloy layered product comprising a layer of braze alloy and a substrate, wherein the braze alloy layered product is obtained by heating a product according to any one of the examples of the third aspect, and wherein the braze alloy layer has a melting point lower than the melting point of the substrate.
  • braze alloy layered product may comprise a composition according to any one of the examples of the second aspect, said composition comprises a blend, wherein a layer of braze alloy has been obtained on the surface of the substrate by alloying the blend with elements in the surface of the substrate and heating the substrate and the composition to a temperature higher than the solidus temperature of the obtained braze alloy, and that the obtained braze alloy may have a melting point lower than the melting point of the substrate.
  • the substrates may be cut, formed, pressed or combinations thereof before the application of the surface layer of the composition, or wherein the substrates may be cut, formed, pressed or combinations thereof after the application of the surface layer of the composition, or wherein the substrates may be cut, formed, pressed or combinations thereof after obtaining the brazing alloy on the surface of the base metal.
  • the braze alloy layered product may be obtained by pre-brazing in such a way that the parent material and the surface layer may be heated to a temperature higher than the solidus temperature of the obtained braze alloy in the braze layer and lower than the solidus temperature of the parent material.
  • a layer of braze alloy is obtained on the parent material in a pre-brazing step.
  • the braze alloy in the surface layer may comprise the blend of according to the first aspect and elements of the parent material.
  • the products may have other forms and the surface layer of the blend could be on one side of the product, single surface layer, or on two sides of the product, double surface layers, or the blend could be on several sides of the product.
  • the product may be cut, could be formed, could be pressed or combinations thereof, before the application of the surface layer, after the application of the surface layer, or after the pre-brazing step.
  • the fifth aspect relates to a method of providing a product having at least one brazed joint between contact areas of substrates comprising:
  • Step (iii) heating the assembled substrates to a brazing temperature below 1250 °C, in a furnace in vacuum, in an inert gas, in a reducing atmosphere, or combinations thereof;
  • Step (iv) cooling the assembled substrates and obtaining a product having at least one brazed joint between contact areas of the substrates.
  • Contact areas refer to the areas where a first substrate is in contact with a second substrate, and where a joint will be formed during brazing.
  • Assembling refers to stacking of for instance plates but not limited to, such as heat exchanger plates. Assembling refers further to assembling of parts.
  • the method may comprise applying a mechanical blend of at least one silicon source and the at least one boron source.
  • the method may comprise that the at least one silicon source and the at least one boron source are the same, preferably the boron source and the silicon source are silicon borides.
  • the method may comprise that the at least one silicon source may be applied as one layer on the substrate, and the at least one boron source may be applied as another layer on the substrate.
  • the method may comprise that the at least one boron source may be applied as one first layer on the substrate, and the at least one silicon source may be applied as second layer on top of the first layer on the substrate.
  • the method may comprise that the at least one boron source may be applied as one layer on a first substrate and at least one silicon source may be applied as one layer on a second substrate prior to assembling the two substrates in step (ii) and providing joints between contact areas between the two substrates in step (iii).
  • the method may comprise that the at least one silicon source and at least one boron source may be within the same blend and silicon and boron may be present in the blend within the range 25 wt% to 100 wt%, and that the blend is a mechanical blend of powders.
  • the method may comprise that step (i) comprises applying a composition comprising a blend of at least one silicon source and at least one boron source, and that the composition is applied on at least part of one surface on at least one substrate.
  • the method may comprise that the at least one silicon source and at least one boron source may be applied on one or more substrates as a blend, wherein the blend comprises boron and silicon in a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range within a range from about 3:100 wt/wt to about 100:3 wt/wt, preferable a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 5:100 to about 1 :1 .
  • the blend may have a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 1 :10 to about 7:10, and most preferred the blend may have a weight ratio boron to silicon within a range from about 15:100 to about 4:10. Silicon and boron together may be present in the blend within a range from about 25 wt%, preferably from 35 wt%, more preferred 40 wt% to about 100 wt%, most preferred silicon and boron together may be present in the blend within a range from about 45 wt% to about 100 wt%.
  • the method may comprise that step (i) comprises applying the composition as a paint on at least part of one surface on at least one substrate.
  • step (iii) comprises heating the assembled substrates, obtaining a molten phase of braze alloy on the substrate(s) and letting the molten phase be transferred by capillary forces to the contact areas between the substrates.
  • a molten phase may be the phase that melts and has a lower melting temperature than the substrate, and the molten phase may be obtained when silicon and boron alloys with the elements on the surface of the substrate.
  • the heating step (step (iii)) comprises heating the product to a temperature of at least 900 °C, preferably of at least 1000 °C, more preferred of at least 1040 °C, most preferred of at least 1 100 °C.
  • the method comprises an additional step before the applying step, i.e. step (i), said additional step comprises cutting or forming or combinations thereof of the substrate(s) prior to the applying step.
  • the method comprises an additional step between the applying step, i.e. step (i), and the assembling step, i.e. step (ii), said additional step comprises cutting or forming or combinations thereof of the product from the applying step prior to the assembling step.
  • the method comprises a first additional step after the applying step, the first step additional step comprises heating the product from the applying step to a temperature to allow obtaining of a braze alloy layer on the substrate, and cooling the obtained substrate having the obtained layer of braze alloy.
  • the method comprises a second additional step, wherein the second additional step comprises the cutting or forming or combinations thereof of the substrate having the obtained layer of braze alloy.
  • the method may comprise that brazed heat exchanger plates or brazed reactor plates may be obtained.
  • the method may comprise that the obtained brazed product is selected from heat exchangers, plate reactors, parts of reactors, parts of separators, parts of decanters, parts of pumps, parts of valves.
  • the brazed product that may be obtained in step (iv) may be provided with a joint(s) obtained by obtaining a brazing alloy in a melting process of the parent material and the blend, and transporting by capillary forces the brazing alloy in melted form to the area of the joint(s) mainly from neighboring areas.
  • the solidus temperature of the parent material may be above 1220 °C. According to another example may the solidus temperature of the parent material be above 1250 °C. According to a further example may the solidus temperature of the parent material be above 1300 °C.
  • the obtained product may be brazed at a temperature below 1250 °C.
  • the product may be brazed at a temperature below 1200 °C.
  • the product may be brazed at a temperature above 1 100°C.
  • the product may be brazed within a range from about 1 100 °C to about 1250 °C.
  • the brazed product obtained by the method according to the examples of fifth aspects may have joints.
  • the joints of the brazed product are obtained by the formed braze alloy, which braze alloy is formed in a melting process from the base metal and the blend, and flown to the joint from neighboring areas, elements found in the brazing alloy apart from the parent material elements are Si, B and optionally C, and wherein the parent material has a solidus temperature above 1 100 °C.
  • the sixth aspect relates to a method for providing a product according to any one of the examples of the third aspect, wherein the method comprises the following steps: Step (i) applying a composition according to any one of the examples of the second aspect on at least a part of at least one surface on at least one substrate;
  • Step(ii) obtaining a product where the composition is applied on at least a part of a surface on at least one substrate.
  • the seventh aspect relates to a method for providing a braze alloy layered product, which method comprises the following steps: Step (i) applying a composition according to any one of the examples of the second aspect on one or more substrates obtaining a first intermediate product; and
  • Step (ii) heating the product from step (i) to a temperature higher than the solidus temperature of the obtained braze alloy and lower than the solidus temperature of the substrate, and obtaining a molten phase of braze alloy;
  • Step (iii) cooling the heated product from step (ii), and obtaining a braze layered product having a layer of braze alloy on the surface of the substrate.
  • the method for providing a braze alloy layered product comprises:
  • Step (i) applying a composition according to any one the examples of the second aspect on one or more substrates;
  • Step (ii) heating the applied substrate from the applying step to a temperature higher than the solidus temperature of the obtained braze alloy and lower than the solidus temperature of the substrate, and obtaining a layer of molten phase of braze alloy;
  • Step (iii) cooling the substrate having the molten phase of braze alloy and obtaining a braze alloy layered product.
  • the eight aspect relates to a brazed product obtained by the method according to any one of the examples of the fifth aspect.
  • the ninth aspect relates to a use of a blend according to any one of the examples of the first aspect, said blend is used as melting point depressants for providing a braze alloy on a surface of a substrate.
  • the tenth aspect relates to a use of a composition according to any one of the examples of the second aspect, for brazing of parts or plates of heat exchangers, plates of reactors, parts of reactors, parts of separators, parts of decanters, parts of pumps, parts of valves.
  • the eleventh aspect relates to a use of a composition for brazing of parts or plates for heat exchangers, plate reactors, parts of reactors, parts of separators, parts of decanters, parts of pumps, parts of valves, wherein the composition is a paint.
  • Examples of products having brazed joints according to the invention are parts or plates for heat exchangers, plate reactors, parts of reactors, parts of separators, parts of decanters, parts of pumps, parts of valves.
  • Figure 1 is showing a circular pressed plate use in the Examples.
  • Figure 2 is showing a graph of "Approximation".
  • Figure 3 is showing a diagram wherein the measured width as a function of applied amount (g/3500mm 2 ) with trend lines.
  • Figure 4 is showing another diagram in which calculated filled area of the braze joint based on the measured width as a function of applied amount (g/3500mm 2 ) with trend lines.
  • Figure 5 is showing another diagram in which the % of the tensile tested samples where the joint was stronger or the same as the than the plate material as a function of applied amount of blend (gram per 3500 mm 2 )
  • Figure 6 is showing picture of one of the samples after joining.
  • Figure 1 is showing a circular pressed plate, which is 42 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm thick, made of stainless steel type 316L.
  • the pressed plate had two pressed beams V and H, each app 20 mm long.
  • Beam V or v stands for left beam and beam H or h stands for right beam, and v and h are used in Examples 5 and 9.
  • Figure 2 shows approximation 1 which is based on a cross section of a brazed test sample.
  • the cross section in Figure 2 shows the pressed beam in the top of Figure 2.
  • the bottom of Figure 2 is the flat, earlier applied plate.
  • a joint is created in the capillary between the beam and the flat surface.
  • the created braze alloy volume for joints with a width, i.e. width B of 1 .21 mm or less, are set to zero.
  • the braze alloy volume for joints with a width, i.e. width B of 1 .21 mm or less are set to zero.
  • the braze alloy volume for joints with a width, i.e. width B of 1 .21 mm or less are set to zero.
  • the outer sides of the beam i.e. ((X - B)/2)
  • formed braze alloy has been accumulated.
  • the brazing alloy in molted form has been transported by capillary forces to the area of the joint mainly from neighboring areas forming the
  • Figure 3 is showing a diagram wherein the measured width as a function of applied amount (g/3500mm 2 ) with trend lines.
  • the results of the fillet test are shown in table 8 and 9 of Example 5 and in Figure 3.
  • the results of the measured widths and the estimated areas are illustrated in the diagrams of Figures 3.
  • the applied amounts see Tables 8 and 9, were from 0.06 gram/3500 mm 2 to 0.96 gram/3500 mm 2 , which correspond to from app 0.017 mg/mm 2 to 0.274 mg/mm 2 , to be compared with app 1 .3 - 5.1 mg of blend per mm 2 used in Example 2.
  • blends A3.3 out of blends A3.3, B2, C1 , D0.5, E0.3 and F0 give the highest amount of braze alloy in the joint as a function of applied amount of blend.
  • Sample F0 did not give any substantial joints below 0.20 gram per 3500 mm 2 .
  • Figure 4 is showing another diagram in which calculated filled area of the braze joint based on the measured width as a function of applied amount (gram/3500mm 2 ) with trend lines.
  • the trend line Y K x X - L for the blend were measured, Y is the area, K is the inclination of the line, X is the applied amount of blend and L is a constant, see Figure 4.
  • Y (area for A3.3) 4.361 x (applied amount of blend A3.3) - 0.161
  • Figure 5 is showing another diagram in which the % (percent) is the success rate of the tensile tested samples where the joint was stronger or the same as the plate material as a function of applied amount of blend, i.e. gram per 3500 mm 2 .
  • the result was set to zero.
  • the difference in results was not statistical significant.
  • Test sample No. C1 was prepared by blending 1 18.0 gram of crystalline silicon powder particle size 325 mesh, 99,5% (metal basis) 7440-21 -3 from Alfa Aesar - Johnsson Matthey Company, with 13.06 gram of crystalline boron powder particle size 325 mesh, 98%, 7440-42-8 from Alfa Aesar - Johnsson Matthey Company and 77.0 gram of Nicrobraz S-30 binder from Wall Colmonoy in a Varimixer BEAR from Busch & Holm producing 208 gram of paste, see sample C1 . All test samples were produced following the same procedure as test sample C1 . The blends are summarised in Table 3.
  • Samples G15, H100, I66 and J was prepared the same way as samples F0, E0.3, DO.5, C1 , B2 and A3.3 with the exception that another binder was used, the binder was Nicrobraz S-20 from Wall Colmonoy.
  • the test samples are summarised in Table 4. Table 4
  • the weight of the applied braze filler is 2.0 gram which correspond to 0.2 gram of silicon. Since blends of silicon and boron were to be tested similar amounts of silicon and boron in the tested compositions were used.
  • the braze filler contains 10 wt% silicon, therefore 0.2 gram of blends of silicon and boron were applied on the test samples.
  • the test samples were circular test pieces having a diameter of 83 mm and a thickness of 0.8 mm and the test pieces were made of stainless steel type 316L.
  • test pieces of the base metal had melted and some type of melts were created. It was also observed that the melts in some aspects appeared as a braze alloy with flow. Without measuring the size of the wetting it was clear that an increased fraction of boron in the blends resulted in better wetting. However it was also seen that for most samples the entire thickness of the covered area had melted creating a hole was created in the middle of the test piece. For the "0.2 gram samples" five out of twelve test pieces had holes, and for the "0.4 gram pieces" ten out of twelve.
  • Example 2 the test plates were prepared for all fillet tests, corrosion tests and tensile tests at the same time. From Example 2 it was concluded that it could be a risk to apply the blends of silicon and boron in dots or lines on thin walled plates. Therefore, new tests samples were investigated, i.e. new test plates were applied with different blends of Si and B for fillet tests, corrosion tests, and tensile tests.
  • the new test samples were plates made of stainless steel type 316L.
  • the size of the plates were 100 mm wide, 180 to 200 mm long and the thickness was 0.4 mm. All plates were cleaned by dish washing and with acetone before application of the Si and B blends. The weight was measured. On each plate a 35 mm section at one short side was masked.
  • the different blends used were A3.3, B2, C1 , D0.5, E0.3, F0, G15, H100, and I66, all with the added binder S-30.
  • Example 4 Corrosion-bend test of the samples.
  • test plates from Example 3 were cut to 35 mm wide strips, resulting in an applied surface area of 35 mm x 35 mm on each strip.
  • a circular pressed plate was placed onto the surface areas of the strips.
  • the circular pressed plate is shown in Figure 1 .
  • the pressed plate had a size of 42 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm thick and was of stainless steel type 316L.
  • the test samples were brazed 1 hour at 1210 ° C.
  • the specimens prepared for the corrosion tests were applied with blend samples A3.3, B2, C1 , D0.5, E0.3, H100, I66 and J, see Table 5.
  • the specimens were tested according to corrosion test method ASTM A262, "Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to inter-granular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels". "Practice E - Copper - Copper Sulfate - Sulfuric Acid. The test for Detecting Susceptibility to Inter-granular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels", was selected from the test method. The reason for selecting this corrosion tests was the suspicion that boron might react with chromium in the steel creating chromium borides, mainly in the grain boundaries, which increase the risk for inter- granular corrosion attack.
  • test pieces were bend tested according to the corrosion test method in chapter 30.1 . None of the samples gave indications of inter-granular attack at the ocular investigation of the bent surfaces. After the ASTM investigation the bent specimens were cut, ground and polished and the cross-sections were studied in light optical microscope and in EDS, i.e. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. The results are summarized in Table 8.
  • Example 5 Fillet test of the samples.
  • test plates from Example 3 were cut to 35 mm wide strips, resulting in an applied surface area of 35 mm x 35 mm on each strip.
  • a circular pressed plate was placed onto the surface areas of the strips.
  • the circular pressed plate is shown in Figure 1 .
  • the pressed plate had a size of 42 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm thick and was of stainless steel type 316L.
  • the pressed plate had two pressed beams, each app 20 mm long.
  • the samples were brazed at app 1 hour at app 1200 ° C.
  • the results from the fillet test show the width of the braze alloy found in the joint area created between the flat surface area and the contact with a pressed beam in the test sample seen in Figure 1 .
  • the blends were applied onto the flat surface areas before heating.
  • the amount of braze alloy was estimated; see Figure 2, by an approximation of the area of the fillet cross-section to two triangles formed on each side of the center of the joint. In the middle part there are no or very small amounts of additional formed "brazing alloy".
  • the area of the two triangles can be calculated by measuring the height (h) and the base (b).
  • the total area of the two triangles are summing up to (h) x (b) since there are two triangles.
  • the problem with this calculation is that the height is hard to measure. Therefore we use the following equation for calculating of the two triangle areas:
  • A is the total area of the two triangles
  • X is the total width of the formed joint
  • B is the part of the formed joint where the volume of the formed brazing alloy in the center of the joint is negligible.
  • the base of each triangle is (X - B) / 2.
  • the height is calculated by measuring the angle a, which is the angle between the tangents of the pressed beam the base plate.
  • the length of the two beams i.e. each beam is 20 mm, was multiplied with A.
  • the area of two triangles is the estimated area after brazing in Table 9 and 10.
  • the volume is the volume of the formed brazing alloy on one of the beams.
  • Table 9 and 10 The results from the fillet test are shown in Table 9 and 10, and in Figure 3.
  • blend A3.3 out of blends A3.3, B2, C1 , D0.5, E0.3 and F0 gives the highest amount of braze alloy in the joint as a function of applied amount of blend.
  • Sample F0 did not give any substantial joints below 0.20 gram per 3500 mm 2 .
  • the trend line Y K x X - L for the blend were measured, Y is the area [mm 2 ], K is the inclination of the line, X is the applied amount of blend [g] and L is a constant, see Figure 4.
  • the effect of boron could be decreased by changing the heat treatment and or by using a thicker base metal that can "absorb" a greater amount of boron.
  • a thicker material i.e. > 1 mm
  • this effect to "absorb" boron in the surface will also be less severe, since the proportion of the surface volume compared to the parent metal volume is much less than for a thin material ⁇ 1 mm or ⁇ 0.5mm.
  • the chromium borides could be an advantage if better wear resistance is wanted.
  • the metallurgical investigation also showed that for sample F0, i.e.
  • the original applied test plates were cut into strips.
  • the size of the plate was approx. 100 mm wide, 180 to 200 mm long and the thickness 0.4 mm.
  • a thicker part, 4 mm, of stainless steel type 316L was placed on the applied area covering 30 mm of the total 35 mm applied surface.
  • the ticker part was placed at the end of the strip leaving 5 mm of applied surface not covered by the thick plate. By doing this a decrease in the plate material strength due to the applied blend would be detected by tensile testing, if the joint is stronger than the plate.
  • the thicker plate was also wider than the 10 mm slices. All test samples were brazed at approx. 1200 C for approx. 1 hour.
  • test samples were all put in a furnace and were brazed at 1210 ° C for approx. 1 hour. During brazing only the outer edges of each sample were in contact with the fixture material, keeping the plate center bottom surface free from contact with any material during brazing. The reason for keeping the plate center bottom surface free from contacts is that a collapse or a burn through might be prevented if the center material is supported from below by the fixture material. Applied amount and burn through results for the 0.8 mm samples are summarized in Table 12.
  • sample 1 1 has a burn through.
  • Sample 10 has 2.264 mg/mm 2 applied amount of blend and sample 1 1 has 2.491 mg/mm 2 .
  • the amount in the middle of this range is 2.972 mg/mm 2 . Therefore, for a plate having a thickness less than 1 mm an amount of less than 2.9 mg/mm 2 would be suitable for avoiding burning through the plate.
  • the result also show that 2.491 mg/mm 2 will burn through a plate which is less thick than 0.8 mm and have circular spot having a diameter of 6 mm applied with the blend. For samples with smaller applied areas may have more applied blend per area than samples with larger applied areas.
  • Example 8 a braze joint between two pressed heat exchanger plates is made by three different ways.
  • the thickness of the heat exchanger plates are 0.4 mm.
  • an iron based braze filler with a composition close stainless steel type 316 was used, see WO 2002/38327.
  • the braze filler had a silicon concentration of about 10 wt%, boron concentration about 0.5 wt% and a decreased amount of Fe of about 10.5 wt%.
  • the braze filler was applied in lines and in the second test sample the braze filler was applied evenly on the surface. In both cases the filler was applied after pressing. After brazing test sample 1 showed that the braze filler applied in lines was drawn to the braze joints. Some of the braze filler did not flow to the braze joint and therefore increased the thickness locally at the applied line.
  • test sample 3 A3.3 blend was used, see Table 7. The blend was applied evenly on the plate before pressing. The blend was applied in an amount that would create braze joint with similar sizes as for test samples 1 and 2.
  • Test sample 3 was applied with an even layer of A3.3. This amount corresponds to a weight ratio blend: plate material of about 1 .5 : 100.
  • a braze alloy was formed mainly from the parent metal. This braze alloy flowed to the braze joints. Accordingly, the thickness of the plate decreased since the parent material was dissolved and drawn to the braze joints.
  • Example 9 Tests with different Si - sources and B - sources The tests in Example 9 were done to investigate alternative boron - sources and silicon - sources.
  • Blend B2 see Table 7, was selected as reference for the test.
  • the alternative sources were tested with their ability to create a joint. For each experiment either an alternative boron - source or an alternative silicon - source was tested.
  • the influence of the secondary element was assumed to be zero, meaning that it was only the weight of boron or silicon in the alternative component that was "measured", see Table 13.
  • the weight ratio between silicon and boron is 10 to 2.
  • Each blend was mixed together with S-30 binder and the blend was applied on a steel plate according to Example 1 . All samples were brazed in a vacuum furnace at 1210 °C for 1 hour. Table 13
  • Example 10 a large number of different base metals were tested. All tests except for the mild steel and a Ni-Cu alloy were tested according to test Y.
  • Example 1 1 Four different parent materials were tested in Example 1 1 .
  • the blend that was used for the test pieces was blend A3.3, see earlier Examples. All blends were made using Si and B as melting point depressant sources, dispersed in a lacquer from Akzo Nobel (if nothing else stated).
  • the parent material of the test pieces were:
  • test pieces i.e. size 323 mm x 123 mm
  • the calculated amount of silicon and boron corresponds to approximately 0.05 mg / mm 2 .
  • the test-pieces were coated with blend A3.3, using elemental Si and elemental B in the blend. The ratios of silicon and boron in blend A3.3 can be found in Table 4.
  • Each coated test piece were dried and cured at less than 400°C in air.
  • the large test pieces were used.
  • the test piece were adjusted to the max width of the furnace.
  • test pieces were pre-brazed according to the following pre-brazing cycles: VC1 (T)- Vacuum cycle, where T is the maximum temperature, holding time 1 h at max temp.
  • the results from the tests show that there are formed layers on top of the parent materials.
  • the silicon contents are approximate ranges, but differ substantially from the content of silicon in the parent material, i.e. less than 0.6 wt%.
  • the tests results show that the temperature has an effect on the formed braze alloy layer, but the results are more dependent on the type of parent material.
  • the obtained braze alloy surface layers were tested for hardness.
  • the samples which were tested were Nickel type 200, Monel 400, Hastelloy C2000, Stainless Steel Type 316 from test sample 15 BF(1 100°C, 10 min) and Stainless Steel Type 316 from test sample 16 BF(1 130 °C, 10 min) applied both with A3.3 made with Si and B and A3.3 made with Si and B C.
  • the results are summarized in Table 17.
  • the hardness tests show that the hardness of the braze alloy layer is harder than the parent materials. All tested parent materials had hardness less than approx. 300 HV0.05 after a heat pre-treatment cycle or a braze cycle. The hardness of the surface layer and the parent material was measured from the parent material original surface to a depth of app 200um. The increased hardness values was correlated to the earlier measured increase in Si in the surface layer, the braze alloy. The tests show also that the hardness is higher at the surface than closed to the parent materials.
  • Example 2 the obtained braze alloy layers from Example 1 1 were tested, such as samples number 2 to 14. One extra sample was tested and it was sample number 17, wherein the material was untreated SS type 316 with applied blend. The tests were carried out for the purpose of finding out if a braze joint could be created between a substrate having a braze alloy layer and another substrate without any braze alloy layer.
  • test pieces were plates SS type 316, and the brazing tests were carried out in normal brazing cycles.
  • the test was performed by placing the pre-treated test- plate with the braze alloy layer facing up.
  • a circular pressed plate without any braze alloy see Figure 1 , was placed on top of the pre-treated test-plate on the braze alloy layer.
  • a weight was applied on the circular pressed plate to hold it in contact with the pre-treated test-plate.
  • the test-plate sample was then exposed to a VC1 (T)-cycle in vacuum at a temperature of 1210 °C.
  • the result is presented as the size of the brazing area as a function of the pre-treatment temperature.
  • the samples were cut across the circular pressed plate and the width of the center of the obtained joint was measured according to Figure 2. In Table 18 the average center width of each test samples are summarized.
  • the results of these tests show that the higher pre-brazing temperature the less brazed joint, i.e. the braze alloy layer of the pre-brazed samples loses the property to braze joints. Small center width is a result of low brazing property. By losing the brazing property the pre-brazed samples cannot be used for brazing without adding a brazing alloy or adding additional blend of boron and silicon after the pre- brazing step.
  • the critical temperature depends on the parent material. If the parent material has a high melting point then the obtained braze alloy layer could still have brazing property at a higher pre-brazing temperature.
  • Example 13 Six different parent materials were tested in Example 13. The test samples were applied with different bends, the blends were A3.3, B2 and C1 , all made using Si and B as melting point depressant sources, in a lacquer from Akzo Nobel (if nothing else stated). Large test pieces of parent materials, i.e. size 323 mm x 123 mm, were applied with blends. The total weight of 2 g calculated on silicon and boron in the blend without any binder, i.e. lacquer on each large test piece, were applied on the large test pieces. The calculated amount of silicon and boron corresponds to approximately 0.05 mg / mm 2 .
  • test pieces were cut for each tensile test sample.
  • One of the test pieces was cut from a non-treated plate of the same parent material as for the pre- treated piece, i.e. the braze alloy layered piece, see Example 1 1 , or with a surface applied with blend A3.3 dispersed in a lacquer from Akzo Nobel.
  • the size of the test pieces were, length 41 -45 mm, and width 1 1 .3-1 1 .7 mm.
  • Each test piece was bent in the middle, using a pressing tool.
  • the shape of the upper part of the pressing tool was a 3 mm thick plate approx. 150 mm long.
  • the lower part of the tool is made of a thick plate with a "machined groove” with a radius of 1 .9 mm.
  • a first bent test piece with the pre-treated surface or applied surface was placed with the treated surface facing upwards when placed onto a 1 mm plate (22 x 22 mm) with "non-wetting" properties.
  • This plate together with the first bent test piece was then mounted into the diagonal of a tube having a square cross section.
  • the dimensions of the tube were 17 x 17 mm inside and 20 x 20 mm outside.
  • the thickness of the tube was app 1 .4 mm and the height 55 mm.
  • a second bent non-treated test piece was placed that the curved part of the second test piece was placed on top of the curved part of the first bent test piece.
  • the second test piece was placed in the tube in perpendicular direction to the first test piece creating a small contact area between the two pieces.
  • the fixtured samples were then heated in a VC1 (1210 °C) cycle.
  • Table 19 shows that brazed joints from samples with braze alloy layer have comparable tensile strength as brazed joints from samples, which have a blend of silicon and boron dispersed in a binder applied on the surface.

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EP13712291.7A EP2830817B1 (en) 2012-03-28 2013-03-27 A novel brazing concept
RU2014143253/02A RU2585886C2 (ru) 2012-03-28 2013-03-27 Новая концепция высокотемпературной пайки
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