WO2012124499A1 - 塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to chlorine-doped tin oxide particles and a method for producing the same.
- a method for imparting conductivity to a non-conductive material such as plastic a method of adding conductive powder to the plastic is known.
- the conductive powder for example, tin powder doped with metal powder, carbon black, antimony or the like is known.
- the resulting plastic becomes black, which may limit the use of the plastic.
- the plastic becomes blue-black, and the use of the plastic may be limited as in the case of carbon black.
- antimony There is also a problem of environmental load caused by the use of antimony. Therefore, various studies have been made on tin oxide that does not use an element having a large environmental load such as antimony as a dopant.
- Patent Document 1 describes a transparent conductive film mainly composed of tin oxide containing fluorine and chlorine.
- Patent Document 2 describes that tin oxide powder is brought into contact with 10 to 40 vol% fluorine gas in an inert gas atmosphere, thereby doping the tin oxide with fluorine to impart conductivity.
- Patent Document 3 describes a transparent tin oxide powder that does not contain any of antimony, phosphorus, and indium and contains 0.3 to 5.0% fluorine.
- JP-A-1-236525 Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2-197014 JP 2008-184373 A
- an object of the present invention is to provide chlorine-doped tin oxide particles that can eliminate the various drawbacks of the above-described prior art.
- the present invention provides chlorine-doped tin oxide particles having a structure showing peaks at least 108 ⁇ 5 cm ⁇ 1 , 122 ⁇ 5 cm ⁇ 1 and 133 ⁇ 5 cm ⁇ 1 in Raman spectrum measurement. .
- the average value a AVG and the maximum value a MAX of the detected intensity a of O satisfy the maximum value a MAX ⁇ average value a AVG ⁇ 3.
- the detection position p where the detection intensity a of O is 1/5 or less of the maximum value a MAX of the detection intensity of O in the measurement region, and the detection strength b of Cl is that of Cl in the measurement region
- the present invention provides chlorine-doped tin oxide particles characterized in that the detection position q, which is 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the maximum detection intensity b MAX , substantially coincides.
- the present invention provides a suitable method for producing the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles as described above.
- a chlorine-doped tin oxide particle characterized by mixing tin (II) chloride and a basic compound in water to form a tin precipitate containing chlorine, and firing the precipitate in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
- a manufacturing method is provided.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention have high conductivity and high conductivity stability over time.
- FIG. 1 is a Raman spectrum of tin oxide particles obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 2A is a transmission electron microscope image showing a method of determining a measurement region when identifying the detection positions of O and Cl in chlorine-doped tin oxide particles by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of the line analysis direction shown in FIG. 3A and 3B are graphs showing the results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showing the detection positions of O and Cl in the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is a Raman spectrum of tin oxide particles obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 2A is a transmission electron microscope image showing a method of determining a measurement region when identifying the detection positions of O and Cl in chlorine-doped tin oxide particles by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of the line analysis direction shown in
- FIG. 4A and 4B are graphs showing analysis results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showing the detection positions of O and Cl in the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles obtained in Example 3.
- FIG. 5A and 5B are graphs showing analysis results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showing detection positions of O and Cl in the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles obtained in Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 5A and 5B are graphs showing analysis results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showing detection positions of O and Cl in the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles obtained in Comparative Example 2.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are conductive particles.
- chlorine is doped for the purpose of increasing the conductivity of the particles.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are considered to have a structure in which the position of the oxygen atom is substituted with a chlorine atom in the tin oxide crystal.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention have the properties of an N-type semiconductor, and it is considered that electrons become carriers and express conductivity.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention have a structure showing peaks in a low wavenumber region, specifically at least 108 ⁇ 5 cm ⁇ 1 , 122 ⁇ 5 cm ⁇ 1 and 133 ⁇ 5 cm ⁇ 1 in Raman spectrum measurement. is there. That is, the tin oxide particles of the present invention have Raman activity. Conventionally known tin oxides do not show Raman spectrum peaks at these wavenumber positions. That is, the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles that show the peak of the Raman spectrum at these wave number positions have not been known so far, and the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are extremely novel.
- a Raman spectrum peak may be observed at 337 ⁇ 10 cm ⁇ 1 in addition to the above-mentioned Raman scattered light peak in the Raman spectrum measurement. Chlorine-doped tin oxide grains whose peak is observed at this position exhibit higher conductivity than chlorine-doped tin oxide grains whose peak is observed at the above-mentioned position. The procedure for measuring the Raman spectrum will be described in detail in Examples described later.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention in which a peak of Raman shift is observed at the wave number position has higher conductivity than tin oxide particles in which the peak is not observed.
- the Raman activity of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention disappears by heat-treating the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles.
- the tin oxide particle from which the Raman activity has disappeared is no longer highly conductive and exhibits high resistance. From this, the inventor thinks that the conductivity of the chlorine-doped tin oxide tin oxide particles of the present invention may be derived from lattice vibrations that exhibit the conductivity.
- the heat treatment is performed, for example, in an air atmosphere at 450 ° C. or higher for 2 hours or longer.
- Conventionally known conductive tin oxide is generally doped with tetravalent tin by doping with a dopant element such as fluorine, antimony, niobium or tantalum.
- a dopant element such as fluorine, antimony, niobium or tantalum.
- the conductivity is enhanced. Specifically, it is considered that the Raman activity exhibited by the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention is caused by a conductive path that exhibits electronic conductivity.
- SnO 2 conventionally known tin oxide
- Doped tin oxide particles are not different from conventional tin oxide particles in the order of medium- and long-range crystal structures as shown in powder X-ray diffraction measurements. This structure is considered to be different from conventional tin oxide particles.
- the present inventors consider that the carrier mobility is increased due to the difference and low resistance can be realized. By adopting this configuration, the conductivity of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles is improved while overcoming the disadvantages of the dopant elements that have been used conventionally, such as being economically disadvantageous and having a large environmental load. It became possible.
- chlorine-doped tin oxide particles having Raman activity chlorine-doped tin oxide particles may be produced according to the production method described later.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles having the Raman activity described above were subjected to analysis of O and Cl using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (hereinafter also referred to as “EDS”).
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the detection position p where the detection intensity a of O is 1/5 or less of the maximum value a MAX of detection intensity of O, and the detection intensity b of Cl is 1 of the maximum value b MAX of detection intensity of Cl. It was found that the detection position q, which is less than or equal to / 2, substantially matches. This suggests that Cl is dissolved in the position of O in the tin oxide, and the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are considered to have high conductivity due to this.
- the identification of the detection position p of O and the detection position q of Cl using EDS is performed by setting the average value a AVG and the maximum value a MAX of the detection intensity a of O to the maximum value a MAX ⁇ average value a AVG ⁇ 3. This is performed for the measurement area to be filled. This is because the measurement region that satisfies this condition does not have a large variation in the detection intensity of O, so that the reproducibility of detection position identification can be increased.
- the detection positions q 1 , q 2, and q 3 that are 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the maximum intensity value b MAX substantially coincide with each other.
- the detection positions q 1 , q 2 , q 3, and q 4 that are 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the maximum value b MAX of the detection intensity substantially match.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles in which the detection position of O and the detection position of Cl substantially coincide with each other show a Raman spectrum peak at the above-described wave number position. Note that “substantially coincidence” means that the absolute value of the difference between the detection position p of O and the detection position q of Cl is within 5 mm in terms of a line analysis distance.
- the reason why the detection position p is set to a position that is 1/5 or less of the maximum value a MAX of the detection intensity of O is because such a position is mainly composed of a sequence of Sn, This is because the presence of O is a sparse place, and such a position is appropriate as a detection position.
- the reason why the detection position q is set to a position that is 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the maximum detection intensity a MAX of Cl is that Cl existing at a position equivalent to O is a dopant. Therefore, since the number of existence is small and the variation in measurement is large, the value for the maximum value of the detection intensity is set higher than in the case of O to suppress the occurrence of variation in measurement.
- the oxide which consists only of bivalent tin turns into black, although it has electroconductivity, it cannot utilize for the use as which a transparency is requested
- an oxide made of only tetravalent tin cannot have higher conductivity than an oxide made of only divalent tin.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are white, can be used for transparent conductive films, etc., and have high conductivity, so the conductivity of the transparent conductive films can be increased. It becomes.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention exhibit the same diffraction peak as tetravalent SnO 2 when measured by powder X-ray diffraction. Therefore, the valence of tin in the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention is considered to be mostly tetravalent.
- the content of chlorine as a dopant in the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention is 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 5% by mass, particularly 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 2% by mass with respect to the total amount of chlorine-doped tin oxide. % Is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the conductivity of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles without impairing the economy.
- the ratio of tin and oxygen in the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles is preferably 1.5 to 2.5 moles, particularly 1.8 to 2.2 moles of oxygen atoms with respect to 1 mole of tin.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention may contain only chlorine as a dopant, or may contain other elements in addition to chlorine.
- An example of such an element is fluorine.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention contain fluorine in addition to chlorine, the fluorine content is 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to the total amount of chlorine-doped tin oxide particles. It is preferably 2% by mass, particularly 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 1% by mass.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are substantially free of oxygen vacancies, as will be apparent from the production method described below.
- oxygen vacancies are substantially not contained has the advantage that the electrical resistance is stable over time.
- Conventionally known halogen-doped tin oxide particles adopt conditions under which oxygen vacancies occur during the production thereof, and as a result, halogen is not sufficiently fixed in the tin oxide crystal, and as a result It is considered that the electrical resistance over time is inferior.
- the fact that the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are substantially free of oxygen vacancies indicates the rate of increase in dust resistance before and after a pressure cooker test (hereinafter also referred to as “PCT”) conducted under the following conditions.
- PCT a pressure cooker test
- the increase rate of dust resistance before and after PCT is low, specifically, when the value of Rb / Ra, which is the increase rate of dust resistance, is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 8 or less. In this case, it can be determined that oxygen deficiency is substantially not contained.
- Ra represents the dust resistance of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles before PCT
- Rb represents the dust resistance of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles after PCT.
- PCT is performed by the following method.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention have a low rate of increase in dust resistance, and the dust resistance itself of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles has a dust resistance under 500 kgf / cm 2.
- the value is as low as 10 3 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, particularly 10 2 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, particularly 10 1 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention preferably have an average primary particle size of 1 to 5000 nm, more preferably 3 to 3000 nm, more preferably 3 to 1000 nm, and still more preferably 3 to 200 nm.
- the measuring method of the average particle diameter of the primary particles will be described in the examples described later.
- the particle diameter of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles can be adjusted by, for example, the presence or absence and use amount of an organic compound having a hydroxyl group in the production method described later.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention have a high specific surface area.
- the BET specific surface area has a high specific surface area of 10 to 300 m 2 / g, particularly 10 to 100 m 2 / g, especially 10 to 40 m 2 / g.
- the specific surface area of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles can be adjusted by, for example, the presence or absence and use amount of an organic compound having a hydroxyl group in the production method described later.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are highly transparent when formed into a film.
- the visible light has a total light transmittance of 85% or more, particularly 90% or more. It becomes a high quality thing.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles of the present invention are low in transparency to infrared light.
- the infrared light transmittance at a wavelength of 1500 nm is preferably 80% or less, more preferably The infrared light transmittance at a wavelength of 2000 nm is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 30% or less, and the infrared light shielding property is high.
- the film formation method, total light transmittance, and infrared light transmittance will be described in detail in Examples described later.
- tin (II) chloride and a basic compound are mixed in water to form a tin precipitate containing chlorine, and the precipitate is fired in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
- specific steps will be described.
- an aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride is prepared as a raw material.
- concentration of tin (II) chloride in the aqueous solution is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 2.5 mol / l, particularly 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 1 mol / l.
- tetravalent tin is used instead of divalent tin as a raw material, only high resistance tin oxide can be obtained.
- an aqueous solution of a basic compound (alkali) is also prepared.
- the basic compound include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as magnesium hydroxide, carbonates such as NaHCO 3 and NH 4 HCO 3 , ammonia, and the like.
- the concentration of hydroxide ions in the aqueous solution of the basic compound is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 6 mol / l, particularly 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 1 mol / l.
- the aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride thus obtained and the aqueous solution of the basic compound are mixed to produce a precipitate of tin containing chlorine.
- an aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride may be used as a mother liquor, and an aqueous solution of a basic compound may be added thereto as a feed solution.
- an aqueous solution of a basic compound may be used as a mother liquor, and tin chloride ( The aqueous solution of II) may be added as a feed solution.
- the mixing ratio of the aqueous solution of tin chloride (II) and the aqueous solution of the basic compound is preferably 0.1% of hydroxide ions with respect to 1 mol of tin (II). It is preferable that the ratio be ⁇ 5 mol, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ 4 mol.
- the addition of the additive solution may be either sequential addition or batch addition. From the viewpoint of easy control of the reaction, it is preferable to employ sequential addition.
- Mixing of the aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride and the aqueous solution of the basic compound may be performed either with heating or without heating.
- mixing is performed under heating, for example, the mother liquor is heated to a predetermined temperature, and the mother liquor is heated or an unheated additive solution can be added.
- the heating temperature is preferably 30 to 100 ° C, particularly 40 to 95 ° C.
- a precipitate of tin containing chlorine generated by mixing an aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride and an aqueous solution of a basic compound is a precursor of target chlorine-doped tin oxide particles.
- the valence of tin is divalent, including tin and oxygen.
- the molar ratio of tin and oxygen in the precursor can be determined from a value obtained by quantifying tin and oxygen by chemical analysis such as ICP and gas analysis.
- a low molecular weight compound and a high molecular compound can be used.
- a monohydric alcohol can be used.
- This monohydric alcohol may be aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic.
- the aliphatic monohydric alcohol include methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and n-hexanol, which are monohydric alcohols having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the alicyclic monohydric alcohol include cyclohexanol and terpineol.
- aromatic monovalent alcohols include benzyl alcohol.
- examples of the polymer organic compound having a hydroxyl group include polyvinyl alcohol and polyol.
- polyvinyl alcohol unmodified polyvinyl alcohol itself and modified polyvinyl alcohol can be used.
- modified polyvinyl alcohol for example, carboxyl group-modified, alkyl-modified, acetoacetyl-modified, acrylic acid-modified, methacrylic acid-modified, pyrrolidone-modified, vinylidene-modified or silanol-modified polyvinyl alcohol can be used.
- SEC Size Exclusion Chromatography
- the polyol ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, glycerol, hexanetriol, butanetriol, and petriol can be used.
- carbitol such as methoxyethanol, ethoxyethanol, propoxyethanol, butoxyethanol, methoxyethoxyethanol, ethoxyethoxyethanol, propoxyethoxyethanol, and butoxyethoxyethanol can be used.
- the concentration of the organic compound having a hydroxyl group in the aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride is 0.005 to 30% by mass, particularly 0.01 to 10% by mass, when the organic compound is a monovalent alcohol. preferable. Within this range, the effect of the organic compound having a hydroxyl group is sufficiently exhibited, and problems such as thickening hardly occur, and FTO particles having a uniform particle diameter can be successfully obtained. For the same reason, when the organic compound having a hydroxyl group is a polymer compound, the concentration of the organic compound is preferably 0.005 to 10% by mass, particularly 0.01 to 5% by mass.
- the ratio of divalent tin to an organic compound having a hydroxyl group in an aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride is 0.01 to 150, particularly 0.03 to 75, expressed as Sn / OH (molar ratio). Is preferred. Within this range, it is difficult for unreacted Sn ions to remain in the water, and it is difficult to deposit tin oxide or tin oxyhydroxide as a by-product.
- tin (II) chloride By mixing an aqueous solution of tin (II) chloride and an aqueous solution of a basic compound, a tin precipitate containing chlorine is generated in the liquid.
- tin oxyhydroxide may coexist as a by-product.
- hydrogen peroxide may be added to oxidize the oxyhydroxide.
- Hydrogen peroxide is preferably added as an aqueous solution diluted to a predetermined concentration. From this viewpoint, the concentration of diluted hydrogen peroxide is preferably about 0.1 to 5% by mass.
- Impurities are removed from the precipitate of tin containing chlorine by repulping after filtration. After the repulp washing, it is dried in the air using a hot air dryer and then subjected to a baking treatment in the air in a baking furnace. By this baking treatment, target chlorine-doped tin oxide particles are obtained.
- the temperature for the baking treatment is preferably 200 to 800 ° C., particularly preferably 200 to 700 ° C., and the time is preferably 0.5 to 24 hours, particularly preferably 0.5 to 5 hours. If the firing temperature is too high, chlorine will volatilize and only tin dioxide will be produced.
- the firing process is performed in the atmosphere as described above. That is, it is performed in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
- firing is performed in an oxidizing atmosphere. Therefore, in the present invention, theoretically, oxygen deficiency does not occur by firing. That is, the obtained chlorine-doped tin oxide particles are substantially free of oxygen vacancies.
- the advantages of chlorine-doped tin oxide particles that are substantially free of oxygen vacancies are as described above.
- the thus obtained chlorine-doped tin oxide particles are subjected to a crushing operation using a media mill such as a bead mill, and adjusted to a predetermined particle size.
- the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles after the crushing operation can be made into a monodispersed transparent dispersion by, for example, dispersing them in water or an organic solvent.
- a bead mill or a paint shaker can be used for dispersion.
- the organic solvent for example, polyhydric alcohol, monoalcohol, cellosolve, carbitol, ketone, or a mixed solvent thereof can be used.
- the concentration of the chlorine-doped tin oxide particles in this transparent dispersion is preferably 0.1 to 50% by mass, particularly 1 to 40% by mass.
- This transparent dispersion has high storage stability.
- This transparent dispersion can be used as an ink raw material, for example, by adding a binder thereto.
- polyhydric alcohol examples include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, glycerol, hexanetriol, butanetriol, petriol, glycerin and the like.
- monoalcohol examples include methanol, ethanol, propanol, pentanol, hexanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, terpineol, benzyl alcohol, and cyclohexanol.
- carbitol examples include methoxyethanol, ethoxyethanol, propoxyethanol, butoxyethanol, methoxyethoxyethanol, ethoxyethoxyethanol, propoxyethoxyethanol, butoxyethoxyethanol and the like.
- ketone examples include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diacetone alcohol and the like.
- Chlorine-doped tin oxide particles obtained in this way can be used, for example, in the fields of printers, copier-related charging rollers, photosensitive drums, toners, electrostatic brushes, flat panel displays, CRTs by utilizing their high conductivity. It can be applied to a wide range of applications such as cathode ray tubes, touch panels, solar cells, etc., paints, inks, emulsions, etc. Moreover, it can also be applied to the use of an infrared light shielding material, taking advantage of the high reflectance with respect to infrared light.
- Example 1 4.51 g of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 490 g of pure water to prepare a basic aqueous solution.
- a liquid Separately, to a 200 ml beaker containing 100 g of pure water, 5.0 g of polyvinyl alcohol (average polymerization degree 400 to 600, completely saponified type, hereinafter referred to as “PVA”) is added and dissolved while heating at 90 ° C. To obtain an aqueous PVA solution. This is B liquid. Furthermore, 390 g of pure water was put into a beaker different from these, and 12.57 g of tin dichloride was dissolved therein to obtain an aqueous tin solution. This is liquid C. Next, the entire amount of the previously prepared B solution was added to the C solution and mixed well. A mother liquor was thus obtained. This is D liquid.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- the liquid D was heated to 90 ° C. while being stirred with a paddle blade, and the liquid A prepared previously was fed in a total amount by a tube pump.
- the pH of solution D at this time was 3-4. Aging was performed for 5 minutes after the end of the addition of liquid A.
- a solution (E solution) obtained by diluting 0.75 g of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution into 30 g of pure water was slowly fed. Thereafter, aging was performed for 5 minutes to obtain a tin dioxide precursor.
- the precursor was filtered using a filter paper (5C manufactured by Advantech), and after filtration, 1 liter of pure water was added and washed with water. The cake thus obtained was repulped with 1 liter of pure water, filtered and washed with water again. This operation was repeated three times to wash the precursor particles.
- the washed cake was dried in the air with a hot air dryer set at 120 ° C. for 10 hours and then crushed in an agate mortar.
- XRF ZSX Primus II manufactured by RIGAKU
- 0.5% by weight of Cl was contained.
- the precursor particles were baked in an electric furnace at 350 ° C. for 3 hours in the atmosphere to obtain target chlorine-doped tin oxide particles.
- Example 2 In Example 1, mixing of the liquid A and liquid D was performed at room temperature ( ⁇ 25 ° C.), and liquid E (hydrogen peroxide solution) was not added. Except these, it carried out similarly to Example 1, and obtained the chlorine dope tin oxide particle.
- Example 3 In Example 2, the B liquid (PVA aqueous solution) was not added. Except this, it carried out similarly to Example 1, and obtained the chlorine dope tin oxide particle.
- Example 1 This comparative example is an example in which the amount of hydrogen peroxide used is increased.
- a solution obtained by diluting 7.5 g of 30% hydrogen peroxide water in 30 g of pure water was used as the E solution. Except this, it carried out similarly to Example 1, and obtained the chlorine dope tin oxide particle.
- Example 2 In this comparative example, the precursor firing temperature is increased.
- Example 1 chlorine-doped tin oxide particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature of the precursor was 1000 ° C. ⁇ 3 hours.
- Tin was quantified using ICP (SPS-3000 / SII Nanotechnology).
- Oxygen was quantified using a gas analyzer (EMGA-620 / Horiba Seisakusho).
- EMGA-620 / Horiba Seisakusho the reason why the total amount of tin and oxygen does not become 100% is that the analysis method differs between tin and oxygen.
- the particle diameter converted from the BET specific surface area measured by the above method was defined as the average particle diameter of the primary particles.
- Example 2 About the tin oxide particle obtained in Example 1, Example 3, and Comparative Example 2, the detection position of an oxygen atom and a chlorine atom was identified using EDS. The results are shown in FIGS.
- the EDS analysis was performed according to the following procedure. (1) Collect a very small amount of finely crushed powder and prepare a diluted dispersion diluted in ethanol. Scrape particles in the dispersion with a collodion membrane to prepare a sample for FE-TEM measurement. (2) The sample is observed with FE-TEM, and the observation position is determined.
- one non-overlapping particle consisting of single crystals is selected, and one that can be observed from the c-axis direction of the crystal axis is selected (this operation is Sn and O in the direction perpendicular to the observation plane). This is an operation to avoid a mixture of. (3) As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, line analysis is performed in the ⁇ 110> direction where the atomic spacing between Sn and O in tin oxide is the largest.
- the measurement apparatus and measurement conditions for EDS are as follows.
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Abstract
Description
塩化スズ(II)と塩基性化合物とを水中で混合して、塩素を含むスズの沈殿物を生成させ、該沈殿物を含酸素雰囲気下に焼成することを特徴とする塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子の製造方法を提供するものである。
4.51gの水酸化ナトリウムを490gの純水に溶解し、塩基性水溶液を調整した。これをA液とする。これとは別に、純水100gが入った200mlのビーカーに、ポリビニルアルコール(平均重合度400~600、完全けん化型、以下「PVA」という。)5.0gを加え、90℃に加熱しながら溶解させてPVA水溶液を得た。これをB液とする。更にこれらとは別のビーカーに、390gの純水を入れ、これに二塩化スズ12.57gを溶解させてスズ水溶液を得た。これをC液とする。次いで、先に準備したB液を、C液に全量加え、十分に混合した。このようにして母液を得た。これをD液とする。
実施例1において、A液とD液との混合を室温(≒25℃)とし、かつE液(過酸化水素水)を添加しなかった。これら以外は実施例1と同様にして塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子を得た。
実施例2において、B液(PVA水溶液)を添加しなかった。これ以外は実施例1と同様にして塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子を得た。
本比較例は、過酸化水素の使用量を多量にした例である。実施例1において、E液として30%過酸化水素水7.5gを純水30gに希釈した液を用いた。これ以外は実施例1と同様にして塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子を得た。
本比較例は、前駆体の焼成温度を高温にした例である。実施例1において、前駆体の焼成温度を1000℃×3時間とした以外は実施例1と同様にして塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子を得た。
本比較例では、酸化スズ粒子として高純度化学社製の試薬を用いた。
実施例及び比較例で得られた酸化スズ粒子について、塩素含有率、XRD測定による構造同定、元素分析(スズ及び酸素)、BET窒素吸着法による比表面積、一次粒子の平均粒径、圧粉抵抗、可視光の全光線透過率及び波長1500nmでの赤外光透過率を以下の方法で測定した。それらの結果を以下の表1に示す。また、実施例1及び比較例3の粒子についてラマン分光測定を行った。その結果を図1に示す。ラマン分光測定は以下のとおりに行った。
「ZSX PrimusII」リガク社製にて測定した。
・「RINT TTRIII」リガク社製
・装置専用の粉末XRD用のガラスホルダーに粉末を充填
・測定範囲:2θ(deg./CuKα)=5~80°
・管電圧:50kV
・管電流:300mA
・サンプリング角:4°/min
スズは、ICP(SPS-3000/SIIナノテクノロジー社製)を用いて定量した。酸素はガス分析装置(EMGA-620/堀場製作所社製)を用いて定量した。なお表1中、スズと酸素の合計量が100%にならない理由は、スズと酸素とで分析方法が異なるからである。
・「フローソーブ2300」島津製作所社製にて測定した。
・測定粉末量:0.3g
・予備脱気条件:窒素流通下120℃×10分
上述の方法で測定したBET比表面積から換算した粒径を一次粒子の平均粒径とした。
圧力500kgf/cm2で圧縮して得られたサンプルについて、三菱化学社製ロレスタPAPD-41を用い、四端子法に従い抵抗を測定した。
FTO粒子7.4gを市販のアクリル樹脂6.4gとともにトルエン:ブタノール=7:3(質量比)混合溶液10gに添加し、次いでペイントシェイカーを用いてビーズ分散して分散液を調製した。この分散液をPETフィルムに塗布し、1時間風乾して透明薄膜を形成した。この薄膜の膜圧を電子顕微鏡で観察したところ2μmであった。この薄膜を日本電色工業社製の光線透過率測定装置「NDH-1001DP」を用いて全光線透過率を測定した。
可視光の全光線透過率の測定で形成した前記の薄膜の赤外光透過率を、分光光度計「U-4000」日立ハイテクノロジー社製を用いて測定した。
レーザーラマン「NRS-2100」日本分光社製を用い、顕微分析法(CCDモード)によって測定した。励起光には、波長514.5nmのレーザー(出力100mW)を使用し、50~500cm-1の範囲を測定してスペクトルを得た。露光時間は10秒であり、積算回数は2回とした。測定試料はペレットとした。ペレットは、粉末0.1gを10φの金型に充填し、1ton/cm2プレスすることで作製した。
実施例1及び実施例3並びに比較例2で得られた酸化スズ粒子について、EDSを用いて酸素原子及び塩素原子の検出位置を同定した。その結果を図3ないし図5に示す。EDS分析は以下の手順で行った。
(1)よく解砕した粉末を極少量採取し、エタノールに希釈した希薄分散液を準備する。分散液中の粒子をコロジオン膜ですくい取り、FE-TEM測定用の試料を調製する。
(2)前記試料をFE-TEMで観察し、観察位置を決定する。測定位置を決定するために、単結晶からなる重なりのない一つの粒子を選び、かつ結晶軸のc軸方向から観察できるものを選ぶ(本操作は、観察面に対して垂直方向にSnとOとが混在するのを避けるための操作である。)。
(3)図2(a)及び(b)に示すとおり、酸化スズにおけるSnとOとの原子間隔が最も大きくなる<110>方向に線分析を行う。
・FE-TEM装置名:「JEM-ARM200F」日本電子社製
・EDX検出器:「SDDタイブ」(液体窒素フリータイブ)日本電子社製
・観察モード:STEMモード
・スポットサイズ(公称):1Å
・加速電圧:200kV
・線分析測定長:約30Å
・測定ステップ幅:約1.4Å
Claims (9)
- ラマンスペクトル測定において、少なくとも108±5cm-1、122±5cm-1及び133±5cm-1にピークを示す構造を有することを特徴とする塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子。
- 更に337±10cm-1にラマンスペクトルのピークが観察される請求項1に記載の塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子。
- エネルギー分散X線分光法によってO及びClを分析したとき、Oの検出強度aの平均値aAVG及び最大値aMAXが最大値aMAX<平均値aAVG×3を満たす測定領域において、Oの検出強度aが、該測定領域でのOの検出強度の最大値aMAXの1/5以下である検出位置pと、Clの検出強度bが、該測定領域でのClの検出強度の最大値bMAXの1/2以下である検出位置qとが略一致することを特徴とする塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子。
- 比表面積が10~300m2/gである請求項1又は3に記載の塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子。
- 一次粒子の平均粒径が1~5000nmである請求項1又は3に記載の塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子。
- 酸素欠損を実質的に非含有である請求項1又は3に記載の塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子。
- エネルギー分散X線分光法によってO及びClを分析したとき、Oの検出強度aの平均値aAVG及び最大値aMAXが最大値aMAX<平均値aAVG×3を満たす測定領域において、Oの検出強度aが、該測定領域でのOの検出強度の最大値aMAXの1/5以下である検出位置pと、Clの検出強度bが、該測定領域でのClの検出強度の最大値bMAXの1/2以下である検出位置qとが略一致する請求項1に記載の塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子。
- 塩化スズ(II)と塩基性化合物とを水中で混合して、塩素を含むスズの沈殿物を生成させ、該沈殿物を含酸素雰囲気下に焼成することを特徴とする塩素ドープ酸化スズ粒子の製造方法。
- 水酸基を有する有機化合物を更に混合する請求項8に記載の製造方法。
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