WO2010103927A1 - 導電性シートおよび電極 - Google Patents
導電性シートおよび電極 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010103927A1 WO2010103927A1 PCT/JP2010/052887 JP2010052887W WO2010103927A1 WO 2010103927 A1 WO2010103927 A1 WO 2010103927A1 JP 2010052887 W JP2010052887 W JP 2010052887W WO 2010103927 A1 WO2010103927 A1 WO 2010103927A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- active material
- conductive
- electrode
- fibers
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/665—Composites
- H01M4/667—Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/80—Porous plates, e.g. sintered carriers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/80—Porous plates, e.g. sintered carriers
- H01M4/806—Nonwoven fibrous fabric containing only fibres
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/668—Composites of electroconductive material and synthetic resins
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/24992—Density or compression of components
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/614—Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/614—Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
- Y10T442/626—Microfiber is synthetic polymer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive sheet useful as a member of a power storage device such as a lithium ion secondary battery or an electric double layer capacitor, and an electrode containing an active material inside the conductive sheet.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an example of a negative electrode obtained by sintering a mixture of active material particles containing silicon and conductive metal powder in a non-oxidizing atmosphere on the surface of a current collector. Yes.
- copper or a copper alloy is used for the metal foil or the conductive metal powder constituting the current collector.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a negative electrode in which a thin film made of a metal alloyed with lithium or an alloy containing this metal is formed on a current collector made of a material that is not alloyed with lithium.
- a thin film made of a metal alloyed with lithium or an alloy containing this metal is formed on a current collector made of a material that is not alloyed with lithium.
- an uneven negative electrode active material layer is selectively formed in a predetermined pattern on the current collector by applying a photoresist method and a plating technique.
- gap between the negative electrode active materials formed in columnar shape absorbs the volume expansion of a negative electrode active material, and avoids collapse of an active material.
- an electrode in which a binder, an active material, and a conductive agent are kneaded to form a paste, and this is coated on a current collector foil.
- selecting the binder according to the type and characteristics of the active material and conductive material, and increasing the uniformity and density of the electrodes require advanced technology, which is not only extremely difficult, but also fully exploits the characteristics of the active material. I wouldn't.
- Patent Document 3 a three-dimensional network plastic substrate having an internal communication space is subjected to metal vapor deposition (or plating) by an arc ion plating method to form a support, and an electrode active material and a conductive agent are applied thereto.
- a lithium battery electrode kneaded and supported by a binder has been proposed, and an electrode is manufactured by filling and applying a kneaded active material paste to a support.
- This electrode can reduce the amount of binder and conductive agent used compared with a metal thin plate as an electrode substrate, and can improve the adhesion between the electrode substrate and the active material, so that the number of charge / discharge can be increased, the discharge capacitance, The battery performance such as electrical output can be improved.
- the hole diameter of the plastic substrate containing the active material is preferably about 50 to 100 ⁇ m, and in order to contain a sufficient active material, the substrate has to be made to have a low density. The current density that can be extracted from the conductive support is reduced, and as a result, the internal resistance is increased.
- An object of the present invention is to enable the use of an active material made of a carbonaceous material, a high-capacity negative electrode active material such as silicon having a large volume expansion, and the ability to collect current from the active material. It is to provide a conductive sheet and an electrode formed from the conductive sheet.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a conductive sheet capable of dramatically improving productivity as compared with the conventional method, and an electrode formed from the conductive sheet.
- the inventors of the present invention have a conductive sheet (A) formed from fibers having a specific fiber diameter and having a specific apparent specific gravity, and a specific fiber diameter.
- the conductive sheet in which the conductive ultrafine fiber sheet (B) is laminated (i) both the sheets (A) and (B) have a conductive fibrous network structure that is intertwined three-dimensionally.
- the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention is a conductive sheet having a surface resistance of 10 ⁇ / ⁇ or less on each side, the conductive sheet comprising fibers having a diameter of 3 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and an apparent specific gravity of 0.05 to 0.50 g.
- This is a conductive sheet comprising a sheet (A) having / cm 3 and a sheet (B) made of fibers having a diameter of 3 ⁇ m or less and laminated on the sheet (A).
- the sheet (B) may be a sheet obtained by making a non-woven fabric conductive, and the non-woven fabric is composed of a non-woven fabric formed by an electrospinning method or a melt blown method with an organic polymer as a main component. Also good.
- the organic polymer mainly constituting such a sheet (B) may be at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamide, polypropylene, polyester and polyacrylonitrile, for example.
- the sheet (A) may be a fibrous material formed with an organic polymer as a main constituent component.
- the sheet (B) may have a larger apparent specific gravity than the sheet (A).
- the present invention is also an electrode formed from the conductive sheet and containing at least an active material,
- the active material is contained in at least the gaps between the constituent fibers of the sheet (A), (ii) at least the constituent fibers of the sheet (A) are covered with the active material, or (Iii)
- the above-mentioned electrodes (i) and (ii) are also included.
- the active material may be, for example, a particulate active material, and at least the particulate active material may be directly filled between the constituent fibers of the sheet (A).
- the active material may cover at least the constituent fibers of the sheet (A) by vapor deposition.
- Such an active material may be, for example, a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, such as a carbonaceous material, a silicon simple substance, a silicon compound, a tin simple substance, a tin compound, and a germanium compound. It may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of
- Such an electrode can be used for a lithium secondary battery or an electric double layer capacitor.
- the present invention provides a sheet (A) having an apparent specific gravity of 0.05 to 0.40 g / cm 3 , comprising fibers having a diameter of more than 3 ⁇ m and not more than 20 ⁇ m, and fibers constituting the sheet (A).
- a conductive sheet having a structure in which a sheet (B) having a small diameter and a fiber having a diameter of 3 ⁇ m or less is laminated, and the surface resistance of both surfaces of the conductive sheet is 10 ⁇ / ⁇ or less, respectively.
- the conductive sheet is also included.
- the fiber diameter means a fiber diameter calculated or measured by the method described in Examples.
- the conductive sheet of the present invention is formed from fibers having a specific fiber diameter, and a sheet (A) having a specific apparent specific gravity and an ultrafine fiber sheet (B) having a specific fiber diameter are laminated. Both the sheets (A) and (B) have a conductive fibrous network structure that is three-dimensionally entangled, and a conductive path can be secured throughout the entire electrode layer. Therefore, the following effects are exhibited.
- the conductive sheet of the present invention has a conductive ultrafine fiber layer having a specific fiber diameter in the sheet (B), and has high current collecting property due to high fiber density, such as copper foil. A current collector foil is not required. Further, the high-density ultrafine fiber layer of the sheet (B) also has a function of preventing the active material from being detached when the active material is filled from the sheet (A) side or when the electrode is used.
- the sheet (B) when the sheet (B) is composed of a nonwoven fabric formed by an electrospinning method or a melt blown method, the density of the fibers of the sheet (B) can be improved to increase its current collecting property, Since the sheets (A) and (B) can be bonded by thermocompression bonding, it is possible to omit an adhesive necessary for stacking the sheets.
- an ultrafine fiber layer can be formed by an electrospinning method or a melt blown method, and the chemical stability with respect to an electrolytic solution is excellent.
- the conductive sheet is excellent in flexibility, so even if it is an active material having a large volume expansion, its stress. Can be effectively relaxed.
- the sheet (B) has an apparent specific gravity larger than that of the sheet (A), the sheet (B) is effective in preventing the active material filled when used as an electrode from coming off the conductive sheet. This makes it possible to directly fill the powdered active material, that is, to simplify the process in electrode production.
- the electrode of the present invention is formed of a conductive sheet and contains an active material at least in the gaps between the constituent fibers of the sheet (A), or at least covers the constituent fibers of the sheet (A). Therefore, it is possible to effectively relieve the stress of the active material, suppress the collapse and separation of the active material, and even when the active material is collapsed, it is possible to ensure conduction, The characteristics can be improved.
- the electrode of the present invention it is possible to directly fill the particulate active material, thereby not only improving the cushioning property against the active material but also increasing the filling amount of the active material. It becomes.
- the active material can be coated on the constituent fibers by vapor deposition, and such an electrode has a higher leakage because the active material has less leakage and the effect of the active material is enhanced. It becomes a performance electrode.
- the active material is composed of a negative electrode active material that occludes / releases lithium ions, such as carbonaceous material, silicon simple substance or silicon compound, tin simple substance and tin compound, germanium compound, for example, the negative electrode capacity of a lithium secondary battery It is possible to increase the cycle characteristics and improve the cycle characteristics.
- the conductive sheet according to one embodiment of the present invention is formed of a fiber having a specific fiber diameter, and includes a conductive sheet (A) having an apparent specific gravity of 0.05 to 0.50 g / cm 3 and ultrafine fibers.
- the conductive sheets (B) to be formed are laminated, and the fiber materials of both the sheets (A) and (B) form a three-dimensionally entangled fibrous network structure.
- fiber material For example, the organic material, glass, metal material, etc. which exist stably as a fiber and have electroconductivity are mentioned.
- the sheet (A) constituting the conductive sheet of the present invention mainly has a function as a container containing an active material, and the fiber diameter thereof is, for example, in the range of 3 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably. May be more than 3 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 to 15 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 5 to 10 ⁇ m. Further, the fiber diameter may exceed 3 ⁇ m.
- the sheet When the fiber diameter is too small (for example, less than 3 ⁇ m), the sheet is densified and the space surrounded by the fibers is small, which is disadvantageous in that it does not easily contain the active material.
- the number of fibers is too small and the conductive path formed of conductive fibers becomes a sparse structure, and the effect of reducing internal resistance is reduced.
- conduction failure occurs when the expandable active material collapses.
- the apparent specific gravity of the sheet (A) needs to be 0.05 to 0.5 g / cm 3 , preferably 0.05 to 0.4 g / cm 3 , more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 g. / Cm 3 .
- the apparent specific gravity exceeds 0.5 g / cm 3 , the void ratio decreases and the active material that can be included decreases, and for example, sufficient performance as an electricity storage device cannot be obtained.
- An apparent specific gravity of less than 0.05 g / cm 3 is not preferable because the handling properties of the sheet are lowered.
- the sheet (A) of the conductive sheet may be easier to fill when the specific gravity is low and the thickness is high.
- the apparent specific gravity is preferably 0.1 g / cm 3 or more.
- the apparent specific gravity of the sheet (A) can also be evaluated as a fiber volume content.
- the fiber volume content represents the ratio (volume%) of the volume of the fiber to the total volume of the sheet (A), specifically, (Apparent specific gravity of sheet A) / (density of fibers used in sheet A) ⁇ 100 May be converted as
- the fiber volume content can also be measured according to JIS K 7075, and the fiber volume content of the sheet (A) may be, for example, about 3.5 to 40%, preferably It may be about 5 to 30%, more preferably about 7 to 25%.
- the thickness of the sheet (A) is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 30 ⁇ m or more. If the thickness is too thin (for example, less than 10 ⁇ m), the strength and rigidity of the sheet are insufficient, and the handleability and workability are impaired. Moreover, there is a possibility that the amount of active material that can be carried is reduced.
- the upper limit of the thickness of the sheet (A) can be appropriately set according to the filling amount of the active material, but may be, for example, 300 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 200 ⁇ m or less. .
- the sheet (A) constituting the conductive sheet of the present invention As a manufacturing method of the sheet (A) constituting the conductive sheet of the present invention, (1) A method of producing a fibrous material from a conductive polymer, and forming the fibrous material into a sheet such as paper, nonwoven fabric, or woven fabric to obtain a conductive fibrous sheet, (2) A conductive filler is kneaded into a non-conductive polymer, a fibrous material is produced from the obtained conductive filler mixed polymer, and the conductive sheet is formed into a sheet such as paper, non-woven fabric, or woven fabric.
- a method for obtaining a conductive sheet, or a method for forming a sheet after carbonization of a fibrous material, activation as necessary A method of obtaining a conductive sheet by forming a fibrous metal into a sheet, such as paper, nonwoven fabric, or woven fabric,
- the present invention is not limited thereto.
- a bundle of fibrous materials is manufactured from a non-conductive polymer, and a sheet is formed after forming a conductive metal layer on the surface of the fiber bundle. Also good.
- the fibers (1) to (4) can be obtained by a known method such as melt spinning, wet spinning, dry spinning, etc., depending on the polymer to be used. Process it. In order to adjust the fineness, it is possible to combine or spin different types of polymers to divide the fibers or to dissolve and remove one component after sea-island composite spinning. Further, a sheet can be obtained by a spunbond method or a melt blown method in which a sheet is formed following the spinning process.
- the conductive polymer used in the method (1) is not particularly limited as long as it can form a conductive sheet giving the above-mentioned surface resistance range, but polyaniline, polyethylenedioxythiophene, polythiophene, polybenzothiophene.
- Conductive organic polymers such as polyimidazole, polybenzimidazole, polyparaphenylene, and polypyrrole are preferably used.
- the non-conductive polymer used in the method (2) or (3) is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic polymer that can form a fibrous material, but polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride. Alcohol, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polysulfone, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and the like can be exemplified, and polyester and polypropylene are particularly preferable.
- These conductive or non-conductive organic polymers may be homopolymers, but may be copolymers (including graft or block copolymers), carboxylic acid groups, epoxy groups, etc.
- the polymer may be modified so as to contain a reactive functional group. Further, two or more kinds of these polymers can be mixed and used.
- These polymer materials can be made into a fibrous material by, for example, dissolving in an appropriate solvent and solution spinning.
- the fibrous material is formed with an organic polymer as a main constituent. That is, among the constituents of the fibrous material, the organic polymer accounts for 50% by weight or more, preferably 80% by weight or more, and a conductive filler and other additives are contained as other constituents as necessary.
- a conductive filler is kneaded into the nonconductive organic polymer.
- the filler is not particularly limited as long as it provides desired conductivity, and examples thereof include graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotube, metal powder, aluminum paste, copper sulfide and zinc white powder.
- the conductive filler is kneaded by adding and stirring and mixing the filler in the polymer solution adjustment process, or adding the conductive filler in the process of melt extrusion of the polymer to obtain a conductive filler kneaded polymer chip. And a method of adjusting a spinning dope using as a raw material.
- a fibrous material may be produced by kneading these fillers into a conductive organic polymer.
- conductivity is imparted to a fibrous sheet made of a non-conductive polymer or glass fiber.
- the method for imparting electrical conductivity is not particularly limited as long as the surface resistance of the obtained fibrous material sheet falls within the above-mentioned range. For example, impregnation, coating, plating, vapor deposition of conductive paint on the fibrous material. Etc.
- the conductive paint used for the coating of the conductive paint is not particularly limited, and includes, for example, a conductive component such as metal powder and carbon and an adhesive resin component such as acrylic, epoxy, and vinyl resin. Is preferably a paint in which is dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent or water. A known method is employed as the coating method.
- the thickness of the coating layer for the fibers may be, for example, about 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably about 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably about 1 to 4 ⁇ m.
- a conductive metal such as nickel, copper, silver, iron, or aluminum is used.
- a known electrolytic method or electroless method is employed.
- a Watt bath a copper sulfate solution in the case of copper, a silver cyanide solution in the case of silver, and a ferrous sulfate solution in the case of iron are preferably used.
- the method is not limited.
- the thickness of the plating is adjusted so that the surface resistance is in the above range, and is, for example, about 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably about 0.2 to 3 ⁇ m, more preferably about 0.2 to 2.5 ⁇ m. May be.
- a conductive metal can be used without any particular limitation, and examples thereof include metals such as copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, gold, silver, tungsten, chromium, titanium, and alloys of these metals.
- a suitable one can be selected depending on the application. Copper, nickel, and a copper-nickel alloy are particularly preferred for use in lithium ion secondary batteries, and aluminum is particularly preferred for use in electric double layer capacitors.
- a sputtering method As a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a physical vapor deposition method (PVD), a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method (PECVD), a thermal chemical vapor deposition method, an ion beam evaporation method, a vacuum evaporation method, an electron beam evaporation method, or the like is appropriately used. . Further, after vapor deposition on one surface, vapor deposition may be performed on the other surface, or double-side vapor deposition may be performed at a time.
- the deposition thickness may be, for example, about 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably about 0.2 to 3 ⁇ m, more preferably about 0.2 to 2.5 ⁇ m.
- examples of the carbonized organic polymer used include carbonized organic polymers having fiber-forming ability such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, and phenol resin.
- Various additives such as acids, metal chlorides, and iodine may be added to these carbonizable organic polymers for the purpose of efficiently carbonizing under an inert atmosphere and activating as necessary to improve the yield.
- the treatment temperature during carbonization is, for example, in the range of 600 to 2000 ° C.
- An activated carbon fibrous sheet with a large specific surface area can also be formed by performing steam activation, carbon dioxide activation, etc. at a temperature of 600 ° C. or higher after carbonization.
- a conductive filler is kneaded into a non-conductive polymer made of a solvent-soluble resin and formed into a fibrous shape.
- a method of dissolving and removing a resin with a solvent from a resin-conductor composite obtained by coating the fibrous material made of the non-conductive polymer with a conductive paint, metal plating or vapor deposition, etc., firing For example, a method of removing or carbonizing the resin may be used.
- the obtained fibrous metal may be further accumulated to form a sheet.
- changing the cross-sectional shape of the fiber or imparting irregularities to the surface improves the adhesion between the active material and the fibrous network, and the active material is removed. It is useful because it suppresses.
- the cross-section modification can be achieved by a known method such as nozzle shape control during spinning. Further, for imparting irregularities to the fiber surface, for example, a known method such as kneading particles at the time of spinning and removing in a subsequent process or treatment with plasma can be used.
- the sheet (B) constituting the conductive sheet of the present invention comprises fibers having a diameter of 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the fiber diameter exceeds 3 ⁇ m, the internal resistance increases because the fiber density is small and the current collecting property is not sufficient. Also, the effect of preventing the active material from falling out becomes low.
- the fiber diameter of the fibers constituting the sheet (B) is preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the fiber diameter is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 0.03 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoints of strength, handleability, and productivity.
- the fiber constituting the sheet (B) has a smaller fiber diameter than the fiber constituting the sheet (A) from the viewpoint of filling the active material into the conductive sheet and preventing the active material from coming out of the sheet.
- the fiber diameter of the fibers constituting the sheet (B) may be 1/2 or less, preferably 1/3 or less of the fiber diameter of the fibers constituting the sheet (A).
- seat (B) is 1 of the fiber diameter of the fiber which comprises a sheet
- the thickness of the sheet (B) is not particularly limited, but the sheet does not carry an active material, and is, for example, 20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably in order to reduce the bulk of the battery. It may be 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the ratio of the thickness of the sheet (B) to the sheet (A) can be appropriately set according to the thickness of the sheets (A) and (B).
- the ratio of the sheet (B) / sheet (A ) 1/200 to 1/5, preferably 1/150 to 1/8.
- the sheet (B) can be produced by the same method as the sheet (A).
- the electrostatic spinning method and the melt blown method are particularly advantageous.
- the diameter of the fiber obtained by the electrostatic spinning method can be adjusted depending on the polymer used and the conditions, but a sheet made of fibers having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less can be easily obtained.
- the polymer is not particularly limited as long as it is soluble in a solvent.
- solvent-soluble polymers include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamide, polypropylene, and polyester, which have chemical stability against electrolytes and redox. Is favorable and is preferably used.
- melt blown method a sheet composed of fibers of about 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m can be obtained, and a melt-moldable polymer such as polypropylene or polyester is preferable.
- Conductive polymer or non-conductive polymer kneaded with conductive filler is often difficult to electrospin or meltblown.
- plating or vapor deposition is performed. The method is advantageous.
- the conductive sheet (A) and the sheet (B) are laminated in at least two layers, and each sheet (A) and (B) is made conductive at the fiber level. Formed of conductive fibers.
- the conductive sheet of the present invention has a surface resistance of 10 ⁇ / ⁇ or less on each side in a state where the sheet (A) and the sheet (B) are laminated.
- Necessary preferably 1 ⁇ / ⁇ or less, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ / ⁇ or less.
- the conductive sheet of the present invention can electrically separate the sheet (A) and the sheet (B) and laminate the electrically conductive sheets (A) and (B).
- the laminate After laminating the conductive sheet (A) and the sheet (B), the laminate can be made conductive by plating, vapor deposition, or carbonization.
- the method described above in the section of the sheet (A) can be appropriately used for plating, vapor deposition, or carbonization.
- the most preferred embodiment is a non-conductive polymer (for example, polyester) short fiber (for example, a fiber length of 0.5 to 20 mm).
- a paper sheet (corresponding to the sheet (A)) obtained by papermaking a sheet (sheet (A)) of about 1, preferably about 10 to 10 mm, by electrospinning, a solvent-soluble polymer (for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, etc.) ultrafine fiber sheet (sheet ( Equivalent to B)), and after laminating by thermocompression bonding, plating or vapor deposition.
- the laminated structure of the conductive sheet of the present invention is not limited to a simple stack of the sheet (A) and the sheet (B), but is centered on (A)-(B)-(A) and the sheet (B). It is also possible to fill the active material into the sheet (A) disposed on both sides.
- the apparent specific gravity of the conductive sheet of the present invention is, for example, about 0.1 to 0.4 g / cm 3 , preferably about 0.15 to 0.35 g / cm 3 , more preferably 0.2 to 0. It may be about 3 g / cm 3 .
- an example of the active material used for the electrode of the present invention is activated carbon.
- the electrode filled with activated carbon is suitably used as an electric double layer capacitor polarizable electrode, for example.
- Another example of the active material is a negative electrode active material that absorbs and releases lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material include carbonaceous materials such as graphite and hard carbon, silicon simple substance and its compound, tin simple substance and its compound, and germanium compound, and at least one of them can be selected. .
- the electrode filled with these negative electrode active materials is suitably used, for example, as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the particulate active material may be filled as it is, or the active material dispersed in a paste form. It may be filled. Furthermore, as long as a predetermined filling amount can be achieved, a known vapor phase process or wet process such as a vacuum deposition method, a gas deposition method, or a CVD method may be used. Among these, from the viewpoint of simplicity of the process, it is preferable to directly fill the granular active material into the gaps of the conductive sheet.
- the average particle diameter of the active material can be selected from a wide range of, for example, 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 0.5 to 80 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ m. May be.
- the active material-filled sheet there is no problem whether the active material is contained in either the sheet (A) or the sheet (B), but usually there is more active material in the sheet (A) having more voids than the sheet (B). In many cases, the sheet (A) contains an active material, which is preferable in terms of electrode performance.
- the active material powder is blown from the side of the sheet (A) with an air flow. It can be filled by a method such as filling with an active material or supplying a constant amount of active material.
- the active material used for coating the fiber surface is lithium ion.
- a silicon simple substance and its compound, a tin simple substance and its compound, and a germanium compound are mentioned, At least 1 can be selected from these.
- a silicon simple substance and a silicon alloy are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of increasing capacity.
- an electrode filled with these negative electrode active materials is suitably used as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the above-mentioned conductive sheet is activated by using a known vapor phase process or wet process such as a vacuum deposition method, a gas deposition method, and a CVD method.
- a known vapor phase process or wet process such as a vacuum deposition method, a gas deposition method, and a CVD method.
- the method of vapor-depositing a substance with respect to an electroconductive sheet is mentioned, It is preferable to employ
- the deposition amount of the active material can be selected according to the battery configuration, but from the viewpoint of the balance between capacity and cycle characteristics, a range of 50 nm to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 50 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably 55 to 80 nm can be exemplified. .
- the sheet (A) and the sheet (B) in the electrode are integrated by pressing or the like.
- the retention of the active material contained in the sheet (A) may be improved.
- the obtained active material vapor-deposited sheet is preferably adjusted by pressing to an apparent specific gravity considering a relaxation space corresponding to the expansion of the active material.
- the electrode of the present invention thus obtained is suitably used as an electrode for an electricity storage device.
- the conductive sheet of the present invention is, for example, in addition to the electric double layer capacitor polarizable electrode and the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode, the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery, the positive electrode of the lithium ion capacitor, and the negative electrode
- the present invention can be applied to a device using an active material, and an active material used for each of the devices can be filled or deposited to form an electrode.
- Fiber diameter of sheet (A) Converted from the fineness of the fiber.
- the conductive sheet was conditioned by allowing it to stand for 24 hours or more under conditions of a temperature of 20 ° C. and a humidity of 65%.
- a test piece having a length of 2 cm and a width of 1 cm was taken from this sheet, and a resistance measuring device “MULTITIMETER” manufactured by Yokogawa Hewlett-Packard Co. was used between both ends of the test piece to apply a voltage of 10 V.
- the resistance value ( ⁇ ) was measured.
- the surface resistance value of each test piece was calculated
- Surface resistance ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) R ⁇ (W / L)
- W width of the test piece (1 cm)
- L length of the test piece (2 cm)
- Example 1 (Creation of conductive sheet) Paper making method using a polyester fineness of 1.0 dtex (diameter: 10 ⁇ m), a short fiber of 5 mm, 70 parts of a core component polyester, and a core component polyester and a sheath component modified polyester core-sheath type composite fiber (N720, Kuraray Co., Ltd.) Thus, a sheet (A) having a basis weight of 20 g / m 2 , an apparent specific gravity of 0.2 g / cm 3 and a thickness of 105 ⁇ m was prepared. Then, an ultrafine fiber sheet (B) of polyvinylidene fluoride was sprayed on one side of the sheet (A) by electrostatic spinning.
- the above sheet (A) is laid on a target, polyvinylidene fluoride is dissolved in DMF at a concentration of 5% and placed in a syringe, and 20 KV is placed between the tip of the syringe and the target.
- a voltage was applied to form a 2 ⁇ m thick layer of polyvinylidene fluoride fibers having a diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m on the sheet (A), and thermocompression bonded to obtain a laminated sheet.
- this laminated sheet was plated with metallic copper (Cu) by an electroless plating method to obtain a conductive sheet (plating thickness: 1 to 2 ⁇ m).
- the surface resistance of the obtained conductive sheet was 0.08 ⁇ / ⁇ on the sheet (A) side and 0.02 ⁇ / ⁇ on the sheet (B) side.
- the apparent specific gravity of the conductive sheet after plating was 0.24 g / cm 3 .
- the apparent specific gravity of the sheet (B) was larger than that of the sheet (A).
- the thickness of the sheet (A) of the obtained conductive sheet was 98 ⁇ m, and the apparent specific gravity of the sheet A was 0.21 g / cm 3 (fiber volume content 15.2%).
- (Create electrode) The obtained conductive sheet is vibrated with the polyvinylidene fluoride layer as the lower surface, and the artificial graphite powder (average particle size 15 ⁇ m) is 100 g / m 2 from the upper surface (sheet (A) side). Were supplied in a fixed amount to fill the voids of the conductive sheet. Thereafter, flat pressing was performed at 120 ° C. to obtain an electrode having a thickness of 90 ⁇ m in which the current collecting layer and the active material layer were integrated.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using the electrode as a negative electrode was prepared.
- a solution obtained by dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate as a nonaqueous electrolyte in a 1/1 (volume ratio) mixture of ethylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxyethane at a concentration of 1 mol / L A lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation using a polyethylene microporous film having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m as a separator was prepared.
- the initial charge capacity 330 mAh / g
- the initial discharge capacity 315 mAh / g
- the efficiency at the first charge / discharge 95.5%
- the discharge capacity at the 10th cycle 310 mAh / g
- the cycle retention after 10 cycles It was 98.4%, and it was confirmed that it was a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in initial charge / discharge efficiency and cycleability.
- Example 2 (Creation of conductive sheet) A polypropylene sheet (B) having a diameter of 3 ⁇ m and a thickness of 10 ⁇ m prepared by a melt blown method was laminated on one side of a sheet (A) prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 by thermocompression bonding. Subsequently, this laminated sheet was plated with metallic copper (Cu) by an electroless plating method to obtain a conductive sheet (plating thickness: 3 ⁇ m). The surface resistance of the obtained conductive sheet was 0.08 ⁇ / ⁇ on the (A) side and 0.06 ⁇ / ⁇ on the meltblown sheet side. The apparent specific gravity of the electroconductive sheet after plating was 0.21 g / cm 3 .
- the apparent specific gravity of the sheet (B) was larger than that of the sheet (A).
- the thickness of the sheet (A) of the obtained conductive sheet was 98 ⁇ m, and the apparent specific gravity of the sheet A was 0.21 g / cm 3 (fiber volume content 15.2%).
- an electrode and a lithium ion battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 3 (Create electrode) A single electrode (Si) was vapor-deposited on the conductive sheet obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 by vacuum vapor deposition to produce an electrode. At this time, Si powder of 200 to 300 mesh and a purity of 99.999% were used as the vapor deposition source, and the vapor deposition thickness was equivalent to 1000 mm (0.1 ⁇ m). Thereafter, flat pressing was performed at 120 ° C. to obtain an electrode having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m in which the current collecting layer and the active material layer were integrated.
- Example 1 a conductive sheet was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the basis weight of the sheet (A) was 70 g / cm 2 and the apparent specific gravity was 0.70 g / cm 3 .
- the obtained conductive sheet had few voids that could be filled with the active material, and it was difficult to uniformly fill the active material particles up to the inside.
- Example 3 A conductive sheet was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that a polyester spunbond sheet having a diameter of 25 ⁇ m was used instead of the polypropylene sheet by the melt blown method. The obtained sheet was inferior in active material retention due to the loss of particles when filled with the active material.
- a conductive sheet was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that short fibers having a diameter of 30 ⁇ m and a fiber length of 5 mm were used as the polyester fibers used in the sheet (A), and a lithium ion battery was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1. And evaluated. In the process after filling with the active material, the active material dropped out. In the evaluation of the battery, the initial charge capacity was 310 mAh / g, the initial discharge capacity was 220 mAh / g, and the efficiency during the initial charge / discharge was as low as 71.0%. It is presumed that the conductive path inside the sheet has a sparse structure and the capacity of the filled active material cannot be effectively utilized.
- Example 4 A conductive sheet, an electrode, and a lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the plating conditions were changed.
- Example 5 A conductive sheet, an electrode, and a lithium ion secondary battery for evaluation were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the plating conditions were changed.
- Example 4 The evaluation results of Example 4 and Comparative Example 5 are summarized in Table 1. As is apparent from the table, the performance of the battery using the conductive sheet having a higher surface resistance than the range of the present invention is poor.
- Example 5 An electrode (negative electrode) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 50 g / m 2 of silicon powder having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m was filled instead of the artificial graphite powder, and the battery was evaluated in the same manner.
- Table 2 compares the battery performance of Example 5 and Comparative Example 6.
- a conductive sheet suitable for filling or vapor deposition of an active material can be obtained, and an active material layer can be formed without using a binder, a conductive aid, and a solvent. It is useful in various industrial fields related to the production and use of power storage devices to be used, particularly lithium ion secondary batteries and electric double layer capacitors.
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Abstract
Description
前記電極では、(i)少なくともシート(A)の構成繊維間の空隙に前記活物質が含まれているか、(ii)少なくともシート(A)の構成繊維を前記活物質が被覆しているか、または(iii)上記(i)および(ii)の双方である電極についても包含する。
なお、本発明において、繊維の直径とは実施例に記載された方法により算出または測定された繊維径を意味している。
2)体積膨張の大きな活物質の応力緩和が可能となり、活物質の崩壊、剥離が抑制される。また、活物質が崩壊しても導通を確保することができるので、サイクル特性が改善できる。
本発明の一実施形態の導電性シートは、特定の繊維径を有する繊維で形成されるとともに、見掛け比重0.05~0.50g/cm3を有する導電性シート(A)と、極細繊維から形成される導電性シート(B)とが積層され、シート(A)とシート(B)の双方の繊維素材は、それぞれ、三次元的に絡み合った繊維状ネットワーク構造を形成するものである。
前記繊維素材としては、特に制限はなく、例えば、繊維として安定に存在し、かつ導電性を有する有機素材、ガラス、金属素材等が挙げられる。
本発明の導電性シートを構成するシート(A)は、主として活物質を含有する容器としての機能を持つもので、その繊維直径は、例えば、繊維直径は3μm~20μmの範囲であり、より好ましくは3μmを超えて20μm以下であってもよく、さらに好ましくは4~15μm、特に好ましくは5~10μmの範囲であってもよい。また、その繊維直径は3μmを超えていてもよい。
また、見掛け比重が0.5g/cm3を超えると、空隙の割合が低くなって、包含しうる活物質が少なくなり、例えば蓄電デバイスとして充分な性能を得られなくなる。見掛け比重が0.05g/cm3未満では、シートのハンドリング性が低下するため好ましくない。
(シートAの見掛け比重)/(シートAで用いられる繊維の密度)×100
として換算してもよい。
(1)導電性ポリマーから繊維状物を製造し、これを紙・不織布・織物等のシート状に成形して導電性繊維状物シートを得る方法、
(2)非導電性ポリマーに導電性フィラーを練り込み、得られた導電性フィラー混合ポリマーから繊維状物を製造し、これを紙・不織布・織物等のシート状に成形して導電性シートを得る方法、
(3)非導電性ポリマーから製造した繊維状物、或いはガラス繊維を紙・不織布・織物等のシート状に成形した後、導電性塗料による含浸、コーティング、金属めっきまたは蒸着等により、導電性金属層を繊維状物の表面に形成して導電性シートを得る方法、
(4)炭化性有機ポリマーから繊維状物を製造し、これを紙・不織布・織物等のシート状に成形して繊維状物シートを得た後、炭化、さらに必要に応じて賦活することで、導電性シートを得る方法、或いは、繊維状物を炭化、必要に応じて賦活した後、シート成形する方法
および、
(5)繊維状金属をシート状に紙・不織布・織物等に成形して、導電性シートを得る方法、
等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではなく、例えば、非導電性ポリマーから繊維状物の束を製造し、この繊維束表面に導電性金属層を形成してからシートを形成してもよい。
また、紡糸工程に引き続いてシート化するスパンボンド法やメルトブローン法により、シートを得ることもできる。
一方、本発明の導電性シートを構成するシート(B)は、直径3μm以下の繊維からなる。繊維の直径が3μmを超える場合は、繊維の密度が小さく集電性が十分でないため内部抵抗が増加してしまう。また活物質の抜け防止効果も低くなってしまう。
導電性ポリマーや、非導電性ポリマーに導電性フィラーを練り込んだものは静電紡糸やメルトブローンすることが困難である場合が多いので、加工しやすいポリマーでシートを形成した後、めっきや蒸着する方法が有利である。
本発明の導電性シートは、それぞれ導電性を有するシート(A)とシート(B)とが少なくとも2層で積層されており、各シート(A)および(B)は、繊維レベルで導電化された導電性繊維から形成されている。
本発明の電極は、上記の導電性シートの内部に活物質を含ませることで得られる。電極は、活物質が蒸着などで構成繊維を被覆する、活物質蒸着シートとして用いても良いし、活物質が、導電性シートの内部(特に、シート(A)の内部)へ充填されている、活物質充填シートとして用いても良い。また、本発明の電極では、蒸着などにより導電性シートの繊維を活物質で被覆したのちに、粒子状の活物質を更に充填してもよい。
本発明の電極に用いられる活物質としては、一例として活性炭が挙げられる。活性炭が充填された電極は、例えば、電気二重層キャパシタ分極性電極として好適に用いられる。
また、活物質の別の例としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出する負極活物質が挙げられる。負極活物質としては、例えば黒鉛、ハードカーボン類等の炭素質材料、ケイ素単体およびその化合物、スズ単体及びその化合物、およびゲルマニウム化合物が挙げられ、これらの中から少なくとも1つを選択することができる。これらの負極活物質が充填された電極は、例えば、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極として好適に用いられる。
一方、本発明の電極において、活物質の少なくとも一部が構成繊維の少なくとも一部を被覆している場合(すなわち、活物質蒸着シート)、繊維表面の被覆に用いられる活物質としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出する負極活物質が挙げられる。負極活物質としては、ケイ素単体及びその化合物、スズ単体及びその化合物、及びゲルマニウム化合物が挙げられ、これらの中から少なくとも1つを選択することができる。これらの中でも、高容量化の観点からケイ素単体、ケイ素合金が特に好ましい。さらに、電極にこれらの負極活物質を充填した電極は、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極として好適に用いられる。
得られた活物質蒸着シートは、プレスにより、活物質の膨張に応じた緩和空間を考慮した見掛け比重に調整することが好ましい。こうして得られた本発明の電極は、蓄電デバイスの電極として好適に用いられる。
繊維の繊度から換算した。
得られた導電性シートの断面の顕微鏡写真から測定した。
シート(A)の目付けと厚さから計算した。
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)により撮影し、ネガ上に見られる繊維を任意に30本選び、これらの繊維径をデジタイザーにより計測し、その平均値を求めた。
導電性シートの断面の走査電子顕微鏡写真から面積あたりの繊維断面の占める割合と、各シートの構成樹脂の比重との積を指標として比較した。
導電性シートを、温度20℃、湿度65%の条件下で24時間以上放置させて調湿した。このシートから長さ2cm×幅1cmの試験片を採取し、該試験片の両端間に、横河ヒューレットパッカード社製の抵抗値測定機「MULTIMETER」を使用して、10Vの電圧をかけてその抵抗値(Ω)を測定した。そして、以下の式により各試験片の表面抵抗値を求め、これを25試験片について行い、その平均値を試料の表面抵抗とした。
表面抵抗(Ω/□)=R×(W/L)
R:試験片の抵抗値(Ω)、W:試験片の幅(1cm)、L:試験片の長さ(2cm)
(導電性シートの作成)
ポリエステルよりなる繊度1.0デシテックス(直径10μm)、繊維長5mmの短繊維70部および芯成分ポリエステル、鞘成分変性ポリエステルの芯鞘型複合繊維(株式会社クラレ製N720)30部を用い、抄紙法により目付け20g/m2、見掛け比重0.2g/cm3、厚み105μmのシート(A)を作成した。
ついで、このシート(A)の片面に静電紡糸により、ポリフッ化ビニリデンの極細繊維シート(B)を吹きつけた。この静電紡糸の手順としては、ターゲット上に上記シート(A)を敷設し、ポリフッ化ビニリデンを5%の濃度でDMFに溶解してシリンジに入れ、シリンジの先端とターゲットとの間に20KVの電圧を印加し、シート(A)上に直径0.5μmのポリフッ化ビニリデン繊維よりなる厚さ2μmの層を形成せしめ、熱圧着して積層シートを得た。
次いで、この積層シートに、無電解メッキ法により、金属銅(Cu)をメッキし、導電性シートを得た(めっき厚み:1~2μm)。得られた導電性シートの表面抵抗は、シート(A)側で0.08Ω/□、シート(B)側で0.02Ω/□であった。めっき後の導電性シートの見掛け比重は0.24g/cm3であった。また、断面を観察した結果、シート(B)はシート(A)よりも見掛け比重が大きかった。また、得られた導電性シートのシート(A)の厚さは98μmであり、シートAの見掛け比重は0.21g/cm3(繊維体積含有率15.2%)であった。
得られた導電性シートに対し、ポリフッ化ビニリデン層を下面とした状態で微振動させながら、上面(シート(A)側)から人造黒鉛粉末(平均粒子径15μm)を100g/m2となるように定量供給し、導電性シートの空隙に充填させた。然る後に、120℃にて平板プレスして、集電層と活物質層が一体となった厚みが90μmの電極を得た。
ここで得られた電極の充放電特性を評価するために、該電極を負極とするリチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。対極にリチウム箔を使用し、非水電解質として六フッ化リン酸リチウムをエチレンカーボネートと1,2-ジメトキシエタンの1/1(体積比)混合液に1モル/Lの濃度で溶解した溶液を用い、セパレータに厚さ30μmのポリエチレン製微多孔質フィルムを用いた評価用リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
(導電性シートの作成)
実施例1と同様に作成したシート(A)の片面に、メルトブローン法により作成した直径3μm、厚さ10μmのポリプロピレンシート(B)を熱圧着により積層した。
次いで、この積層シートに、無電解メッキ法により、金属銅(Cu)をメッキし、導電性シートを得た(めっき厚み:3μm)。得られた導電性シートの表面抵抗は、(A)側で0.08Ω/□、メルトブローンシート側で0.06Ω/□であった。めっき後の導電性シートの見掛け比重は0.21g/cm3であった。また、断面を観察した結果、シート(B)はシート(A)よりも見掛け比重が大きかった。また、得られた導電性シートのシート(A)の厚さは98μmであり、シートAの見掛け比重は0.21g/cm3(繊維体積含有率15.2%)であった。
該シートを用いて、実施例1と同様の方法で電極及びリチウムイオン電池を作製し、評価した結果、初回充電容量:318mAh/g、初回放電容量:298mAh/g、初回充放電時の効率:93.7%、10サイクル目の放電容量:291mAh/g、10サイクル後のサイクル保持率:97.7%と優れたものであった。
(電極の作成)
実施例1と同様にして得られた導電性シートに、真空蒸着法により、シリコン単体(Si)を蒸着して電極を作成した。このとき、蒸着源としてSi粉末200~300mesh、純度99.999%を使用し、蒸着厚みは1000Å(0.1μm)相当であった。然る後に、120℃にて平板プレスして、集電層と活物質層が一体となった厚みが20μmの電極を得た。
得られた電極の充放電特性を実施例1と同様の方法により評価した。その結果、初回充電容量:1210mAh/g、初回放電容量:980mAh/g、初回充放電時の効率:81.0%、10サイクル目の放電容量:900mAh/g、10サイクル後のサイクル保持率:91.8%であり、高容量で、かつ初回充放電効率及びサイクル性に優れたリチウムイオン二次電池であることが確認された。
実施例1において、シート(A)の目付けを70g/cm2、見掛け比重を0.70g/cm3とする以外は、実施例1と同様にして導電性シートを作成した。得られた導電性シートは、活物質を充填できる空隙が少ない上、内部まで均質に活物質粒子を充填させることが困難なものであった。
実施例1と同様に作成したシート(A)にポリフッ化ビニリデン層を積層することなく、金属銅をメッキし、導電性シートを作成した。得られた導電性シートの表面抵抗は、両面とも0.08Ω/□であったが、活物質を充填させる際に粒子の抜けが起こり、活物質保持性に劣るものであった。また、参考例1と同様にリチウムイオン電池を作成して性能を評価した結果、初回充電容量:330mAh/g、初回放電容量:260mAh/g、初回充放電時の効率:78.8%と満足できるものではなかった。極細繊維シートを使用しなかったために、集電性が悪くなったものと推察される。
メルトブローン法によるポリプロピレン製のシートに代えて、直径が25μmのポリエステルスパンボンドシートを用いた以外は、実施例2と同様の操作で導電性シートを得た。得られたシートは、活物質を充填させる際に粒子の抜けが起こり、活物質保持性に劣るものであった。
シート(A)に用いるポリエステル繊維として、直径30μm、繊維長5mmの短繊維を用いる以外は、実施例1と同様にして導電性シートを作成し、参考例1と同様にリチウムイオン電池を作成して評価した。
活物質を充填した後の工程では、活物質の脱落が目立った。電池の評価においては、初回充電容量:310mAh/g、初回放電容量:220mAh/g、初回充放電時の効率:71.0%と低いものであった。シート内部の導電パスが疎な構造となり、充填した活物質の容量を有効活用できなかったと推定される。
メッキ条件を変更した以外は実施例1と同様に導電性シート、電極、評価用リチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。
メッキ条件を変更した以外は実施例1と同様に導電性シート、電極、評価用リチウムイオン二次電池を作成した。
人造黒鉛粉末に代えて、平均粒径5μmのシリコン粉末を50g/m2充填した以外は実施例1と同様に電極(負極)を作成し、同様に電池評価を行った。
一方、同じシリコン粉末を70部、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン10部、導電剤として炭素粉末20部を混練、圧延してシート化し、銅箔に貼り付けて電極(負極)を作成し、同様に電池評価を行った。
Claims (12)
- 両面の表面抵抗がそれぞれ10Ω/□以下である導電性シートであって、前記導電性シートは、直径が3μm~20μmの繊維からなる、見掛け比重0.05~0.50g/cm3を有するシート(A)と、直径が3μm以下の繊維からなり、前記シート(A)に積層されたシート(B)とを含む導電性シート。
- シート(B)が、不織布を導電化したシートであり、前記不織布は、有機ポリマーを主たる構成成分として、静電紡糸法またはメルトブローン法により形成された不織布から構成されている請求項1に記載の導電性シート。
- シート(B)を主として構成する有機ポリマーが、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリアミド、ポリプロピレン、ポリエステルおよびポリアクリロニトリルからなる群から選択された少なくとも一種である請求項1または2に記載の導電性シート。
- シート(A)が、有機ポリマーを主たる構成成分として形成された繊維状物である請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の導電性シート。
- シート(B)が、シート(A)よりも大きな見掛け比重を有する請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の導電性シート。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載された導電性シートから形成されるとともに、活物質を少なくとも含んでいる電極であって、
前記電極では、(i)少なくともシート(A)の構成繊維間の空隙に前記活物質が含まれているか、(ii)少なくともシート(A)の構成繊維を前記活物質が被覆しているか、または(iii)上記(i)および(ii)の双方である電極。 - 活物質が粒子状活物質であり、少なくともシート(A)の構成繊維間に前記粒子状活物質が直接充填されている、請求項6に記載の電極。
- 活物質が、蒸着により、少なくともシート(A)の構成繊維を被覆している、請求項6に記載の電極。
- 活物質が、炭素質材料、ケイ素単体、ケイ化合物、スズ単体、スズ化合物、およびゲルマニウム化合物からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1つを含む、請求項6から8のいずれか一項に記載の電極。
- 活物質が、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出することが可能な負極活物質である、請求項6から9のいずれか一項に記載の電極。
- リチウム二次電池または電気二重層キャパシタに用いられる、請求項6から10のいずれか一項に記載の電極。
- 直径が3μmを超えて20μm以下の繊維からなる、見掛け比重0.05~0.40g/cm3を有するシート(A)と、前記シート(A)を構成する繊維よりも小さな直径を有するとともに、その直径が3μm以下の繊維からなるシート(B)とが積層された構造を含む導電性シートであって、該導電性シートの両面の表面抵抗が、それぞれ10Ω/□以下である導電性シート。
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