WO2012117852A1 - 二次電池用非水電解液および非水電解液二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用非水電解液および非水電解液二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte for a secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- LiMO 2 LiMO 2
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using lithium iron phosphate or the like as a positive electrode material have attracted attention as batteries having high energy density.
- non-aqueous electrolyte a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 in an aprotic organic solvent is usually used.
- aprotic organic solvent carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and methyl acetate, ethers such as diethoxyethane and the like are used.
- Patent Document 1 Patent Document 2, Patent Document 3, and the like, it is possible to add one or more of vinylene carbonate, propane sultone, 4-fluoroethylene carbonate, etc. as an additive for forming an effective ion conductive film on the negative electrode or the positive electrode. It has been reported.
- methyl difluoroacetate (CHF 2 COOCH 3 ) obtained by fluorinating methyl acetate (CH 3 COOCH 3 ) has low reactivity with the charged positive electrode or the charged negative electrode, and is not effective for improving the thermal stability of the battery. It is reported in Patent Literature 1 and Non-Patent Literature 2.
- Patent Document 4 reports an improvement in charge and discharge performance such as initial discharge capacity and discharge load factor at room temperature of a battery by mixing and using at least one B electrolyte salt selected from [integer]. .
- lithium fluorododecaborate represented by Li 2 B 12 F X Z 12-X , wherein X is at least 4 but 12 or less, and Z is H, Cl, or Br It has been reported that a battery using a certain lithium fluorododecaborate as an electrolyte has good thermal stability and overcharge characteristics.
- the charge / discharge performance at room temperature of the battery is improved, but high temperature characteristics of 45 ° C.
- Lithium fluorododecaborate represented by Li 2 B 12 F X Z 12-X , wherein X is 8 or more but 12 or less, and Z is H, Cl, or Br
- the high-temperature heat resistance of the battery is improved, and the redox shuttle mechanism of the electrolyte suppresses battery deterioration due to overcharging and ignition due to thermal runaway, but the discharge rate characteristics at room temperature and low temperature In particular, there were cases where the discharge characteristics, particularly below freezing point, were not sufficient. This is presumably because the anion of the electrolyte is very large and the resistance to movement is large, so the conductivity is small.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte for a non-aqueous secondary battery excellent in charge / discharge characteristics from a low temperature to a high temperature of the battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution for a secondary battery of the present invention includes an electrolyte, a solvent, and an additive, and methyldifluoroacetate as an additive in a range of 0.05 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the whole solvent. Including.
- the electrolyte has the following formula, that is, lithium fluorododecaborate (A) represented by Li 2 B 12 F X Z 12-X (where X is 8 or more and 12 or less, and Z is a hydrogen atom) And at least one electrolyte salt (B) selected from LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 , and the lithium fluorododecaborate (A) in the electrolyte solution More preferably, the concentration is 0.2 mol / L or more, and the concentration of the electrolyte salt (B) in the electrolyte solution is 0.05 mol / L or more.
- said lithium fluorododecaborate (A) the compound whose X in the said formula is 12 is preferable.
- the electrolyte solution for a non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention further contains 1,3-propane sultone as an additive in a range of 0.05 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the whole solvent. Is preferred.
- the solvent preferably contains at least one carbonate selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the non-aqueous secondary battery electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in thermal stability at high temperature, charge / discharge performance at low temperature, rate characteristics at room temperature, etc. is obtained, and the redox shuttle mechanism works during overcharge.
- the decomposition of the electrolytic solution and the positive electrode can be prevented, and the deterioration of the battery can be prevented.
- FIG. 1 is a curve showing a relationship between SOC (State of Charge) indicating a charge level and voltage at the time of overcharge.
- SOC State of Charge
- the battery manufactured in Example 1 was subjected to an overcharge test in Battery Evaluation 7 of Example 16.
- the voltage change at the time is shown by (A)
- the voltage change when the battery manufactured in Comparative Example 3 was subjected to the same overcharge test is shown by (B).
- the electrolyte solution for non-aqueous secondary batteries according to the present invention includes an electrolyte, a solvent, and an additive.
- the “additive” is blended in an amount of 10 parts by mass or less per one type of additive when the total amount of the solvent constituting the electrolytic solution of the present invention is 100 parts by mass. Furthermore, if a small amount of a solvent component is present in the solvent and the amount of the small amount of the solvent component is less than 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the solvent excluding the small amount of the solvent component.
- the small amount of the solvent component is regarded as an additive and is removed from the solvent.
- a solvent component with a blending amount of less than that is also regarded as an additive.
- methyl difluoroacetate (CHF 2 COOCH 3 ) is used as the additive, and the amount of methyl difluoroacetate added is 0.05 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the whole solvent.
- the amount of methyldifluoroacetate added is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 5 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 3 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 3 parts by mass or less. is there.
- This methyldifluoroacetate is considered to be partly reduced and decomposed on the negative electrode during initial charging to form a film with good ion conductivity on the negative electrode, thereby improving the performance of the resulting battery.
- a suitable ion conductive protective film can be formed on the surface of the negative electrode, and a battery from a low temperature of about ⁇ 25 ° C. to a high temperature of about 80 ° C.
- the charge / discharge characteristics can be improved.
- additives in addition to methyldifluoroacetate, other additives may be used in a range not impairing the effects of the present invention, depending on the desired application.
- Other additives include vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diethyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dipropyl vinylene carbonate, 4-ethyl-5-methyl vinylene carbonate, 4-ethyl-5 -Unsaturated carbonates such as propyl vinylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-propyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and divinyl ethylene carbonate; sultone such as 1,3-propane sultone and 1,4-butane sultone; monofluoroethylene carbonate Monofluorocarbonates such as lithium-bisoxalate borate and the like.
- the addition amount of the other additives is preferably in the range of 0.05 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the whole solvent, and 0.05 parts by mass.
- the range of 2 parts by mass or less is more preferable, and the amount of methyldifluoroacetate used is preferably not exceeded.
- 1,3-propane sultone is particularly preferable when mixed with methyl difluoroacetate.
- methyl difluoroacetate and 1,3-propane sultone as additives, particularly from low to high temperatures. Thus, it is possible to obtain a battery that is excellent in charge and discharge characteristics in a wide temperature range up to and with excellent overcharge characteristics.
- These other additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the additive amount of the whole additive is preferably 0.5 to 15 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the whole solvent. is there. If the total amount of the additive is less than the lower limit of the above range, film formation on the negative electrode may not be sufficient, and a battery exhibiting sufficient charge / discharge characteristics may not be obtained. If the upper limit is exceeded, the coating formed on the negative electrode surface becomes thick, the reaction resistance of the negative electrode increases, and the charge / discharge characteristics of the resulting battery may be reduced.
- the electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is at least one electrolyte salt (B) selected from the group consisting of lithium fluorododecaborate (A) represented by the following formula (1) and LiPF 6 and LiBF 4. (Referred to below as “mixed electrolyte”).
- X is 8 or more and 12 or less, preferably 10 or more and 12 or less
- Z is a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom or a bromine atom, preferably a hydrogen atom.
- battery characteristics such as high temperature heat resistance, in particular, charge / discharge efficiency and cycle life at 45 ° C. or more, further 60 ° C. or more, and further 80 ° C. or more are much better than LiPF 6 single electrolyte.
- the redox shuttle mechanism of lithium fluorododecaborate anion suppresses the rise in voltage and prevents the decomposition of the solvent and the electrode even during overcharge. Deterioration and thermal runaway can be prevented.
- it becomes an electrolyte with high electrical conductivity, and when aluminum is used for the current collector of the positive electrode, dissolution of aluminum can be suppressed.
- X is smaller than 8, the potential causing the redox reaction is low, the reaction occurs during the charging of the so-called lithium ion battery, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery may decrease. Therefore, it is preferable to select a value of X between 8 and 12 depending on the type of electrode used and the application of the battery. X may be appropriately selected according to the type of solvent used, etc., but in general, a compound that is easy to synthesize and has a high potential for causing a redox reaction is preferably a compound having X of 12.
- lithium fluorododecaborate (A) examples include Li 2 B 12 F 8 H 4 , Li 2 B 12 F 9 H 3 , Li 2 B 12 F 10 H 2 , Li 2 B 12 F 11 H, Various compounds having an average x in the range of 9 to 10, Li 2 B 12 F x Cl 12-x (X is 10 or 11) and Li 2 B 12 F x Br 12-x (X is 10 or 11). Among these, Li 2 B 12 F 12 , Li 2 B 12 F 11 Z and Li 2 B 12 F 10 H 2 are preferable.
- the lithium fluorododecaborate (A) may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When the electrolyte solution of the present invention contains such lithium fluorododecaborate (A) as an electrolyte, a battery having particularly excellent overcharge characteristics can be obtained.
- the at least one electrolyte salt (B) selected from LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 may be appropriately selected in consideration of compatibility with the other additives and the specifications of the battery, LiPF 6 having a high conductivity is particularly preferably used.
- the concentration of the lithium fluorododecaborate (A) in the electrolyte for non-aqueous secondary batteries is preferably 0.2 mol / L or more, more preferably 0.3 to 1.0 mol / L.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt (B) in the electrolyte solution for non-aqueous secondary batteries is preferably 0.05 mol / L or more, more preferably 0.07 to 0.3 mol / L.
- the concentration of the lithium fluorododecaborate (A) in the electrolyte is less than the lower limit of the above range, the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte decreases, the resistance during charging / discharging of the battery increases, and the redox during overcharging
- the shuttle may decrease, and conversely, if the concentration of the lithium fluorododecaborate (A) in the electrolyte is too high (for example, 1.0 mol / L or more), the electrolyte for the non-aqueous secondary battery In some cases, the viscosity increases, the electric conductivity decreases, and the charge / discharge performance of the battery such as rate characteristics decreases.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt (B) in the electrolytic solution is less than the lower limit of the above range, when aluminum is used for the current collector of the positive electrode, a sufficient protective film is not formed on the aluminum current collector. A battery that exhibits charge / discharge characteristics may not be obtained. Furthermore, the conductivity of the electrolyte for non-aqueous secondary batteries is not sufficient, and a battery showing good charge / discharge characteristics may not be obtained.
- the battery is deteriorated in heat resistance and charge / discharge characteristics at a high temperature of 45 ° C. or higher.
- the overcharge characteristic may be deteriorated.
- the reaction with methyl difluoroacetate may cause the methyl difluoroacetate to decompose, and a battery having good charge / discharge characteristics may not be obtained.
- the total molar concentration ((A) + (B)) of the lithium fluorododecaborate (A) and the electrolyte salt (B) in the electrolyte solution for a non-aqueous secondary battery is 0.00.
- the amount is preferably 25 to 1.5 mol / L, more preferably 0.4 to 0.8 mol / L. If the total molar concentration of the mixed electrolyte in the electrolyte for non-aqueous secondary batteries is less than the lower limit of the above range, the electrolyte may have low conductivity, and the battery overcharge characteristics may be reduced. When the upper limit of the range is exceeded, the viscosity of the electrolyte increases, the conductivity may decrease, and the battery performance may decrease.
- the solvent is not particularly limited, but at least one carbonate selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates is preferable.
- the carbonates include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate; diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, di A chain carbonate such as propyl carbonate; a fluorine-substituted cyclic such as trifluoropropylene carbonate, bis (trifluoroethyl) carbonate, trifluoroethylmethyl carbonate or the like in which a part of hydrogen atoms (two or more hydrogen atoms) are substituted with fluorine atoms; A chain carbonate etc. are mentioned. These can be used singly or in combination of two or more, and in order to improve battery performance even in a wide temperature range
- a solvent other than carbonate may be further mixed as a solvent in accordance with a desired application, an electrolyte used, an additive, and the like.
- Solvents other than carbonate include dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, polyethylene glycol, ⁇ -butyrolactone ( ⁇ -BL), sulfolane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ethyl ether (F-ether), n-butyl-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (TFEE) and the like.
- F-ether 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ethyl ether
- TFEE n-
- the solvent examples include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ethyl ether, and n-butyl-1,1,2,2.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the above-described electrolyte for a non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention.
- the structure and the like of the secondary battery are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to a desired application.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention may further include a separator made of polyethylene or the like.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention, it exhibits good charge / discharge characteristics.
- the negative electrode used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and preferably contains a current collector, a conductive agent, a negative electrode active material, a binder and / or a thickener.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, and artificial graphite, natural graphite, metallic lithium, aluminum, lead, silicon, and Si metal surfaces are coated with carbon nanotubes.
- tin, an alloy of lithium and lithium, tin oxide, titanium oxide, or the like can be used.
- binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and thickeners such as carboxymethyl cellulose, and used as a mixture according to a conventional method.
- binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and thickeners such as carboxymethyl cellulose, and used as a mixture according to a conventional method.
- binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and thickeners such as carboxymethyl cellulose, and used as a mixture according to a conventional method.
- binders such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF),
- the positive electrode used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and preferably contains a current collector, a conductive agent, a positive electrode active material, a binder and / or a thickener.
- the positive electrode active material is typically a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal such as cobalt, manganese, nickel (eg, LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), or a lithium site thereof.
- a lithium composite oxide for example, LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiCoO 2
- a part of the transition metal portion is substituted with cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, boron, magnesium, iron, copper, or the like is used. it can.
- a lithium-containing transition metal phosphate having an olivine structure can also be used. These can be mixed with a conductive agent such as a carbon material such as acetylene black or carbon black and a binder such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) and used as a mixture. Using this mixture and a current collector such as an aluminum foil, a positive electrode can be produced.
- a conductive agent such as a carbon material such as acetylene black or carbon black
- a binder such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)
- the solvent was evacuated overnight to give 5.1 g of a colorless brittle solid.
- the crude product was analyzed by 19 F-NMR. As a result, B 12 F 10 H 2 2- (60%), B 12 F 11 H 2- (35%) and B 12 F 12 2- (5%) I found out that The crude product was dissolved in water and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 4-6 with triethylamine and trimethylamine hydrochloride. The precipitated product was filtered and dried and resuspended in water to obtain a slurry. Two equivalents of lithium hydroxide monohydrate relative to the crude product was added to the slurry to remove triethylamine.
- a compound having an average composition of Li 2 B 12 F 10 H 2 a compound having an average composition of Li 2 B 12 F 11 H, and Li 2 B 12 F 12 can be prepared. Each yield was about 75%.
- the ion conductivity of the electrolytic solution 1 was measured using a Radiometer CDM210 conductivity meter (manufactured by Toa DKK Corporation). As a result, the conductivity at 45 ° C. was 8.75 mS / cm, the conductivity at 25 ° C. was 4.81 mS / cm, the conductivity at 0 ° C. was 2.46 mS / cm, and the conductivity at ⁇ 10 ° C. The conductivity at 1.80 mS / cm and ⁇ 25 ° C. was 1.00 mS / cm.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EC + DMC 100% by volume
- a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrolytic solution 2 was used instead of the electrolytic solution 1.
- a battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrolytic solution 3 was used instead of the electrolytic solution 1.
- An electrolyte solution 4 was prepared by adding 1.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of (EC + PC + EMC + DEC) and 0.8 parts by mass of 1,3-propane sultone with respect to 100 parts by mass of the whole solvent.
- a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrolytic solution 4 was used instead of the electrolytic solution 1.
- FIG. 1 LiPF 6 purchased from Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd. for lithium-ion batteries was adjusted to 1.1 mol / L of 10% by volume of ethylene carbonate, 20% by volume of propylene carbonate, 40% by volume of methyl ethyl carbonate, and 30% by volume of diethyl carbonate. It mixed with
- a battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrolytic solution 5 was used instead of the electrolytic solution 1.
- Example 6 In Example 1, the type of electrolyte, its concentration, and the solvent were changed as shown in Table 2 below, and the amount of methyldifluoroacetate added was changed to 1.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the whole solvent.
- An electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. Further, using the obtained electrolytic solution, a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material were changed as shown in Table 2 below.
- PC propylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- ⁇ -BL ⁇ -butyrolactone
- F-ether 1,2,2,2- Tetrafluoroethyl ethyl ether is shown.
- the solvent was purchased through Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Example 16 Battery evaluation 1 (room temperature (25 ° C) cycle characteristics)]
- the battery produced in Example 1 was repeatedly charged and discharged twice at 25 ° C. and 0.1 C (current that fully charged or fully discharged in 0.1 hour) (hereinafter also referred to as “aging”).
- the battery was charged at 1.0 C until the battery voltage was 4.2 V, further maintained at 4.2 V, and charged (charge A) until the current value was equivalent to 0.1 C. Thereafter, it was held in an open circuit for 10 minutes, and then discharged (discharge B) at 1.0 C until the battery voltage dropped to 2.7 V.
- Example 2 The battery produced in Example 1 was aged, charged (charge A) in the same manner as battery evaluation 1, and then left for 10 minutes, and discharged at 0.1 C until the battery voltage reached 2.7 V. The discharge capacity at that time was 100%. Next, after the battery voltage reaches 2.7 V, the battery is left for 10 minutes, charged in the same manner as above (charge A), further left for 10 minutes, discharged to 2.7 V at 0.2 C, and the discharge capacity is obtained. It was. Further, the battery was charged (charge A), left for 10 minutes, and then discharged at 0.5 C to determine the discharge capacity.
- the battery was charged at a constant current at 1.0 C, charged at a constant voltage until the current dropped to a specified value (CCCV charge), allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and then discharged at 1.0 C.
- CCCV charging was performed at 2C, and subsequently CCCV charging was performed at 5C.
- the sample was left for 10 minutes and then discharged at 2C or 5C, respectively.
- the discharge capacity at 0.1 C is 100%, it is 99% for 0.2 C discharge, 98% for 0.5 C discharge, 96% for 1 C discharge, 93% for 2 C discharge, and 89% for 5 C discharge. The discharge capacity of was confirmed.
- Example 3 The battery prepared in Example 1 was aged, then charged with CCCV at 1C, then left for 10 minutes, and discharged at 1C to 2.7V. Subsequently, after standing for 10 minutes, the battery was charged with CCCV at 1C, and the battery was cooled to -10 ° C. and then discharged to 2.7V at 1C. As a result, the discharge capacity (low temperature discharge characteristics) at ⁇ 10 ° C. was 69% of the discharge capacity at 25 ° C. Subsequently, the battery was returned to 25 ° C., charged with CCCV at 1 C, then heated until the temperature of the battery reached 60 ° C., and then discharged to 2.7 V at 1 C. As a result, the discharge capacity at 60 ° C. was 102% of the discharge capacity at 25 ° C.
- Example 1 The battery prepared in Example 1 was aged, then charged with CCCV at 1C, then left for 10 minutes, and discharged at 1C to 2.7V. Subsequently, the battery was cooled to ⁇ 10 ° C. and charged with CCCV at 1 C. After that, the battery was returned to 25 ° C. and discharged to 2.7 V at 1 C. As a result, the discharge capacity when charged at ⁇ 10 ° C. was 72% of the discharge capacity when charged at 25 ° C.
- Example 1 The battery prepared in Example 1 was aged, then charged with CCCV at 1C, then left for 10 minutes, and discharged at 1C to 2.7V. Subsequently, the battery was heated to 60 ° C. and charged with CCCV at 1 C. After that, the battery was returned to 25 ° C. and then discharged to 2.7 V at 1 C. As a result, the discharge capacity when charged at 60 ° C. was 101% of the discharge capacity when charged at 25 ° C.
- Example 7 The battery produced in Example 1 was aged, charged with CCCV at 1C, then allowed to stand for 10 minutes, discharged to 2.7V at 1C, and then measured for discharge capacity (first discharge capacity). After repeating this charging / discharging 5 times, constant current charging was performed with a charging current of 1C. Even when the charge capacity exceeded the first discharge capacity, there was almost no change in the battery voltage, and the battery was continuously charged to 400% of full charge (State of Charge, SOC) with a current value of 1 C, and an overcharge test was conducted. The transition of the battery voltage at that time is shown in FIG. Thereafter, when the battery was discharged at a rate of 1 C in an environment of 25 ° C., the discharge capacity was 89% of the first discharge capacity. Next, when the CCCV charge at 1 C and the 1 C discharge up to 2.7 V were repeated 200 times for this battery, the discharge capacity after repeating 200 times was 86% of the first discharge capacity.
- a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electrolytic solution C1 was used instead of the electrolytic solution 1.
- Comparative Example 1 The battery produced in Comparative Example 1 was examined for battery cycle performance in the same manner as in Example 16 [Battery Evaluation 1]. As a result, when the cycle life was determined until the discharge capacity of the battery decreased to 80% of the first discharge capacity, the cycle life of the battery was 143 times.
- Comparative battery evaluation 7 The battery produced in Comparative Example 1 was aged, charged with CCCV at 1C, then allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and discharged to 2.7V at 1C (first discharge capacity). After repeating this charging / discharging 5 times, constant current charging was performed with a charging current of 1C. When the charge capacity exceeded the first discharge capacity, the battery voltage gradually increased. After that, when the battery was continuously charged up to 180% of full charge at a current value of 1 C, the battery voltage rapidly increased. Thereafter, when this battery was discharged at a rate of 1 C in an environment of 25 ° C., almost no discharge was possible.
- Example 2 In the electrolytic solution preparation of Example 1, an electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that no methyldifluoroacetate as an additive was added, and the same as in Example 1 except that the electrolytic solution was used. Thus, a battery was produced.
- Example 3 In the electrolytic solution preparation of Example 5, an electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 5 except that no methyldifluoroacetate as an additive was added, and the same as in Example 5 except that this electrolytic solution was used. Thus, a battery was produced.
- Example 17 Various battery performance evaluations were performed using the batteries prepared in Examples 2 to 15 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3. As evaluation items of battery performance, room temperature (25 ° C.) cycle characteristics were evaluated based on battery evaluation 1 of Example 16, and low temperature ( ⁇ 10 ° C.) discharge characteristics were evaluated based on battery evaluation 3 of Example 16. The high-temperature cycle characteristics at 60 ° C. were evaluated based on the battery evaluation 6 of Example 16, and the overcharge characteristics were evaluated based on the battery evaluation 7 of Example 16. When the positive electrode active material was olivine type LiFePO 4 , the experiment was performed under exactly the same conditions as in Example 16 except that the upper limit charge voltage was 4.0V and the final discharge voltage was 2.5V. The results are shown in Table 3.
- the room temperature cycle characteristics indicate the number of cycles until the discharge capacity drops to 80% of the initial capacity (first discharge capacity), and the low temperature discharge characteristics indicate the discharge at ⁇ 10 ° C. with respect to the discharge capacity at room temperature.
- Indicates the capacity high-temperature cycle characteristics indicate the number of cycles until the discharge capacity drops to 80% of the initial capacity (first discharge capacity), and overcharge characteristics after overcharging to 250% of full charge capacity at 1C
- the amount of electricity discharged at room temperature to a specified voltage at 1 C is shown.
- the remaining capacity ratio is also described as 0% even when the battery voltage exceeds 10V before 250% charge due to overcharge or when the battery ignites or ruptures.
- the change in voltage when the battery manufactured in Comparative Example 3 was overcharged is shown in FIG.
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Abstract
Description
前記フルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)としては、前記式におけるXが12である化合物が好ましい。
前記溶媒としては、環状カーボネートおよび鎖状カーボネートからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種のカーボネート類を含むことが好ましい。
本発明の非水電解液二次電池は、正極、負極および前記非水二次電池用電解液を含む。
本発明に係る非水二次電池用電解液は、電解質、溶媒および添加剤を含む。
本発明において、「添加剤」とは、本発明の電解液を構成する溶媒全体を100質量部とした時、添加剤1種あたり10質量部以下の量で配合するものである。さらに、仮に溶媒中に少量の溶媒成分が存在し、その少量の溶媒成分の配合量が、当該少量の溶媒成分を除いた溶媒の総量100質量部に対して10質量部未満であった場合には、その少量の溶媒成分を添加剤とみなし、溶媒から除くものとする。ここで、少量の溶媒成分が2種以上存在した場合であって、ある1種の少量の溶媒成分(i)が前記の定義によって添加剤とみなされた場合、当該溶媒成分(i)と同一かまたはそれより少量の配合量の溶媒成分も添加剤とみなす。
このメチルジフルオロアセテートは初期充電時に負極上で一部還元分解されて、負極上にイオン伝導性の良好な被膜を形成すると考えられ、これにより、得られる電池の性能が向上する。
これら他の添加剤は、1種類単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を混合して用いてもよい。
前記電解質としては、特に制限されないが、下記式(1)で表されるフルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)、かつ、LiPF6およびLiBF4からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の電解質塩(B)を含む電解質(以下「混合電解質」ともいう。)が好ましい。
Li2B12FXZ12-X (1)
前記式(1)中、Xは8以上12以下であり、好ましくは10以上12以下であり、Zは水素原子、塩素原子または臭素原子であり、好ましくは水素原子である。
前記フルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)は、1種類単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を混合して用いてもよい。
本発明の電解液に、電解質としてこのようなフルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)が含まれると、特に過充電特性に優れる電池が得られる。
前記混合電解質の非水二次電池用電解液中の合計モル濃度が前記範囲の下限未満であると、電解質の伝導度が低い場合、また、電池の過充電特性が低下する場合があり、前記範囲の上限を超えると、電解質の粘度が上昇し、伝導度が低下して電池性能が低下する場合がある。
前記溶媒としては特に制限されないが、環状カーボネートおよび鎖状カーボネートからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種のカーボネート類が好ましい。前記カーボネート類としては、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネートなどの環状カーボネート;ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、メチルエチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネートなどの鎖状カーボネート;水素原子の一部(水素原子2個以上)をフッ素原子で置換したトリフルオロプロピレンカーボネート、ビス(トリフルオロエチル)カーボネート、トリフルオロエチルメチルカーボネートなどのフッ素置換環状または鎖状カーボネート等が挙げられる。これらは1種単独または2種以上を混合して用いることができ、低温から高温にいたる広い温度領域でも電池性能を良くするには2種以上の混合溶媒を用いるのが良い。
カーボネート以外の溶媒としてはジメトキシエタン、ジグライム、トリグライム、ポリエチレングリコール、γ―ブチロラクトン(γ-BL)、スルホラン、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、1,4-ジオキサン、アセトニトリル、1,2,2,2-テトラフルオロエチルエチルエーテル(F-ether)、n-ブチル-1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチルエーテル(TFEE)などが挙げられるが特に限定されない。これらは1種単独または2種以上を混合して用いることができる。
本発明の非水電解液二次電池は、正極と、負極と、上記本発明の非水二次電池用電解液とを含む。前記二次電池の構造等は特に制限されず、所望の用途に応じて適宜選択することができる。
本発明の非水電解液二次電池は、さらに、ポリエチレン製等のセパレーターなどを含んでもよい。
前記負極活物質としては、特に制限されないが、リチウムを吸蔵、放出可能な材料であることが好ましく、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛、金属リチウム、アルミニウム、鉛、シリコン、Si金属表面をカーボンナノチューブで被覆したもの、スズなどとリチウムとの合金、酸化スズ、酸化チタンなどを用いることができる。これらを、常法に従い、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)等の結着剤やカルボキシメチルセルロース等の増粘剤と混練し、合剤として用いることができる。この合剤と銅箔等の集電体とを用いて負極を作製できる。
前記正極活物質としては、典型的にはリチウムとコバルト、マンガン、ニッケルなどの遷移金属との複合酸化物(例:LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2)、またはそのリチウム部位若しくは遷移金属部位の一部を、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガン、アルミニウム、ホウ素、マグネシウム、鉄、銅などで置換したリチウム複合酸化物(例:LiMn2O4、LiFePO4、LiCoO2)を用いることができる。さらにはオリビン型構造を有するリチウム含有遷移金属リン酸塩なども用いることができる。これらを、アセチレンブラック、カーボンブラック等の炭素材料などの導電剤およびポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)等の結着剤と混合し、合剤として用いることができる。この合剤とアルミニウム箔等の集電体とを用いて正極を作製できる。
[Li2B12FXH12-X(X=10~12)の調製]
平均ハメット酸度Ho=-3でギ酸6mL中にK2B12H12CH3OH 2.96g(11.8mmol)を含有する無色のスラリーに、0~20℃で、10%F2/10%O2/80%N2の混合ガス(混合ガス中のフッ素量;142mmol)を添加することにより、K2B12H12CH3OHをフッ素化し、無色の溶液を得た。次いで、得られた溶液に、30℃で前記混合ガスを添加し、更なるフッ素化(3%)を行うことで、固体が沈殿した。溶媒を一晩排気して無色の脆い固体5.1gを得た。この粗生成物を19F-NMRによって分析したところ、主としてB12F10H2 2-(60%)、B12F11H2-(35%)およびB12F12 2-(5%)であることがわかった。
粗生成物を水に溶解させ、該溶液のpHをトリエチルアミンおよびトリメチルアミン塩酸塩で4~6に調整した。沈殿した生成物を濾過して乾燥させ、水に再度懸濁させ、スラリーを得た。前記粗生成物に対し2当量の水酸化リチウム一水和物をこのスラリーに添加し、トリエチルアミンを除去した。全てのトリエチルアミンを蒸留により除去した後、さらに水酸化リチウム一水和物を添加して最終的な溶液のpHを9.5にした。蒸留により水を除去し、最終生成物を200℃で6時間真空乾燥した。Li2B12FxH12-x(X=10、11、12)が得られた。この方法では、フッ素化時間等を調整することで、平均組成がLi2B12F10H2である化合物、平均組成がLi2B12F11Hである化合物、および、Li2B12F12を調製することができる。収率はそれぞれ約75%であった。
[Li2B12FxBr12-x(X≧10、平均X=11)の調製]
平均組成がLi2B12F11HであるLi2B12FxH12-x(X≧10)3g(0.008mol)を1mol/L HCl水溶液160mLに溶解させた。この溶液にBr2 1.4mL(0.027mol)を添加し、この混合液を100℃で4時間還流した。NMR分析のために試料を採取した。
上記試料の一部を還流に戻し、塩素を6時間にわたり添加して、臭素化剤BrClを形成した。6時間経過後、試料を採取して、NMR分析したところ、塩素添加前の試料の組成と同一であった。HClと水とを蒸留により除去し、生成物を150℃で真空乾燥した。合計2.55gの白色固体生成物を単離した。Li2B12FxBr12-x(x≧10、平均x=11)で表される化合物が得られ、その理論量は3.66gであった。
[Li2B12FxCl12-x(平均X=11)の調製]
平均組成がLi2B12F11HであるLi2B12FxH12-x(X≧10)20gを、還流凝縮器とガラスバブラー(fritted bubbler)とを備えた三口丸底フラスコ中の1mol/L HCl水溶液160mLに溶解させた。この混合物を100℃に加熱し、該混合物にCl2ガスを15標準立方センチメートル毎分(sccm/分)でバブリングした。凝縮器を通った流出液をNa2SO3をKOHに溶解させた溶液に通した。16時間Cl2でバブリングした後、フラスコを空気でパージした。HClと水とを蒸留して除去し、残留物をエーテルで滴定した。エーテルを蒸発させ、白色固体を真空乾燥器で乾燥させて、Li2B12FxCl12-x(平均X=11)で表される化合物20gを回収した(92%)。D2Oでの19F-NMR:-260.5,0.035F;-262.0,0.082F;-263.0,0.022F;-264.5,0.344F;-265.5,0.066F;-267.0,0.308F;-268.0,0.022F;-269.5,1.0F。
D2Oでの11B-NMR:-16.841;-17.878。
[電解液の調製]
合成例1の方法で調製した、Xが12であるLi2B12F12(重量百分率で99.9%以上のもの)を0.4mol/Lになるように、およびLiPF6を0.2mol/Lになるように、エチレンカーボネート(EC)10体積%、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)20体積%、メチルエチルカーボネート(EMC)40体積%およびジエチルカーボネート(DEC)30体積%の混合物からなる溶媒(EC+PC+EMC+DEC=100体積%)と混合し、さらに添加剤としてメチルジフルオロアセテートを溶媒全体(EC+PC+EMC+DEC)100質量部に対して1.5質量部添加して電解液1を調製した。
Radiometer CDM210導電率計(東亜ディーケーケー社製)を用いて、電解液1のイオン伝導度を測定した。その結果、45℃での伝導度は8.75mS/cm、25℃での伝導度は4.81mS/cm、0℃での伝導度は2.46mS/cm、-10℃での伝導度は1.80mS/cm、-25℃での伝導度は1.00mS/cmであった。
正極活物質としてLiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、導電剤として炭素材料および結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデンを、活物質と導電剤と結着剤との重量比が95:25:2.5になるようにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンに添加した後、混練して、正極スラリーを作製した。作製したスラリーを集電体としてのアルミニウム箔上に塗布した後、乾燥させ、その後圧延ローラーを用いて圧延し、集電タブを取り付けることで、正極を作製した。
負極活物質として人造黒鉛、結着剤としてスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)および増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースを、活物質と結着剤と増粘剤との重量比が97.5:1.5:1になるように水に添加した後、混練して負極スラリーを作製した。作製したスラリーを集電体としての銅箔上に塗布した後、乾燥させ、その後圧延ローラーを用いて圧延し、集電タブを取り付けることで、負極を作製した。
上記の通り作製した正極および負極を、ポリエチレン製のセパレーターを介して対向するように挟んで、アルミラミネートの容器に入れて、Ar(アルゴン)雰囲気下のグローボックス中にて、前記電極の入った容器に上記電解液1を滴下し、脱圧しながら容器を熱圧着して電池を作製した。
[電解液調製]
実施例1で用いたフルオロドデカホウ酸リチウムLi2B12F12と同じものを0.4mol/Lになるように、およびLiPF6を0.1mol/Lになるように、エチレンカーボネート40体積%およびジメチルカーボネート(DMC)60体積%の混合物からなる溶媒(EC+DMC=100体積%)と混合し、さらに添加剤としてメチルジフルオロアセテートを溶媒全体(EC+DMC)100質量部に対して2.0質量部添加して電解液2を調製した。
実施例1と同じように電解液2のイオン伝導度を測定したところ、45℃での伝導度は10.4mS/cm、25℃での伝導度は8.05mS/cm、0℃での伝導度は3.82mS/cm、-10℃での伝導度は2.97mS/cm、-25℃での伝導度は1.95mS/cmであった。
電解液1の代わりに電解液2を用いた以外は実施例1と同じようにして電池を作製した。
[電解液調製]
合成例2で作製したLi2B12F11Brを0.4mol/Lになるように、およびLiPF6を0.15mol/Lになるように、エチレンカーボネート10体積%、プロピレンカーボネート20体積%、メチルエチルカーボネート50体積%およびジエチルカーボネートを20体積%の混合物からなる溶媒(EC+PC+EMC+DEC=100体積%)と混合し、さらに添加剤としてメチルジフルオロアセテートを溶媒全体(EC+PC+EMC+DEC)100質量部に対して0.1質量部添加して電解液3を調製した。
実施例1と同じように電解液3のイオン伝導度を測定したところ、45℃での伝導度は8.78mS/cm、25℃での伝導度は5.18mS/cm、0℃での伝導度は2.60mS/cm、-10℃での伝導度は1.79mS/cm、-25℃での伝導度は1.02mS/cmであった。
電解液1の代わりに電解液3を用いた以外は実施例1と同じようにして電池を作製した。
[電解液調製および電池の作製]
実施例1と同じようにLi2B12F12(重量百分率で99.9%以上のもの)を0.4mol/Lになるように、およびLiPF6を0.2mol/Lになるように、エチレンカーボネート10体積%、プロピレンカーボネート20体積%、メチルエチルカーボネート40体積%、ジエチルカーボネート30体積%の混合物からなる溶媒(EC+PC+EMC+DEC=100体積%)と混合し、さらに添加剤としてメチルジフルオロアセテートを溶媒全体(EC+PC+EMC+DEC)100質量部に対して1.5質量部、および1,3-プロパンスルトンを溶媒全体100質量部に対して0.8質量部添加して電解液4を調製した。電解液1の代わりに電解液4を用いた以外は実施例1と同じようにして電池を作製した。
[電解液調製]
電解質としてリチウムイオン電池用としてキシダ化学から購入したLiPF6を1.1mol/Lになるように、エチレンカーボネート10体積%、プロピレンカーボネート20体積%、メチルエチルカーボネート40体積%およびジエチルカーボネート30体積%の混合物からなる溶媒(EC+PC+EMC+DEC=100体積%)と混合し、さらに添加剤としてメチルジフルオロアセテートを溶媒全体(EC+PC+EMC+DEC)100質量部に対して2.0質量部添加して電解液5を調製した。
実施例1と同じように電解液5のイオン伝導度を測定したところ、45℃での伝導度は11.6mS/cm、25℃での伝導度は7.31mS/cm、0℃での伝導度は3.78mS/cm、-10℃での伝導度は2.65mS/cm、-25℃での伝導度は1.86mS/cmであった。
電解液1の代わりに電解液5を用いた以外は実施例1と同じようにして電池を作製した。
実施例1において、電解質の種類とその濃度、および溶媒を下記表2に示すように変更し、メチルジフルオロアセテートの添加量を溶媒全体100質量部に対して1.5質量部にした以外は実施例1と同様に電解液を調製した。
さらに、得られた電解液を用い、実施例1において、正極活物質および負極活物質を下記表2に示すように変更した以外は実施例1と同様に電池を作製した。
〔電池評価1(室温(25℃)サイクル特性)〕
実施例1で作製した電池を、25℃で0.1C(0.1時間で満充電または満放電する電流)で充放電を2回繰り返した(以下「エージング」ともいう。)。
次いで、1.0Cで電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで充電し、さらに電池電圧を4.2Vで維持し、電流値が0.1C相当になるまで充電(充電A)した。その後10分間開回路で保持し、続いて1.0Cで電池電圧が2.7Vに低下するまで放電(放電B)した。電圧が2.7Vに達したら開回路で10分間保持して、放電容量を充放電試験装置(TOSCAT-3000、東洋システム社製)を用いて測定した(一回目の放電容量)。続いて上記と同様に充電A、放電Bを繰り返して放電容量を測定し、電池のサイクル性能を調べた。その結果、電池の放電容量が一回目の放電容量の80%に低下するまでをサイクル寿命と定めると、この電池のサイクル寿命は2300回であった。
なお、本発明において、放電容量は同様の装置を用いて測定した。
実施例1で作製した電池を、エージングした後、電池評価1と同様に充電(充電A)した後、10分間放置し、0.1Cで電池電圧が2.7Vになるまで放電した。その時の放電容量を100%とした。次いで、電池電圧が2.7Vに達した後、10分間放置し、上記と同様に充電(充電A)し、さらに10分間放置後、0.2Cで2.7Vまで放電し、放電容量を求めた。さらに、充電(充電A)し、10分間放置後、次は0.5Cで放電し、放電容量を求めた。続いて1.0Cで定電流充電し、定電圧で電流が規定の値に下がるまで充電(CCCV充電)し、10分間放置後、1.0Cで放電した。同様に2CでCCCV充電を行い、続いて同様に5CでCCCV充電を行った。これらCCCV充電後は、10分間放置し、次いで、それぞれ2Cでの放電または5Cでの放電を行った。その結果、0.1Cでの放電容量を100%とすると、0.2C放電では99%、0.5放電Cでは98%、1C放電では96%、2C放電では93%、5C放電では89%の放電容量が確認できた。
実施例1で作製した電池を、エージングした後、1CでCCCV充電し、その後10分間放置し、1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。続いて10分間放置後、1CでCCCV充電し、電池を-10℃に冷やしてから1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。その結果-10℃での放電容量(低温放電特性)は25℃での放電容量の69%であった。続いて電池を25℃まで戻した後、1CでCCCV充電し、その後電池の温度が60℃になるまで加温してから1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。その結果60℃での放電容量は25℃での放電容量の102%であった。
実施例1で作製した電池を、エージングした後、1CでCCCV充電し、その後10分間放置し、1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。続いて電池を-10℃に冷却してから1CでCCCV充電し、その後電池を25℃に戻してから1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。その結果-10℃で充電した場合の放電容量は25℃で充電した時の放電容量の72%であった。
実施例1で作製した電池を、エージングした後、1CでCCCV充電し、その後10分間放置し、1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。続いて電池を60℃に加温してから1CでCCCV充電し、その後電池を25℃に戻してから1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。その結果60℃で充電した場合の放電容量は25℃で充電した時の放電容量の101%であった。
実施例1で作製した電池を、エージングした後、電池を60℃に加温してから1CでCCCV充電し、その後60℃で10分間放置し、60℃で1Cの放電速度で2.7Vまで放電し、放電容量を測定した(一回目の放電容量)。続いて10分間放置後60℃で同様に充電、放電を繰り返し、放電容量を測定した。その結果、電池の放電容量が一回目の容量の80%に低下するまでのサイクル数は1230回であった。
実施例1で作製した電池を、エージングした後、1CでCCCV充電し、その後10分間放置し、1Cで2.7Vまで放電した後、放電容量を測定した(一回目の放電容量)。この充放電を5回繰り返した後、1Cの充電電流で定電流充電を行った。充電容量が一回目の放電容量を超えても電池電圧の変化は殆どなく、そのまま1Cの電流値で満充電の400%(State of Charge,SOC)まで充電を続け、過充電試験を行った。その時の電池電圧の推移を図1の(A)に示した。この後この電池を25℃の環境下で1Cの速度で放電したところ、放電容量は一回目の放電容量の89%であった。次いで、この電池を1CでのCCCV充電と2.7Vまでの1C放電を200回繰り返したところ、200回繰り返した後の放電容量は一回目の放電容量の86%であった。
実施例1で用いたフルオロドデカホウ酸リチウムLi2B12F12と同じものを0.4mol/Lになるよう、およびLiPF6を0.2mol/Lになるよう、メチルジフルオロアセテート20体積%、エチレンカーボネート10体積%、プロピレンカーボネート20体積%およびメチルエチルカーボネート50体積%の混合物からなる溶媒(メチルジフルオロアセテート+EC+PC+EMC=100体積%)と混合し、電解液C1を調製した。なお、添加剤は添加しなかった。ここでのメチルジフルオロアセテートは、配合量の点で溶媒であり、添加剤ではない。
実施例1と同じように電解液C1のイオン伝導度を測定したところ、45℃での伝導度は10.05mS/cm、25℃での伝導度は6.20mS/cm、0℃での伝導度は3.07mS/cm、-10℃での伝導度は2.20mS/cm、-25℃での伝導度は1.54mS/cmであった。
電解液1の代わりに電解液C1を用いた以外は実施例1と同じようにして電池を作製した。
比較例1で作製した電池を、実施例の16〔電池評価1〕と同様にして、電池のサイクル性能を調べた。その結果、電池の放電容量が一回目の放電容量の80%に低下するまでをサイクル寿命と定めると、この電池のサイクル寿命は143回であった。
比較例1で作製した電池を、実施例16の〔電池評価2〕と同様にして、放電容量を測定した。その結果、0.1Cでの放電容量を100%とすると、0.2C放電では96%、0.5放電Cでは94%、1C放電では91%、2C放電では88%、5C放電では72%の放電容量が確認できた。
比較例1で作製した電池を、実施例16の〔電池評価3〕と同様にして、放電容量を測定した。その結果-10℃での放電容量は25℃での放電容量の49%であった。続いて電池を25℃まで戻した後、1CでCCCV充電し、その後電池の温度が60℃になるまで加温してから1Cで2.7Vまで放電した。その結果60℃での放電容量は25℃での放電容量の68%であった。
比較例1で作製した電池を、実施例16の〔電池評価4〕と同様にして、放電容量を測定した。その結果-10℃で充電した場合の放電容量は25℃で充電した時の放電容量の54%であった。
比較例1で作製した電池を、実施例16の〔電池評価5〕と同様にして、放電容量を測定した。その結果60℃で充電した場合の放電容量は25℃で充電した時の放電容量の51%であった。
比較例1で作製した電池を、実施例16の〔電池評価6〕と同様にして、放電容量を測定した。その結果、電池の放電容量が一回目の容量の80%に低下するまでのサイクル数は85回であった。
比較例1で作製した電池を、エージングした後、1CでCCCV充電し、その後10分間放置し、1Cで2.7Vまで放電した(一回目の放電容量)。この充放電を5回繰り返した後、1Cの充電電流で定電流充電を行った。充電容量が一回目の放電容量を超えると電池電圧が徐々に上昇し、その後1Cの電流値で満充電の180%まで充電を続けたところ電池電圧は急上昇した。その後、この電池を25℃の環境下で1Cの速度で放電したところ、殆ど放電できなかった。
実施例1の電解液調製において、添加剤であるメチルジフルオロアセテートを全く添加しなかった以外は実施例1と同様にして電解液を調製し、該電解液を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。
実施例5の電解液調製において、添加剤であるメチルジフルオロアセテートを全く添加しなかった以外は実施例5と同様にして電解液を調製し、該電解液を用いた以外は実施例5と同様にして電池を作製した。
実施例2~15と比較例2および3で作製した電池を用いて各種電池性能評価を行った。
電池性能の評価項目としては、実施例16の電池評価1に基づいて室温(25℃)サイクル特性を評価し、実施例16の電池評価3に基づいて低温(-10℃)放電特性を評価し、実施例16の電池評価6に基づいて60℃での高温サイクル特性を評価し、実施例16の電池評価7に基づいて過充電特性を評価した。なお、正極活物質がオリビン型LiFePO4の場合は充電上限電圧を4.0Vにし、放電終止電圧を2.5Vにした以外は実施例16と全く同じ条件で実験を行った。その結果を表3に示す。また、表中で室温サイクル特性は放電容量が初期容量(一回目の放電容量)の80%に低下する迄のサイクル数を示し、低温放電特性は室温での放電容量に対する-10℃時の放電容量を示し、高温サイクル特性は放電容量が初期容量(一回目の放電容量)の80%に低下する迄のサイクル数を示し、過充電特性は1Cで満充電容量の250%まで過充電した後、室温で規定電圧まで1Cで放電した電気量を示している。ただし過充電で250%充電する前に電池電圧が10Vを超えてしまったものや電池が発火または破裂したものも残存容量比を0%と記している。
比較例3で作製した電池を過充電した時の電圧変化を図1の(B)に示した。
Claims (9)
- 電解質、溶媒および添加剤を含む非水二次電池用電解液であって、
前記溶媒全体100質量部に対して、添加剤としてメチルジフルオロアセテートを0.05質量部以上10質量部以下の範囲で含む非水二次電池用電解液。 - 前記電解質が下記式(1)で表されるフルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)、かつ、LiPF6およびLiBF4からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の電解質塩(B)を含む、請求項1に記載の非水二次電池用電解液。
Li2B12FXZ12-X (1)
(式(1)中、Xは8以上12以下であり、Zは水素原子、塩素原子または臭素原子である。) - 前記フルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)の電解液中の濃度が0.2mol/L以上であり、前記電解質塩(B)の電解液中の濃度が0.05mol/L以上である、請求項2に記載の非水二次電池用電解液。
- 前記フルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)と前記電解質塩(B)との含有割合((A):(B))がモル比で95:5~30:70(但し、(A)+(B)=100)である、請求項2または3に記載の非水二次電池用電解液。
- 前記フルオロドデカホウ酸リチウム(A)と前記電解質塩(B)との合計((A)+(B))モル濃度が、0.25~1.5mol/Lである、請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水二次電池用電解液。
- 前記式(1)におけるXが12である、請求項2~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水二次電池用電解液。
- 添加剤として、さらに1,3-プロパンスルトンを、前記溶媒全体100質量部に対して0.05質量部以上10質量部以下の範囲で含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水二次電池用電解液。
- 前記溶媒が環状カーボネートおよび鎖状カーボネートからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種のカーボネート類を含む、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の非水二次電池用電解液。
- 正極、負極および請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の非水二次電池用電解液を含む非水電解液二次電池。
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JP2019521494A (ja) * | 2016-07-15 | 2019-07-25 | ソルヴェイ(ソシエテ アノニム) | 非水電解質組成物 |
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CN109962291B (zh) * | 2017-12-25 | 2021-06-08 | 成都市银隆新能源有限公司 | 一种用于锂离子电池的宽温域的电解液及其制备方法 |
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JP2017527971A (ja) * | 2014-09-19 | 2017-09-21 | ソルヴェイ(ソシエテ アノニム) | 非水電解質組成物 |
WO2017057588A1 (ja) * | 2015-10-01 | 2017-04-06 | 宇部興産株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用又はリチウムイオンキャパシタ用非水電解液及びそれを用いたリチウム二次電池又はリチウムイオンキャパシタ |
US10868336B2 (en) | 2015-10-01 | 2020-12-15 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium secondary battery or lithium ion capacitor, and lithium secondary battery or lithium ion capacitor using the same |
JPWO2017057588A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-22 | 2018-08-23 | 宇部興産株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用又はリチウムイオンキャパシタ用非水電解液及びそれを用いたリチウム二次電池又はリチウムイオンキャパシタ |
JP2019521494A (ja) * | 2016-07-15 | 2019-07-25 | ソルヴェイ(ソシエテ アノニム) | 非水電解質組成物 |
JP7005587B2 (ja) | 2016-07-15 | 2022-01-21 | ソルヴェイ(ソシエテ アノニム) | 非水電解質組成物 |
Also Published As
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KR20130130844A (ko) | 2013-12-02 |
CN103403948A (zh) | 2013-11-20 |
US20130330635A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 |
JPWO2012117852A1 (ja) | 2014-07-07 |
EP2683012A1 (en) | 2014-01-08 |
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