WO2012051797A1 - 一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极及其制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2012051797A1
WO2012051797A1 PCT/CN2011/001722 CN2011001722W WO2012051797A1 WO 2012051797 A1 WO2012051797 A1 WO 2012051797A1 CN 2011001722 W CN2011001722 W CN 2011001722W WO 2012051797 A1 WO2012051797 A1 WO 2012051797A1
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based alloy
metal substrate
sulfuric acid
electrode
acid system
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French (fr)
Inventor
赖延清
蒋良兴
李劼
刘业翔
吕晓军
刘宏专
田忠良
张红亮
郝科涛
洪波
李渊
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Central South University
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Central South University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/14Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0438Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
    • H01M4/045Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
    • H01M4/0452Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from solutions
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0438Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
    • H01M4/045Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
    • H01M4/0454Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from melts
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0483Processes of manufacture in general by methods including the handling of a melt
    • H01M4/0485Casting
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/14Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
    • H01M4/16Processes of manufacture
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66Selection of materials
    • H01M4/665Composites
    • H01M4/667Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/82Multi-step processes for manufacturing carriers for lead-acid accumulators
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a composite porous electrode for a sulfuric acid system and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a composite porous anode for metal electrowinning or electroplating and a preparation method of a composite porous electrode for organic electrosynthesis. It belongs to the field of electrochemical technology.
  • Sulfuric acid is a widely used electrolyte, but its strong corrosion properties make it possible to use a small number of anodes for the electrolyte system.
  • the Pb or Pb-based alloy electrode can form a corrosion-resistant Pb0 2 protective film when it is anodicly polarized in a sulfuric acid solution, and becomes the most commonly used electrode material in a sulfuric acid-containing electrolyte system, especially as an insoluble anode.
  • Patent ZL200710034340.6 shows that Pb or Pb-based alloy multi-porous energy-saving anodes can reduce the true current density of anodes, reduce electrochemical polarization, reduce oxygen evolution overpotential, save energy and improve current efficiency when used for non-ferrous metal electrodeposition.
  • the anodic oxygen evolution overpotential can be reduced by 50 ⁇ 180mV, and the current efficiency is improved by 1 ⁇ 10%.
  • the creep and deformation of the anode can be reduced, the oxide film formed on the surface is made denser, the anode corrosion rate is lowered, and the quality of the electrodeposited product is improved. Therefore, it has received more and more attention.
  • Patent 200810031807.6 uses a sandwich structure, a frame structure and a grid structure to enhance the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the porous electrode.
  • These structural electrodes It is characterized in that a reinforced metal substrate made of Pb, Al, Ti and its alloy is directly compounded in the porous electrode, so that different members of the electrode respectively perform different functions, wherein the metal substrate is subjected to load and conduction current, and the porous layer continues. Play the electrochemical properties of porous materials.
  • the porous layer is directly composited with the reinforced metal substrate, and the highly corrosive sulfuric acid electrolyte etches the substrate through the porous layer in contact with the reinforced metal substrate. Therefore, while it is required to enhance the metal substrate to have excellent mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, it is also required to have good corrosion resistance.
  • the corrosion-resistant metal substrate listed in Patent 200810031807.6 has limited corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid solution, which greatly shortens the life of the composite porous electrode, or forms a high-impedance passivation film on the surface, causing the cell voltage to rise sharply, affecting electrical energy efficiency. .
  • the material of the reinforced metal substrate is a non-Pb and a Pb alloy
  • direct bonding of the substrate to the porous layer is difficult, and a complicated casting apparatus and casting process are required. Therefore, there is a need to improve such a composite porous electrode and a method of manufacturing the same to extend its service life.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a compounding method with simple structure and reasonable structure, and the composite porous electrode composite layer prepared by the combination is strong, strong in strength, strong in corrosion resistance and long in life. Porous electrode and preparation method thereof.
  • the composite porous electrode for a sulfuric acid system comprises three parts, a metal substrate, a Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me') transition layer, a Pb or a Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me") porous from the inside to the outside.
  • Pb-Me' Pb or Pb-based alloy
  • Pb-Me Pb-Me
  • the metal substrate is selected from the group consisting of a metal Pb or a Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me), a metal Al or an Al-based alloy (Al-Me), a metal Ti or a Ti-based alloy (Ti) -Me), one of a metallic Fe or Fe-based alloy (Fe-Me), a metallic Cu or a Cu-based alloy (Cu-Me); wherein the alloying element Me is selected from the group consisting of Ag, Ca, Ba, Ce, Nd, Cr, At least one of Sn, Ni, Ti, Al, Zn, Fe, Si, Mg; alloy component The mass percentage of Me is 0-50% ; the structure of the reinforced metal substrate is one of a flat type, a radiant type, a mesh type or a grid type; the thickness of the reinforced metal substrate is 0.5 mm ⁇ 8 mm
  • the alloying element Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co Ag Nd, Al Ce, and Sn, and an alloy
  • the element content is 0 wt.% 30 wt.%, and the thickness of the transition layer is 0.05 ⁇ 1
  • the alloying element Me is Ag, Ca Sn Sr, Sb, Ti, Al Zn Ce Ba Tl Si At least one of Mn Co Fe Bi, the alloying element content is 0 wt.% 49.9 wt%
  • the preparation method of the composite porous electrode for sulfuric acid system of the invention comprises the following steps - the first step: the preparation of the reinforced metal substrate
  • the reinforced metal substrate material is selected to be a corresponding reinforced metal substrate blank A;
  • the reinforced metal substrate is selected from the group consisting of metal Pb or Pb based alloy (Pb-Me), metal A1 or A1 base One of alloy (Al-Me), metal Ti or Ti-based alloy (Ti-Me metal Fe or Fe-based alloy (Fe-Me), metallic Cu or Cu-based alloy (Cu-Me); At least one of Ag Ca Ba Ce Nd Cr Sn Ni Ti Al Zn Fe Si Mg; the mass percentage of the alloy component Me is 0-50%
  • Step 2 Prepare a transition layer on the reinforced metal substrate blank
  • the metal Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me), metal Cu or Cu-based alloy (Cu-Me) reinforced metal substrate blank A prepared in the first step is immersed in Pb or Pb base at a temperature of 320 550 ° C. Alloy (Pb-Me, ) 3 ⁇ 60s in the melt; obtain a reinforced metal substrate blank B with a Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me') transition layer on the surface ; or
  • the metal A1 or Al-based alloy (Al-Me), metal Ti or Ti-based alloy (Ti-Me), metal Fe or Fe-based alloy (Fe-Me) reinforced metal substrate blank A prepared in the first step is placed in Pb-containing After electroless plating in the chloride molten salt; immersed in a Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me') melt at a temperature of 320-550 ° C for 3 to 60 s; the surface is plated with a Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb- Me') a reinforced metal substrate blank C of the transition layer; the electroless plating temperature is 350 to 550 ° C, and the time is 30 s to 5 min;
  • the third step preparing the porous layer by the percolation method - placing the reinforcing metal substrate blank B or the reinforcing metal substrate blank C obtained in the second step in the center of the percolation chamber, filling the periphery with the filler particles, and heating to 180 ⁇ 310 ° C; preferably 250 to 300 Then, the Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me") is heated and melted, injected into the percolation chamber, and naturally cooled; the surface of the reinforced metal substrate blank B or the reinforced metal substrate blank C is covered with a Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb).
  • Pb-Me Pb or Pb-based alloy
  • the Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me) has a melting temperature of 300 to 600 ° C, preferably 400 to 550 ° C,
  • the fourth step the removal of filler particles.
  • the electrode obtained in the third step is placed in a solvent, and ultrasonic vibration is applied to remove the filler particles, thereby obtaining a composite porous electrode for a sulfuric acid system.
  • the porous layer is prepared by the percolation method, and the Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me") is heated and melted, and the alloy melt is pressurized from the bottom of the percolation chamber.
  • the gravity direction is injected into the seepage chamber, and the alloy melt injection speed is 0.01 to 0.2 m/s, preferably 0.05 to 0.1 m/s.
  • the structure of the reinforced metal substrate is one of a flat type, a radiation type, a mesh type or a grid type; the thickness of the reinforced metal substrate is 0.5. Mm ⁇ 8mm.
  • the alloying element Me' is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ag, Nd, Al, Ce, and Sn. At least one of the alloying elements has a content of 0 wt.% to 30 wt.%, and the transition layer has a thickness of 0.05 to 1 mm.
  • the alloying element Me is Ag, Ca, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, At least one of Al, Zn, Ce, Ba, Tl, Si, Mn, Co, Fe, Bi has an alloying element content of 0 wt.% to 49.9 wt.%.
  • the chloride molten salt comprises a main salt PbCl 2 -NaCl-CaCl 2 and at least one auxiliary salt selected from the group consisting of AgCl, REC1 2 and SnCl 2 ;
  • the mass percentage of each component of the main salt PbCl 2 -NaCl-CaCl 2 is 50% ⁇ 90%, 5% ⁇ 30%, 1% ⁇ 20%, preferably 75% ⁇ 90%, 5% ⁇ 15%.
  • auxiliary salts AgCl, REC1 2 and 811 (the mass percentage of each component of 31 2 is 0 ⁇ 5%, 0 ⁇ 5% and 0 ⁇ 10%, preferably 0 ⁇ 1%) , 0 ⁇ 5% and 0 ⁇ 1%.
  • the filler particles are at least one selected from the group consisting of CaS0 4 , Na 2 S0 4 , K 2 S0 4 , MgS0 4 , ZnS0 4 , CaCl 2 , NaCl, and KC1.
  • CaS0 4 , 80 4 or ZnS0 4 is preferred ;
  • the particle size of the filled particles is 0.01 to 5 mm, preferably 0.5 to 2 mm; and the shape of the filler particles is spherical or cylindrical.
  • the solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of a Na 2 CO 3 solution, an NH 4 HC 3 3 solution, clean water, pressurized water, and warm water.
  • the method for preparing a composite porous electrode for a sulfuric acid system according to the present invention comprises the following steps when the reinforcing metal substrate is a Pb or Pb based alloy:
  • Step 1 Enhance the preparation of the metal substrate
  • a metal Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me) is selected as the reinforced metal substrate material; wherein the alloying element Me is selected from the group consisting of Ag, Ca, Ba, Ce, Nd, Sn, Ti, Al At least one of the alloy components; the amount of the alloy component Me is 0-50%;
  • Step 2 Preparation of porous layer by percolation
  • the first step resulting reinforced metal matrix blank was placed center flow chamber, surrounding the filler particles filled up, and heated to 180 ⁇ 310 ° C; then, the Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me ”) melted by heating, injected into the flow chamber, Naturally cooling; obtaining an electrode coated with a Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me”) porous layer on the surface of the reinforced metal substrate; the porous layer is filled with a large amount of filler particles; the Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb- Me" ) melting temperature is 300 ⁇ 600 ° C ;
  • the third step the removal of filler particles
  • the electrode obtained in the second step is placed in a solvent, and ultrasonic vibration is applied to remove the filler particles, thereby obtaining a composite porous electrode for a sulfuric acid system.
  • a transition layer of a Pb-based alloy resistant to sulfuric acid corrosion is added between the reinforced metal substrate and the porous layer, and on the one hand, the reinforced metal substrate can be prevented from directly contacting the sulfuric acid electrolyte, thereby providing protection;
  • the aspect is advantageous for the metallurgical bonding of the porous layer of the Pb or Pb-based alloy and the reinforced metal substrate; compared with the prior art, the following advantages are obtained:
  • the transition layer ensures that the substrate does not directly contact the electrolyte, and the substrate is not corroded, on the other hand, the porous layer Strongly bonded to the reinforced metal substrate. Therefore, the transition layer must have good corrosion resistance and be firmly bonded to the substrate.
  • Molten salt electroless plating is the use of redox Reason. When the reinforced metal substrate is immersed in the molten salt containing Pb, Pb can be displaced and adhered to the surface of the fresh reinforced metal substrate; adding the auxiliary salt to the main salt of the molten salt electroless plating can effectively improve the Pb or Pb-based alloy plating layer.
  • the strength of bonding to the substrate The Pb or Pb-based alloy plating layer obtained by molten salt electroless plating often has small pores, and the surface is also difficult to be flattened; the incomplete plating layer may cause electrolyte penetration to cause corrosion of the substrate. Therefore, after plating in the molten salt, the reinforced metal substrate is immediately immersed in the molten Pb or Pb-based alloy Pb-Me', on the one hand, the plating layer can be repaired, and on the other hand, a layer of Pb or a layer of Pb can be further coated on the surface of the plating layer.
  • Pb-based alloy Pb-Me, ) thickens the coating and controls the surface composition of the coating.
  • the metal melt overcomes the surface tension between the filler and the filler particles and fills the voids of the filler particles.
  • the size of the filler particles has a great influence on the percolation process. Generally speaking, the larger the size of the filler particles, the larger the gap between the particles, which is beneficial to the percolation and filling of the melt. The size of the filler particles is too small, which may make the melt unable to form effective percolation and obtain continuous porous. material.
  • the particle size of the filler particles selected in the present invention is 0.01 to 5 mm, which can effectively ensure that an effective percolation is formed between the Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me") metal melt in the filler particles to obtain a continuous porous material.
  • the temperature of the control percolation chamber is kept below the melting point of Pb or Pb alloy (Pb-Me).
  • Pb-Me Pb or Pb-based alloy
  • Pb-Me' Pb or Pb alloy
  • the porous surface layer is prepared by anti-gravity percolation method, so that the Pb or Pb-based alloy (Pb-Me") high temperature metal melt enters the percolation chamber from the lower part at a certain speed.
  • the melt is guaranteed by its own gravity.
  • the melt maintains laminar flow state, stable filling, no gas and inclusions, thereby forming an effective and continuous percolation of the filler particles; on the other hand, it is advantageous for preparation Large size composite porous electrode.
  • the porous layer is prepared by the anti-gravity percolation method, and a defect-free, large-sized composite porous electrode can be obtained, and the percolation process is easy to control and the yield is high.
  • the structure of the metal substrate adopts flat plate type, grid type, mesh type or radiation type. Under the premise of ensuring sufficient mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the electrode, the production equipment of the existing electrode can be used for production, thereby reducing production cost. .
  • the method of the invention has simple process and reasonable structure, and the prepared composite porous electrode composite layer has strong bonding, high strength, strong corrosion resistance and long service life, and solves the long service life of the electrode in the sulfuric acid system. , low strength problems. Suitable for industrial applications.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a composite porous Pb-based electrode of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a grid-type reinforced metal substrate of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a mesh-type reinforced metal substrate according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a radiation-type reinforced metal substrate of the present invention.
  • 1 a porous layer
  • 2 - a transition layer
  • 3 - a reinforced metal substrate.
  • the precast block was charged into the percolation chamber and heated to 250 Torr; the Pb-Ag (0.8 wt.%)-Bi (0.3 wt.%) alloy was heated to 400 ° C to melt, and the filling pressure was applied to drive the molten Pb-Ag ( 0.8wt.%) -Bi (0.3wt.%)
  • the alloy enters the percolation chamber at a rate of 0.05m/s, is naturally cooled after being filled, and then the filler particles are removed by washing with hot water at 50 ° C to obtain Pb-Ca (0.09 wt.%)-Sn (0.98 wt.%)-Al (0.011 wt.%)/Pb-Ag (0.8 wt.%)/Pb-Ag (0.8 wt.%)-Bi (0.3 wt .%) Composite porous electrode.
  • the molten salt was plated with a Pb-Sn alloy and immersed in a molten Pb-Sn (20 wt%) alloy at 400 ° C for 5 s to obtain a 0.15 mm thick Pb-Sn alloy transition layer.
  • An Al-Si (lwt.%) alloy radiant frame with a Pb-Sn alloy transition layer and a CaSO ⁇ particle having a particle diameter of 1.6 mm to 2.0 mm are formed into a pre-formed block, and the pre-formed block is placed in the seepage chamber.
  • the filler particles are preheated to 300 along with the reinforcing substrate.
  • C; Pb-Ag (0.3wt.%)-Ca (0.03wt.%)-Sr (0.03wt.%) alloy was heated to 500 ° C to melt, apply filling pressure, drive molten Pb-Ag (0.3wt.
  • the alloy enters the percolation chamber from the bottom of the percolation chamber in the direction of anti-gravity at a rate of 0.1 m/s, and is cooled after filling. It is treated with an aqueous solution of NH 4 HCl 3 . Filler particles are removed, Al-Si (1 wt.%) Pb-Sn (20 wt.%) / Pb-Ag (0.3 wt.%) - Ca (0.03 wt.%) - Sr (0.03 wt.%) composite porous electrode.
  • a 6 mm thick Ti grid was plated with a pure Pb layer in a PbCl 2 (70 wt.%)-CaCl 2 (5 wt.%)-NaCl (25 wt.%) molten salt, and Pb-Ca at 350 ° C (1.5 The wt.%) was immersed in the melt for 15 s to obtain a 1 mm thick Pb-Ca alloy transition layer.
  • a 3 mm thick Cu-Al (10 wt.%)-Fe (4 wt.%)-Ni (5 wt.%) alloy mesh plate was immersed in a Pb-Co (0.1 wt.%) melt at 400 ° C for 60 s, A 0.8 mm thick Pb-Co alloy transition layer was obtained.
  • a Cu mesh orifice plate coated with a Pb-Co transition layer was installed in the percolation chamber, and ZnS0 4 filler particles having a particle diameter of 0.01 mm to 0.05 mm were loosely mounted on the reinforced metal substrate.
  • the filler particles are preheated to 250 ° C together with the reinforcing metal substrate; the Pb-Ag (0.6 wt.%)-Ce (0.1 wt%) alloy is heated to 550 ° C to melt, and the filling pressure is applied to drive the molten Pb-Ag. (0.6wt.%)-Ce (0.1wt%)
  • the alloy enters the percolation chamber from the bottom of the percolation chamber in the direction of anti-gravity at a speed of 0.05m/s, and is filled with the percolation chamber and then cooled. It is ultrasonically shaken and washed with Na 2 C0 3 solution.

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Description

技术领域
本发明涉及一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极及其制备方法, 特别涉及 金属电积或电镀用复合多孔阳极及有机电合成用复合多孔电极的制备 方法。 属于电化学技术领域。
背景技术
硫酸是一种被广泛使用的电解液, 但其强的腐蚀性能使得能用于该 电解液体系的阳极很少。 Pb或 Pb基合金电极由于其在硫酸溶液中阳极 极化时能生成一层耐蚀强的 Pb02保护膜而成为含硫酸电解液体系中最 常用的一种电极材料, 特别是作为不溶性阳极用于金属电沉积或电镀和 作为耐蚀性阴极或阳极用于有机电合成。
有机电合成的电流密度一般较小。多孔 Pb或 Pb基合金电极用于此 过程时, 由于其具有较大的比表面积, 可以增加反应面积, 提高总反应 电流, 从而提高产能。专利 ZL200710034340.6表明, Pb或 Pb基合金多 孔节能阳极用于有色金属电沉积时, 可以降低阳极真实电流密度, 减小 电化学极化, 降低析氧过电位, 节约能耗, 提高电流效率。 当用于 Cu、 Zn、 Mn、 Ni、 Co、 Cr等的电积时, 阳极析氧过电位可降低 50~180mV, 电流效率提高 1~10%。此外还可以减小阳极的蠕变和变形, 使表面形成 的氧化膜更为致密, 降低阳极腐蚀速率, 提高电积产品的质量。 因此受 到了越来越广泛的关注。
但多孔电极的力学性能和导电性能较差, 影响了其工业化应用, 需 要对其性能进行强化。专利 200810031807.6采用三明治结构、框架式结 构和板栅式结构来提升多孔电极的力学性能和导电性能。这些结构电极 的特点是在多孔电极内直接复合一材质为 Pb、 Al、 Ti及其合金的增强 金属基板, 使电极的不同构件分别发挥不同的功能, 其中增强金属基板 承受载荷和传导电流, 多孔层则继续发挥多孔材料的电化学性能。 多孔 层与增强金属基板直接复合, 强腐蚀性的硫酸电解液会透过多孔层与增 强金属基板接触而腐蚀基板。 因此, 在要求增强金属基板必须具有优秀 的机械强度和导电性能的同时, 也需要其具良好的耐腐蚀能力。 但是, 专利 200810031807.6 中所列增强金属基板在硫酸溶液中的耐腐蚀能力 有限, 大大縮短复合多孔电极的寿命, 或者会在表面形成高阻抗的钝化 膜, 使槽电压急剧升高, 影响电能效率。 再者, 当增强金属基板的材质 为非 Pb及 Pb合金时, 基板与多孔层的直接复合比较困难, 需要复杂的 铸造装置和铸造工艺。 因此, 需要对这种复合多孔电极及其制造方法进 行改进, 以延长其使用寿命。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术之不足而提供一种工艺方法简单、 结构合理、 所制备的复合多孔电极复合层之间结合牢固、 强度高、 耐腐 蚀性强、 寿命长的硫酸体系用复合多孔电极及其制备方法。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极, 包括三部分, 由内到外依次 为金属基板、 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me' )过渡层、 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" ) 多孔层。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极中,所述金属基板选自金属 Pb 或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me) 、 金属 Al或 A1基合金 (Al-Me) 、 金属 Ti或 Ti基合金 (Ti-Me) 、 金属 Fe或 Fe基合金 (Fe-Me) 、 金属 Cu或 Cu 基合金 (Cu-Me) 中的一种; 其中合金元素 Me选自 Ag、 Ca、 Ba、 Ce、 Nd、 Cr、 Sn、 Ni、 Ti、 Al、 Zn、 Fe、 Si、 Mg中的至少一种; 合金组元 Me的质量百分含量为 0~50%; 所述增强金属基板的结构为平板式、 辐 射式、 筛孔式或板栅式中的一种; 所述增强金属基板的厚度为 0.5mm~8mm
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极中,所述过渡层 Pb或 Pb基合 金(Pb-Me,) 中, 合金元素 Me,选自 Co Ag Nd、 Al Ce、 Sn中的至 少一种, 合金元素含量为 0wt.% 30wt.%, 所述过渡层的厚度为 0.05~1
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极中,所述多孔层 Pb或 Pb基合 金 (Pb-Me" ) 中, 合金元素 Me"为 Ag、 Ca Sn Sr、 Sb、 Ti、 Al Zn Ce Ba Tl Si Mn Co Fe Bi中的至少一种,合金元素含量为 0wt.% 49.9wt%
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法, 包括下述步骤- 第一步: 增强金属基板的制备
按设计的增强金属基板组份及结构, 选择增强金属基板材料制成相 应的增强金属基板坯 A; 所述增强金属基板选自金属 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me)、金属 A1或 A1基合金(Al-Me)、金属 Ti或 Ti基合金(Ti-Me 金属 Fe或 Fe基合金 (Fe-Me) 、 金属 Cu或 Cu基合金 (Cu-Me) 中的 一种; 其中合金元素 Me选自 Ag Ca Ba Ce Nd Cr Sn Ni Ti Al Zn Fe Si Mg中的至少一种; 合金组元 Me的质量百分含量为 0-50%
第二步: 在增强金属基板坯上制备过渡层
将第一步制备的金属 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me)、 金属 Cu或 Cu基 合金(Cu-Me)增强金属基板坯 A浸入温度为 320 550°C的 Pb或 Pb基 合金(Pb-Me, ) 熔体中 3~60s;得到表面镀有 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me' ) 过渡层的增强金属基板坯 B;
将第一步制备的金属 A1或 A1基合金 (Al-Me) 、 金属 Ti或 Ti基 合金 (Ti-Me) 、 金属 Fe或 Fe基合金 (Fe-Me) 增强金属基板坯 A置 于含 Pb的氯化物熔盐中进行化学镀后; 浸入温度为 320~550°C的 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me' ) 熔体中 3〜60s; 得到表面镀有 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me' )过渡层的增强金属基板坯 C; 所述化学镀温度为 350~550°C, 时间为 30s~5min;
第三步: 渗流法制备多孔层 - 将第二步所得增强金属基板坯 B或增强金属基板坯 C置于渗流室中 心, 周边填充满填料粒子, 加热至 180〜310°C ; 优选 250~300°C ; 然后, 将 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" ) 加热熔化, 注入渗流室, 自然冷却; 得 到在增强金属基板坯 B或增强金属基板坯 C表面覆盖有 Pb或 Pb基合 金 (Pb-Me" ) 多孔层的电极; 所述多孔层中填充有大量的填料粒子; 所述 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me" )熔化温度为 300~600°C, 优选 400~550 °C,
第四步: 填料粒子的去除 .
将第三步所得电极置于溶剂中, 施加超声波振荡, 去除填料粒子, 即得到硫酸体系用复合多孔电极。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法中, 所述渗流法制 备多孔层采用将 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" ) 加热熔化, 对合金熔体加 压从渗流室底部沿反重力方向注入渗流室, 合金熔体注入速度为 0.01~0.2m/s, 优选 0.05〜0.1m/s。 本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法中, 所述增强金属 基板的结构为平板式、 辐射式、 筛孔式或板栅式中的一种; 所述增强金 属基板的厚度为 0.5mm~8mm。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法中,所述过渡层 Pb 或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me,) 中, 合金元素 Me'选自 Co、 Ag、 Nd、 Al、 Ce、 Sn中的至少一种,合金元素含量为 0wt.%〜30wt.%,所述过渡层的厚度 为 0.05〜lmm。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法中,所述多孔层 Pb 或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me,,) 中, 合金元素 Me"为 Ag、 Ca、 Sn、 Sr、 Sb、 Ti、 Al、 Zn、 Ce、 Ba、 Tl、 Si、 Mn、 Co、 Fe、 Bi 中的至少一种, 合金 元素含量为 0wt.%〜49.9wt.%。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法中: 所述氯化物熔 盐包括主盐 PbCl2-NaCl-CaCl2以及选自 AgCl、 REC12和 SnCl2中的至少 一种辅盐; 所述主盐 PbCl2-NaCl-CaCl2各组分的质量百分含量依次为 50%~90%、 5%〜30%、 1%〜20%; 优选 75%~90%, 5%~15%和 8%~15%; 所述辅盐 AgCl、 REC12和 811(312各组分的质量百分含量依次为 0~5%、 0~5%和 0~10%; 优选 0~1%, 0~5%和 0~1%。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法中, 所述填料粒子 选自 CaS04、 Na2S04、 K2S04、 MgS04、 ZnS04、 CaCl2、 NaCl和 KC1 中的至少一种, 优选 CaS04、 804或 ZnS04 ; 填枓粒子的粒径为 0.01~5mm, 优选 0.5~2mm; 填料粒子形状为球形或圆柱形。
本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法中, 所述溶剂选自 Na2C03溶液、 NH4HC03溶液、 清水、 压力水、 温水中的至少一种。 本发明一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法, 当增强金属基板 为 Pb或 Pb基合金时, 包括下述步骤:
第一步: 增强金属基板的制备
按设计的增强金属基板组份及结构, 选择金属 Pb 或 Pb 基合金 (Pb-Me)作为增强金属基板材料;其中合金元素 Me选自 Ag、 Ca、 Ba、 Ce、 Nd、 Sn、 Ti、 Al中的至少一种; 合金组元 Me的 量百分含量为 0-50%;
第二步: 渗流法制备多孔层
将第一步所得增强金属基板坯置于渗流室中心, 周边填充满填料粒 子,加热至 180~310°C ;然后,将 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" )加热熔化, 注入渗流室, 自然冷却; 得到在增强金属基板坯表面覆盖有 Pb或 Pb基 合金(Pb-Me" ) 多孔层的电极; 所述多孔层中填充有大量的填料粒子; 所述 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" )熔化温度为 300〜600°C ;
第三步: 填料粒子的去除 '
将第二步所得电极置于溶剂中, 施加超声波振荡, 去除填料粒子, 即得到硫酸体系用复合多孔电极。
本发明由于采用上述结构及制备方法, 在增强金属基板及多孔层中 间加入一个耐硫酸腐蚀的 Pb基合金过渡层, 一方面可以使增强金属基 板不直接接触硫酸电解液, 起保护作用; 另一方面有利于 Pb或 Pb基合 金多孔层与增强金属基板的冶金结合;与现有技术相比,具有以下优点:
1、 在增强金属基板表面镀制一层 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me' ) 过渡 层; 过渡层一方面保证基板不与电解液直接接触, 保护基板不被腐蚀, 另一方面使多孔层与增强金属基板结合牢固。 因此, 过渡层必须具有良 好的耐腐蚀能力, 并与基板能结合牢固。 熔盐化学镀是利用氧化还原原 理。 当增强金属基板浸入含 Pb的熔融盐中时, Pb可以被置换出来并附 着在新鲜的增强金属基板表面; 在熔盐化学镀的主盐中加入辅盐, 可以 有效提高 Pb或 Pb基合金镀层与基底的结合强度。通过熔盐化学镀所得 Pb或 Pb基合金镀层常存在小孔, 表面也难以平整; 镀层的不完全, 有 可能使电解液渗入而引起基板的腐蚀。 因此, 在熔盐中镀完之后, 立即 将增强金属基板浸入熔融的 Pb或 Pb基合金 Pb- Me'中, 一方面可修复 镀层,另一方面可以在镀层表面上再覆上一层 Pb或 Pb基合金 ( Pb-Me, ), 使镀层加厚并控制镀层表面成分。 -
2、 在反重力渗流过程中, 金属熔体克服其与填料粒子之间的表面 张力填充在填料粒子的空隙之中, 填料粒子的尺寸对渗流过程影响巨 大。 一般说来, 填料粒子尺寸越大, 粒子之间的空隙也越大, 有利于熔 体的渗流与填充, 填料粒子尺寸过小, 有可能使熔体根本无法形成有效 的渗流和获得连续的多孔材料。 因此, 本发明选择填料粒子的粒径为 0.01〜5mm, 可以有效保证在 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" ) 金属熔体在填 料粒子之间形成有效的渗流, 获得连续的多孔材料。
3、控制渗流室的温度保持在 Pb或 Pb合金(Pb-Me )的熔点以下, 当 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" ) 高温金属熔体从下部进入渗流室时, 可 部分或全部熔化 Pb或 Pb合金(Pb-Me' ) , 从而与增强金属基板一起凝 固成为一个整体,有利于 Pb或 Pb基合金多孔层与增强金属基板形成冶 金结合, 有效提高本发明复合多孔电极的结构强度。
4、采用反重力渗流法制备多孔表层,使 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me") 高温金属熔体从下部以一定的速度进入渗流室。 一方面, 熔体在自身重 力的作用下, 保证充型过程中熔体保持层流状态、 充型平稳、 无卷气和 夹杂, 从而形成对填料粒子的有效、 连续渗流; 另一方面, 有利于制备 大尺寸复合多孔电极。 利用反重力渗流法制备多孔层, 可获得无缺陷, 大尺寸复合多孔电极, 并且渗流过程易于控制, 成品率高。
5、 金属基板的结构采用平板式、 板栅式、 筛孔式或辐射式, 在保 证电极具有足够的力学性能和导电性能的前提下, 可以利用现有电极的 生产设备进行生产, 减低生产成本。
综上所述, 本发明工艺方法简单、 结构合理、 所制备的复合多孔电 极复合层之间结合牢固、 强度高、 耐腐蚀性强、 寿命长, 解决了长期以 来硫酸体系中, 电极使用寿命短、 强度低的问题。 适于工业化应用。
附图说明 附图 1为本发明复合多孔 Pb基电极的剖视图; .
附图 2为本发明板栅式增强金属基板结构示意图;
附图 3为本发明筛孔式增强金属基板结构示意图;
附图 4为本发明辐射式增强金属基板结构示意图;
图中: 1一多孔层; 2—过渡层; 3—增强金属基板。
具体实施方式
结合以下实施例对本发明的内容进行详细说明。
实施例 1:
将 8mm厚的 Pb-Ca(0.09wt%)-Sn(0.98wt.%)-Al(0.011wt%)板在 330 °C的 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)熔体中浸渍 5s, 获得 0.05mm厚的 |»b-Ag过渡层, 然后将表面铍有 Pb-Ag过渡层的增强金属基板与粒径为 0.8mm-1.0mm 的 K2S04填料粒子制成预制块。将预制块装入渗流室,并加热到 250Ό ; 将 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)-Bi (0.3wt.%)合金加热至 400°C熔化,施加充型压力, 驱动熔融 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%) -Bi (0.3wt.%) 合金以 0.05m/s的速度进入渗 流室, 充满后自然冷却, 然后用 50°C热水洗将填料粒子除去, 得到 Pb-Ca(0.09wt.%)-Sn(0.98wt.%)-Al(0.011wt.%)/Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)/Pb-Ag(0.8 wt.%)-Bi (0.3wt.%) 复合多孔电极。
实施例 2:
将 304不锈钢板置于?¾>(¾(70\^.%)-€&(:12(14^.%)^3(:1(15\^.%)瑢 盐中镀制 Pb镀层, 所述 304不锈钢板厚度为 0.5mm, 所述熔盐温度为 480 °C ; 然后立即在 400°C的?1?^(1(0.1^.%)合金熔体中浸渍 20s, 获得 厚度为 0.1mm的 Pb-Nd过渡层。 将粒径为 4.0mm-5.0mm的 K2S04填料 粒子与表面镀有 Pb-Nd过渡层的不锈钢板一起装入渗流室, 并预热至 200 °C ; 将 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)合金加热至 400°C熔化。 施加充型压力, 驱动 熔融 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)合金以 0.2m/s的速度从渗流室底部沿反重力方向进 入渗流室, 充满后自然冷却, 然后用清水将填料粒子除去, 得到 Steel/Pb-Nd(0.1 \^.°/。) ?1 八§(0.8^.%)复合多孔电极。
实施例 3:
将 1mm 厚的 Al-Si(lwt.%)合金辐射式框架在 500 °C的 PbCl2(80wt.%)-CaCl2(9wt.%)-NaCl(10wt.%)-SnCl2(lwt.%)熔盐中镀覆 Pb-Sn合金, 并在 400 °C的熔融 Pb-Sn(20wt%)合金中浸渍 5s, 获得 0.15mm 厚的 Pb-Sn 合金过渡层。 将表面镀有 Pb-Sn 合金过渡层的 Al-Si(lwt.%)合金辐射式框架与粒径为 1.6mm~2.0mm的 CaSO^ 料粒子 制成预制块, 将预制块置入渗流室, 填料粒子连同增强基板预热至 300 。C ; 将 Pb-Ag(0.3wt.%)-Ca(0.03wt.%)-Sr(0.03wt.%)合金加热至 500 °C熔 化,施加充型压力,驱动熔融 Pb-Ag(0.3wt.%)-Ca(O.03wt.%)-Sr(O.O3wt%) 合金以 0.1m/s的速度从渗流室底部沿反重力方向进入渗流室,充满后冷 却 , 用 NH4HC03 水 溶 液 将 填 料 粒 子 除 去 , 得 到 Al-Si(lwt.%) Pb-Sn(20wt.%)/Pb-Ag(0.3wt.%)-Ca(0.03wt.%)-Sr(0.03wt.%) 复合多孔电极。
实施例 4:
将 6mm厚的 Ti板栅在 PbCl2(70wt.%)-CaCl2(5wt.%)-NaCl(25wt.%) 熔盐中镀制纯 Pb层, 并在 350°C的 Pb-Ca(1.5wt.%)熔体中浸渍 15s, 获 得 1mm厚的 Pb-Ca合金过渡层。 将表面镀有 Pb-Ca过渡层的 Ti板栅与 粒径为 2.5mn!〜 3mm的 K2S04填料粒子制成预制块, 将预制块置入渗流 室 , 填料粒子连 同增 强金属基板预热至 270 °C ; 将 Pb-Sb(1.3wt.%)-Sn(10.0wt.%)-Ag(0.8wt.%)合金加热至 600Ό熔化, 施加 充型压力, 驱动熔融 Pb-Sb(1.3wt.%)-Sn(10.0wt.%)-Ag(0.8wt.%)合金以 0.15m/s 的速度从渗流室底部沿反重力方向进入渗流室, 充满后冷却, 用 超 声 波 增 强 水洗 的 办法将 填料粒 子 除 去 , 得 到 Ti/Pb-Ca(1.5wt%)/Pb-Sb(1.3wt.%)-Sn(10.0wt.%)-Ag(0.8wt.%)复合多孔电 极。
实施例 5:
将 3mm 厚的 Cu-Al(10wt.%)-Fe(4wt.%)-Ni(5wt.%)合金筛孔板在 400°C的 Pb-Co(0.1wt.%)熔体中浸渍 60s,获得 0.8mm厚的 Pb-Co合金过 渡层在渗流室内安装表面镀有 Pb-Co 过渡层的 Cu 筛孔板, 粒径为 0.01mm-0.05mm的 ZnS04填料粒子松装在增强金属基板的两侧,填料粒 子连同增强金属基板预热至 250°C;将 Pb-Ag(0.6wt.%)-Ce(0.1wt%)合金 加热至 550°C熔化,施加充型压力,驱动熔融 Pb-Ag(0.6wt.%)-Ce(0.1wt%) 合金以 0.05m/s的速度从渗流室底部沿反重力方向进入渗流室, 充满渗 流室后冷却, 采用超声波振荡, Na2C03溶液洗去填料粒子, 即获得 Cu-Al(10wt.%)-Fe(4wt.o/o)-Ni(5wt.%)/Pb-Co(0.1wt.o/o)/Pb-Ag(0.6wt.%)-Ce (0.1wt%)复合多孔电极。
实施例 6
将 2mm厚的?1 八§(0.8^.%)增强金属基板安装在渗流室, 两侧装 填粒径为 1.2-1.4mm 的 Ca2S04填料粒子, 并加热至 310 °C。 将 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)合金加热至 500 °C熔化, 施加充型压力, 驱动熔融 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)合金以 0.03m/s的速度进入渗流室,充满后自然冷却,然 后用高压水将填料粒子冲洗干净, 得到 Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%)/Pb-Ag(0.8wt.%) 复合多孔电极。

Claims

权利要求
1、 一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极, 包括三部分, 其特征在于: 由 内到外依次为增强金属基板、 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me' )过渡层、 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me") 多孔层。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极, 其特征 在于: 所述增强金属基板选自金属 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me) 、 金属 Al 或 Al基合金(Al-Me) 、 金属 Ti或 Ti基合金(Ti-Me) 、 金属 Fe或 Fe 基合金 (Fe-Me) 、 金属 Cu或 Cu基合金 (Cu-Me) 中的一种; 其中合 金元素 Me选自 Ag、 Ca、 Ba、 Ce、 Nd、 Cr、 Sn、 Ni、 Ti、 Al、 Zn、 Fe、 Si、 Mg中的至少一种; 合金组元 Me的质量百分含量为 0~50%; 所述 增强金属基板的结构为平板式、 辐射式、 筛孔式或板栅 中的一种; 所 述增强金属基板的厚度为 0.5mm〜8mm。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极, 其特征 在于: 所述过渡层 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me' ) 中, 合金元素 Me'选自 Co、Ag、Nd、Al、Ce、Sn中的至少一种,合金元素含量为 0wt.%〜30wt.%, 所述过渡层的厚度为 0.05~lmm。
4、 根据权利要求 3所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极, 其特征 在于:所述多孔层 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me" )中,合金元素 Me"为 Ag、 Ca、 Sn、 Sr、 Sb、 Ti、 Al、 Zn、 Ce、 Ba、 Tl、 Si、 Mn、 Co、 Fe、 Bi中 的至少一种, 合金元素含量为 0wt.%〜49.9wt.%。
5、 一种制备如权利要求 1、 2、 3、 4任意一项所述硫酸体系用复合 多孔电极的方法, 包括下述步骤:
第一步: 增强金属基板的制备 按设计的增强金属基板组份及结构, 选择增强金属基板材料制成相 应的增强金属基板坯 A; 所述增强金属基板选自金属 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me)、金属 A1或 A1基合金 (Al-Me)、金属 Ti或 Ti基合金(Ti-Me)、 金属 Fe或 Fe基合金 (Fe-Me) 、 金属 Cu或 Cu基合金 (Cu-Me) 中的 一种; 其中合金元素 Me选自 Ag、 Ca、 Ba、 Ce、 Nd、 Cr、 Sn、 Ni、 Ti、 Al、 Zn、 Fe、 Si、 Mg中的至少一种; 合金组元 Me的质量百分含量为 0-50%;
第二步: 在金属基板坯上制备过渡层
将第一步制备的金属 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me) 、 金属 Cu或 Cu基 合金 (Cu-Me) 增强金属基板坯 A浸入温度为 320〜550°C的 Pb或 Pb 基合金 (Pb-Me,) 熔体中 3〜60s;得到表面镀有 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me' ) 过渡层的增强金属基板坯 B; 或
将第一步制备的金属 A1或 A1基合金 (Al-Me) 、 金属 Ti或 Ti基 合金 (Ti-Me) 、 金属 Fe或 Fe基合金 (Fe-Me) 增强金属基板坯 A置 于含 Pb的氯化物熔盐中进行化学镀后; 浸入温度为 320~550°C的 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me,) 熔体中 3~60s; 得到表面鍍有 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me' )过渡层的增强金属基板坯 C; 所述化学镀温度为 350〜55(TC, 时间为 30s~5min;
第三步: 渗流法制备多孔层
将第二步所得增强金属基板坯 B或增强金属基板坯 C置于渗流室中 心, 周边填充满填料粒子, 加热至 180~310°C ; 然后, 将 Pb或 Pb基合 金 (Pb-Me" ) 加热熔化, 注入渗流室, 自然冷却; 得到在增强金属基 板坯 B或增强金属基板坯 C表面覆盖有 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me" ) 多 孔层的电极; 所述多孔层中填充有大量的填料粒子; 所述 Pb或 Pb基合 金 (Pb-Me,,) 熔化温度为 300〜600°C ;
第四步: 填料粒子的去除
将第三步所得电极置于溶剂中, 施加超声波振荡, 去除填料粒子, 即得到硫酸体系用复合多孔电极。
6、 根据权利要求 5所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方 法, 其特征在于: 所述渗流法制备多孔层采用将 Pb 或 Pb 基合金
(Pb-Me" ) 加热熔化, 对合金熔体加压从渗流室底部沿反重力方向注 入渗流室, 合金熔体注入速度为 0.01〜0.2m/s。
7、 根据权利要求 6所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方 法, 其特征在于: 所述金属基板的结构为平板式、 辐射式、 筛孔式或板 栅式中的一种; 所述增强金属基板的厚度为 0.5mm~8mm。
8、 根据权利要求 7所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方 法, 其特征在于: 所述过渡层 Pb或 Pb基合金(Pb-Me' ) 中, 合金元素 Me'选自 Co、Ag、Nd、Al、Ce、Sn中的至少一种,合金元素含量为 0wt.%〜 30wt.%, 所述过渡层的厚度为 0.05~lmm。
9、 根据权利要求 8所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多扎电极的制备方 法, 其特征在于: 所述多孔层 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" ) 中, 合金元 素 Me,,为 Ag、 Ca、 Sn、 Sr、 Sb、 Ti、 Al、 Zn、 Ce、 Ba、 Tl、 Si、 Mn、 Co、 Fe、 Bi中的至少一种, 合金元素含量为 0wt.%〜49.9wt.%。
10、根据权利要求 9所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方 法, 其特征在于: 所述氯化物熔盐包括主盐 PbCl2-NaCl-CaCl2以及选自 AgCl、 REC12和 SnCl2中的至少一种辅盐; 所述主盐 PbCl2-NaCl-CaCl2 各组分的质量百分含量依次为 50%~90%、 5%~30%、 1%~20%; 所述辅 盐 AgCl、 REC12和 811( 12各组分的质量百分含量依次为 0〜5%、 0~5%和 0~10%。
11、 根据权利要求 10所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备 方法,其特征在于:所述填料粒子选自 CaS04、 Na2S04、 K2S04、 MgS04、 ZnS04、CaCl2、NaCl和 KC1中的至少一种;填料粒子的粒径为 0.01〜5mm; 填料粒子形状为球形或圆柱形。
12、 根据权利要求 11 所述的一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备 方法, 其特征在于: 所述溶剂选自 Na2C03溶液、 NH4HC03溶液、清水、 压力水、 温水中的至少一种。
13、 一种硫酸体系用复合多孔电极的制备方法, 包括下述步骤: 第一步: 增强金属基板的制备 '
按设计的增强金属基板组份及结构, 选择金属 Pb 或 Pb 基合金 (Pb-Me)作为增强金属基板材料;其中合金元素 Me选自 Ag、 Ca、 Ba、 Ce、 Nd、 Sn、 Al中的至少一种;合金组元 Me的质量百分含量为 0~50%; 第二步: 渗流法制备多孔层
将第一步所得增强金属基板坯置于渗流室中心, 周边填充满填料粒 子,加热至 180~310°C ; 然后,将 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" )加热熔化, 注入渗流室, 自然冷却; 得到在增强金属基板坯表面覆盖有 Pb或 Pb基 合金(Pb-Me" ) 多孔层的电极; 所述多孔层中填充有大量的填料粒子; 所述 Pb或 Pb基合金 (Pb-Me" ) 熔化温度为 300~600°C;
第三步: 填料粒子的去除
将第二步所得电极置于溶剂中, 施加超声波振荡, 去除填料粒子, 即得到硫酸体系用复合多孔电极。
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