Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
  • C09C1/42—Clays
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B33/20—Silicates
  • C01B33/36—Silicates having base-exchange properties but not having molecular sieve properties
  • C01B33/38—Layered base-exchange silicates, e.g. clays, micas or alkali metal silicates of kenyaite or magadiite type
  • C01B33/44—Products obtained from layered base-exchange silicates by ion-exchange with organic compounds such as ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium compounds or by intercalation of organic compounds, e.g. organoclay material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B33/20—Silicates
  • C01B33/26—Aluminium-containing silicates, i.e. silico-aluminates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
  • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
  • B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
  • B02C19/0056—Other disintegrating devices or methods specially adapted for specific materials not otherwise provided for
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K3/346—Clay
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
  • C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
  • C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
  • C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/12—Surface area

Definitions

• the present invention relates to obtaining compounds comprising clays of natural origin, specifically pseudolaminar silicates of the palygorskite-sepiolite group, where the clay is found as discrete and superficially modified individual particles, for use as an additive or filler in materials polymeric compounds for the improvement of their properties.
• Special clays belonging to lamellar phyllosilicates, such as montmorillonite, are used as rheological additives for their ability to modify the rheological or flow behavior of different liquid systems, when they are added in relatively small concentrations. These clays are used, in this way, as thickeners, to increase the viscosity of the system, as a suspending agent, to prevent the decantation of the suspended particles in the system, and as additives that provide a particular rheological behavior, such as pseudoplasticity (decrease in viscosity with shear rate) or thixotropy (decrease in viscosity with shear time, for a constant shear rate).
• pseudoplasticity decrease in viscosity with shear rate
• thixotropy decrease in viscosity with shear time, for a constant shear rate
• Lamellar clays such as montmorillonite
• Lamellar clays are also often used as a polymer load, to improve their mechanical strength, thermal resistance, increase flame resistance or reduce gas permeability. The best results are obtained when this charge is dispersed until individualized laminar particles are obtained in the polymer matrix, thanks to a Exfoliation process of the sheets that make up the microscopic structure of montmorillonite.
• the individual lamellar particles of montmorillonite have a thickness of approximately 1 nanometer.
• Another type of special clay commonly used as a rheological additive is sepiolite and attapulgite, also called paligorskite. These two clays make up the group of pseudolaminar silicates, also known as the paligorskite-sepiolite group, which are characterized in that the shape of their particles is not laminar but acicular, in the form of microfiber with a typical average length of 1 to 2 ym, and a diameter of 10 to 20 nanometers.
• sepiolite is a hydrated magnesium silicate although there are also aluminum sepiolites (with approximately 19% of the octahedral positions occupied by aluminum ions), ferric (called xylotyl), nickel-ferric (falcondoite) and sodium (loughlinite).
• Paligorskite or attapulgite is a hydrated aluminum-magnesium silicate, with a sepiolite-like structure.
• the sepiolite is formed by talc type ribbons, composed of two layers of silica tetrahedra linked by oxygen atoms to a central layer of magnesium octahedra
• talc tapes are arranged so that the tetrahedral silica layer is continuous but with the silica tetrahedra inverted every six units.
• This structure determines an acicular morphology of the sepiolite particles, elongated along the c axis, and the presence of channels, called zeolitic, oriented in the direction of the c axis of the acicular particles, with dimensions of 3.7 x 10.6 ⁇ , where water and other liquids can penetrate.
• sepiolite has a very high specific surface, which is due not only to the high external surface, but also to the internal surface caused by the zeolitic channels.
• the theoretical total specific surface area of sepiolite, calculated from the structural models, is 900 m 2 / g, of which 400 m 2 / g corresponds to the external area and 500 m 2 / g to the internal area.
• the accessible surface of sepiolite depends on the adsorbate used, its size and polarity, which determines the accessibility of the adsorbate molecule to the micropores of the clay and the zeolitic channels.
• the BET surface accessible to 2 is typically more than 300 m 2 / g, which is one of the highest surfaces for a natural mineral.
• si-OH silane groups
• These silanoles groups give the surface of the sepiolite a very hydrophilic character, and can form hydrogen bonds and adsorb different types of polar molecules such as alcohols, glycols or amines.
• the silanoles groups can also react with different reactive groups, such as organosilane compounds, forming a covalent bond.
• the attapulgite has a structure similar to that of the sepiolite, although in this case the inversion of the silica tetrahedra occurs every four tetrahedra, instead of every six as in the case of sepiolite.
• the zeolitic channels found in the attapulgite have a section of 3.7 ⁇ x 6.4 ⁇ , smaller than that of the sepiolite channels. Therefore, the specific surface of the attapulgite, although high, is lower than that of the sepiolite, with its BET surface, 2 being approximately 150 m 2 / g.
• the individual microfibrous particles of sepiolite and attapulgite are, in their natural state, agglomerated forming large bundles of individual acicular particles randomly arranged with a structure analogous to that of a haystack, strongly bonded together.
• the structure formed is very porous with a high volume of mesopores and macropores. Using special grinding and micronization processes, such as those described in patent application EP-A-0170299, better dispersion products can be obtained which are used as rheological additives.
• pseudolaminar silicates of acicular or microfibrous morphology are rare, and the best known commercially exploited deposits are found in the case of sepiolite in the Vallecas-Vicálvaro region (Madrid, Spain) and in the case of atapulgite in Attapulgus (Georgia, USA).
• the silicate structure of sepiolite and attapulgite has a much lower isomorphic substitution degree than in the case of montmorillonite, so that its surface charge is much smaller and its cation exchange capacity is also smaller, of the order of 10 at 20 meq / 100 g, compared to a typical value of 100 meq / 100 g for montmorillonite.
• sepiolite and attapulgite do not swell spontaneously in water as does montmorillonite.
• the acicular individual particles of sepiolite and attapulgite appear in nature forming large agglomerates or bundles of very tightly attached microfibrous individual particles that need to undergo dispersion processes by applying mechanical energy and using high shear to be able to deagglomerate the beams into their particles. individual.
• these clays are also organically modified in a conventional manner using quaternary ammonium salts, as is commonly used with laminar silicates, such as montmorillonite.
• quaternary ammonium salts as is commonly used with laminar silicates, such as montmorillonite.
• Patent application EP-A-0170299 describes a procedure for obtaining a sepiolite rheological grade product that is based on a wet micronization process that allows to obtain a product with better dispersion in water, which is essential for its effectiveness As a rheological additive.
• EP0221225 describes a method for organically modifying the surface of sepiolite and attapulgite by making them organophilic, and therefore, making possible its effective use in organic media of different polarity, by means of an impregnation method with modifying agents of the family of quaternary ammonium salts.
• organosepiolite modified with silanes is through a process of prior activation of the clay [J.L. Valent ⁇ n, M.A. López-Manchado, P. Posadas, A. Rodr ⁇ guez, A. Marcos-Fernández, L. Ibarra, Colloid and Interface Science, February 2006, 794-804].
• sepiolite is treated with hydrochloric acid generating silica, since the clay structure is altered (destruction of the octahedral layer).
• said silica is modified with silanes in organic solvent (toluene).
• clay modification methods known in the field have certain drawbacks that pose a limitation.
• the main disadvantage is that sepiolite and attapulgite products obtained by these methods do not allow to obtain products with individual particles or individualized and modified microfibers that when incorporated or mixed in a polymer matrix are dispersed at the level of the individual particle or microfibers homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix.
• products composed of particles or bundles of modified micrometric fibers are obtained which, when incorporated into polymeric matrices, do not disperse until obtaining individual particles or microfibers homogeneously distributed in the matrix.
• the organic modifier is fixed to the outer surfaces of the beams and there is no good homogeneous coating of the surface of the elementary microfibers of these pseudolaminar silicates. Therefore, the organically modified clays that are obtained are not adequately dispersed when incorporated, for example, into a polymer.
• sepiolite and attapulgite unlike montmorillonite and other smectite laminar silicates, do not swell spontaneously in water, and it is necessary to use high shear agitation and dispersion methods, such as High speed mechanical agitators capable of reaching a peripheral speed greater than 15 m / s, to achieve adequate dispersion of the fibrillar particles of these clays.
• the method that constitutes the present invention makes it possible to obtain defibrillated and superficially defibrillated sepiolite and attapulgite products that, when incorporated into a polymer, allow obtaining a homogeneous distribution of microfibers in the matrix.
• the process of the present invention allows to obtain defibrillated and modified clay compounds with more than one organic modifier to improve compatibility, dispersion and interaction in polymer matrices.
• At least two organic modifiers can be used: (1) one (s) that improves (n) the compatibility and dispersion of the defibrillated clay compound in a polymer matrix, and (2) another modifier (s) with a group that can form a covalent bond with the clay surface and a second group that can interact with the polymer matrix, resulting in a better dispersion of the clay and a better transfer of stress from the matrix to the clay, which significantly improves the properties of the polymer composite.
• the main objective of the present invention is a novel and inventive compound comprising at least one clay of natural origin from the group of pseudolaminar silicates paligorskite-sepiolite that is obtained by a simple, economical and viable process on an industrial scale, to be used as an additive or inorganic filler in matrices or polymer composite materials.
• the method of preparation consists essentially in making a superficial modification of an inorganic material with at least one modifying agent, where the inorganic material is at least one pseudolaminar silicate of the aforementioned, and the at least one modifying agent is a chemical compound or molecule that it comprises a part (of the molecule) capable of interacting and joining the surface of the clay and another organic part, of more hydrophobic characteristics than the surface of the clay, which is exposed to the outside of the surface of the clay to make it compatible with compounds organic and polymers, in particular of low polarity.
• Typical examples of modifying agents are amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules composed of a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.
• the compound object of the invention based on a pseudolaminar silicate that is at least one clay of natural origin is obtained by a method comprising at least the following steps:
• microfiber bundles of the at least one clay in individualized microfibers (clay preparation and defibrillation stage);
• deagglomeration step for example by grinding.
• Another object of the present invention constitutes the method in question of obtaining the compound comprising at least one clay of the paligorskite-sepiolite group, as well as the use of said compound as a component, additive or filler of polymeric composite materials.
• the first stage of clay preparation aims to separate the structure of microfiber beams to fundamentally obtain individualized microfibers without significantly affecting the aspect ratio of the microfibers, in order to expose and make the surface of the microfibers accessible for adsorption or reaction with the modifying agent.
• the defibrillated material from the first stage is dispersed in an organic or inorganic liquid that constitutes the reaction medium where it is contacted with the modifying agent to achieve the coating or modification of the microfiber surface.
• the at least one clay of natural origin used is preferably selected from the group consisting of sepiolite, attapulgite or a combination of both, and sepiolite and / or attapulgite ore.
• the pseudolaminar silicate preferably has a concentration greater than 50%, and better still greater than 85%, of at least one of the clays, sepiolite or attapulgite or a combination of both or Sepiolite and / or attapulgite ore, since contamination of other minerals such as calcite, dolomite, feldspar, mica, quartz or smectite in these naturally occurring pseudolaminar clays, in addition to assuming a dilution of the pseudolaminar clay, can also affect the final properties of the product and the development of the process itself.
• the clay has an initial degree of humidity greater than 10%, and is preferably between 30% and 40%.
• the pseudolaminar silicate is a rheological grade product, which facilitates the step of obtaining an individualized or defibrillated clay product prior to dispersion in the liquid or solvent and organic modification.
• the present invention includes, as examples and without limitation, natural mineral sepiolites and treated sepiolites such as rheological grade sepiolite (marketed, for example, by TOLSA, SA, Madrid, Spain, obtained from natural sepiolite by processes special micronization in the wet way that substantially prevents fiber breakage, described eg in patent applications EP-A-0170299 and EP 1690830, sepiolite with particles of metals or metal oxides (described in the application for PCT International Patent WO2005 / 035124), mineral attapulgite or treated as the rheological grade attapulgite (such as the ATTAGEL product range manufactured and marketed by Engelhard Corporation, United States, and the MIN-U-GEL range of Floridin Company), or those obtained by treating attapulgite with the process described in patent EP-A-0170299.
• natural mineral sepiolites and treated sepiolites such as rheological grade sepiolite (marketed, for example, by TOLS
• the pseudolaminar silicate contains metal particles, which are more preferably from the group of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Sn. Also preferably the pseudolaminar silicate may contain oxide particles, which are more preferably from the group of Y, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn and Sb.
• the essential steps of the method of obtaining the clay-based compound can preferably be performed sequentially (ie, one after the other, consecutively).
• the defibrillated clay in the first stage is then dispersed in the solvent liquid and, subsequently, at least one modifying agent is added to modify the surface of the individualized microfibers of the at least one clay.
• the solvent liquid contains the at least one modifying agent, such that the dispersion of the defibrillated clay with the solvent liquid and with the at least one modifying agent is carried out simultaneously. Then the solvent liquid is removed after modifying the clay surface.
• the first defibrillation step comprises the use of a first modifying agent as an additive that acts as a dispersant, to facilitate the dispersion of the clay in the solvent liquid, where a subsequent addition of another or other agents is carried out.
• a first modifying agent as an additive that acts as a dispersant, to facilitate the dispersion of the clay in the solvent liquid, where a subsequent addition of another or other agents is carried out.
• modifiers This embodiment is especially indicated when the second modifying agent has to be dissolved in an organic solvent liquid of low polarity, with a dielectric constant of less than 15 and, in particular, aprotic apolar solvents of the type of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, in which the individualized microfibers Sepiolite does not readily disperse due to its hydrophilic character.
• the first stage of preparation and treatment of the clay preferably consists of mechanical treatments, such as for example dispersion of the clay in water using high shear dispersion systems or turbomezcladoras; chemical treatments, such as the use of one or more dispersants, or both types of treatments.
• High shear dispersion systems are understood as those capable of applying a high shear stress on the microfiber beams of the clay, sufficient to release and, therefore, individualize the microfibers of the beams without breaking them.
• Suitable high shear dispersion systems are high speed spin mills or colloidal mills with stator-rotor, capable of achieving at least a peripheral speed in the rotor of 15 m / s.
• microfiber beams are subjected to sufficient shear or shear stress to produce defibrillation.
• Alternative systems are intensive mixers, double zeta mixers or turbomixers with plow-shaped rotors that can mix and knead a mass of clay and water with a high concentration of clay, at least 20%, so that at peripheral speeds not very High (5 m / s at 15 m / s) a high friction between particles is generated that produces a sufficient tangential or cutting effort to defibrillate the microfiber beams.
• defibrillation preferably comprises a) dispersing the pseudolaminar silicate in water; and b) wet grind the dispersion.
• this defibrillation stage is carried out with impact mills and high shear dispersion equipment, preferably capable of developing peripheral speeds of between 15 m / s and 120 m / s, and more preferably between 60 m / s and 100 m / s , to defibrillate the at least one silicate clay and achieve a size of suitable particle, the silicate can be dispersed at a concentration between 0.5% and 20% including both limits, more preferably between 1% and 10% including both limits; These percentages refer to weight with respect to the total weight of the mixture in water.
• the silicate is dispersed at a concentration between 20% and 45%, including both limits, by weight on weight of the mixture in water.
• the mixing time in an intensive mixer can vary between 5 minutes and 60 minutes including both limits, and preferably between 10 minutes and 30 minutes including both limits.
• the defibrillation step is carried out by intensive mixing, it can be combined with a chemical treatment, adding at least one dispersing agent such as those described below.
• one or more dispersing agents can be added to improve the process of dispersion thereof.
• Said or said dispersants can be added in a percentage comprised between 0.1% and 7% including both limits, and more preferably between 0.3% and 5% by weight with respect to the weight of clay.
• suitable dispersing agents at this stage apart from the modifying agents used in the process as discussed above and described below, are inorganic polyelectrolytes that are adsorbed on the surface of the clay and produces electrostatic repulsion of the particles
• inorganic polyelectrolytes are alkaline salts of polyphosphoric acids, for example alkaline salts of pyrophosphoric, tripolyphosphoric and hexametaphosphoric acids.
• Other dispersants can be phosphonic derivatives and phosphines, such as diphosphonic acids and their salts.
• bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or sodium carbonate can also be used as dispersing agents in an amount necessary to increase the pH of the clay dispersion above pH 9, and preferably above pH 9.5.
• the clay is preferably defibrillated to an average particle size of less than 150 microns, more preferably still less than 44 microns, and in the most preferred case less than 15 microns, determined by laser diffraction.
• the method may comprise a previous stage of preparation of the at least one clay, which preferably comprises grinding the pseudolaminar silicate, which also preferably in this case has a humidity below 40 ⁇ 6, more preferably, grind to a particle size of less than 10 mm, and more preferably still to a particle size of less than 5 mm, before defibrillation.
• the pseudolaminar silicate which also preferably in this case has a humidity below 40 ⁇ 6, more preferably, grind to a particle size of less than 10 mm, and more preferably still to a particle size of less than 5 mm, before defibrillation.
• the defibrillated clay before dispersing in the solvent liquid can be subjected to a classification process, for example with hydrocyclones, to separate the thicker clay fraction that corresponds to aggregates of microfibers not fully individualized.
• the defibrillated clay obtained after the classification stage which is in the form of a suspension (with the initial mixing water) can be subjected to a subsequent solid / liquid separation process, for example by filtration, followed by a drying stage to remove residual water, and subsequent deagglomeration by grinding a dry filter cake that is formed to obtain a powder product that constitutes the individualized or defibrillated clay.
• a simultaneous drying and grinding stage can be used directly using special equipment such as, and not limited to, "flash-dryers" mills, where air is introduced or hot gases in the grinding chamber to dry the product while grinding or deagglomerating.
• Typical chemical treatments are the acidic treatment of clay to partially leach the sepiolite and attapulgite silicate network in order to increase the surface silanole groups on which, for example, organic modifiers such as silanes can be grafted, able to form a covalent bond.
• mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid, or combinations of these acids can be used.
• the acid treatment is preferably carried out in the same first stage of defibrillation or individualization of sepiolite in high shear water, before the dispersion of the defibrillated clay in the liquid or solvent and the addition of the organic modifier.
• the amount of acid used, and the acid treatment time will be adequate to produce the leaching of the Magnesium and Aluminum cations located in the octahedral layer of these clays in a percentage between 0.1% and 20%, including both limits, of the initial content, and preferably between 1% and 5% including both limits.
• Another type of clay treatment that can be performed in addition to the essential stages of the process after the stage of individualization or defibrillation and prior to dispersion and organic modification, is the thermal treatment of the clay in order to eliminate, by For example, the adsorbed water or the crystallization water of these pseudolaminar silicates and facilitate the adsorption or reaction of the organic modifying agent.
• the heat treatment is carried out at temperatures between 100 ° C and 600 ° C including both limits, and preferably between 100 ° C and 350 ° C including both limits.
• any of the products obtained in the preparation and defibrillation stage can be used in any of its variants described above, as well as sepiolite and attapulgite products previously treated to obtain rheological grade products more easily dispersible in water, such as those described in patent applications EP 0170299 and EP 1690830.
• These products are dispersed in inorganic solvent liquids, such as water, or high polarity organic, with a dielectric constant greater than 15 , especially protic polar solvents, using dispersion equipment.
• the solid / liquid ratio, ie clay / solvent liquid can vary between 1:99 and 30:70 including both limits.
• the dosage of modifying agent with respect to 100 parts by weight of dry-based clay, expressed in millimoles, preferably ranges between 0.1 millimoles and 1,000 millimoles, more preferably between 1 millimole and 100 millimoles of modifying agent per 100 g of clay, and more preferably still between 2 millimoles and 50 millimoles of modifying agent per 100 g of initial clay
• the composition in parts by weight varies depending on the molecular weight of the modifying agent, but usually, the degree of final modification of the modified clay is between 0.1 g and 30 g of modifying agent, including both limits, per 100 g of clay.
• the inorganic liquid where the defibrillated clay is dispersed for modification is preferably water, so that a stable aqueous gel of the clay is obtained. Water is also more convenient than organic liquids.
• the preferred organic liquids are organic liquids of high polarity, with dielectric constant greater than 15, and especially protic polar solvents, although organic liquids of low polarity, with dielectric constant less than 15, can also be used, provided that in the stage of obtaining the defibrillated or individualized clay is added a first organic modifying agent as a dispersant that subsequently facilitates dispersion in the low polarity organic liquid.
• Examples of low polarity organic liquids are aliphatic or aromatic compounds such as, for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene, xylene or toluene.
• the organic or inorganic liquid may contain at least one of the modifying agents, in order to perform the surface modification, or the modifying agent is subsequently added to the dispersion of the clay with the solvent liquid.
• the structure of the clay in the gel, with the fibers separated and stabilized by the liquid, ensures their coating instead of the fiber aggregate, providing a product radically different from those obtained following other procedures.
• dispersion equipment is preferably used, by example of ultrasound or, preferably, high shear mechanical agitators. It is preferable to use mechanical agitation equipment that can supply a high shear, greater than 10 m / s and preferably at least 15 m / s. A peripheral speed between 15 and 25 m / s is usually adequate.
• the time to prepare the dispersion can vary between 5 minutes and 30 minutes, and preferably between 10 minutes and 20 minutes to achieve a stable dispersion or gel of the clay in the liquid or solvent.
• the individualized or defibrillated clay dispersion in water obtained in the first of the embodiments described above for the preparation and defibrillation stage (defibrillation grinding is carried out with impact mills and high shear dispersion equipment to defibrillate the clay and achieve an adequate particle size), and which preferably has a particle size smaller than 44 microns and more preferably 15 microns, it already constitutes a dispersion of the clay suitable for incorporating the organic modifying agent, saving the solvent liquid addition stage, and the additional solid / liquid separation and drying stages of the defibrillated clay before mix with the solvent liquid, to obtain a powder product.
• the organic modifying agent can be added under stirring, to allow a homogeneous distribution in the clay dispersion, preferably stirring for a time between 5 minutes and 60 minutes including both limits and more preferably between 10 minutes and 30 minutes both limits included, at a peripheral speed preferably greater than 10 m / s to achieve a uniform distribution of the organic modifier on the surface of the clay microfibers.
• the liquid or solvent where the surface modification of the clay is desired is an organic liquid of low polarity
• the individualized or defibrillated clay powder obtained in the stage of individualization or defibrillation as indicated in any of the variants discussed above, it will tend to agglomerate when dispersion is attempted in this medium because the surface of these clays are very hydrophilic.
• a first organic modifying agent can be incorporated in the first stage of individualization or defibrillation in water of the clay as a dispersant, which makes the surface of the clay compatible with the low polarity organic liquid or solvent where it will subsequently be dispersed, and make possible the dispersion of the clay in this liquid or organic solvent of low polarity.
• Suitable dispersion conditions are the same as those indicated in the case discussed above in which the defibrillated clay is dispersed in water (or in another liquid or solvent of high polarity).
• the modifying agent when the modifying agent is subsequently added to the preparation of the solvent-liquid clay dispersion, said addition can be made under stirring to achieve a homogeneous distribution of the modifying agent in the dispersion or clay gel.
• stirring speed in this case is not critical as long as a homogeneous distribution is achieved, the use of high shear dispersion conditions is recommended, such as those used in the preparation of the dispersion or gel of the clay, to ensure a correct homogeneous dispersion of the modifier.
• the agitation time and speed must be adequate to allow a homogeneous dispersion to be obtained and, usually, although not limiting or mandatory, it is usually necessary to stir for a time between 5 minutes and 60 minutes, and more preferably between 10 minutes and 30 minutes, at a peripheral speed of at least 10 m / s and preferably greater than 15 m / s.
• the modifying agent can be added to the liquid or solvent before adding the clay, to perform both stages at the same time, that is the dispersion of the clay together with the surface modification.
• heating the dispersion can increase the reaction rate for the modification of the clay surface, the modification usually does not require heating and can be performed at room temperature.
• a combination of different natural organic modifiers can be used in order to adjust the nature of the clay surface modification in a more controlled manner.
• At least two organic modifiers can be used, one that combines the surface of the clay with the polymer matrix, such as a type modifier.
• the at least one organic modifying agent (i.e., which may be one or more) is at least one chemical compound with a functional part or group capable of interacting and / or binding with the surface of the clay and an organophilic functional part or group , which is the one that must be compatible with the other components that are part of the polymer matrix to which it will be incorporated as an additive or filler.
• the part of the modifying compound capable of interacting with the surface of the clay can be selected within the group consisting of: a polar part capable of adsorbing or forming hydrogen bonds on the surface of the clay, a positively charged group capable of exchanging with cations inorganic on the surface of the clay, and a reactive group capable of reacting and forming a covalent bond with groups on the surface of the clay, such as silanole groups.
• the modifying agent is any substance capable of modifying the polar nature of the clay surface previously prepared by reducing its polarity, or functionalizing its surface, allowing, in any case, to reconcile the at least a clay used as an additive or component of a compound with the rest of its components, such as the thermoplastic or thermostable polymer composite matrix object of interest in this application.
• Modifying agents can bind to the clay surface, depending on their chemical nature, by adsorption, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces or covalent bonding.
• the modifying agent in the case of modifiers capable of joining by electrostatic forces to the clay can be selected from the families of quaternary ammonium salts and quaternary phosphonium salts; in the case of the modifiers capable of adsorbing on the surface of the clay, the modifying agent can be selected from the families of polyaminated compounds, polyglycols, silicone oils or siloxanes, polydimethylsiloxanes, amines, and polyamines; and in the case of the compounds capable of reacting and forming a covalent bond with the clay surface, the modifying agent can be selected from the families of the organ-metal compounds, such as organosilanes, organo titanates and organo-zironates , and any combination of the above.
• the at least one modifying agent is a quaternary ammonium salt
• it is preferably selected from the group consisting of: trimethyl alkyl ammonium salts, dimethyl benzyl alkyl ammonium, dimethyl dialkyl ammonium, methyl benzyl dialkyl ammonium, dimethyl alkyl 2-ethylhexyl ammonium, or methyl alkyl bis-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium, and where the alkyl chain has at least 12 carbon atoms, and can be naturally occurring as tallow or hydrogenated tallow.
• the phosphonium salt is selected from the group consisting of trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium, tributyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium, tetrabutyl phosphonium, or tetra-n-octyl phosphonium salts.
• the polyglycol is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
• the amine is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl alkyl amine, alkyl dimethyl aminopropylamine, bis-2-hydroxyethyl alkyl amine and ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ '- 2-hydroxyethyl N-alkyl propylene diamine, and where the alkyl chain has At least 12 carbon atoms, and can be naturally occurring as tallow or hydrogenated tallow.
• the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of alkyl 1,3 propylene diamine, alkyl dipropylene triamine, and alkyl tripropylene tetramine, and where the alkyl chain has at least 12 carbon atoms, and can be naturally occurring as tallow or hydrogenated tallow .
• the at least one modifying agent is an organosilane
• it is selected from the group consisting of: aminoalkyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, vinyltriethoxy silane, vinyltrimethoxy silane, 3-methacryloxypropyl silane Methyltrimethoxy silane, methyl triethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyl trimethoxy silane, tetraethoxy silane, n-octyltrimethoxy silane, n-octyltriethoxy silane, n-hexadecyl trimethoxy silane, N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyl triloxy trimethoxy silyloxy, trimethoxy silyl trimethoxysilane, acryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane, N- (2- aminoethyl
• organometallic compounds such as silanes
• hydrolysis which can be catalyzed by acids or bases
• the modifying agent it is necessary to carry out an activation step by hydrolysis, which can be catalyzed by acids or bases, before the addition of the modifying agent to the solvent liquid so that it reacts with the silane groups of the surface of clay microfibers.
• the solvent liquid is already removed.
• drying can be carried out, for example, with a fluid bed dryer, followed by deagglomeration in a mill with a sorter, dynamic or static, to obtain a final powder product with a suitable size (preferably less than 44 microns, and more preferably less than 15 microns).
• a suitable size preferably less than 44 microns, and more preferably less than 15 microns.
• the final particle size of the powder-modified clay compound is not critical, although a degree of dispersion as high as possible is required in the product to be incorporated as an additive or filler, such as a polymer matrix It is advisable and favorable to use a powder clay product with the smallest particle size possible.
• the modified pseudolaminar silicate compound may conveniently be added in powder form with a preferred particle size of less than 44 ⁇ , and more preferably less than 15 ym.
• the clay compound with individualized microfibers and superficially modified by the method described in any of its variants has as a fundamental characteristic that the modifying agent is homogeneously distributed over the surface of the microfibers, avoiding the reaglomeration of said microfibers after the drying stage and allowing a better and easier incorporation into polymeric materials, obtaining a dispersion of microfibers homogeneously distributed in the polymer.
• the modification has been carried out in an organic medium.
• said modification does not take place on the individualized microfibers, but on the external surface of the clay aggregates, since sepiolite is not dispersed correctly in the organic medium due to the hydrophilic nature of its particles.
• the same problem occurs when the modification reaction is carried out in water but without using an individualized or defibrillated clay that is dispersed in the water to form a stable gel or suspension, where the individual microfibers of the clay are separated exposing their entire surface to interact. with the modifying agent. Therefore, the present invention provides a solution that organically modifies these clays in both aqueous and organic media.
• the chemical modification of the gel fibers produces either the surface texturing of the fibers, or a surface coating thereof, depending on the chemical structure and concentration of the modifying agent used, which prevents its reaglomeration and facilitates its dispersion in polymeric matrices.
• the present invention allows the modification of the clay with one or several modifying agents mentioned above, which is very advantageous.
• the combination of different silanes allows a more complete coating of the surface and results in an organo-clay with a greater range of polymer compatibilities.
• the modification with various agents allows to increase the hydrophobicity resulting from the fibers, which further increases the possibilities of use with different matrices.
• the modification of the clay with a combination of silane agents with functional groups of different sizes allows a more complete and homogeneous modification of the sepiolite and attapulgite fibers due to the different size of the silanes that cover the surface and that allow smaller silanes cover the surface areas of these uncovered clays left after the reaction with larger silanes.
• the process of the present invention makes it possible to make the surface of the sepiolite and / or attapulgite compatible with silane groups by means of covalent bonds which results in a better interaction between the clay and the polymer which results in a more effective transmission of the efforts.
• the described process allows the joint modification of the clay with modifying agents of different nature such as silanes and quaternary ammonium salts, resulting in an improvement in the clay / polymer interaction, which is achieved with silane type modifiers with chains capable of reacting or interacting with the matrix, to a better and more homogeneous dispersion in the polymer matrix, which is usually achieved with quaternary ammonium salts type modifiers.
• modifying agents of different nature such as silanes and quaternary ammonium salts
• another objective of this invention is the product based on (comprising) clay obtainable by the method described, in any of its variants.
• Said product incorporates each of the particularities described for the method.
• the degree of final modification of the modified clay compound expressed in millimoles of modifier per 100 grams of clay varies between 0.1 millimoles and 1000 millimoles including both limits, preferably between 1 millimol and 100 millimoles of modifying agent per 100 g of clay including both limits, and more preferably between 2 millimoles and 50 millimoles of modifying agent per 100 g of clay including both limits.
• the composition in parts by weight varies depending on the molecular weight of the modifier, but usually, the degree of final modification of the modified clay is between 0.1 g and 30 g of modifying agent, including both limits, per 100 g of clay . Plus preferably, it would be between 1 g and 20 g, including both limits, per 100 g of clay. Also preferably the clay-based compound is presented in powder form, and more preferably it has a particle size of less than 44 ⁇ , being more preferably still less than 15 ym.
• the present invention is also directed to the use of the clay-based compound described above, in any of its variants, as an additive or filler in polymeric, thermoplastic and thermostable matrices, as well as any polymer matrix composite material comprising said clay-based compound.
• polymeric composite materials are therefore characterized, in that they are constituted in their inorganic part by microfibers or elementary clay fibers, with lengths of fibers characteristic of the starting clay, typically with an average size of 1 to 2 microns, since they are not they break during the process, and because they are homogeneous on a submicron scale.
• the polymeric composite material comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of PA6, PA66, PA12, PET, PPT, PBT, LDPE, LLPE, PMMA, UVLDPE, HDPE, PP, TPOs, ABS, PC, EVA, PS, PVC and any combination thereof.
• thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of PA6, PA66, PA12, PET, PPT, PBT, LDPE, LLPE, PMMA, UVLDPE, HDPE, PP, TPOs, ABS, PC, EVA, PS, PVC and any combination thereof.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• UVLDPE low density polyethylene resistant to ultraviolet
• thermoplastic polyolefins thermoplastic polyolefins
• the polymeric composite material comprises at least one thermoset polymer selected from the group consisting of unsaturated polyesters, saturated polyesters, epoxy resins, bismaleimides, polyimides and acrylic resins, and any possible combination thereof.
• the polymer matrix of the composite material comprises any combination of the thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers listed above.
• Figure 3 Scheme of surface modifications of sepiolite with different modifying agents in aqueous medium and in toluene using the conventional procedure (1 and 2) and in water using the procedure described in the invention (3).
• Figure 4 Transparency of polypropylene composite films and 3% and 10% modified sepiolite compound obtained in example 1, compared to polypropylene films without sepiolite.
• Figure 5. a) Specific surface area of modified sepiolites as a function of the silane charge obtained in example 6 c).
• FIG. 7 Elastic modulus and breakage deformation of the LDPE composites obtained in Example 7.
• the triangular points correspond to the sepiolite compounds obtained in toluene by a conventional procedure and the circular points to the sepiolite compounds with the individualized fibers. obtained according to the procedure described herein.
• FIG. 8 Scanning electron microscopy images of the fracture zone of plates made of polyester resin from a sepiolite compound modified with a silane (vinyltrimethoxysilane-VTMO) and a quaternary ammonium salt (benzyldimethyl-sebohydrogenated chloride -B2MTH) , at different increases.
• a silane vinyltrimethoxysilane-VTMO
• a quaternary ammonium salt benzyldimethyl-sebohydrogenated chloride -B2MTH
• Figure 9 Scanning electron microscopy of the 5% modified sepiolite compound incorporated in different polymers as indicated in example 10: a) polyester resin, b) LDPE and c) polystyrene. d) Transparency of the films prepared in Figure 9 a, b and c, and of the composite material obtained from modified sepiolite and dispersed in PMMA and PP.
• EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of clay-based compounds of the pseudolaminar silicate group (paligroskite-sepiolite group) according to the method of the present invention, using water and a modifying agent.
• the resulting product is observed under the transmission electron microscope ( Figure 1).
• the homogeneous coating of the surface of the sepiolite microfibers can be observed by the silane, which produces the surface nanotexturization of the clay particles.
• the fiber surface is covered with condensed spheres of MTMS of about 10 nanometers in diameter, with a good distribution of them. This texturing drastically reduces surface contact between fibers, preventing reaglomeration when dried, which facilitates dispersion when incorporated into a polymeric material.
• EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of clay-based compounds by modification in organic solvent using a conventional procedure with non-defibrillated sepiolite.
• Sepiolite is dispersed with a particle size of less than 44 microns but not subjected to a 4% individualization or defibrillation process in toluene containing 526 millimoles of methyltrimethoxysilane and 2 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid per 100 grams of sepiolite. They are placed in a three-mouth flask with mechanical agitation at a peripheral speed of 2.5 m / s and a Dean-Stark. The mixture is refluxed for 2 h. It is then filtered and washed with dichloromethane. Subsequently, the product is dried at 100 ° C and ground to a particle size of less than 44 microns. The product that is identified as "MTMS-5.3-t" is thus obtained ( Figure 2 a).
• EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of clay-based compounds using water modification using a conventional procedure with non-defibrillated sepiolite.
• Sepiolite with a particle size of less than 44 microns is dispersed but not subjected to an individualization or defibrillation process in water containing aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) in a proportion of 450 mmoles of silane per 100 grams of sepiolite, following the procedure described in example 1, but using in this case a low shear agitation, with a peripheral speed of 5 m / s. This gives the product that is identified as "APTMS-4.5-w" ( Figure 2b).
• APITMS aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
• sepiolite is dispersed with a particle size of less than 44 microns but not subject to an individualization or defibrillation process in water containing vinyltrimethoxysilane in a proportion of 530 mmol of silane per 100 grams of sepiolite, following the procedure described earlier in this example. This gives the product that is identified as "VTMS-5.3-t" ( Figure 2 c).
• the MTMS modified sepiolite compound obtained in Example 1 has been dispersed in a thermoplastic polymer, polypropylene (PP), using an internal mixer at 190 ° C, with a shear rate of 40 rpm and a residence time of 20 minutes .
• the amount of sepiolite incorporated was 3% and 10% by weight on weight of PP.
• Films shown in Figure 4 were prepared with the polymeric compound, compared to a PP film without sepiolite addition. It can be seen that films containing sepiolite have high transparency, despite the relatively high content of adding sepiolite compound. This shows a very good dispersion of sepiolite microfibers in the polymer matrix.
• EXAMPLE 6 Effect of surface modification on the specific surface and hydrophobicity of sepiolite compounds.
• the amounts of silane used in the modification have varied between 200 and 2,000 mmol of silane per 100 grams of sepiolite.
• Figure 5 shows the evolution of the specific BET surface, 2 of the modified sepiolite as a function of the amount of silane deposited on the surface. It can be seen that the coating with silane produces a decrease in the specific surface that varies depending on the reaction medium, the amount of silane and the chemical nature of the silane. This different surface coating, and the different nature of the silane, results in sepiolite compounds with different hydrophobic characteristics, as can be seen by dispersing these compounds in water (Figure 5).
• EXAMPLE 7 Comparison of composite materials of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and modified clay compounds obtained according to the procedure described in the invention and a conventional procedure. The dispersion and mechanical properties of compounds based on low density polyethylene (LDPE) and sepiolite compounds prepared by traditional procedure using toluene as a reaction medium and by the process object of the invention using a prior dispersion in water have been compared.
• LDPE low density polyethylene
• a sepiolite compound modified with methyltrimethoxy silane is obtained.
• This sepiolite is dispersed at 5% by weight in a low density polyethylene, in a single mixing stage using a mini extruder.
• a sepiolite modified with methyltrimethoxysilane prepared in toluene is prepared by a conventional procedure, as described in example 2.
• This sepiolite modified by a conventional procedure is dispersed at 5 ⁇ 6 by weight in a low density polyethylene using A mini extruder.
• the compound obtained with sepiolite obtained by a conventional procedure shows that the sepiolite fibers have a very small length / diameter ratio. due to the breakage of the fibers that occurs when trying to mix sepiolite aggregates obtained in toluene using the conventional procedure that does not allow obtaining an individualization or defibrillation of sepiolite.
• the compounds prepared from individualized fibers of organically modified sepiolite, using the method object of the present invention, and those prepared from organically modified sepiolite aggregates obtained using toluene as reaction medium, show properties different mechanics, as shown in Figure 7.
• the increase in the elastic modulus with equal sepiolite content is much higher in the case of organically modified sepiolite obtained from a sepiolite with individualized fibers according to the procedure object of this patent that in the case of organically modified sepiolite obtained in toluene by a conventional procedure.
• EXAMPLE 8 Effect of the preparation form of sepiolite compounds modified with aminoalkylsilane according to the invention, compared to the conventional procedure, on the properties of polyamide-6 when added as an additive.
• Sepiolite with a particle size of less than 44 microns is dispersed but not subjected to an individualization or defibrillation process in water containing aminoalkyltrimethoxysilane in a proportion of 3 mmol of silane per 100 grams of sepiolite, following the procedure described in example 3, for obtain a modified sepiolite compound according to the conventional procedure.
• the compound obtained is identified as Sep 1-a.
• defibrillated and individualized sepiolite obtained as described in patent application EP 0170299 is dispersed in 4% water where aminoalkyltrimethoxysilane has previously been dispersed in a proportion of 3 mmol of silane per 100 grams of sepiolite, using the procedure described in example 1, to obtain a sepiolite compound modified by the procedure described in this patent by dispersing the sepiolite in a silane solution.
• the sepiolite compound is obtained, which is identified as Sep 1-b.
• another compound obtained by dispersing defibrillated and individualized sepiolite obtained as described in patent application EP 0170299 in 6% water is prepared using a mechanical stirrer at 12,000 rpm, with a peripheral speed of 20 m / s, for 10 minutes .
• an aqueous solution of aminoalkylsilane in water is added so that the concentration of sepiolite in the final dispersion is 4% and the amount of silane is 3 mmol of silane per 100 grams of sepiolite.
• This dispersion is stirred using a mechanical stirrer at 12,000 rpm, with a peripheral speed of 20 m / s, for another 10 minutes.
• the dispersion is filtered, dried at 100 ° C and ground to a size less than 44 microns. That is, in this case, the sepiolite is previously dispersed in high shear water before adding the modifying agent. Thus the sepiolite compound is obtained, which is identified as Sep 1-c.
• the compounds Sep 1-a, Sep 1-b and Sep 1-c are added at 10% concentration in polyamide 6 (PA-6) and mixed in the molten polymer at 250 ° C using a twin screw extruder.
• PA-6 polyamide 6
• the mechanical properties are determined according to the UNE-EN-ISO 527 standards and the flexural temperature under load (HDT) according to the UNE-EN-ISO 75 standard.
• Table 2 The results of Young and HDT module obtained with each composite material are summarized in comparison to the PA-6 not added with sepiolite. As can be seen, the greatest increases in modulus and HDT values are obtained with the sepiolite compound obtained according to the process herein. invention.
• the Sep 1-c compound obtained by making a high-shear pre-dispersion of the defibrillated sepiolite in water before the addition of the modifying agent allows better results than those obtained with the Sep 1-b compound prepared by directly dispersing the sepiolite in water containing in silane. Both compounds, obtained from a defibrillated sepiolite allow better results than those obtained with a conventional non-defibrillated sepiolite.
• PA-6 with 10% sepiolite compounds obtained by modification with aminoalkylsilane according to a conventional procedure (Sep 1-a) and by the procedure described in this invention (Sep 1-b and Sep 1-c) obtained in the example
• EXAMPLE 9 Effect of the preparation form of sepiolite compounds modified with 3-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane according to the invention, compared to the conventional procedure, on the properties of polyamide-6 when added as an additive.
• silane-modified sepiolite compounds are prepared as described in example 8, with the only variation that 3- silane is used in this case.
• Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane and an amount of silane of 8 mmol per 100 grams of sepiolite is used.
• the following compounds are thus obtained:
• Sep 2-a Obtained according to a conventional procedure using non-defibrillated sepiolite
• Sep 2-b Obtained from a defibrillated sepiolite according to a procedure described in the present invention, where the sepiolite is dispersed at high shear in the silane solution
• Sep 2-c Obtained from a defibrillated sepiolite according to a procedure described in the present invention, where the sepiolite is previously dispersed at high shear in water and subsequently the silane solution is added
• Example 8 these three compounds are added at 10% concentration in polyamide 6 (PA-6) and mixed in the molten polymer at 250 ° C using a twin screw extruder.
• PA-6 polyamide 6
• the composite materials in PA-6 are characterized as indicated in example 10.
• the results obtained are summarized in Table 3. It is found that as in the case of example 10, the greatest increases in module and HDT values are obtained with the sepiolite compound obtained according to the process of the present invention.
• the Sep 2-c compound obtained by making a high-shear dispersion of the defibrillated sepiolite in water before the addition of the modifying agent allows better results than those obtained with the Sep 2-b compound prepared by directly dispersing the sepiolite in water containing in silane. Both compounds, obtained from a defibrillated sepiolite, allow better results than those obtained with a conventional non-defibrillated sepiolite.
• EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of composite materials based on modified sepiolite obtained according to the invention and different polymers.
• the sepiolite individualized and modified with methyltrimethoxysilane prepared according to example 1 is dispersed at 5% concentration in different polymers: polyester resin, epoxy resin, polypropylene (PP), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
• This set of polymers includes thermoplastic materials processed by casting (PMMA) and extrusion (LDPE and PS), and cured thermosets (polyester and epoxy resin), that is, all obtained by conventional industrial processes.
• Figure 9 ac shows scanning electron microscopy photos of the compounds obtained in polyester resin, LDPE and polystyrene where the optimal dispersion of the modified clay in these polymers can be observed.
• EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of a modified sepiolite compound with a quaternary ammonium salt and silane.
• the mixture is dried at 150 ° C, and subsequently ground to a particle size of less than 45 microns.
• the modified sepiolite compound obtained is then dispersed at 15% concentration in styrene using a high shear agitator type Cowles for 10 minutes at a peripheral speed of 20 m / s.
• the dispersion of sepiolite compound in styrene obtained is added to a Norsodyne M01510 polyester resin, supplied by Cray Valley, in an amount such that the final concentration of sepiolite compound is 4%, and it is dispersed at high shear in a system of calenders with refrigerated rollers to avoid evaporation of styrene, using successive passes by reducing the distance between rollers from 50 to 5 microns and using a roller speed of 350 rpm.
• a conventional prepreg containing mineral fillers and fiberglass was manufactured, so that the percentage of sepiolite compound in the final prepreg was 0.45%.
• the prepreg was processed by SMC (Sheet Molding Compound) to obtain hot compression plates from the laminate. So analogous plates were obtained but without adding sepiolite compound in the polyester resin. These plates were tested to determine their mechanical properties in Charpy flex and impact tests. The results are shown in Table 1. As can be seen, the laminate obtained shows a marked improvement in strength, modulus and toughness measured according to the Charpy impact test. Table 1. Mechanical characterization by Charpy flexion and impact tests of the plates obtained from the polyester resin and the polyester resin with the sepiolite compound obtained in example 9.

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