WO2013043085A1 - Фармацевтическая субстанция (варианты) и полученные на ее основе композиции, обладающие модуляторной активностью с соразмерным влиянием - Google Patents
Фармацевтическая субстанция (варианты) и полученные на ее основе композиции, обладающие модуляторной активностью с соразмерным влиянием Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- Modulatory activity is a proportionate influence on the processes of both stimulation and suppression, their proportionate consolidated conjugation and proportionate reversibility.
- the stimulating and suppressive effects of a commensurate influence can manifest themselves differentially, mainly depending on the type of the state of the organism in the norm and the type of disorder of the norm.
- a commensurate influence, including trigger transmission and reversibility, is the main a distinctive feature of modulators from other base classes of drugs (stimulants, suppressants, divergents).
- Divergent activity is a change in basic activity with a pronounced discrepancy in stimulation and suppression depending on the dose. Signs of divergence, unlike the divergence in mathematics and the definition of C. Darwin, diverge not only from one point or from one type.
- Classes of modulators (commensurate influence) and divergences make it possible to more objectively evaluate the effectiveness of drugs, their mechanisms of action and place in systematization, to determine new approaches to the treatment, correction and prevention of various disorders and diseases with the most rational dosing and prediction of the influence of a particular remedy.
- exfoliative, other related and mediated components of the action of modulators and divergents, such as stimulants and suppressants, are not decisive in their classification.
- nootropic activity of known drugs is not a baseline, but an action component and very dose-dependent, exfoliating in most drugs with basic activity or against the background of basic activity, disappearing with increasing doses [23; 24].
- phenibut, pantogam and others - classical divergents stimulateants in low doses and tranquilizers or even a sleeping pill - in higher ones.
- Their secondary features are stratified.
- the secondary signs soften to a certain extent the extensive and repressive activity of the drugs of the new generation, especially if they are polyativny and palliative, which depends on the mechanisms of action of a particular agent in certain doses. Considering that secondary signs depend on the basic activity and mechanisms of action of the drug, they can also be characterized differently and this, in turn, determines their place in the systematization of the anatomical and therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification of drugs.
- ATC anatomical and therapeutic chemical
- Modulating (stimulating) synergism and mediated potentiation have Cerebrolysin, Semax, Nooglutyl, Piracetam, Phenotropil, etc.
- Neuromodulators with a modulating effect, synthesized in the body, are defined [29]. Modulating influence is characterized by anything, including a discrete transmission (when one was turned on, and the other was turned off) [37] and the damaging effects of risk factors (N.V. Ivanova, 2009).
- the definition of the modulating effect does not correspond to the essence of modulation as such, in principle, and its obligatory criteria (features) do not meet the requirements of true modulation and modulatory activity.
- Modeling and modulating effects are present in identifying and evaluating any leading drug activity (be it stimulants, suppressants, modulators, divergents), any associated effects, and any adverse reactions.
- Regulatory (regulatory) influence lies in the very philosophy of the concept of the drug.
- An organism, a functional system, and any single cell are a collection of sets as a whole and none of their sets are isolated from others either in a specific module (for example, in a certain area of the brain) or from / from a specific module to other modules or in the whole organism. .
- Modulation with commensurate influence versus suppression, stimulation and divergence is universal, but its universality may be limited by the evolutionary specificity of cells and tissues of the body and then it cannot have a unimodulatory (from Latin universalis - universal) status . promovere - promote and ut - like) type of action. In such cases, modulatory activity cannot be characterized without a prefix or prefix indicating the level and the level of the functional, pathogenetic, organotropic, etc. type of proportional influence. It has its own ranges and limits of influence in the framework of ontogenesis and homeostasis, in the framework of the phenotype and age-related features in normal conditions and in disorders of the norm. Therefore, formative (from the Latin. Formans, formantis - forming) and fermental (from the Italian. Fermata - indefinite pause or action duration) types of plasticity, scenario development of the organization, disorganization, degradation of the functional state are not equivalent and not constant.
- the fermental type of organization is normally aimed at achieving a formative one in the fertile period.
- the fermental type of organization has an out direction.
- the rhythm of stimulation and suppression, their reciprocal asymmetrical relations and confrontation are never in equilibrium and absolute rest states at any of the levels or between levels. Consequently, the principle of true (commensurate) modulation is associated not only with how many mechanisms of action are involved in a particular state, but also what is the balance result of these relationships in a certain range of rhythm in a certain state or during a transition to a different state.
- Homeostasis as the constancy of the environment, is constant only in that it is constantly contradictory and constantly mobile.
- distress * - G Selye's term, but in the present (ds) it is understood, in contrast to the treatment of G. Selye, as acute and subchronic negative stress; immunomodulators * - substances or complexes of substances of natural and synthetic origin, which have a proportional effect on the level and level of the immune system;
- hormonal modulators * - substances or complexes of substances of natural and synthetic origin, which have a proportional effect on the level and on the level of the hormonal system;
- negative stress * - a condition in which the training-stress factorial set of body systems and factors is disturbed with the onset of acute, subchronic or chronic disorders
- modulators * - from the Latin. modulatio - dimensionality, dimension
- New terms or known with the introduced new or significant change in the values are marked with an asterisk.
- neuromodulators * substances or complexes of substances of natural and synthetic origin that have a proportionate effect on the level and on the level of the nervous system; Cs-modulators - level and the level of the central nervous system and As-modulators level and the level of the autonomous or peripheral nervous system;
- parapharmaceuticals - from gr. para - near, when, outside, staying nearby
- promoters * - from the Latin. Promovere - promote and ut - as) substances or complexes of substances of natural and synthetic origin, which have a proportionate complex effect at different levels directly and / or indirectly;
- psycho-perandum modulators * - the same as the operand modulators, but at the level of the level of higher nervous activity;
- SBAD * - special dietary supplements containing a drug not more than a single dose or diluting its therapeutic doses for a specific one-time, course or subcourse weight or volume of parapharmaceutical agent; are not an additive to food, but can be included in a food additive to improve its biological properties and characteristics and then the BAA goes into the category of BAD, even though it is associated with a food additive;
- slender * activity - (from the English. slender - slender), pharmacological correction of body weight without pronounced anorexigenic effect; accompanying impurities for synthetic products; a set of individual accompanying impurities (related substances of the active compound are synthesis products and precursors) and residual amounts of organic solvents a proportional * effect - a specific activity indicating the nature of the action; a synonym for true modulation (modulator, modulatory activity), differing essentially from the modulating influence; dependence of influence on the state;
- stress * - is commonly used as a negative effect on the body, which does not reflect an objective understanding of stress and in this case is a general characteristic, including both positive and negative state of the body, except for the exhaustion phase.
- the depletion phase cannot be considered in the stress triad, since it is no longer a stress, but a consequence of the disorganization phase of negative stress;
- training stress * (Ts) - a normal biorhythmic functional state of the body in tension and rest, depending on the type of norm, ensuring its vital activity; the ability to adapt and adaptive regulation with the transition to a different, more objective level of functional and pathogenetic temporary or permanent organization;
- training-stress factor * activity (Tsf-activity) the activity of substances when the severity and direction of their effects are different at the initially high and initially low levels of the body state under conditions of an objective norm or with a transfer to a more objectively efficient plastic level of organization;
- cytomodulators * - substances or complexes of substances of natural and synthetic origin that have a proportional effect on membrane and / or intracellular levels, including anti-apoptotic activity through direct and / or indirect effects;
- exfoliative * activity - (from the Latin. exfoliatio - stratification) pharmacological effects, stratifying against the background of the leading activity depending on the dose;
- Uni-Odulators * - (from the Latin. Universalis - universal), substances or complexes of substances of natural and synthetic origin, having a proportionate effect, not limited to tissue and organ specificity.
- the purpose of the present invention is to develop a product having modulatory activity with a proportionate effect.
- the goal is achieved by obtaining a chemically pure stable composition of the racemic compound (1 8) -2- (2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide with stable characteristics identified for the first time and significantly improved known.
- Fonturacetam (fonturacetamum, fonturacetam, fonturacetam) or rac-2 - [(4R) -2-oxo-4-phenylpirrolidin-1-u1] acetamide from the sources of information [40] and [41] is that it is nootropic an agent, that is, a psychostimulant with a nootropic action component (N06B and N06BX) and contains not two, but one biologically active substance. In such cases, it is necessary to specify the composition of the drug in 1/2 parts of the racemate.
- this compound (a derivative of diapirrolidine - diapyrrolidone, specifically - fepyron)
- Levetiracetam is able to metabolize in the labyrinth of the middle ear, as its active substance, as is well known, is not itself, but its secondary metabolite, which has anticonvulsant activity, which is diametrically opposite to stimulation.
- modulation is traditionally understood in this case as stimulation (modulating effect) of locomotor activity (Table 2 and paragraph 4 of the formula). None else is indicated and nothing else follows from the presented research examples. No significant impact - true modulation has been identified. The present divergence and exfoliation effect (relative to the overwhelming one) indicate the absence of modulatory activity with a commensurate influence.
- the invention has not received medical and industrial use to date.
- a significant drawback of the composition RU 2183117 C1 - (“ASLG Research Laboratories” priority from 03.11.2000) is that in order to achieve the desired effect, the agent needs to normalize blood pressure and treat hypertension (in 58% of cases as a maximum) K-carbamoylmethyl-4-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone in excessively high doses (750 mg in three daily doses, “but it is preferable to take it once”).
- Recommended effective course doses are 1000 mg 1–4 times a day, which exceeds the known LD50 several times in animals.
- the security index is not provided, but not otherwise specified.
- compositions of the Patent RU N ° 2240783 C1 (priority from July 17, 2003), which has nootropic activity and the method of its production, are 0.5% of non-characteristic (unrelated) accompanying individual impurity, which the full sense of the extraneous (2-pyrrolidone) and, accordingly, the total content of accompanying impurities as a maximum increases in times that are not identified.
- a significant disadvantage of the composition of the Patent RU N ° 2327458 C1 (priority of February 19, 2007) is that the composition is unstable in the claimed composition during storage (stability table), the content of impurities increases, which is unpredictable in efficiency, any new properties not found.
- the application is extremely limited in the method of administration, unacceptable for pediatrics due to the presence of ethyl alcohol. Product toxicity increases.
- a significant drawback of the pharmaceutical composition of RU 2414898 C1 (priority from 09/18/2009), which has nootropic activity, is that with a decrease in the number of active racemate during storage of the composition, psychostimulating activity increases as compared with the solution of the substance, and, consequently, the number of impurities with stimulating activity competing for binding sites. There is no reason to exclude the stimulating synergism of the main active composition and impurities.
- a significant drawback of the pharmaceutical composition in the form of microencapsulated polycomponent particles from-carbamoyl-methyl-4-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone (Patent RU 2391976 with priority from 18. 10. 2007 (Pharmaceutical composition in the form of microencapsulated polycomponent particles from -carbamoyl-methyl-4 -phenyl-2-pyrrolidone and an auxiliary neutral organic low molecular weight component and the way it is microencapsulated) is that the mass of the substance is increased due to the presence of an additional component.
- the composition is unstable, biol Ogic properties are deteriorating, industrial use is not advisable.
- Phenotropil According to the materials of the work of Yu.Yu. Phirstova [33], dedicated to actually gerontology, judging by the body weight of animals (mice 30–35 g), one can say that phenotropil has no effect on the life expectancy of old animals and that it has no mnemotropic activity, and nootropic activity is characterized by stimulation. It was shown that Phenotropil does not affect the expression of growth factor and differentiation - BDNF in the cerebral cortex, and in the low effective group of animals a negative direction of influence can be seen by this indicator. By “modulation” (title of work), the author understands the modulating influence (description of work and conclusions), that is, stimulation of the studied indicators of the mechanisms of action. Phenotropil is low and highly effective.
- mice have the same type (stimulating effect on NMDA receptors with varying degrees of severity).
- the aging processes relate to global changes in the body, which provoke the growth of neurohumoral disorders in the out-direction with the accumulation of atypical dominant forms and it is impossible to solve them with the help of functional means.
- the disadvantage of the method of obtaining are: unstable yield of the compound in the technical raw material during the synthesis, amounting to 50 - 70%, the composition and quantitative content of impurities are not installed and not identified; no other unknown properties and characteristics were revealed. It is impossible to obtain a chemically pure and stable composition by synthesis and azeotropic distillation of water. The above defects are not identified and not eliminated.
- Synthesis of target technical raw materials was carried out using the developed one-pot thermodynamic equimolar disproportionation method from 4 (1 8) -phenylpyrrolidin-2-one (fepirone obtained by cyclization of the linear precursor) in an alkaline medium followed by the acetamide derivative without the use of catalysts, DMSO or metallic sodium.
- the yield of the compound in the composition of the raw material is at least 75%.
- compositions with a content of not less than 99.0% of the active compound in terms of dry matter are stable for at least five years (the weight loss during drying did not reach the level of 0.5% during long-term storage under natural conditions), and with a content of less than 99.0% - at least three years.
- the stable product itself does not decompose during storage and does not react.
- the TMT method is the most accurate (standard error is not more than 5%) compared to any chromatographic method, including thin layer chromatography, HPLC and W / HPLC (standard error reaches 20%). Individual impurities and their quantitative content was determined by the method of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) or W / HPLC (super high performance liquid chromatography). Comparison of the results of TMT and HPLC provides objective information regarding the quantitative content of the active compound, the accompanying individual impurities and their ratio.
- NM? and mass spectral analysis found that traces of individual impurities are present in the target product, but their quantitative content was able to lead to no longer able to affect the properties and characteristics of the target compound.
- the mass spectrum of positive ions is presented (Fig. 1) by the example of one of the samples. Individual impurities are identified, their quantitative content in one of the samples is presented in table. 1.1. The list of individual impurities depends on the method of synthesis. The IR spectra of the racemic mixture and the racemic compound have characteristic differences.
- the melting point range of each individual dried sample was always less than 1 ° C (0.2 - 0.9 ° C) with capillary and derivatographic determination methods. Statistical reliability of indicators is high (more than 120 measurements of various samples).
- Composition 1 is a composition of Composition 1:
- Composition 2 (1 8) -2- (2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide Not less than 99.0% and not more than 100.5% in terms of dry matter
- X-ray diffraction analysis of crystalline powder of all Compositions confirmed the nature of the active compound as a racemic compound, which is schematically in the expanded state presented in Figure 2.
- the racemic compound of each pair of complexon choral molecules has the form of twisted ribbons oriented along the large diagonal of the central axis of the unit cell .
- the leading intermolecular bonds between the atoms H - O (10) and H - O (10 ') are characterized as average in strength.
- the presented research results show that innovative chemical compounds have been obtained with stable melting point parameters and the integrity of all established physicochemical and structural indicators at long storage, excluding the negative and masking effect of accompanying impurities, as well as the distortion of the crystal structure of the composition.
- the chemical composition of the compound containing 50:50 in the racemic compound 2-oxo-4 (1) -phenyl-1-pyrrolidinylacetamide and 2-oxo-4 (8) -phenyl-1-pyrrolidinylacetamide is stable - anyone substantially mask or adversely affect the characteristics of (1 8) -2- (2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide.
- the crystalline powder of Phenotropil substances is not volatile, it has a white, less often white color with a slightly yellowish or slightly creamy shade, a bitter taste (the bitter taste after resorption in the mouth quickly disappears, leaving no discomfort). In production, the bitter taste is preserved.
- the compositions are slightly soluble in water and saline, moderately soluble in 96.0% alcohol and chloroform. They dissolve well in water and physiological solution when heated, but the solutions are unstable when cooled and stored under normal conditions (no more than 2 hours, which is acceptable for extremonal preparations and research), moderately soluble in 5.0% glucose solution, well dissolved in the presence of solubilizers and emulsifiers.
- Tween 80 and cyclodextrins increase the solubility in water, especially Tvi o, and cyclodextrins have concentration limitations.
- Sterile 0.001 - 3% Fenotropil solutions in the presence of cyclodextrin or Tween water for injection, Fenotropil, cyclodextrin (or Tween solution) are thoroughly mixed for 30 minutes, filtered, poured into neutral glass ampoules, sealed ampoules and sterilized for 15 minutes at a temperature of 120 ° C). Sterile solutions stable when stored for at least 12 months. The final shelf life is not defined, the samples are in storage.
- the lipophilic properties of a compound are expressed to a much greater degree than hydrophilic, which must be taken into account when developing regulations for various formulations of preparative forms. It has been established that in the presence of auxiliary substances the composition in a therapeutically necessary concentration is not subject to a quantitative change in the active compound during storage, in contrast to the use of acids and alcohols for these purposes. The stability of the solutions is sufficient. Preparation of other dosage forms is technologically simple and does not require the use of complex formulations of excipients and carriers.
- the method of obtaining acceptable pharmaceutical and parapharmaceutical compositions based on or with the inclusion of (RS) -2- (2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide of various formulations for internal and external use is characterized in that after sifting the powder of a substance through a sieve, it is additionally dried (if it is characterized as Composition 2 and 4) until a constant weight is obtained that corresponds to at least Composition 1.
- a feature of the substance is solubility, the advantage of lipophilic properties, the desire for complementarity, the ability of molecules to conformation. Achieving good solubility in water and saline when heated does not require high temperatures. Based on our experience, usually in terms of the mass of powder, it is enough to take an additional no more than 1.01%. For this product, production losses are minimal. In the manufacture of any hard, soft forms and plasters, as well as plates, they do not exceed 0.2% (the main losses are when unloading the substance from the packaging container), and in the manufacture of liquid forms and aerosols - no more than 1.0%.
- compositions for internal use are characterized by 100% mass, mass-volume, volume in the following ratio of components: (1 8) -2- (2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin- 1 -yl) acetamide 0.01 - 75 The rest is single or in the amount of 99.99 - 25.
- compositions for external use are characterized by 100% mass, mass-volume, volume in the following ratio of components:
- composition 1 (K8) -2- (2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide 0.001 - 90
- the rest is single or in the amount of 99.999 - 10.
- the "rest” may be included as adjuvants and carriers or targeted additives allowed for use , and the additional, allowed for use biologically active components.
- the pharmaceutical Composition 1 is suitable for the manufacture of compositions not only industrially, but also in pharmaceutical conditions.
- Molecules of racemic compounds have a sufficiently high degree of complementarity in the transition from a gas or liquid medium to a crystalline state.
- the saturation of compounds with molecules of other substances and disproportionation can lead to the distortion of chelating agents.
- Other substances present in the compositions are able to compete and pervert the molecules in the compositions, as well as compete for binding sites in the body.
- the desire of molecules to complementarity is the cause of the desire of optically pure isomeric compounds to racemization, which begins quite rapidly. These properties must be considered when obtaining optically pure isomers.
- the ratio in the sampling of subpopulations (highly effective — WEF and low effective — NEF) in animal populations was 2: 1, respectively, with a permissible test error of no more than ⁇ 10.0%.
- Preparation of dosage composite forms was carried out taking into account the identified physicochemical properties of the test compound and its pharmaceutical compositions. Examples 2:
- Tables 2, 2.1 and 2.2 present the results of a study of the acute toxicity of the Compounds with the content of the active compound in at least outbred white mice of males (18–24 g) and outbred white rats of 30–35 days old of both sexes after a single injection.
- the calculation of toxic doses was carried out according to the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon. Observations were carried out within 24 hours and 14 days after a single injection.
- mice of LD 50 When administered intraperitoneally (Table 2), adult mice of LD 50 were : in Compounds 2 and 1 - 1001 (959.1 - 1042.9) mg / kg and 1042 (982.9 - 1102.0), respectively, in Composition 3 - 1050 (984.6 - 1115.3), in Composition 4 - 904 (857.3 - 950.4 mg / kg).
- LD50 1029.5 mg / kg (940 - 1119.0).
- LD 50 in rats with intragastric administration was not detected. The introduction of intragastric doses of more than 1000 mg / kg to rat pups is technically impossible due to the small volume of the stomach (Table 2.2).
- compositions 2 and 4 are technologically easy (sifting and drying) are brought to the state of Composition 1, they are acceptable for the production of dosage forms with the inclusion of the stage of appropriate preparation and bringing to the required characteristics on the quantitative content of the active compound and accompanying impurities.
- the stability of Compositions 2 and 4 is sufficient for their transportation and storage, as well as for obtaining from them an easy preparation of Composition 1.
- Stable chemical compositions from - at least to - at most are not subject to destructive changes and disproportionation under established periods and storage conditions. Individual impurities are able to compete for binding sites in the body. They easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. A significant role is played by the proportioning of individual impurities and residual amounts of organic solvents, the mode of crystallization and stabilization.
- Composition 1 is closest in its properties and characteristics to Composition 3, the industrial achievement of the obtained technical result is not difficult, therefore further biological studies are mainly carried out with Compositions 1 and 3.
- Kt (Table 3.1) in the NEF group is almost two times higher than in the VEF group, as well as 50% higher than in the normal control of the population.
- Norma kt for different The effects studied have individual numerical expressions for arithmetic or integral calculation.
- Inhibitory activity of the compound was detected during calibration of biologically sensitive doses of the drug in Composition 1 Fenotropila when administered intraperitoneally to male rats (weighing 210-230 g) Augustus lines (genetically low resistant to negative stress - Ns) and Wistar (genetically highly resistant to Ns) in the dose range 0.5 - 750.0 mg / kg.
- the doses that have a significant effect on the level of cortisol in the blood plasma of rats were determined and the average value for them was calculated.
- Control animals were injected with distilled water. Blood sampling after decapitation for biochemical studies of plasma cortisol was made after 60 min (for every 5 rats in groups) and after 3 hours (for every 5 rats in groups) after drug administration.
- Modulation factor (km) is the numerator of the difference of indicators in the study group after the drug was applied and before use divided by the denominator - the square root of the sum of the squares of the difference of the numerator and the difference of values in the control group after application and before placebo, with the influence of substances on the balance value of relationships and interdependencies of these indicators. The higher the level of modulatory activity, the more km approaching the norm and, to a greater degree, tends to unity or is equal to unity (1.0).
- the compound has a modulatory activity with a proportional effect in all studied doses on all studied models. This indicates that the specific modulatory activity is leading to this compound and depends not so much on the dose, but on the initial state. This opens up completely new perspectives for Phenotropil and shows that it is a true modulator. Psychomodulatory and incremodulatory activity is combined with training-stress-factor activity, which also appears proportionally depending on the initial state of the organism. Consequently, it can be assumed that the adaptogenic activity of Fenotropil has distinctive features both from stimulating and only suppressive drugs under stress-negative conditions, which opens up new opportunities for adaptive regulation using innovative pharmacological agents.
- Fenotropil 100, 200 and 300 mg / kg reduced the intensity of verticalization in points (Table 4) caused apomorphine (2 mg / kg sc) by 45%, 2.0 and 2.6 times, respectively.
- Olanzapine was significantly inferior in activity to Fenotropil in the apomorphine verticalization test.
- a decrease in the intensity of verticalization was observed only by 26% at a dose of 1 mg / kg and by 66.5% at a dose of 10 mg / kg.
- Phenotropil on the serotonergic system requires more detailed testing and research on lower doses, since there is no reason to exclude their antipsychotic activity for this test. Preventive or proactive use of lower doses may also be appropriate for dopaminergic pathology.
- Phenotropil was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 50, 100, and 300 mg / kg 15 minutes after haloperidol 0.5 mg / kg.
- the introduction of haloperidol caused increasing time catalepsy.
- Fenotropil in doses of 50 and 100 mg / kg completely prevented the development of catalepsy compared with the control 60 minutes after administration and at a dose of 100 mg / kg catalepsy was not observed.
- catalepsy time after 180 minutes was observed only 4.8 seconds compared with the control (63.4 seconds).
- haloperidol catalepsy At a dose of 300 mg / kg 60 minutes after administration, it increased the severity of haloperidol catalepsy compared with the control group, but then it markedly decreased by 2.6 times, and after 180 minutes, its severity compared to control decreased threefold. Phenotropil strongly counteracts haloperidol catalepsy, which indicates its anti-Parkinsonian activity.
- Phenotropil increased the horizontal locomotor activity for the investigated period of time at a dose of 100 mg / kg - by 1 12.2%, at a dose of 200 mg / kg - by 151.8% and at a dose of 300 mg / kg - by 99.5%. This indicates the ability of the drug to reverse, unlike Olanzapine.
- Fenotropil increased the total indicator of research behavior by 50% at a dose of 100 mg / kg, at a dose of 200 mg / kg, this indicator decreased by 32% and at a dose of 300 mg / kg the total indicator of the examined holes increased by 27%.
- Olanzapine did not affect the number of examinations compared with the control.
- Olanzapine had a negative effect, increasing their number by 150% in 1 and 2 minutes, and in total index by 200%.
- Phenotropil in a dose of 100 mg / kg reduced the total figure by 25% compared with the control group. With the introduction of fenotropil a dose of 200 mg / kg of washing was not observed. At a dose of 300 mg / kg on the background of phenotropil, washing was recorded only for 1 minute.
- the pronounced neuroleptic activity of Fenotropil with various symptoms is combined with components of psychostimulating and anxiolytic action with an increase in approximately exploratory behavior in all studied doses in all components without a sedative effect with manifestation of antiparkinsonian activity and this essentially distinguishes the compound from both typical and atypical neuroleptics, as well as from stimulating and suppressive drugs.
- Psychomodulatory and neuromodulatory activity of the composition prevents the development of side effects and aversivity.
- compositions 1 and 3 In the first 30 - 40 minutes against the background of Phenotropil (Compositions 1 and 3), the indicators of the components increased alternately, on average, 35 - 15% depending on the dose, and then their level did not exceed 15% - 10% compared to the initial background data.
- the results obtained can be described in relation to Fenotropil as bipolar asymmetric, consolidated conjugation.
- the effect of Compound 2 is less pronounced than in Compositions 1 and 3, but the nature of the effect is commensurate.
- Compositions 1 and 3 did not have differences.
- the effects of Compound 4 did not have significant differences from the control with saline, being initially within 15 - 10% above the background.
- Phenotropil in comparison with Piracetam in the studied doses is more organic, it corresponds to psycho-modulatory activity, which is most promising from therapeutic and prophylactic points of view, as well as in the correction of cognitive and other disorders.
- the TSTC characterizes not only cognitive processes, but also any inter-hemispheric relationships.
- Fenotropil unlike Piracetam and other psychostimulants, does not level or erase the nature of brain asymmetry, but enhances and conjugately consolidates these relationships, predetermined by nature, including the value of hemispheric asymmetry.
- Phenotropil was administered intravenously at a dose of 50 mg / kg with distilled water, the initial state of each animal was administered as a control. Cerebral blood flow was recorded in the common carotid artery (OMC) using an electromagnetic meter. About the nervous regulation of cerebral circulation was judged by vasomotor pressor reflex (CDF). The results of the experiment showed (table 6.1) that the drug causes a moderate increase in cerebral blood flow in anesthetized animals.
- the cerebrovascular effect is accompanied by vascular hypotension with a manifestation of inhibition of the vasomotor reflex.
- the two-phase SAD is also consistent with the picture of the effect on the TSCP under conditions without pathology with stabilization of the normotonic state.
- Phenotropil is not literally an antihypertensive or hypertensive agent, but its modulatory activity is manifested in the desire for normotony through a regulatory effect on the vasomotor reflex. This effect requires special study in the clinic. The results of the study suggest that the influence of Phenotropil is not only central, but also counterclaiming from local influence, that is, from the place of its presence. Such effects of the drug can be especially useful in unstable conditions, as well as in vegetovascular dystonia.
- Stroke condition was modeled in male rats (270 - 320 g) with local hemorrhage in the brain - the creation of hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral post-traumatic hematoma) according to the method of A.N. Makarenko and co-authors (1990) and during cerebral ischemia with a distal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (Chen S. T., Hsu CY, Hogan E., Maricq H., Balentine JD. Model of focal ischemic stroke in the rat reproducible extensive cortical infarction // Stroke. - 1989, V. 17, N ° 4, p. 738-743) - ischemic stroke.
- Phenotropil was administered intraperitoneally with a hemorrhagic stroke at a dose of 100 mg / kg immediately after surgery, and with ischemic stroke one hour before surgery and two hours after surgery (at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg / kg).
- the control animals served adequately distilled water.
- Phenotropil exhibited pronounced activity in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in rats (Tables 6.2 and 6.3). Influencing the outcome of a stroke, he warned the development of a fatal outcome (observed 14 days) in 100% of cases, providing a therapeutic, prophylactic effect, accelerating the recovery process of neurological deficit in animals compared with control groups of stroke animals and falsely operated. It prevents the development of degradation in the lesions of the brain, and therefore the whole, restoring and preserving the plasticity and functionality. This once again underlines the selectivity of the effect of the compound depending on the initial state. Therefore, Fenotropil may be useful not only in cerebrovascular, but also in other cerebral pathologies and disorders.
- Phenotropl has a pronounced nootropic and mnemotropic activity.
- the results of the study of antiamnesic activity (classical method in the installation Lafayette Instrument Co, USA) with retrograde amnesia of the conditioned passive avoidance reflex (passive avoidance reaction) caused by maximum electroshock (ESS) and scopolamine in male rats (180-250 g) are shown in Table 7.
- Nootropic activity of the compound is manifested in both low and higher studied doses (25-100 mg / kg), reliably eliminating amnesia after a single injection.
- the nootropic component of the modulatory drug action may not only be more pronounced, but also wider in manifestation depending on the type of disorder or in unfamiliar environment.
- Phenotropil 100 mg / kg
- Phenotropil 100 mg / kg
- single and subchronic administration 7 days
- receptor binding to dopamine receptors Dl, D2, D3 in the striatum
- serotonin 5- ⁇ 2 - frontal cortex
- glutamate NMDA in the hippocampus
- GABA A with benzodiazepine BDZ - bark
- acetylcholine nACh - bark
- Phenotropl has a conjugate effect on all studied parameters. The intensity of its trigger effect and the direction of influence are different in different experimental models. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the proportionality of the action of Phenotropil, depending on the initial state of the organism and in the course of therapy on the molecular mechanisms. Probably its molecular mechanisms of action are much wider and more diverse and even diametrically opposed in depending on the type and extent of a particular neurological or mental disorder.
- Phenotropil in doses of 50 and 100 mg / kg increased the indicators of the approximate research behavior by 89.0% in the vertical component and 240.0% in the horizontal component compared to the control group of animals (Table 8) in studies in treadmill in mice with automatically measuring the vertical and horizontal components of physical activity per unit of time and enhances the psychostimulating activity of Phenamin in these doses (3 mg / kg), and at a dose of 300 mg / kg it reliably counteracts a single administration of the effects of Phenamine, reducing the severity of the psychoactive effect of the latter by 14.8% on the vertical component of the approximately exploratory behavior and 42.9% horizontal, normalizing the approximately exploratory behavior of the mice.
- Fenotropil exhibits, depending on the dose, diametrically opposite activity when combined with psychostimulants. This fact must be taken into account in the complex application of various pharmacological agents.
- Fenotropil is almost three times higher than Phenamine (2.5 mg / kg).
- Phenamine 2.5 mg / kg.
- Fenotropil increases the swimming time of mice by 70.7% and by 85% at doses of 25 and 50 mg / kg, respectively, compared with the control group, and the severity of the Phenamin effect was only 30% by comparison with control.
- the Phenamine effect does not change and leaves 34%.
- Phenotropil 300 mg / kg was studied using the conflict method and the collision of two reflexes (Vogel, 1971; Sanger et al., 1991; File, 1995; Molodavkin, Voronina, 1995), associated in this case with the desire to satisfy the motivation ( drinking) and the application of punishment (electric shock, received every time you try to satisfy the motivation).
- the animal experiences severe negative stress. Tranquilizers reduce the level of anxiety and emotional tension.
- Fenotropil in the studied dose relative to the control, reduces the level of anxiety and psycho-emotional stress in a conflict situation by 291.0%, increasing the time between the first and the second taking water and reducing the number of takes in three minutes of observation by 74.4% (Table 8.2).
- Phenotropil Anticonvulsant activity of Phenotropil in a single application on all models studied is manifested by a pronounced positive effect on the prevention of a lethal outcome in the studied doses of 100, 300, 400, 600 mg / kg In the biculine type of seizures, the mortality in control was 70.0%. Phenotropil (100, 300, 600 mg / kg) is effective in 100% of cases. Against the background of corazol, the lethality in the control was 60.0%, and the positive effect of Phenotropil against the control was in mortality versus dose 45 - 35 - 0%, respectively.
- the fatal outcome on the background of thiosemicarbazide was 90.0% in the control, against the background of Fenotropil (100, 300, 600 mg / kg), respectively, 60 - 0 - 0%.
- the mortality of mice was 50%, and the use of Fenotropil at a dose of 300 mg / kg completely prevented death.
- the lethality in the control group was 100.0%, and in the groups with Fenotropil ohm (100, 300, 400 mg / kg), respectively: 20 - 0 - 0%.
- the anticonvulsant activity also increased significantly, including at a dose of 100.0 mg / kg, which indicates the possibility of using lower doses to prevent convulsive episodes and to correct convulsive readiness for manifestations of epilepsy.
- the anticonvulsant effect of Phenotropil prevents the development of convulsions and affects the outcome of convulsive states, preventing mortality in all applied models of convulsions in animals.
- the mechanisms of action of anticonvulsant activity of Phenotropil are proportional, diverse and depend on the initial state.
- Phenotropil in the studied doses has a pronounced antihypoxic activity, significantly increasing the lifespan of mice in the pressure chamber (Table 8.4).
- the effect increased with increasing dose of the drug, increasing the life expectancy compared with the control group by 65.0, 147.8 and 591.0%, respectively.
- Pepirone (25-50 mg / kg) - the precursor of Fenotropil did not affect the survival of animals, and at a dose of 100 mg / kg increased life expectancy by 47.8%.
- Piracetam at a dose of 600 mg / kg reduced life expectancy compared with the control group of animals by 35.0% and only against doses of 900-2000 mg / kg, life expectancy increased by 78.0%, which is significantly inferior to the effects of Fenotropil and in effective doses and therapeutic severity.
- hypoxia is the cause of the development of various pathological conditions in postnatal and early childhood, contributes to the developmental delay, in the process of conducting research it was found that postnatal rats (7 days old) of both sexes are more resistant to the effects of convulsive agents and hypoxia than mature animals.
- the results of the study are presented in tables 9 (hypobaric hypoxia) and 9.1 (hypobarium with hypercapnia). The drugs were administered 30 minutes before exposure.
- the rat pups given Fenotropil in doses of 50 and 100 mg / kg remain mobile throughout the entire exposure.
- rats treated with phenotropil at a dose of 300 mg / kg (Table 9.1), the tremor was observed only at an altitude of 1,1 thousand m, and at an altitude of 12 thousand m. The tremor disappeared.
- periodic tremor was observed in control rats (8 - 9 episodes), whereas in animals treated with Fenotropil, tremor was observed only once (only during elevation).
- the rat pups given Fenotropil were significantly more active than the control animals in all cases.
- Studies and characteristics of animals of postnatal age indicate that in the case of a mild antihypoxic effect on a particular drug in adults, their effects in pediatric practice may not manifest at all. Phenotropil has antihypoxic activity in postnatal animals.
- Phenotropil The antidepressant effect of Phenotropil was studied in sexually mature rats (185– 218 g) and in rats 28–35 days old (85 –PRO g).
- the drugs were administered intraperitoneally in the first case and intragastrally in the second 40 minutes before the experiments.
- Methods of behavioral despair of forced swimming Porsolt et al., 1978
- forced swimming with freely rotating wheels Nomura et al., 1982
- Phenotropl has a statistically significant and pronounced anti-depressive effect in both doses studied (100 and 200 mg / kg), as indicated by a significant reduction in the duration of immobilization under its influence by -79.8% and -72.2% compared with the control (Table and 10.1). In the study of Porsolt depression, no significant differences were found between the effective doses (Table 10.), and according to the Nomura method, this difference is statistically significant. At a dose of 100 mg / kg, the effectiveness of Phenotropil was compared with the control +59.0%. And at a dose of 200 mg / kg - +30.0% by compared with the control group (table 10.1).
- Phenotropil animals Under the influence of Phenotropil animals do not give up the fight and continue to try to get out of the aversive situation. They are significantly less behavioral despair. According to the method of Nomura, the effect of Phenotropil was also studied in adult and purebred rats (185 - 218 g). Fenotropil in doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg / kg (table 10.2) showed an antidepressant effect, increasing the persistent desire to get out of the water by 15.4%, 67%, 104.2% and 142.4%, respectively. Antidepressant activity in adult animals is more pronounced than in immature and in a dose of 100 mg / kg exceeds twice.
- Phenotropl has not only an antitoxic effect in alcohol poisoning or prevents alcohol poisoning, but also a pronounced therapeutic effect on the treatment of alcohol dependence in rats, showing pronounced anti-trevivuyu activity, characterized by voluntary refusal of animals with voluntary choice.
- the effects of Phenotropil both as an antitoxic agent and as a means of abstinence therapy and alcohol dependence manifest themselves, starting with a single use and are intensified with course application.
- Fenotropil due to modulatory properties may be useful not only for alcohol addiction, but also for the treatment of other drug addictions, as well as various forms of substance abuse taking into account the modulatory effect on the neurotransmitter systems described in the examples above.
- Phenotropil To identify and evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of Phenotropil, a standard technique was used — carrageenan paw edema in rats (Winter C. et al, 1962). Phenotropil 100 mg / kg was administered intragastric 60 minutes before carragenin. Control animals were injected with distilled water. Additionally, external application was investigated by the method of formalin edema (subplantar administration of 0.1 ml of 2% formalin solution). Phenotropil for external use was prepared (1: 1) on a standard ointment-based carrier at the rate of 100 mg / kg body weight of each animal (150 - 220 g).
- the prepared preparation was rubbed into the paw and put on a plaster with gauze for 2 hours and 1 hour before the induction of inflammation.
- Fenotropil reduced inflammation by 52.3% compared to control, and in the second, by 64.5% (table 12).
- a significant difference was not found in the second case between the use of the drug for 2 hours and 1 hour before the induction of the inflammatory agent.
- the revealed anti-inflammatory activity of Phenotropil was even more pronounced when applied externally. It has been established that Fenotropil has anti-inflammatory activity both when introduced into the body and when applied externally.
- a suspension of mycobacteria in appropriate concentrations of Fenotropil solution was seeded on Levenshtein-Jensen medium and on Shkolnikova medium (4 tubes per point). After 2 weeks, the presence of growth in Shkolnikova’s environment was visually determined and smears prepared from the precipitate. Smears were fixed and stained according to Ziehl-Nielsen. In smears, the number of mycobacteria was counted, and on the basis of the results obtained, the concentration of the preparation was determined at which their growth was suppressed. The number of colonies of the office and their morphological features were evaluated on a Levenshtein-Jensen medium four weeks from the time of sowing. Records of results were also carried out four weeks after seeding.
- Ns genetic resistance to negative stress.
- Control animals were injected with distilled water.
- Acute and systemic Ns - exposure was carried out according to the method of N. ⁇ . Bondarenko (N.A. Bondarenko et al., 1999) with single and triple (once a day) and sevenfold (seven days) disposition of Ns psycho-emotional nature.
- TBA thiobarbituric acid
- MDA malonic dialdehyde
- Phenotropil in a single injection into the body, without modeling the stress-negative reactivity, is itself a Ts-factor, shifting the body's functioning to a higher level, both in high and low resistant animal lines and has a proportionate effect, manifested in an increase in the activation of stress - limiting systems in the Wistar line by 66.0%, and in the August line by 190.0%, which is 2.9 times higher than the Wistar line, having a prooxidant effect, which indicates the proportionality of the influence of Fenotropil in genetically different lines .
- Fenotropil reduces the level of MDA by 6.0% compared to the original control without stress in the Wistar line, while in the August line, on the contrary, its effect is manifested by a pronounced increase in the concentration of MDA in the blood plasma 2.2 times as compared to the initial control and even 17.0% higher than on the background of Phenotropil without Ns exposure.
- the modulatory activity of the drug is manifested not only in Tsf-effects, but also in proportion, with a diametrically opposite sign against the background of negative stress-effects (Ns) in different types of genetic resistance.
- Ns negative stress-effects
- Kt in both lines of animals with respect to B / n was 2.1 and therefore the same amount was intraspecific Kt, which indicates a very curious fact of the influence of Fenotropil within the framework of the species reserve of resistance, which in the acute experimental Ns-state against the background of of the drug increased by 12.5%, which practically corresponds to the Wistar line against the background of Ns, but with the opposite direction (-12.0%). It is impossible to recognize this as an accident due to statistically verified patterns.
- Phenotropil affects the different lines of animals commensurately not only within the framework of a genetically predetermined conditionally phenotypic homeostasis, but also moves apart the framework of species and phenotypic ontogenesis at a specific gene level.
- Phenotropil in low and highly resistant animals in terms of heat shock protein is clearly demonstrated (Tables 13.6 - 13.8) by training-stress factor (Tsf) influence in brain structures with pronounced operand modulatory activity in different lines of animals compared to outbred (B / R) .
- Phenotropil in the dose studied reduces gene expression in Wistar rats by 17.7% and increases expression by 16.9% in August, that is, it has diametrically opposite effects depending on the original genetic condition.
- the use of Phenotropyl increases the expression of genes in terms of HSP32, respectively, by 82% and 99% when administered once.
- the level of TBA-products is high compared with the control ones and was respectively +270% and + 193.7%, and the transmission coefficient is more than three times higher than the control intralinear.
- the distress in these animal lines develops in the hyperfunctional direction, and in the Augustus line, the Ds-state becomes hypofunctional and is compared with its own control group (- 30.5%).
- Phenotropil on metabolism are not of a stimulating or suppressive nature, characteristic of two traditional types of drugs (stimulants and pressors or depressors), whose action is based only on this or just another leading effect, but modulatory, which is expressed by both pro-and antioxidant activity, and Antioxidant activity and the effect on heat shock proteins are also modulatory, depending on the initial state and genetic predisposition. With a pronounced effect depending on the initial state on the pro- and antioxidant systems, as well as on HSP32 heat shock proteins while maintaining electrolyte balance and chronic administration, the uniqueness of the proportionally consolidating influence of Phenotropil is evident from the presented research results.
- Examples 14 A study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the distribution of Phenotropil (100 mg / kg - 1% aqueous solution orally) in white outbred rats of both sexes weighing 220-260 g (Table 14) did not reveal significant changes in the homogenates of organs (method of determination - HGHG) known in phenotropyl, which indicates the ability of related impurities to compete for binding sites in organs and tissues, but does not affect the processes of absorption, distribution and elimination of the active compound.
- the levels of the compound and the distribution in the kidneys and liver at different time intervals is close to the level in the blood plasma, while in the heart and especially in the brain its level is much lower.
- the degree of tropism of the compound in different organs is quantitatively different and is distributed in decreasing order: liver, kidney, heart, brain. Rapid penetration into the brain confirms the good kinetic ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After 0.25 hours, his presence is detected in the brain, heart, liver and kidneys. In the brain, liver and kidneys, the maximum content is reached within an hour and 6 hours after oral administration the compound is not detected. In the heart, the maximum content is detected after 1 hour and 50 minutes and is displayed completely after 8 hours. The maximum content of Fenotropil in the myocardium is found later than in the brain, but is also removed from the myocardium two hours later. In the liver, the maximum content is detected after an hour and then the concentration gradually decreases.
- HSP70 The content of HSP70 in the myocardium in control studies without the influence of negative stress was 0.11 ⁇ 0.007 ng / ⁇ g (Table 14.1).
- Stress negative state in the group of control animals caused an increase in HSP70 by 164% (0.29 ⁇ 0.007 ng / ⁇ g of total protein) compared with the initial control.
- Phenotropil in low and high single doses under normal conditions has pronounced Tsf-activity, and in ds-conditions it provides the body with higher protection at the cellular and organ levels.
- cytoprotective proteins HSP70 and their prevalence in tissues of various organs, it is possible to talk about the role of Phenotropil in the organization of anti-apoptotic mechanisms and the expression of mobilization genes of not only brain cells, but also myocardium, which indicates the possibility of a lack of tissue-specificity in the compound.
- Anti-inflammatory activity of Fenotropil when applied externally and some influence on the growth of mycobacterial colonies indicate an extremely wide range of its possible effects. Phenotropil can be applied, taking into account the results obtained, not only in psychiatry and neurology, but also in cardiology, as well as in other areas, since it is kinetically distributed to different organs and tissues and is able to exert local influence.
- Phenotropil in doses of 100, 50, 25 mg / kg and its isomers in doses of 25 mg / kg with reference drugs (Seduxen - 2 mg / kg, Piracetam-200, 400, 600 mg / kg, Phenibut - 100 and 50 mg / kg , Phenibut isomers - 50 mg / kg, Pepirone - 200, 100 and 50 mg / kg, Phepyron isomers - 200 mg / kg were administered once a day intraperitoneally with saline solutions in the morning. A group of control animals were injected with saline. The second control group all this time was in normal conditions in a separate room and was not a witness to the experiment.
- reference drugs Seduxen - 2 mg / kg, Piracetam-200, 400, 600 mg / kg, Phenibut - 100 and 50 mg / kg , Phenibut isomers - 50 mg / kg, Pepirone - 200, 100 and 50
- thymus (T), spleen (C) and adrenal glands were taken, weighed with determination of their mass per 100 grams of the initial body weight of each animal, and the mass ratio of the spleen to thymus and adrenal glands was calculated, as well as the ratio of the thymus to the adrenal glands in terms of Kt .
- the transmission indicator of the relationship between the immune and hematopoietic systems was obtained, in the second - the immune and hormonal systems, and in the third - the immune-hormonal ratio.
- Table 15 The result of the study are presented in table 15.
- Phenotropil and both its optically active isomers in the studied doses not only prevented the striving towards knock-out of the hormonal and immune links, but also did not allow the hematopoietic, immune and hormonal systems to overvoltage, retaining their plastic consolidation and aiming at restoring the training stress state.
- the effects of the enantiomers of Phenotropil practically did not differ in the doses studied, but they were lower in efficacy than the dose of 50 mg / kg of the racemic composition of Fenotropil, and were also lower than other doses of the racemic compound in relation to the immune - endocrine system.
- Phenotropil and its enantiomers in this ratio also preserved the revealed mathematical balance of hematopoietic, immune and hormonal status indicators, rushing to the indicators of the ratio norm.
- Phenotropil is highly effective in chronic depression of the state of stress-limited systems or changes in their balance due to age-related features with proper selection of appropriate doses of the drug.
- Phenotropyl enantiomers have a pronounced biological adaptogenic activity and probably modulatory type, showing a trigger transmission with commensurate conjugation of functional systems.
- Phenotropil Separately investigated the anti-ulcernogenic effect of Phenotropil by this method (table 15.1).
- the drugs were used in as therapeutic agents after 14 days of exposure.
- the antiulcer activity of Phenotropil in Ds-conditions in the studied doses is compared with the control (5% glucose solution) and depending on the dose (25, 50 and 100 mg / kg): - 45, - 63 and - 80%, respectively.
- Anti-ulcer activity Phenotropil is manifested reparative and regenerative effects on lesions of the stomach in conditions of negative stress, showing a fairly high therapeutic efficacy.
- modulators differ significantly in adaptogenic activity both from anxiolytics and from nootropics itself, as well as from anxiolytics with a nootropic action component.
- Ds anti-stress
- the ratio of the immune and hormonal links also has a positive state only against the background of Fenotropil and its enantiomers. It is likely that to ensure a consolidated balance of conjugation of direct and inverse cross-linking, the presence of only neurotropic activity of any orientation, except for modulatory, is not enough including psycho-modulation. Phenotropil has a pronounced anti-ulcerogenic activity in conditions of distress.
- psychostimulants and depressors or pressors are not capable of providing long-term adaptation, as well as translating urgent to long-term. Their effects can be characterized by a fertile type of action.
- the imbalance of the ratio of all functional systems at the cellular, tissue and organ levels requires the presence of not only neuromodulatory, but also psychomodulatory, incremoduodulatory and immunomodulatory, as well as in all likelihood - operand modulatory activity, since ds and Ds states can not be safely or negatively resolved without participation of gene expression.
- Fenotropil has modulatory activity both at the neurohumoral levels and at the level of higher mental functions, since this model includes elements not only of acute mental situational stress, but also of mental impact — a stress-negative waiting state, where nootropes and a tranquilizer were not effective.
- the promotive modulatory type of Phenotropil activity on the mental, neuronal, immune, hormonal, hematopoietic and, probably, gene levels provides a positive outcome in a chronic pathological condition, not only preventing the development of a negative state, but also preventing exhaustion, consolidating neurohumoral stress-limited systems and higher mental functions in contrast to the actual nootropics and drugs containing nootropic action component.
- Phenotropil in this case is modulatory with a proportional influence, which distinguishes it from drugs only stimulating or only suppressive type of action, including those that are able to show a stimulating effect only in low doses (phenibut, fepirone, seduxen). All drugs, including divergents, except Fenotropil and its enantiomers, have not formative, but fermental nature of the action, and therefore the organization of plasticity of functional systems and their interrelations, which ultimately leads to disorganization and disruption of balance relations.
- Fenotropil is a chemically derived diapirrolidine - diapirrilidone and a related compound of fepirone, and also has in its structure the formal elements of similarity with "racettam” - achiral derivative of pyrolidine - pyrrolidone (Piracetam), their comparative studies were conducted on mature maternal, White mice, males weighing 18 - 24 g (20 mice in each group) according to the method of electrical pain stimulation of the limbs in single and pairwise grouped animals on an electric platform. In test studies, the reaction thresholds (in volts) of each animal were determined, and a day later in pairs grouped, placed on an electrical platform.
- the racemic composition of Phepyron has a significant advantage in the threshold of aggression, which doubles, compared with the control, at a dose of 100 mg / kg and by 48-84%, respectively, at 25 and 50 mg / kg. Thresholds of anxiety and emotional response are virtually unchanged compared with the control. Phenotropil increases the threshold of pain sensitivity (Pv) by 74%, 65% and 57%, respectively, at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg / kg. The threshold of emotional response is increased by 40%, 76% and 82%, respectively, and the threshold of aggression is increased by 8.7%, 4.0% and 7.6%, respectively, of doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg / kg.
- mice, 15 females and 15 males included mice aged 610 days without external signs of acute and chronic diseases. According to long-term statistical observations, the average life expectancy of mice is 1.5–2.0 years, which corresponds to 547–730 calendar days. Phenotropil in doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg / kg with distilled water was administered orally once a day in the morning hours throughout the life of the mice. The control group received distilled water and the second control croup was not subjected to experimental influence in order to exclude or evaluate the effect of experimental stress when exposed to the introduction of substances into the body.
- mice The first series of studies was unsuccessful due to the defeat of mice in the control groups of a respiratory viral infection (flu, source was established) ten days after the start of the experiment, but revealed antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of Fenotropil.
- all animals were killed.
- Phenotropil had a significant effect on the lifespan of mice of both sexes when administered in doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg / kg.
- ALE was significantly higher than in the group of experimental control and control without experience. With respect to the experimental control, ALE mice increased by 15.3%, 29.3%, 12.5% and 19.6%, respectively, which corresponded to 12, 20.6, 9.3 and 6.24% in comparison with the control without experience. The greatest effect on the rate of life expectancy was obtained in this series of studies on the background of the use of Fenotropil at a dose of 100 mg / kg. It should be noted that against the background of long term use of Phenotropil at a dose of 300 mg / kg, visually the mice looked somewhat "untidy" and somewhat less active. There was no statistically significant difference between ALEs of females and males, which indicates the lack of selectivity of the reactivation activity of the compound in relation to the sex of the animals in terms of the ALE.
- mice The maximum life expectancy (MLS) of mice according to our long-term statistical observations is 2.7 - 3, 2 years, that is, an average of 2.95 years or 1077 calendar days.
- mice groups of 10 individuals were selected - male dominant behavior in mixed groups, safely living up to 985 days without signs of pronounced decrepitude and with a satisfactory orientally-exploratory behavior, determined by the method of "open field”.
- Phenotropil in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg / kg was administered orally with a 5.0% glucose solution. The glucose solution was used solely for the purpose of increasing the solubility of the drug.
- One control group received a glucose solution and a second distilled water. The third control group was not exposed.
- Fenotropil affects the maximum duration and quality of life of animals with the inclusion of not only functional links of different levels, but also genetic linkage, prevents development of oncogenesis.
- the prevention of the development of phenoptosis indicates that it prevents the development of apoptosis and organoptosis, since without a combination of all three components it is impossible to obtain a positive result on the NRM.
- Cellular and tissue apoptosis would cause the death of functional organs or organ, which in turn would lead to the death of the organism as a whole.
- Phenotropil on body weight during course intramustral administration during the month was carried out in doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg / kg / day in white outbred rats of both sexes with pronounced signs of obesity (380-430 g) without changing the diet and behavior. Each animal was placed in a regular single cage. Recorded body weight, volume of water consumed and feed per day.
- Fenotropila not only restored the fertile attractiveness of females for males, but also reproductive functions females. Fenotropil has a incretomodulatory effect on the reproduction of biological substances that are attractive to males in the fertile period of females associated with hormonal reproductive status, showing a pronounced rejuvenation effect when introduced into animals.
- Phenotropil tablets were administered at a dose of 100 and 200 mg per day as part of a comprehensive antipsychotic therapy as a corrector of the side effects of the psychogenic nature of neuroleptics.
- the dose of the drug was selected based on the individual and clinical features of the patients.
- the duration of Fenotropil therapy was 3 months.
- the duration of monotherapy with Fenotropil 50 and 100 mg per day) for one month, followed by the appointment of the drug weekly courses as a preemptive effect.
- the level of cAMP was examined in comparison with the norm control group.
- the cAMP content was determined using standard kits, based on competition with labeled cyclic 3 ', 5'-adenosine monophosphate on the level of binding with thiobarbituric acid.
- Fenotropil affects the reproductive functions of a person and is able to restore their cyclicality in disorders, showing modulatory activity as in amenorrhea associated with proper functional disorders of reproductive functions, and caused by neuroleptics.
- the obtained results indicate that Fenotropil possesses not only neuromodulatory and psycho-modulatory, but also incretomodulatory activity, ensuring the cyclical nature of sex hormones in disorders of various etiologies.
- Fenotropil can be as effective in conditions of severe forms of the toxic phase and as an antipsychotic, and as a corrector of the humoral status in the mentally ill.
- the serum cAMP content of the two second groups at the peak of the clinical manifestation of primary functional dysmenorrhea is 50 - 70% higher in comparison with their peers without functional disorders (control group, tab. 20.).
- the use of Phenotropil in the form of monotherapy (30 days) eliminated psycho-emotional instability. Mood improved, performance improved, pain and spasticity decreased or completely eliminated.
- Course application restored the functional rate of cAMP (cAMP) compared with baseline studies, regulating hormonal, neurological and mental status, having a positive effect on the processes of intracellular metabolism involving the endocrine system.
- IL-1 interleukin 1
- IL-2 interleukin 2
- IF interferon
- thymosin tumor necrosis factor
- FIO tumor necrosis factor
- CNS central nervous system
- Peptide ligands performing a neuroimmune interaction have common receptors for both systems. Immunocompetent cells can synthesize neuropeptides and respond to most, if not all, compounds of this group. The cells of the neuroendocrine system produce some lymphokines and monokines and respond to them with administered. Structural affinity of receptors is shown, for example, for ACTH, endorphins, IL-1 and IL-2.
- Phenotropil was administered at a dose of 100 mg / day once in the morning for 30 days.
- the study of mental and immune status (the level of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, TNF- ⁇ , a-INF in the supernatants of cultures of peripheral mononuclear cells from whole blood) was carried out before treatment and on days 7, 14, 21 , after a course of therapy (30 days), and 3 months after therapy.
- Phenotropil restored the mental status of patients and the nature of the cytokine profile to the norm, showing immunomodulatory activity, expressed in the correction of all the studied parameters.
- the severity of the immunomodulatory effect of the agent corresponded to the severity of changes in the indices, but with the opposite sign, adjusting the activity of interleukins and restoring the balance of their ratio. If the indicator IL-1 had only a tendency to increase (+4.3% in relation to the control values), then with the use of Fenotropil, the character of the indicator in relation to the control was completely restored, decreasing in relation to the background values (- 3.5%) .
- Phenotropl has a pronounced modulatory activity of a specific, complex and universal type of action, including psychomodulatory, neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory activity, restoring mental and immune status in disorders of various etiologies, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-necrotizing action, positively influences competently responsible systems for the growth and differentiation of activated lymphocytes. It restores, consolidates and stabilizes the balance of neurohumoral functional systems.
- Phenotropl has a pronounced anticoupling (anti-kinetic) activity according to the effectiveness of doses from a higher to a lower result of 300 P 100 D25 D50. Averaged values compared with placebo were: increase the level of visual-vestibular exposure tolerance - + 80%; reduction in the severity of vestibulovegetative reactions was 68%; the duration of the state of negative consequences decreased to 15–30 minutes.
- the use of Phenotropil in all doses increased the speed of the slow phase of optokinetic nystagmus, which can be regarded as an improvement in visual function in relation to tracking of moving stimuli.
- Men and women (45 - 54 years old) diagnosed with periodontitis, periodontal disease and caries took part in studies of the effect of Phenotropil on the condition of periodontal, enamel and dentin for external use. It was not possible to type groups at this age by separate indicators. The vast majority of the disease were combined. The ratio in the groups of men and women was: 30.0% of men and 70.0% of women, the percentage ratio of smokers to non-smokers was 60:40, the number of smoking women was higher than male smokers by 35.0%. All patients every three days received the required amount of 0.1%, 0.2% or 0.3% Fenotropil solutions, or placebo.
- Phenotropil A positive effect on the background of Phenotropil was observed after about 14 days and intensified in the course therapy.
- the effectiveness of a month of use of the drug was the highest and most visible in the initial stages of the disease and the moderate severity of periodontitis and caries.
- the effect on periodontal disease was obvious, but less pronounced.
- Treatment of periodontal disease probably requires a longer course and the use of Fenotropil tablets in the usual way to modulate the overall functional state of the body.
- Rank evaluation of effectiveness (0 - no effect, 1 - a little pronounced effect up to 30.0 percent in the group, 2 - moderate degree of effectiveness from 30.0 to 50.0 percent, 3 - a high level of efficiency - more than 50.0 percent) established by the integral indicator of the totality of all the traits studied. The results are presented in table 23.
- the integral index was calculated according to cumulative features (dryness, wrinkling, vascular surface bundles, severity of subcutaneous vascular pattern, pigmentation — color intensity, number of pigment spots and their total area).
- test samples for allergic skin reactions of the most concentrated composition were performed in each patient. Allergic reactions have been identified.
- Fenotropil solution was used in the morning and evening, applying a small amount (like a regular lotion) of the solution on cosmetic cotton pads and rubbed their face and hands. In other groups, this procedure was carried out before applying the cream with Fenotropil.
- the results of the initial survey in each group were taken as 100.0%. The results of the study are presented in tables 24 - 24.5.
- Fenotropil has a pronounced rejuvenation and anti-inflammatory activity when used externally, both as a monodrug, and in combination with biologically active substances of the compositions organic and inorganic origin. Its effectiveness in all cases was significantly higher in comparison with the standard composition of creams Lux, Gerontol, Evening, which themselves did not show any significant effect, although they contain biologically active substances.
- the positive severity of Phenotropil action ranged from 140 to 280%, depending on the concentration and aggregate and composition.
- Phenotropil appeared from the first week of use and intensified by the end of the study.
- the skin became soft and elastic, wrinkles and severity of the cellular pattern smoothed out, the pigment spots faded and in most cases disappeared, the manifestation of vascular surface and subcutaneous pattern normalized, the vascular bundles disappeared from the skin surface, the mobility of the finger joints significantly improved, manifestations of stiffness, swelling and soreness disappeared joints in those cases where they were present, hands and face lost weight, the skin tightened.
- a milder effect is inherent in the dilution of Fenotropil in doses of 100 and 200 mg. Allergic reactions and any side effects during the course is not identified.
- Phenotropil with therapeutic anti-inflammatory, rejuvenation, slender, prophylactic or protective purposes in medicine and cosmeceuticals may be useful. Taking into account that Fenotropil did not irritate the skin of the hands and face, its external use for other parts of the body also will not have contraindications except for individual intolerance.
- the anti-inflammatory effect of Phenotropil when applied externally is not less significant than its rejuvenation and slender activity of a cosmeceutical orientation. Revealed anti-inflammatory and rejuvenation effects with external application may be promising in the treatment of eye and ENT diseases of various etiologies.
- Phenotropil (Tables 25 and 25.1) is effective in dry (SPS), oily (JPS) and mixed (SmPS) forms of scalp seborrhea, acne oily and mixed skin types of the face.
- SPS dry
- JPS oily
- SmPS mixed
- the effects of the remedy were manifested by the normalization of oily and dry skin, a pronounced decrease in acne in adolescents, a relatively rapid cleansing of the sebaceous canals and their regeneration without scarring, elimination of pigmentation, redness, and reduction of the formation of cornified flakes (dandruff) of the scalp.
- the therapeutic effect with seborrhea was 200.0%.
- the pronounced effect of the drug was observed after two weeks and its effectiveness did not decrease by the end of the study.
- the most pronounced effect (300.0%) compared with the control group was determined using Fenotropil tablets.
- the effect on acne was 79-84% after one month of applying Fenotropil solution.
- Phenotropil which is manifested by complex modulatory activity in various forms and etiology of the negative skin condition, including hormonal age-related restructuring associated with transition to the fertile period, as well as in the secondary form of seborrhea.
- the combined method of using the tool is most effective.
- the duration of treatment should be set individually in each case, since the examined effect was not evenly identical.
- Phenotropl also has antimicrobial activity, its use is pronounced to reduce the microbial activity on the surface of the skin, and to enhance the protective properties of the skin from external influences.
- Examples 26 Studies of the slender effect of Phenotropil (100, 200, and 300 mg once daily for 30 days) in women (37–65 years old) with alimentary constitutional obesity and in non-obese groups (men and women 23–47 years old) are presented in table 26 Control groups received placebo tablets. Diet and diet were not regulated; recommendations on regimen and calorie content were not given. The meaning of the study was to identify the effect of the drug without affecting the diet. To assess the condition before and after treatment, in addition to measuring body weight, a study was conducted on the dynamics of the general clinical condition: the MFI-20 asthenia scale, the hospital anxiety and depression scale, the SF-36 quality of life scale. The survey was conducted twice: the day before the start of therapy and the day after the end of the medication.
- Phenotropil 25, 50, and 100 mg in the morning
- diuresis in non-obese groups men and women 23–47 years old
- the daily volume of urine was recorded on the background of the use of placebo and Fenotropil
- Phenotropl has not anorexigenic, as previously thought, but slinder activity. By regulating metabolism, it reduces body weight, qualitatively increases productive control, while also encouraging more vigorous activity. Phenotropil normalizes psycho- emotional status and self-esteem, restores the activity of taste and olfactory receptors, shows anti-inflammatory activity against chronic associated diseases, normalizes sexual potency. It has a pronounced diuretic effect. Normalizing the volume of fluid in the body, maintains its level at a functional rate. Phenotropil does not have a dehydrating effect and, therefore, prevents the leaching of electrolytes and other beneficial substances synthesized in the body, maintaining their balance relationships, which distinguishes the product from known diuretics.
- Table 27 presents the results of a study in women (22 - 35 years old) with a diagnosis of migraine without aura (simple migraine) - 5 people and a migraine with aura (classical migraine) - 5 people.
- Phenotropil was used intranasally in drops (0.1% sterile solution) 10 drops three times a day for 7 days in order to stop and prevent migraine attacks in the event of episodes of prodromal phenomena and aura. 5 drops of solution were injected into each nasal passage.
- One drop of the standard 0.1% solution contains 0.05 mg of Phenotropyl.
- Phenotropil is effective for the prevention and cupping. chronic migraine status, and its use may be appropriate in such cases as with the introduction into the body, and with intranasal administration.
- the analgesic and antispasmodic action of Fenotropil together with the psychomodulatory and neuromodulatory may be useful not only for migraines.
- (RS) -2- (2-OKCO-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide has a modulatory activity with a proportional effect at different levels and from different levels.
- the proportional effect of the stereospecific effects of 2 - [(4RS) -2-OKCO-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl] acetamide is practically unlimited, as shown in the examples of studies. It can be characterized by both stimulation and suppression (from Latin. Suppression - pressure), and their supportiveness (from late-lat. Supporto - support) with simultaneous relevance (from Latin.
- Fig. 2 Schematic image of the racemic compound Fenotropil in crystalline state according to the results of X-ray analysis. Only the N – O (10) and N (O ') connections are shown. In the natural state in the unit cell, the molecules are in the form of twisted ribbons.
- Fig. 3 The general structural formula with atomic numbering and an example of electron-structural analysis of Fenotropil. Two variants for the nucleus of enantiomeric molecules (five-membered cycle) and two for the six-membered cycle (Ph) are shown.
- Solubility GF XII Compliant - Slightly soluble in water, moderately soluble in alcohol 96% and chloroform.
- the infrared spectrum, pre-dried means at a temperature of from 100 to 105 ° C for 30 minutes, taken in petroleum jelly in the range from 4000 to 400 cm ⁇ 1, has full coincidence of the UV absorption bands - the spectrophotometry of the standard chemically pure spectrum that corresponds to the characteristic pattern
- Color GF XII A solution of 0.05 g in 10 ml can be compared with the standard Y7.
- Mass loss GF XI not more than 0.1 0.02%
- Table 4.1 The effect of Phenotropil and Olanzapine on hyperkinesis caused by 5-hydroxytryptophan in mice (a technique for modeling the negative symptoms of schizophrenia associated with hyperactivation of the serotonergic system).
- mice pharmacological convulsive agents in mice.
- Table 13 The optical density of blood plasma and the content of MDA in rats of Wistar, Augustus and mongrel.
- Wistar lines under the conditions of Ns-state with a single exposure are Wistar lines under the conditions of Ns-state with a single exposure.
- H - adrenal glands mg / 100 g of the original body weight in intersystem ratio.
- Phenotropil 10 4.56 ⁇ 0.67 * (+ 21%)
- Phenotropil 50 6.24 ⁇ 0.81 * (+ 65.5%)
- Table 27 The effect of Phenotropil in migraine attacks in humans with intronasal administration.
- Phenotropil 0.5 mg x 3 3/10 - 30% partial effect once a day
- Phenotropil 0.5 mg x 3 2/10 - 20% no
- Patent RU ⁇ 2240783 ⁇ 1 obsolete priority dated July 17, 2003.
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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UAA201403117A UA111981C2 (uk) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | Сполука (rs)-2-(2-оксо-4-фенілпіролідин-1-іл)ацетамід, яка має модуляторну активність з пропорційним впливом, фармацевтичний склад субстанції (варіанти) та його застосування, композиція (варіанти) |
EP12834473.6A EP2762138A4 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCE (VARIANT) AND COMPOSITIONS BASED ON IT WITH MODULATING ACTIVITY WITH A CORRESPONDING EFFECT |
EA201490615A EA201490615A1 (ru) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | Состав (rs)-2-(2-оксо-4-фенилпирролидин-1-ил)ацетамид, обладающий модуляторной активностью с соразмерным влиянием, фармацевтический состав субстанции (варианты) и его применение, композиция (варианты) |
BR112014006910A BR112014006910A2 (pt) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | composto, substância farmacêutica do composto, método para produzir a substância farmacêutica, uso da substância farmacêutica, método de ensaio de titulação, e, composição farmacêutica e parafarmacêutica |
JP2014531758A JP2014526551A (ja) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | 相応の作用を伴う調節活性を有している(rs)−2−(2−オキソ−4−フェニルピロリジン−1−イル)アセトアミド化合物、医薬物質(変種)およびその適用、それらの組成物(変形) |
MD20140042A MD20140042A2 (ru) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | Соединение (RS)-2-(2-оксо-4-фенилпирролидин-1-ил)ацетамид обладающее модуляторной активностью с соразмерным влиянием, фармацевтический состав субстанции (варианты) и его применение, композиция (варианты) |
CN201280057155.8A CN103987386A (zh) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | 具有有相称效果的调节活性的(rs)-2-(2-氧代-4-苯基吡咯烷-1-基)乙酰胺化合物、药物物质(变体)及其应用、其组合物(变体) |
US14/346,445 US20140315972A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | RS)-2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide compound having modulatory activity with a commensurate effect, pharmaceutical substance (variants) and its application, composition (variants) thereof |
MX2014003483A MX2014003483A (es) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | (rs) -2- (2-oxo-4-fenilpirrolidin-1-il)acetamida compuesto que tiene actividad moduladora con un efecto proporcionado, sustancia farmaceutica (variantes) y su aplicacion, y composicion (variantes) de la misma. |
CA 2849711 CA2849711A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-20 | (rs)-2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide compound having modulatory activity with a commensurate effect, pharmaceutical substance (variants) and its application, composition (variants) thereof |
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RU2011138840/15A RU2480214C1 (ru) | 2011-09-22 | 2011-09-22 | Состав, обладающий модуляторной активностью с соразмерным влиянием, фармацевтическая субстанция (варианты), применение фармацевтической субстанции, фармацевтическая и парафармацевтическая композиция (варианты), способ получения фармацевтических составов |
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EA (1) | EA201490615A1 (ru) |
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RU2524651C1 (ru) * | 2013-06-20 | 2014-07-27 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Валента-Интеллект" | Фармацевтическая композиция в форме раствора для инъекций и способ ее получения |
EP2891491A1 (en) * | 2014-01-03 | 2015-07-08 | Merz Pharma GmbH & Co. KGaA | Use of (r)-phenylpiracetam for the treatment of sleep disorders |
RU2748419C2 (ru) * | 2017-02-20 | 2021-05-25 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Научно-исследовательский институт фармакологии имени В.В. Закусова" | Производные 4-фенилпирролидона, обладающие противосудорожной и ноотропной активностью, как средства лечения эпилепсии и пароксизмальных состояний |
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LV15003B (lv) * | 2013-10-22 | 2015-08-20 | Latvijas Organiskās Sintēzes Institūts | Farmaceitiska kompozīcija ķermeņa masas pieauguma kontrolei |
RU2539375C1 (ru) * | 2013-11-07 | 2015-01-20 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Валента-Интеллект" | Фармацевтическая композиция в форме таблетки и способ ее получения |
EP3127539A1 (en) * | 2015-08-03 | 2017-02-08 | Latvian Institute Of Organic Synthesis | Use of 2-(5s-methyl-2-oxo-4r-phenyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-acetamide in the treatment of seizures |
RU2696277C2 (ru) * | 2017-08-15 | 2019-08-01 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Валента - Интеллект" | Новый состав N-карбамоилметил-4-фенил-2-пирролидона |
LV15614A (lv) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-02-20 | Latvijas Organiskās Sintēzes Institūts | 2-(2-okso-3-pirolin-1-il)acetamīdi kā pretkrampju līdzekļi |
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RU2524651C1 (ru) * | 2013-06-20 | 2014-07-27 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Валента-Интеллект" | Фармацевтическая композиция в форме раствора для инъекций и способ ее получения |
EP2891491A1 (en) * | 2014-01-03 | 2015-07-08 | Merz Pharma GmbH & Co. KGaA | Use of (r)-phenylpiracetam for the treatment of sleep disorders |
RU2748419C2 (ru) * | 2017-02-20 | 2021-05-25 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Научно-исследовательский институт фармакологии имени В.В. Закусова" | Производные 4-фенилпирролидона, обладающие противосудорожной и ноотропной активностью, как средства лечения эпилепсии и пароксизмальных состояний |
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RU2011138840A (ru) | 2013-03-27 |
JP2014526551A (ja) | 2014-10-06 |
BR112014006910A2 (pt) | 2017-04-11 |
CN103987386A (zh) | 2014-08-13 |
EP2762138A1 (en) | 2014-08-06 |
EP2762138A4 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
EA201490615A1 (ru) | 2014-06-30 |
MX2014003483A (es) | 2014-11-10 |
MD20140042A2 (ru) | 2014-09-30 |
US20140315972A1 (en) | 2014-10-23 |
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CA2849711A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 |
RU2480214C1 (ru) | 2013-04-27 |
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