WO2012063753A1 - インドール系化合物、並びにこれを用いた光電変換用色素、半導体電極、光電変換素子および光電気化学電池 - Google Patents
インドール系化合物、並びにこれを用いた光電変換用色素、半導体電極、光電変換素子および光電気化学電池 Download PDFInfo
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- RPKNOLDASJRDJK-MBXJOHMKSA-N C/C=C(/C(C(O)=O)=NN1c2ccccc2)\C1=O Chemical compound C/C=C(/C(C(O)=O)=NN1c2ccccc2)\C1=O RPKNOLDASJRDJK-MBXJOHMKSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
- C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/10—The polymethine chain containing an even number of >CH- groups
- C09B23/105—The polymethine chain containing an even number of >CH- groups two >CH- groups
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
- H01M14/005—Photoelectrochemical storage cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/652—Cyanine dyes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an indole compound, and a photoelectric conversion dye, a semiconductor electrode, a photoelectric conversion element, and a photoelectrochemical cell using the indole compound.
- Solar cells that convert light energy into electrical energy include inorganic solar cells that use inorganic materials such as single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon, and organic solar cells that use organic dyes and conductive polymer materials. Solar cells have been proposed.
- a Gretzel type solar cell includes a semiconductor electrode in which a semiconductor layer having a dye adsorbed thereon is formed on a conductive substrate, a counter electrode made of a conductive substrate opposite to the electrode, and an electrolyte layer held between the electrodes. And.
- the adsorbed dye absorbs light and enters an excited state, and electrons are injected from the excited dye into the semiconductor layer.
- the dye that is in an oxidized state due to the emission of electrons returns to the original dye by transferring electrons to the dye by the oxidation reaction of the redox agent in the electrolyte layer. Then, the redox agent that has donated electrons to the dye is reduced again on the counter electrode side. This series of reactions functions as a battery.
- a metal complex such as a ruthenium complex is used as a sensitizing dye.
- a metal complex such as a ruthenium complex
- cis-bis (isothiocyanato) -bis- (2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid) is used.
- organic dyes that do not contain noble metals such as ruthenium is required as sensitizing dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells.
- organic dyes have a higher molar extinction coefficient than metal complexes such as ruthenium complexes, and further have a high degree of freedom in molecular design, so that development of dyes with high photoelectric conversion efficiency is expected.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and the object of the present invention is to provide an indole compound excellent in photoelectric conversion characteristics, a dye for photoelectric conversion using the same, a semiconductor electrode, a photoelectric conversion element, and The object is to provide a photoelectrochemical cell.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group
- R 3 -R 6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, an alkoxy group or a hydroxy group
- X represents an organic group having an acidic group
- Z represents A linking group containing at least one selected from a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, a vinylene group (—CH ⁇ CH—), and an ethynylene group (—C ⁇ C—).
- a photoelectric conversion dye comprising the above indole compound.
- a semiconductor electrode having a semiconductor layer containing the photoelectric conversion dye.
- a photoelectric conversion element having the above semiconductor electrode is provided.
- a photoelectrochemical cell including the above photoelectric conversion element is provided.
- an indole compound excellent in photoelectric conversion characteristics and a photoelectric conversion dye, a semiconductor electrode, a photoelectric conversion element, and a photoelectrochemical cell using the same can be provided.
- the indole compound suitable for the photoelectric conversion dye according to the present embodiment is a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- indole compounds according to the present invention when there are isomers such as tautomers or stereoisomers (eg, geometric isomers, conformational isomers and optical isomers), any isomers It can be used in the present invention.
- isomers such as tautomers or stereoisomers (eg, geometric isomers, conformational isomers and optical isomers)
- any isomers It can be used in the present invention.
- R 1 and R 2 in formula (1) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.
- R 1 preferably represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, etc., an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a benzyl group, etc.
- Examples of the substituent bonded to the alkyl group include a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), a phenyl group, and the like.
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted aryl group include phenyl group, tolyl group, 4-t-butylphenyl group, 3,5-di-t-butylphenyl group, 4-methoxyphenyl group, 4- (N, N-dimethyl group).
- Examples thereof include substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups having 6 to 22 carbon atoms such as amino) phenyl group, 4- (N, N-diphenylamino) phenyl group, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzylphenyl group, and biphenyl group. The number does not include the carbon number of the substituent.
- Examples of the substituent bonded to the aryl group include an alkyl group (for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), N, N -Dialkylamino group (wherein the alkyl group portion is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or 1 to 8 carbon atoms), N, N-diphenylamino group, and the like.
- an alkyl group for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms
- a hydroxy group for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- an alkoxy group for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- N N -Dialkylamino group
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group include a thienyl group, a furyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an indolyl group, a carbazoyl group, and the like.
- Examples of the substituent bonded to the heterocyclic group include an alkyl group (for example, having 1 to 8 carbon atoms). Alkyl group), a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), and the like.
- R 3 to R 6 in formula (1) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (straight or branched alkyl group), a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, an alkoxy group, or a hydroxy group.
- the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, etc.
- Examples thereof include alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and examples of the substituent bonded to the alkyl group include a hydroxy group and an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted aryl group include phenyl group, tolyl group, 4-t-butylphenyl group, 3,5-di-t-butylphenyl group, 4-methoxyphenyl group, 4- (N, N-dimethyl group).
- Examples thereof include a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms such as amino) phenyl group, and examples of the substituent bonded to the aryl group include an alkyl group (for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), a hydroxy group, Examples include an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), an N, N-dialkylamino group (the alkyl group portion is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), and the like. Examples of the alkoxy group include an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group.
- X in the formula (1) represents an organic group having an acidic group.
- the acidic group of the organic group X include a carboxy group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, or a salt thereof, and among them, a carboxy group or a salt thereof is particularly preferable.
- a monovalent or divalent metal salt, ammonium salt or organic ammonium salt is preferred.
- the monovalent or divalent metal salt include alkali metal salts such as Li, Na, K, and Cs, and alkaline earth metal salts such as Mg, Ca, and Sr.
- the organic group of the organic ammonium salt include an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the indole compound represented by the general formula (1) preferably has a functional group that can be adsorbed to the semiconductor layer from the viewpoint of adsorbing to the semiconductor layer used in the semiconductor electrode, and the acidic group of the organic group X is the functional group. Can play a role.
- Specific examples of the organic group X having an acidic group are shown in chemical formulas (X1) to (X16), but are not limited thereto. These organic groups X have a carbon-carbon double bond in addition to an acidic group.
- One bond of the linking group Z is bonded to one carbon of the carbon-carbon double bond, and cyano is bonded to the other carbon.
- Group, carbonyl group, carbon of other carbon-carbon double bond, carbon of carbon-nitrogen double bond is bonded.
- the organic group X having an acidic group is preferably a group represented by the following general formula (2).
- M represents a hydrogen atom or a salt-forming cation.
- Examples of the salt-forming cation include various cations capable of forming a salt with a carboxy group.
- Examples of such a cation include an ammonium cation (NH 4+ ); an organic ammonium cation derived from an amine (A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 N + , A 1 to A 4 represent a hydrogen atom or an organic group. At least one of which is an organic group); alkali metal ions such as Li + , Na + , K + and Cs + ; alkaline earth metal ions such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ .
- Examples of the organic group of the organic ammonium cation include an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- Z in the formula (1) is at least selected from a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, a vinylene group (—CH ⁇ CH—), and an ethynylene group (—C ⁇ C—).
- Examples of the substituent of the aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring of the linking group Z include a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (straight chain or branched alkyl group), or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group (straight chain or branched alkyl group).
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group include an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, and an octyl group.
- Examples of the substituent bonded to the group include a hydroxy group and an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
- Examples of the aromatic or heterocyclic alkoxy group include an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group.
- the linking group Z is not particularly limited, but is preferably an atomic group that can be conjugated with the indole ring to which the linking group Z is bonded and the organic group X having an acidic group.
- a linking group having at least one heterocyclic ring selected from a thiophene ring, a furan ring, and a pyrrole ring can be suitably used.
- Such a linking group Z is preferably at least a linking group having a structure represented by the following general formula (3).
- R 7 and R 8 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (straight chain or branched alkyl group), or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group (straight chain or branched alkyl group). And R 7 and R 8 may be connected to each other to form a ring.
- the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group include an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, and an octyl group.
- Examples of the substituent bonded to the group include a hydroxy group and an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
- Examples of the alkoxy group as R 7 and R 8 include an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group, and the substituent bonded to the alkoxy group includes a hydroxy group. It is done.
- Y represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or NRa
- Ra represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (straight chain or branched alkyl group), or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
- the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, etc., an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a benzyl group, etc.
- Examples of the substituent bonded to the alkyl group include a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), a phenyl group, and the like.
- Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted aryl group include phenyl group, tolyl group, 4-t-butylphenyl group, 3,5-di-t-butylphenyl group, 4-methoxyphenyl group, 4- (N, N-dimethyl group).
- Examples thereof include a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms such as amino) phenyl group, and examples of the substituent bonded to the aryl group include an alkyl group (eg, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), a hydroxy group, Examples include an alkoxy group (for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), an N, N-dialkylamino group (the alkyl group portion is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), and the like.
- the linking group Z in the formula (1) and the indole ring bonded to the linking group Z preferably form a conjugated structure. Furthermore, the linking group Z and the linking group Z are bonded to each other. More preferably, the organic group X forms a conjugated structure.
- linking group Z examples include a heterocyclic ring and have a bond in the heterocyclic ring.
- carbons constituting the heterocycle are directly bonded to each other, or bonded by forming a condensed ring, and any of the heterocyclic rings has a bond.
- the group which 2 or more types chosen from these coupling groups connected may be sufficient.
- examples of combinations of Z and X in the formula include, for example, those shown in Tables 1 to 6 Combinations (a-1) to (a-29), (b-1) to (b-29), (c-1) to (c-29), (d-1) to (d-16), (E-1) to (e-16) and (f-1) to (f-16).
- Indole compounds according to embodiments of the present invention include compounds represented by the following formulas IN-1 to IN-5 and IN-6 to IN-15 (including tautomers or stereoisomers) and salts thereof It is preferable that The indole compounds represented by the formulas IN-1 to IN-5 will be described more specifically in the examples described later. Indole compounds represented by the formulas IN-6 to IN-15 can be easily produced and used according to the examples and production methods described below for the indole compounds represented by the formulas IN-1 to IN-5. can do.
- the indole compound in the present invention is not limited to these examples, and an indole compound having a structure in which Z and X in the formula are appropriately combined can be used.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure of an example of the photoelectric conversion element according to the present embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. 1 includes a semiconductor electrode 4, a counter electrode 8, and an electrolyte layer (charge transport layer) 5 held between both electrodes.
- the semiconductor electrode 4 includes a conductive substrate including the light transmissive substrate 3 and the transparent conductive layer 2, and the semiconductor layer 1.
- the counter electrode 8 includes a catalyst layer 6 and a substrate 7. A dye is adsorbed on the semiconductor layer 1.
- the dye adsorbed on the semiconductor layer 1 is excited and emits electrons.
- the electrons move to the conduction band of the semiconductor, and further move to the transparent conductive layer 2 by diffusion.
- the electrons in the transparent conductive layer 2 move to the counter electrode 8 via an external circuit (not shown).
- dye which emitted the electron receives an electron from the electrolyte layer 5 (reduced), returns to the original state, and a pigment
- the electrons that have moved to the counter electrode are imparted to the electrolyte layer, and the electrolyte is reduced. In this manner, the photoelectric conversion element functions as a battery.
- each component will be described by taking the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. 1 as an example.
- the semiconductor electrode 4 includes a conductive substrate including the light transmissive substrate 3 and the transparent conductive layer 2, and the semiconductor layer 1. As shown in FIG. 1, a light transmissive substrate 3, a transparent conductive layer 2, and a semiconductor layer 1 are laminated in this order from the outside to the inside of the element. A dye (not shown) is adsorbed on the semiconductor layer 1.
- the conductive substrate of the semiconductor electrode 4 may have a single layer structure in which the substrate itself has conductivity, or a two-layer structure in which a conductive layer is formed on the substrate.
- the conductive substrate of the photoelectric conversion element shown in FIG. 1 has a two-layer structure in which a transparent conductive layer 2 is formed on a light transmissive substrate 3.
- Examples of the substrate used for the conductive substrate include a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, a metal plate, and the like. Among them, a substrate having high light transmittance, for example, a transparent plastic substrate is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the material for the transparent plastic substrate include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polycycloolefin, polyphenylene sulfide, and the like.
- the conductive layer (for example, the transparent conductive layer 2) formed on the substrate (for example, the light transmissive substrate 3) is not particularly limited, but for example, indium tin oxide (Indium-Tin-Oxide: ITO), A transparent conductive layer made of a transparent material such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), or the like is preferable.
- the conductive layer formed over the substrate can be formed into a film shape over the entire surface or a part of the surface of the substrate.
- the thickness of the conductive layer can be selected as appropriate, but is preferably about 0.02 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. Such a conductive layer can be formed using a normal film formation technique.
- the conductive substrate in this embodiment can also use a metal lead wire for the purpose of reducing the resistance of the conductive substrate.
- the metal lead wire include metals such as aluminum, copper, gold, silver, platinum, and nickel.
- the metal lead wire can be produced by vapor deposition, sputtering, or the like.
- a conductive layer for example, transparent conductive layer 2 such as ITO or FTO
- a metal lead wire may be formed on the conductive layer.
- the following description of the present embodiment is based on an example in which a conductive substrate having a two-layer structure in which the transparent conductive layer 2 is formed on the light-transmitting substrate 3 is used as the conductive substrate of the semiconductor electrode. It is not limited to examples.
- a semiconductor layer As a material constituting the semiconductor layer 1, a single semiconductor such as silicon or germanium, a compound semiconductor such as a metal chalcogenide, a compound having a perovskite structure, or the like can be used.
- Metal chalcogenides include oxides such as titanium, tin, zinc, iron, tungsten, indium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, strontium, hafnium, cerium, lanthanum; cadmium, zinc, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, etc. Sulfides; selenides such as cadmium and lead; tellurides of cadmium and the like.
- Examples of other compound semiconductors include phosphides such as zinc, gallium, indium, and cadmium; gallium arsenide; copper-indium-selenide; copper-indium-sulfide, and the like.
- Examples of the compound having a perovskite structure include commonly known semiconductor compounds such as barium titanate, strontium titanate, and potassium niobate. These semiconductor materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a semiconductor material containing titanium oxide or zinc oxide is preferable, and a semiconductor material containing titanium oxide is more preferable.
- titanium oxide include various types of titanium oxide such as anatase type titanium oxide, rutile type titanium oxide, amorphous titanium oxide, metatitanic acid, orthotitanic acid, and a titanium oxide-containing complex can be used. .
- anatase type titanium oxide is preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the stability of photoelectric conversion.
- Examples of the form of the semiconductor layer include a porous semiconductor layer obtained by sintering semiconductor fine particles, a thin film semiconductor layer obtained by a sol-gel method, a sputtering method, a spray pyrolysis method, and the like. Moreover, it is good also as a semiconductor layer which consists of a fibrous semiconductor layer or an acicular crystal
- the form of these semiconductor layers can be appropriately selected according to the purpose of use of the photoelectric conversion element. Among these, a semiconductor layer having a large specific surface area such as a porous semiconductor layer and a needle-like semiconductor layer is preferable from the viewpoint of the amount of dye adsorbed.
- a porous semiconductor layer formed from semiconductor fine particles is preferable from the viewpoint that the utilization factor of incident light and the like can be adjusted by the particle size of the semiconductor fine particles.
- the semiconductor layer may be a single layer or a multilayer. By forming a multilayer, a sufficiently thick semiconductor layer can be more easily formed.
- the porous semiconductor layer formed from semiconductor fine particles is a multilayer, it may consist of a plurality of semiconductor layers having different average particle diameters of the semiconductor fine particles. For example, the average particle diameter of the semiconductor fine particles of the semiconductor layer closer to the light incident side (first semiconductor layer) may be smaller than that of the semiconductor layer farther from the light incident side (second semiconductor layer).
- the first semiconductor layer absorbs a lot of light, and the light that has passed through the first semiconductor layer is efficiently scattered by the second semiconductor layer and returned to the first semiconductor layer, and the returned light is returned to the first semiconductor layer.
- the whole optical absorptance can be improved further.
- the film thickness of the semiconductor layer is not particularly limited, but can be set to, for example, not less than 0.5 ⁇ m and not more than 45 ⁇ m from the viewpoints of permeability and conversion efficiency.
- the specific surface area of the semiconductor layer can be set to, for example, 10 m 2 / g or more and 200 m 2 / g or less from the viewpoint of adsorbing a large amount of dye.
- the porosity of the porous semiconductor layer is, for example, 40% or more and 80 from the viewpoint that ions in the electrolyte are further sufficiently diffused and charge transport is performed. % Or less is preferable.
- the porosity is a percentage of the volume of the semiconductor layer occupied by the pores in the semiconductor layer.
- the porous semiconductor layer can be formed, for example, as follows.
- a suspension is prepared by adding semiconductor fine particles together with an organic compound such as a resin and a dispersant to a dispersion medium such as an organic solvent and water. And this suspension is apply
- an organic compound is added to the dispersion medium together with the semiconductor fine particles, the organic compound burns during firing, and it becomes possible to secure a further sufficient gap (void) in the porous semiconductor layer.
- the porosity can be changed by controlling the molecular weight and the addition amount of the organic compound combusted during firing.
- the organic compound to be used is not particularly limited as long as it can be dissolved in a suspension and burned and removed during firing.
- polyethylene glycol, cellulose ester resin, cellulose ether resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, phenol resin, polycarbonate resin, polyarylate resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyester resin, polyvinyl formal resin, silicone resin, styrene examples thereof include polymers and copolymers of vinyl compounds such as vinyl acetate, acrylic acid esters, and methacrylic acid esters.
- the type and amount of the organic compound can be appropriately selected according to the type and state of the fine particles used, the composition ratio of the suspension, the total weight, and the like.
- the ratio of the semiconductor fine particles is 10% by mass or more with respect to the total weight of the whole suspension, the strength of the prepared film can be further sufficiently increased, and the ratio of the semiconductor fine particles is If the total weight is 40% by mass or less, a porous semiconductor layer having a large porosity can be obtained more stably. Therefore, the ratio of the semiconductor fine particles is based on the total weight of the entire suspension. It is preferable that it is 10 mass% or more and 40 mass% or less.
- semiconductor fine particles single or plural compound semiconductor particles having an appropriate average particle diameter, for example, an average particle diameter of about 1 nm to 500 nm can be used. Among these, from the viewpoint of increasing the specific surface area, those having an average particle diameter of about 1 nm to 50 nm are desirable. In order to increase the utilization factor of incident light, semiconductor particles having a relatively large average particle diameter of about 200 nm to 400 nm may be added.
- Examples of the method for producing semiconductor fine particles include a sol-gel method such as a hydrothermal synthesis method, a sulfuric acid method, and a chlorine method.
- the method is not limited as long as the method can produce the desired fine particles, but from the viewpoint of crystallinity. Is preferably synthesized by a hydrothermal synthesis method.
- dispersion medium for the suspension examples include glyme solvents such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol; mixed solvents such as isopropyl alcohol / toluene; water and the like.
- the suspension can be applied by a usual application method such as a doctor blade method, a squeegee method, a spin coating method, or a screen printing method.
- the conditions for drying and baking the coating film after application of the suspension can be, for example, about 10 seconds to 12 hours in the range of about 50 ° C. to 800 ° C. in the air or in an inert gas atmosphere. . This drying and baking can be performed once at a single temperature or twice or more at different temperatures.
- semiconductor layers other than the porous semiconductor layer can be formed using a normal method for forming a semiconductor layer used in a photoelectric conversion element.
- a method for adsorbing the dye to the semiconductor layer for example, a method in which a semiconductor substrate (that is, a conductive substrate having the semiconductor layer 1) is immersed in a solution in which the dye is dissolved, or a dye solution is applied to the semiconductor layer.
- a semiconductor substrate that is, a conductive substrate having the semiconductor layer 1
- a dye solution is applied to the semiconductor layer.
- Solvents for this dye solution include nitrile solvents such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, methoxyacetonitrile; alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone; acetic acid Ester solvents such as ethyl and butyl acetate; ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane; amide solvents such as N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; dichloromethane, chloroform, And halogen solvents such as dichloroethane, trichloroethane, and chlorobenzene; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, and cyclohexane; and water. These may be used alone
- the solution can be stirred, heated to reflux, or ultrasonic waves can be applied.
- the amount of the dye supported can be set in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol / cm 2 , and the range of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 to 9.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 mol / cm 2 is available. preferable. Within this range, the effect of improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained economically and sufficiently.
- two or more types of dyes may be mixed and used. It is preferable to select the type and ratio as appropriate.
- an additive may be used in combination when adsorbing the dye in order to suppress a decrease in conversion efficiency due to the association between the dyes.
- additives include steroidal compounds having a carboxy group (for example, deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, etc.).
- the counter electrode 8 in the photoelectric conversion element according to the present embodiment has the catalyst layer 6 on the substrate 7.
- the counter electrode 8 efficiently annihilates electrons and holes.
- the material There is no limit to the material as long as it can fulfill its function.
- the catalyst layer 6 of the counter electrode 8 can be formed as a metal vapor deposition film on the substrate 7 by vapor deposition or the like.
- a Pt layer formed on the substrate 7 may be used.
- the catalyst layer 6 of the counter electrode 8 may contain a nanocarbon material.
- the catalyst layer 6 of the counter electrode 8 may be formed by sintering a paste containing carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, or carbon fibers on the porous insulating film. Nanocarbon materials have a large specific surface area and can improve the probability of annihilation of electrons and holes.
- the substrate 7 examples include transparent substrates such as glass and polymer films, and metal plates (foil).
- transparent substrates such as glass and polymer films, and metal plates (foil).
- metal plates foil
- platinum, carbon, or the like is formed thereon as the catalyst layer 6 by vapor deposition or sputtering. be able to.
- the electrolyte layer (charge transport layer) 5 in the photoelectric conversion element according to the present embodiment has a function of transporting holes generated from the dye adsorbed on the semiconductor layer 1 due to the incidence of light to the counter electrode 8.
- an electrolyte layer an electrolyte solution in which a redox couple is dissolved in an organic solvent, a gel electrolyte in which a polymer matrix is impregnated with a liquid in which the redox couple is dissolved in an organic solvent, a molten salt containing the redox couple, a solid electrolyte Organic hole transport materials and the like can be used.
- This electrolyte layer can be composed of an electrolyte, a solvent and an additive.
- a bromide such as a bromide of a quaternary ammonium compound such as a metal bromide such as LiBr, NaBr, KBr, CsBr or CaBr 2 or a tetraalkylammonium bromide or pyridinium bromide with Br 2 ;
- Metal complexes such as ferricyanate and ferrocene-ferricinium ions; sulfur compounds such as sodium polysulfide and alkylthiol-alkyl disulfides; viologen dyes; hydroquinone-quinon
- a combination of LiI and pyridinium iodide, or a combination of imidazolium iodide and I 2 is preferable.
- said electrolyte may be used independently or may be used in mixture of 2 or more types.
- a molten salt that is in a molten state at room temperature can be used as the electrolyte. In this case, a solvent need not be used.
- Examples of the solvent used in the electrolyte layer include carbonate solvents such as ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and propylene carbonate; amide solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide; Nitrile solvents such as propionitrile, propionitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, acetonitrile; lactone solvents such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and valerolactone; ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether; methanol, ethanol Alcohol solvents such as isopropyl alcohol; aprotic polar solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfolane; 2-methyl-3-oxazolidinone, 2-methyl Heterocyclic compounds such as 1,3-dioxolane. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a basic compound may be added to the electrolyte layer in order to suppress dark current.
- the type of basic compound is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include t-butylpyridine, 2-picoline, 2,6-lutidine and the like.
- the addition concentration in the case of adding a basic compound can be, for example, about 0.05 mol / L or more and 2 mol / L or less.
- a solid electrolyte can also be used.
- a gel electrolyte or a completely solid electrolyte can be used.
- a gelling agent to which an electrolyte or a room temperature molten salt is added can be used.
- gelation can be performed by a technique such as addition of a polymer or an oil gelling agent, polymerization of coexisting polyfunctional monomers, or a crosslinking reaction of the polymer.
- Examples of the polymer to be gelated by adding a polymer include polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- Oil gelling agents include dibenzylden-D-sorbitol, cholesterol derivatives, amino acid derivatives, alkylamide derivatives of trans- (1R, 2R) -1,2-cyclohexanediamine, alkylurea derivatives, N-octyl-D-gluconamide benzoate Double-headed amino acid derivatives, quaternary ammonium salt derivatives, and the like.
- the monomer used is preferably a compound having two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, such as divinylbenzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, Examples include diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
- a monofunctional monomer may be included in addition to the polyfunctional monomer.
- Monofunctional monomers include esters derived from acrylic acid and ⁇ -alkyl acrylic acids such as acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, methyl acrylate, and hydroxyethyl acrylate; amides; dimethyl maleate, diethyl fumarate, dibutyl maleate Esters derived from maleic acid and fumaric acid such as: Dienes such as butadiene, isoprene and cyclopentadiene; Aromatic vinyl compounds such as styrene, p-chlorostyrene and sodium styrenesulfonate; Vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate Nitriles such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; vinyl compounds having a nitrogen-containing heterocycle such as vinyl carbazole; vinyl compounds having a quaternary ammonium salt; other N-vinylformamide, vinyl sulfone , Vinylidene fluoride, vinyl alkyl ethers, N- phenylmaleimide, and the
- Polymerization of the monomer for gelation can be performed by radical polymerization.
- This radical polymerization can be carried out by heating, light, ultraviolet light or electron beam, or electrochemically.
- the polymerization initiator used when forming a crosslinked polymer by heating include azo initiators such as 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) and 2,2′-azobis (dimethylvaleronitrile), Examples thereof include peroxide initiators such as benzoyl peroxide.
- the addition amount of the polymerization initiator is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.05% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less with respect to the total amount of monomers.
- crosslinkable reactive groups are nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as pyridine ring, imidazole ring, thiazole ring, oxazole ring, triazole ring, morpholine ring, piperidine ring, piperazine ring, and preferred crosslinkers are alkyl halides, halogenated alkyls.
- Bifunctional or higher functional compounds capable of electrophilic substitution reaction with nitrogen atoms such as aralkyl, sulfonic acid ester, acid anhydride, acid chloride, isocyanate and the like can be mentioned.
- a mixture of an electrolyte and an ion conductive polymer compound can be used.
- the ion conductive polymer compound include polar polymer compounds such as polyethers, polyesters, polyamines, and polysulfides.
- an inorganic hole transport material such as copper iodide or copper thiocyanide can be used as the charge transport material.
- This inorganic hole transport material can be introduced into the electrode by a method such as a casting method, a coating method, a spin coating method, a dipping method, or electrolytic plating.
- an organic hole transport material can be used instead of the electrolyte as the charge transport material.
- organic hole transport materials include 2,2 ′, 7,7′-tetrakis (N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine) -9,9′-spirobifluorene (for example, Adv. Mater. 2005, 17). , 813), aromatic diamines such as N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′-bis (3-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl) -4,4′-diamine (for example, Compounds described in US Pat. No.
- the organic hole transport material can be introduced into the electrode by a method such as a vacuum deposition method, a cast method, a spin coating method, a dipping method, or an electrolytic polymerization method.
- the production of the electrolyte layer 5 of the photoelectric conversion element of the present embodiment can be performed, for example, by the following two methods.
- One is a method in which the counter electrode 8 is first bonded onto the semiconductor layer 1 on which the dye is adsorbed, and the liquid electrolyte layer 5 is introduced into the gap.
- the other is a method of forming the electrolyte layer 5 directly on the semiconductor layer 1. In the latter case, the counter electrode 8 is formed on the electrolyte layer 5 after it is formed.
- a photoelectrochemical cell can be provided using the photoelectric conversion element described above.
- This photovoltaic chemical cell can be suitably used as a solar cell.
- FIG. 2 shows an absorption spectrum curve of the obtained indole compound IN-1 (dye) in acetonitrile. ⁇ max of the indole compound IN-1 was 449 nm.
- the crystals separated by filtration were dispersed in a mixed solvent of hexane / ethyl acetate (volume mixing ratio: 3/1), washed with heating and stirring to obtain 0.111 g of the desired indole compound IN-2 (yield) 49%).
- FIG. 3 shows an absorption spectrum curve of the obtained indole compound IN-2 (dye) in acetonitrile. ⁇ max of the indole compound IN-2 was 498 nm.
- ⁇ max in chloroform of the obtained indole compound IN-3 (dye) was 497 nm.
- ⁇ max in THF of the obtained indole compound IN-4 (dye) was 484 nm.
- a glass with FTO (10 ⁇ cm 2 ) having a size of 15 mm ⁇ 15 mm and a thickness of 1.1 mm was prepared as a conductive substrate (light transmissive substrate with a transparent conductive layer).
- a titanium oxide paste (semiconductor layer material) was prepared as follows.
- Commercially available titanium oxide powder (trade name: P25, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., average primary particle size: 21 nm) 5 g, 15 vol% acetic acid aqueous solution 20 ml, surfactant 0.1 ml (trade name: Triton (registered trademark) X- 100, manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd.) and 0.3 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20000) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., product code: 168-11285) were mixed, and this mixture was stirred with a stirring mixer for about 1 hour to oxidize. A titanium paste was obtained.
- this titanium oxide paste was applied onto a glass with FTO by a doctor blade method so that the film thickness was about 50 ⁇ m (application area: 10 mm ⁇ 10 mm).
- the glass with FTO coated with the titanium oxide paste was put in an electric furnace, baked at 450 ° C. for about 30 minutes in an air atmosphere, and naturally cooled to obtain a porous titanium oxide film on the glass with FTO. .
- a light scattering layer was formed on the titanium oxide film as follows.
- a titanium oxide paste having an average particle size of 400 nm (trade name: PST-400C, manufactured by JGC Catalysts & Chemicals Co., Ltd.) was applied to the above-described titanium oxide film at a thickness of 20 ⁇ m by screen printing. Then, the light-scattering layer on the titanium oxide film was obtained by baking for about 30 minutes at 450 degreeC in air
- the semiconductor electrode before the dye was adsorbed was obtained.
- a counter electrode was fabricated as follows. A platinum layer having an average film thickness of 1 ⁇ m was deposited as a catalyst layer on a soda lime glass plate (thickness: 1.1 mm) by a vacuum deposition method to obtain a counter electrode.
- (C) Cell assembly The semiconductor electrode after the dye adsorption treatment and the counter electrode were arranged so that the semiconductor layer and the catalyst layer face each other, thereby forming a cell before electrolyte injection. Next, a thermosetting resin film in which the electrolyte was allowed to penetrate into the gap between the semiconductor electrode and the counter electrode was thermocompression bonded to the outer periphery of the cell.
- (D) Injection of electrolyte An iodine-based electrolyte was injected into the above-described cell from the above-mentioned cut and allowed to penetrate between the semiconductor electrode and the counter electrode.
- the iodine-based electrolyte uses acetonitrile as the solvent, the iodine concentration is 0.5 mol / L, the lithium iodide concentration is 0.1 mol / L, the 4-tert-butylpyridine concentration is 0.5 mol / L, 1, A solution having a concentration of 2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide of 0.6 mol / L was used.
- Example 7 A photoelectric conversion element was produced in the same manner as in Example 6 except that indole dye IN-2 or IN-3 was used instead of indole dye IN-1.
- indole dye IN-2 or IN-3 was used instead of indole dye IN-1.
- the element using IN-2 obtained a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 4.3%
- the element using IN-3 implantation
- a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 4.5% was obtained.
- Example 9 A photoelectric conversion element was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the dye solution was changed.
- a dye solution a 0.3 mM ethanol solution of IN-4 was used, and a solution in which 160 mM deoxycholic acid was added as a coadsorbent was used.
- a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5.0% was obtained with the element using IN-4.
- Example 10 A photoelectric conversion element was produced in the same manner as in Example 9 except that the dye solution was changed.
- the dye solution was dissolved in a mixed solvent of THF / acetonitrile / t-butanol (2/4/4) at a concentration of 0.1 mM of IN-5 and further added with 1 mM deoxycholic acid as a co-adsorbent. .
- a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5.2% was obtained in the element using IN-5.
- the indole compound according to the embodiment of the present invention as a photoelectric conversion dye, a photoelectric conversion element having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and a semiconductor electrode used therefor can be obtained.
- a photoelectric conversion element can be applied to a photoelectrochemical cell, and is particularly suitable for a solar cell. Further, the cost can be reduced compared to the case where a metal complex containing a noble metal is used.
Abstract
Description
で表されるインドール系化合物が提供される。
本実施形態による光電変換用色素に好適なインドール系化合物は、以下の一般式(1)で表される化合物である。
本実施形態による光電変換素子の一例の断面構造を模式的に図1に示す。図1に示した光電変換素子は、半導体電極4と、対電極8と、両極間に保持された電解質層(電荷輸送層)5と、を備える。半導体電極4は、光透過性基板3及び透明導電層2を含む導電性基板と、半導体層1と、を備える。対電極8は、触媒層6と、基板7と、を備える。なお、半導体層1には色素が吸着されている。
半導体電極4は、光透過性基板3及び透明導電層2を含む導電性基板と、半導体層1と、を備える。図1に示すように、光透過性基板3と、透明導電層2と、半導体層1と、が素子の外側から内側に向かってこの順に積層されている。この半導体層1には色素(図示せず)が吸着されている。
半導体電極4の導電性基板は、基板自体が導電性を有している単層構造、または、基板上に導電層を形成した2層構造であってもよい。図1に示す光電変換素子の導電性基板は、光透過性基板3上に、透明導電層2を形成した2層構造を有している。
半導体層1を構成する材料としては、シリコン、ゲルマニウムのような単体半導体、金属カルコゲニド等の化合物半導体、ペロブスカイト構造を有する化合物等を使用することができる。
次に、半導体層1の形成方法について、多孔性の半導体層を例にとって説明する。多孔性の半導体層は、例えば、次のようにして形成することができる。
本実施形態による光電変換素子における色素としては、上述した、一般式(1)で表されるインドール系化合物を用いることができる。
本実施形態による光電変換素子おける対電極8は、基板7上に触媒層6を有している。この光電変換素子では、光の入射に起因して半導体層1に吸着した色素から発生したホールが、電解質層5を通して対電極8まで運ばれるが、対電極8は電子とホールが効率よく対消滅するという機能を果たせれば材料に制限はない。
本実施形態による光電変換素子における電解質層(電荷輸送層)5は、光の入射に起因して半導体層1に吸着した色素から発生したホールを対電極8へ輸送する機能を有する。このような電解質層としては、酸化還元対を有機溶媒に溶解した電解液、酸化還元対を有機溶媒に溶解した液体をポリマーマトリックスに含浸したゲル電解質、酸化還元対を含有する溶融塩、固体電解質、有機正孔輸送材料等を用いることができる。
下記の反応式に従って、下記の通り、インドール系化合物IN-1を合成した。
下記の反応式に従って、下記の通り、インドール系化合物IN-2を合成した。
下記の反応式に従って、下記の通り、インドール系化合物IN-3を合成した。
下記の反応式に従って、下記の通り、インドール系化合物IN-4を合成した。
下記の反応式に従って、下記の通り、インドール系化合物IN-5を合成した。
光電変換素子を次のようにして作製した。
まず、半導体電極を次の順序で作製した。
次に、上述の酸化チタン膜および光散乱層からなる半導体層に色素を吸着させた。色素の吸着には、実施例1のインドール系化合物IN-1を、0.2mMの濃度でアセトニトリル中に溶かし、さらに共吸着剤としてデオキシコール酸を150mM添加した溶液を用いた。この色素溶液中に上述の半導体電極を6時間浸した。その後、色素溶液から半導体電極を取り出し、アセトニトリルでリンスして余分な色素を除去し、空気中で乾燥させ、色素が吸着された半導体電極を得た。
上述の色素吸着処理後の半導体電極と上述の対電極とを、半導体層と触媒層が対向するように配置し、電解質注入前のセルを形成した。次に、電解質が半導体電極と対極との隙間に浸透できるだけの切り目を入れた熱硬化性樹脂フィルムを、セルの外周部に熱圧着した。
上述のセルに、ヨウ素系電解質を上述の切り目を入れたところから注入し、半導体電極と対極との間に浸透させた。ヨウ素系電解質は、溶剤としてアセトニトリルを用い、ヨウ素の濃度が0.5mol/L、ヨウ化リチウムの濃度が0.1mol/L、4-tert-ブチルピリジンの濃度が0.5mol/L、1,2-ジメチル-3-プロピルイミダゾリウムアイオダイドの濃度が0.6mol/Lである溶液を用いた。
上述のようにして作製した光電変換素子に、ソーラーシミュレータでAM1.5条件下の100mW/cm2の強度の光を照射して、発生した電気を電流電圧測定装置で測定し、光電変換特性を評価した。その結果、3.6%の光電変換効率が得られた。
インドール系色素IN-1に代えて、インドール系色素IN-2又はIN-3を用いた以外は、実施例6と同様にして光電変換素子を作製した。得られた光電変換素子の光電変換特性を評価した結果、IN-2を用いた素子(実施例7)では、4.3%の光電変換効率が得られ、IN-3を用いた素子(実施例8)では、4.5%の光電変換効率が得られた。
色素溶液を変更した以外は実施例4と同様にして光電変換素子を作製した。色素溶液は、IN-4の0.3mMエタノール溶液を用い、さらに共吸着剤としてデオキシコール酸を160mM添加した溶液を用いた。得られた光電変換素子の光電変換特性を評価した結果、IN-4を用いた素子では、5.0%の光電変換効率が得られた。
色素溶液を変更した以外は実施例9と同様にして光電変換素子を作製した。色素溶液は、IN-5の0.1mMの濃度でTHF/アセトニトリル/t-ブタノール(2/4/4)混合溶媒中に溶かし、さらに共吸着剤としてデオキシコール酸を1mM添加した溶液を用いた。得られた光電変換素子の光電変換特性を評価した結果、IN-5を用いた素子では、5.2%の光電変換効率が得られた。
2 透明導電層
3 光透過性基板
4 半導体電極
5 電解質層(電荷輸送層)
6 触媒層
7 基板
8 対電極
Claims (10)
- 下記一般式(1):
で表されるインドール系化合物。 - 前記の連結基Zと該連結基Zが結合しているインドール環は共役構造を形成し、且つ該連結基Zと前記の有機基Xは共役構造を形成している、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のインドール系化合物。
- 請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のインドール系化合物を含む光電変換用色素。
- 請求項5に記載の光電変換用色素を含む半導体層を有する半導体電極。
- 前記半導体層が、酸化チタンまたは酸化亜鉛を含む請求項6に記載の半導体電極。
- 請求項6又は7に記載の半導体電極を有する光電変換素子。
- 前記半導体電極に対向する対電極と、
前記半導体電極と該対電極との間に介在する電荷輸送材料とをさらに含む請求項8に記載の光電変換素子。 - 請求項8又は9に記載の光電変換素子を含む光電気化学電池。
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JPWO2012063753A1 (ja) | 2014-05-12 |
US20130167932A1 (en) | 2013-07-04 |
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