WO2010098369A1 - 半導体ナノ粒子及びその製法 - Google Patents
半導体ナノ粒子及びその製法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010098369A1 WO2010098369A1 PCT/JP2010/052917 JP2010052917W WO2010098369A1 WO 2010098369 A1 WO2010098369 A1 WO 2010098369A1 JP 2010052917 W JP2010052917 W JP 2010052917W WO 2010098369 A1 WO2010098369 A1 WO 2010098369A1
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- C01B19/00—Selenium; Tellurium; Compounds thereof
- C01B19/002—Compounds containing, besides selenium or tellurium, more than one other element, with -O- and -OH not being considered as anions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02612—Formation types
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- H01L21/02628—Liquid deposition using solutions
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
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- Y10S977/773—Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
- Y10S977/775—Nanosized powder or flake, e.g. nanosized catalyst
Definitions
- the present invention relates to semiconductor nanoparticles and a method for producing the same.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a method for producing high-quality chalcopyrite nanoparticles. Although the use of chalcopyrite nanoparticles is expected to make it easier to fabricate photoelectric conversion devices, etc., since it contains In, a rare element, there is concern about a stable supply in the future, and the search for alternative materials continues. It has been.
- a material that has recently attracted attention is a Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) semiconductor.
- CZTS Cu 2 ZnSnS 4
- This has a structure in which CIS semiconductor In is replaced with Zn and Sn, and has attracted attention as a high-efficiency solar cell material.
- a solar cell using a CZTS semiconductor is manufactured as follows. That is, first, molybdenum is sputter coated on a soda lime glass substrate, a CZTS thin film is produced thereon by a sulfidation method, a buffer layer made of CdS is formed by a solution growth method, and a window layer made of ZnO: Al is formed by an rf sputtering method.
- the CZTS thin film by the sulfidation method is a two-stage preparation method in which a Cu—Zn—Sn—S based precursor is prepared using a ternary simultaneous sputtering apparatus, then transferred to an annealing chamber and heat-treated in a hydrogen sulfide atmosphere. is there.
- CZTS has a tetragonal stannite crystal structure, but it has been desired that a material having a similar crystal structure is prepared by a simple method. Therefore, as a method of thinning a material having a crystal structure similar to that of CZTS, it is conceivable to drop a solution of nanoparticles of these materials onto a substrate and dry them. Of nanoparticles are required. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of such nanoparticles so far.
- the present invention has been made to solve such a problem, and a main object of the present invention is to provide CZTS and nanoparticles of a material having a similar crystal structure.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research and found that oleylamine was added with a salt containing Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ and Sn 4+ and sulfur and heated at 200 to 300 ° C. Can produce CZTS nanoparticles with a particle size of the order of nanometers, and when a CZTS thin-film electrode prepared by applying a solution of these nanoparticles to the electrode and then drying is irradiated with light, the characteristics as a p-type semiconductor are manifested. As a result, the present invention has been completed.
- the manufacturing method of the semiconductor nanoparticles of the present invention includes a simple substance of Group 11 element of the periodic table or a compound thereof, a simple substance of Group 12 element of the periodic table or a compound thereof, a simple substance of Group 14 element of the periodic table or a compound thereof and the periodic table.
- a mixed liquid in which a simple substance of Group 16 element or a compound thereof is put in a fat-soluble solvent is prepared, and the mixed liquid is heated to obtain semiconductor nanoparticles.
- the semiconductor nanoparticles of the present invention have a crystal structure composed of Group 11 elements of the periodic table, Group 12 elements of the periodic table, Group 14 elements of the periodic table, and Group 16 elements of the periodic table.
- semiconductor nanoparticles represented by CZTS can be easily produced.
- a semiconductor thin film can be easily produced simply by putting the semiconductor nanoparticles in an appropriate solvent to form a solution of semiconductor nanoparticles, and then applying the solution to an electrode substrate and drying.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing TEM images of Experimental Examples 1 to 4, and an average particle diameter Dav and a standard deviation ⁇ calculated based on the TEM images. It is explanatory drawing which shows the average particle diameter Dav and standard deviation (sigma) computed based on the TEM image of Experimental example 3, 5, and 6 and this TEM image. It is explanatory drawing which shows the XRD pattern of Experimental Examples 1-4, ZnS, CZTS, and CuS. It is explanatory drawing which shows a stannite type crystal structure. It is explanatory drawing of the Raman spectrum of the nanoparticle of Experimental example 3.
- FIG. 6 is a graph of absorption spectra of Experimental Examples 1 to 4.
- 2 is a graph of a current-potential curve of photocurrent.
- 10 is a graph of absorption spectra of Experimental Examples 7 to 12. It is a photograph of the TEM image of the CZTSSe nanoparticle of Experimental example 13. It is a graph which shows the particle size distribution of the CZTSSe nanoparticle of Experimental example 13. It is a graph of the XRD pattern of the CZTSSe nanoparticle of Experimental example 13. It is a graph of the absorption spectrum of the CZTSSe nanoparticle of Experimental Example 13. 16 is a graph of an XRD pattern of AZTS nanoparticles of Experimental Example 14. It is a photograph of the TEM image of the AZTS nanoparticle of Experimental example 14. It is a graph of the absorption spectrum of the AZTS nanoparticle of Experimental Example 14.
- the manufacturing method of the semiconductor nanoparticles of the present invention includes a simple substance of Group 11 element of the periodic table or a compound thereof, a simple substance of Group 12 element of the periodic table or a compound thereof, a simple substance of Group 14 element of the periodic table or a compound thereof, and the periodic table 16th.
- a mixed liquid in which a group element simple substance or a compound thereof is put in a fat-soluble solvent is prepared, and semiconductor nanoparticles are obtained by heating the mixed liquid.
- examples of the Group 11 element of the periodic table include Cu, Ag, and Au. Of these, Cu and Ag are preferable, and Cu is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the periodic table group 12 element include Zn and Cd, and among these, Zn is preferable.
- Examples of the periodic table group 14 element include Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. Of these, Sn is preferable.
- Examples of the periodic table group 16 element include O, S, Se, and Te, and these may be mixed. As the group 16 element of the periodic table, S or Se is preferable, and a mixture of S and Se is also preferable.
- the group 16 element of the periodic table is separately provided. It is not necessary to add the simple substance or its compound to the mixed solution.
- the compound of the Group 11 element of the periodic table also includes the Group 16 element
- the compound is not only the compound of the Group 11 element but also the compound of the Group 16 element.
- zinc diethyldithiocarbamate Zn (S 2 CN (C 2 H 5 ) 2 ) 2 is not only a Zn compound but also an S compound.
- the fat-soluble solvent examples include nitrogen-containing compounds having a hydrocarbon group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, sulfur-containing compounds having a hydrocarbon group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and oxygen-containing compounds having a hydrocarbon group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms. Compound etc. are mentioned.
- hydrocarbon group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms examples include saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as n-butyl group, isobutyl group, n-pentyl group, octyl group, decyl group, dodecyl group, hexadecyl group, octadecyl group; oleyl group Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as; alicyclic hydrocarbon groups such as cyclopentyl group and cyclohexyl group; and aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as phenyl group, benzyl group, naphthyl group, naphthylmethyl group, etc.
- Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups are preferred.
- nitrogen-containing compounds include amines and amides.
- sulfur-containing compounds include thiols.
- oxygen-containing compounds include fatty acids. Of these fat-soluble solvents, nitrogen-containing compounds having a hydrocarbon group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms are preferable.
- n-butylamine, isobutylamine, n-pentylamine, n-hexylamine, octylamine, decylamine, dodecyl Alkylamines such as amine, hexadecylamine and octadecylamine, and alkenylamines such as oleylamine are preferred.
- Such a fat-soluble solvent can be bonded to the particle surface, and examples of the bonding mode include chemical bonds such as a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a coordinate bond, a hydrogen bond, and a van der Waals bond.
- the heating temperature of the mixed solution may be appropriately set depending on the simple substance or the compound to be used, but is preferably set in the range of 130 to 300 ° C, more preferably in the range of 240 to 300 ° C. .
- the heating time may be appropriately set according to the simple substance to be used, the kind of the compound, and the heating temperature, but it is usually preferably set in the range of several seconds to several hours, and preferably set in the range of 1 to 60 minutes. More preferred.
- the heated mixture is cooled and then separated into a supernatant and a precipitate, and the separated precipitate is placed in an organic solvent (eg, chloroform, toluene, hexane, n-butanol, etc.). It is good also as a semiconductor nanoparticle solution.
- an organic solvent eg, chloroform, toluene, hexane, n-butanol, etc.
- a solvent for example, methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, etc.
- the precipitate may be collected and placed in the organic solvent described above to form a semiconductor nanoparticle solution.
- the semiconductor nanoparticles of the present invention have a crystal structure composed of Group 11 elements of the periodic table, Group 12 elements of the periodic table, Group 14 elements of the periodic table, and Group 16 elements of the periodic table.
- a semiconductor nanoparticle can be manufactured by the manufacturing method of the semiconductor nanoparticle mentioned above, for example.
- the particle size of the semiconductor nanoparticles is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less, and still more preferably 20 nm or less.
- the Group 11 element of the periodic table, the Group 12 element of the periodic table, the Group 14 element of the periodic table and the Group 16 element of the periodic table are the same as those described in the above-described method for producing semiconductor nanoparticles, The description is omitted here.
- the semiconductor nanoparticles of the present invention have a stannite type or a similar crystal structure, or among the stannite type or a similar crystal structure, the Group 11 element of the Periodic Table and the Periodic Table 14 It is preferable that a part of the group element is substituted with the periodic table group 12 element.
- Examples of those having a stannite type crystal structure include Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 , Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 , Cu 2 ZnGeSe 4 , Cu 2 CdSnS 4 , Cu 2 CdSnSe 4 , and Cu 2 CdGeSe 4 .
- Crystal structures similar to the stannite type crystal structure include kesterite, wurtz-stannite type, zinc blende type, wurtzite type, and the like.
- Examples of those having a wurtz-stannite type structure include Cu 2 ZnGeS 4 , Cu 2 CdGeS 4 , and Ag 2 CdGeS 4.
- Examples of those having a zinc blende type structure include Ag 2 ZnGeSe 4 .
- Examples of those having a wurtzite structure include Ag 2 CdSnS 4 and Ag 2 CdSnSe 4 .
- a structure in which a part of Group 11 element and Group 14 element of the periodic table in the stannite type crystal structure is replaced with a Group 12 element of the periodic table for example, Cu and Sn of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 can be used.
- the two solutions were mixed at room temperature, and the inside of the test tube was decompressed and filled with nitrogen.
- the reaction temperature was 120 ° C
- the reaction temperature was 180 ° C
- the reaction temperature was 240 ° C
- the reaction temperature was 300 ° C.
- Experimental Examples 5 and 6 after heating at a reaction temperature of 240 ° C. for 60 minutes and 120 minutes, it was allowed to stand until it reached room temperature.
- the product obtained in each experimental example was centrifuged to separate the supernatant and the precipitate. The separated supernatant was filtered, methanol was added to the filtrate to cause precipitation.
- CZTS has a stannite type crystal structure shown in FIG.
- the XRD patterns of CZTS and ZnS are almost the same, when the Raman spectrum of the nanoparticle of Experimental Example 3 was measured, a signal attributed to CZTS appeared as shown in FIG. What was done did not appear at all. From this, it was confirmed that the XRD pattern of the nanoparticles was CZTS.
- the composition of the CZTS nanoparticles obtained in Example 3 was analyzed by fluorescent X-ray analysis (produced by Rigaku Corporation, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyzer EDXL300), these nanoparticles were converted into metal ions.
- the crystal structure of the nanoparticles is the atomic arrangement of the stannite type crystal structure shown in FIG. There was a slight deviation, suggesting that a part of Cu and / or a part of Sn was substituted with Zn.
- Electrolyte solution 0.2 mol ⁇ dm -3 Europium nitrate aqueous solution
- Light source Xenon lamp light / heat ray cut filter (IRA-25S)
- Counter electrode platinum wire
- Reference electrode Ag / AgCl (saturated KCl)
- FIG. 8 shows a photocurrent-potential curve of the electrode on which CZTS nanoparticles are fixed. 0Vvs.
- the cathode photocurrent increased as the electrode potential went to the negative potential side with respect to the Ag / AgCl potential. From this, the obtained CZTS nanoparticles showed p-type semiconductor-like characteristics, and the photogenerated holes in the particles moved to the electrodes, and the photoexcited electrons in the particles reduced chemical species in the solution. Recognize.
- Example 7 In Experimental Example 7, the same semiconductor nanoparticles as in Experimental Example 5 were obtained when Tin (II) acetate was used instead of Tin (IV) acetate as the Sn source in Experimental Example 5. Specifically, the particle size of the semiconductor nanoparticles is 6.7 ⁇ 1.3 nm, the crystal structure by XRD is CZTS, and the shape of the absorption spectrum has a peak on the long wavelength side of 800 nm or more as shown in FIG. The shape did not have. In Experimental Example 7, when 3 ml of octadecene and 1 g of hexadecylamine were used as the solvent instead of 3 ml of oleylamine, the same semiconductor nanoparticles as in Experimental Example 7 were obtained. Specifically, the particle size of the semiconductor nanoparticles was 7.3 ⁇ 1.8 nm, and the shape of the absorption spectrum was a shape having no peak on the long wavelength side of 800 nm or more as shown in FIG. 9B. .
- Example 8 the precursor powder of Cu (S 2 CNEt 2 ) 2 as the Cu source, Zn (S 2 CNEt 2 ) 2 as the Zn source, and Sn (S 2 CNEt 2 ) 4 as the Sn source in Experimental Example 2.
- Example 10 In Experimental Example 10, when the S source was changed from sulfur powder to thioacetamide in Experimental Example 3, the same semiconductor nanoparticles as in Experimental Example 3 were obtained. Specifically, the particle size of the semiconductor nanoparticles was 6.0 ⁇ 1.2 nm, and the shape of the absorption spectrum was a shape having no peak on the long wavelength side of 800 nm or more as shown in FIG. .
- Example 11 In Experimental Example 11, when the S source was changed from sulfur powder to thiourea in Experimental Example 3, the same semiconductor nanoparticles as in Experimental Example 3 were obtained. Specifically, the particle size of the semiconductor nanoparticles was 5.7 ⁇ 1.1 nm, and the shape of the absorption spectrum was a shape having no peak on the long wavelength side of 800 nm or more as shown in FIG. .
- the same semiconductor nanoparticles as in Experimental Example 5 were obtained. Specifically, the particle size of the semiconductor nanoparticles was 13.6 ⁇ 3.4 nm, and the shape of the absorption spectrum was a shape having no peak on the long wavelength side of 800 nm or more as shown in FIG. 9 (g). .
- XRD patterns of the obtained particles were obtained because diffraction peaks were observed at 29 °, 47 °, and 56 ° at 2 ⁇ , and were in good agreement with the diffraction peaks expected from the crystal structure of stannite-type CZTS.
- the particles were shown to be stannite CZTS.
- CZTSSe nanoparticles A TEM image and a particle size distribution of the CZTSSe nanoparticles prepared in (1) are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, respectively. As the particle composition x increased from 1 to 0, the particle size tended to increase. This is because the thermal decomposition of selenourea is relatively slow, and in order to supply selenium slowly, it is considered that the larger the selenourea ratio, the easier the larger particles grow.
- FIGS. 12 and 13 The XRD pattern and absorption spectrum of CZTSSe nanoparticles are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, respectively.
- FIG. 15 shows a TEM image of the particles. As is apparent from FIG. 15, it was found that spherical particles having a size of 10 to 30 nm were generated. From the above, it was revealed that AZTS nanoparticles were produced by heating at a reaction temperature of 300 ° C.
- the absorption spectrum of the AZTS nanoparticles produced in (2) is shown in FIG. As is clear from FIG. 16, in this absorption spectrum, a steep rise in absorption from around 600 nm was confirmed, and an exciton peak was observed around 550 nm.
- the band gap energy (Eg) of the nanoparticles estimated from the absorption edge was 2.1 eV.
- the Eg of bulk AZTS is reported to be 2.0 eV, suggesting that the AZTS nanoparticles obtained in this experiment have almost the same electronic energy structure as the bulk.
- the present invention can be used as a material for solar cells, for example.
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Abstract
Description
1.半導体ナノ粒子の作製
金属イオンの全量が2.0×10-4molおよび各イオンのモル比がCu:Zn:Sn=2:1:1となるように、酢酸銅(II)、酢酸亜鉛(II)、酢酸スズ(IV)をはかり取り、これにオレイルアミン2.0cm3を加えた混合液を作製した。これとは別に、2.0×10-4molの硫黄粉末にオレイルアミン1.0cm3を加えた混合液を用意した。それぞれの混合溶液を、別々に60℃で暖めて均一に溶解させた。室温で2つの溶液を混合し、試験管内部を減圧後、窒素充填した。実験例1では反応温度120℃、実験例2では反応温度180℃、実験例3では反応温度240℃、実験例4では反応温度300℃とし、それぞれ30分加熱後、室温になるまで放置した。一方、実験例5、6では、反応温度240℃で60分、120分加熱後、室温になるまで放置した。各実験例で得られた生成物を遠心分離し、上澄み液と沈殿とを分離した。分離した上澄み液をろ過し、そのろ液にメタノールを加えて沈殿を発生させ、遠心分離を施して沈殿を回収し、その沈殿にクロロホルムを加えて沈殿を溶解させ、半導体ナノ粒子溶液とした。このときの半導体ナノ粒子溶液の模式図を図1に示す。また、実験例1~6の製造条件を表1にまとめて示す。
(1)TEM観察
実験例1~4で得られた半導体ナノ粒子について、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM、(株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ、形式H-7650)を用いて観察を行った。TEMグリッドとして、市販のエラスティックカーボン支持膜付き銅グリッド(応研商事)を用いた。得られたTEM像並びにこのTEM像に基づいて算出した平均粒径Dav及び標準偏差σを図2に示す。図2の反応温度別のTEM像を比較すると、反応温度が120℃、180℃の方が、240℃、300℃に比べて、生成する粒子のサイズが大きくなる傾向が見られた。これは、反応温度が低温では結晶成長が進み、高温では結晶成長よりも核形成が優先されたためと思われる。
実験例1~4で得られた半導体ナノ粒子について、XRDパターンを測定し、ZnS,Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)及びCuSのXRDパターンと比較した。その様子を図4に示す。図4のXRDパターンから明らかなように、反応温度が120℃のときの主生成物はCuSであり、反応温度を上げると、180℃ではCuSとCZTSの混合物となり、240℃以上ではCZTSのプロファイルと一致した。この結果から、CZTSナノ粒子を高収率で得るには、反応温度を240~300℃の範囲で設定するのが好ましいといえる。CZTSは、図5に示すスタンナイト型の結晶構造をとる。ところで、CZTSとZnSのXRDパターンはほとんど同じであるが、実験例3のナノ粒子のラマンスペクトルを測定したところ、図6に示すように、CZTSに帰属されるシグナルは現れたものの、ZnSに帰属されるものは全く現れなかった。このことから、このナノ粒子のXRDパターンはCZTSであることを確認した。また、蛍光X線分析((株)リガク社製、エネルギー分散型蛍光X線分析装置 EDXL300)により、実施例3で得られたCZTSナノ粒子の組成を分析したところ、このナノ粒子は金属イオンとして、Cu,Zn,Snを含み、そのモル比はCu:Zn:Sn=0.38:0.48:0.19と求まった。CZTSの理論組成は、Cu:Zn:Sn=0.50:0.25:0.25であることから考えると、ナノ粒子の結晶構造は図5に示すスタンナイト型の結晶構造の原子配置とは若干のずれがあり、Cuの一部及び/又はSnの一部がZnに置換されていることが示唆された。
実験例1~4で得られた半導体ナノ粒子について、吸収スペクトルを測定した。その結果を図7に示す。図7の吸収スペクトルより、反応温度を高温にするほど長波長側(800nm以上)のCuS由来の吸収が減少し、240℃以上ではそのCuS由来の吸収がほぼ消失しており、XRDパターンの結果と一致した。
FTO基板をアセトンとエタノールの混合溶液で超音波洗浄後、UV-オゾン処理を施した。洗浄したFTO基板上に実験例5の半導体ナノ粒子溶液を適量滴下して、減圧乾燥させることにより、FTO基板上に半導体薄膜を形成した。このFTO基板を作用極として、三極セルを用いて光電気化学特性評価を行った。以下に測定条件を示す。また、測定結果を図8に示す。
電解質溶液:0.2 mol・dm-3硝酸ユウロピウム水溶液
光源:キセノンランプ光/熱線カットフィルター(IRA-25S)
対極:白金線、
参照電極:Ag/AgCl(飽和KCl)
実験例7では、実験例5において、Sn源として酢酸スズ(IV)の代わりに酢酸スズ(II)を用いたところ、実験例5と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。具体的には、半導体ナノ粒子の粒径が6.7±1.3nm、XRDによる結晶構造がCZTS、吸収スペクトルの形状が図9(a)に示すように800nm以上の長波長側にピークを有さない形状であった。なお、実験例7で、溶媒としてオレイルアミン3mlの代わりにオクタデセン3mlとヘキサデシルアミン1gを用いたところ、実験例7と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。具体的には、半導体ナノ粒子の粒径が7.3±1.8nm、吸収スペクトルの形状が図9(b)に示すように800nm以上の長波長側にピークを有さない形状であった。
実験例8では、実験例2において、Cu源としてCu(S2CNEt2)2、Zn源としてZn(S2CNEt2)2、Sn源としてSn(S2CNEt2)4の前駆体粉末を、各元素のモル比がCu:Zn:Sn=2:1:1となるようにはかり取り、さらなるS源を添加せずに反応させたところ、実験例3と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。具体的には、半導体ナノ粒子の粒径が12.3±3.5nm、XRDによる結晶構造がCZTS、吸収スペクトルの形状が図9(c)に示すように800nm以上の長波長側にピークを有さない形状であった。
実験例9では、実験例3において、Cu源として塩化銅(II)、Zn源として塩化亜鉛、Sn源として塩化スズ(IV)・5水和物、S源として硫黄粉末を用い、各元素のモル比がCu:Zn:Sn:S=2:1:1:4となるようにはかり取り反応させたところ、実験例3と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。具体的には、半導体ナノ粒子の粒径が6.9±1.8nm、吸収スペクトルの形状が図9(d)に示すように800nm以上の長波長側にピークを有さない形状であった。
実験例10では、実験例3においてS源を硫黄粉末からチオアセトアミドに代えたところ、実験例3と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。具体的には、半導体ナノ粒子の粒径が6.0±1.2nm、吸収スペクトルの形状が図9(e)に示すように800nm以上の長波長側にピークを有さない形状であった。
実験例11では、実験例3においてS源を硫黄粉末からチオ尿素に代えたところ、実験例3と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。具体的には、半導体ナノ粒子の粒径が5.7±1.1nm、吸収スペクトルの形状が図9(f)に示すように800nm以上の長波長側にピークを有さない形状であった。
実験例12では、実験例5において、金属銅粉末、金属亜鉛粉末、金属スズ粉末、硫黄粉末を用い、各元素のモル比がCu:Zn:Sn:S=2:1:1:4となるようにはかり取り、反応させたところ、実験例5と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。具体的には、半導体ナノ粒子の粒径が13.6±3.4nm、吸収スペクトルの形状が図9(g)に示すように800nm以上の長波長側にピークを有さない形状であった。また、得られた粒子のXRDパターンは、2θで29°、47°および56°に回折ピークが観察され、スタンナイト型CZTSの結晶構造から期待される回折ピークと良く一致したことから、得られた粒子はスタンナイト型CZTSであることが示された。
なお、実験例3においてCu源を酢酸銅(II)から酢酸銅(I)に代えたり、溶媒にドデカンチオールを添加して反応時間を60分にしたりしても、実験例3と同様の半導体ナノ粒子が得られた。また、各実験例につき、加熱した混合液を室温になるまで放置したあと生成した沈殿についても、クロロホルムを加えて半導体ナノ粒子溶液を得ることができた。
1.CZTSSe(Cu2ZnSnS4xSe4(1-x):xは固溶体比)ナノ粒子の作製
酢酸銅(II)を0.1mmol、酢酸亜鉛(II)を0.05mmol、酢酸スズ(IV)を0.05mmolはかり取り、これにオレイルアミン2.0cm3 を加え、60℃に温めて溶解させた(第1溶液)。一方、表2に示すように、固溶体比xの値に応じてS原子およびSe原子の総和が2.0×10-4 molとなるように硫黄粉末とセレノウレアをはかり取り、これにオレイルアミン1.0cm3を加えた(第2溶液)。そして、第1溶液と第2溶液とを混合し、試験管内部を窒素充填した。反応温度240℃で60分加熱することにより反応させた後、室温になるまで放置した。得られた生成物を遠心分離し、上澄みと沈澱を分離した。生成物の上澄み液をろ過し、メタノールを加えてナノ粒子を沈殿させた。遠心分離で上澄み液を捨て沈澱にクロロホルムを加えて沈殿を溶解させ、CZTSSeナノ粒子溶液とした。
上記1.で調製したCZTSSeナノ粒子のTEM像と粒径分布をそれぞれ図10、図11に示す。粒子の組成xが1から0になるにつれて、粒子サイズが大きくなる傾向が見られた。これはセレノウレアの熱分解が比較的遅く、セレンをゆっくりと供給するために、セレノウレアの比率の多いほど大きな粒子が成長しやすいと考えられる。
1.AZTS(Ag2ZnSnS4)ナノ粒子の作製
(1)Ag(S2CNEt2)、Zn(S2CNEt2)2、Sn(S2CNEt2)4錯体の作製
0.050 mol・dm-3のN,N-ジエチルジチオカルバミド酸ナトリウム(NaS2CNEt2)水溶液(50cm3)に、0.050mol・dm-3硝酸銀水溶液、0.025mol・dm-3硝酸亜鉛水溶液又は0.0125mol・dm-3塩化スズ水溶液(50cm3)を、常温で攪拌しながら加えたのち、30分間攪拌し、沈殿を作製した。この沈澱を遠心分離(4000rpm,5min)により単離し、水による洗浄を4回、メタノールによる洗浄を2回行い、一晩減圧乾燥させることによって、Ag(S2CNEt2)錯体、Zn(S2CNEt2)2錯体又はSn(S2CNEt2)4錯体の粉末を得た。
Ag原子の量が0.10mmol、Zn原子の量が0.050mmol、Sn原子の量が0.050mmolとなるように、上記(1)で作製した各錯体をはかり取り、オレイルアミン3.0cm3を加え、窒素ガス雰囲気下で撹拌しながら、300℃で30分間加熱した。得られた沈殿を遠心分離により分離した。この沈殿にクロロホルム1.0cm3を加えて溶解させた後、溶解しなかった残渣を遠心分離により除去した。得られたクロロホルム溶液にメタノールを3.0cm3を加えて沈殿させ、目的とする粒子を得た。また、吸収スペクトルは、この粒子を、再度、クロロホルム1.0cm3に溶解させて測定した。
上記1.(2)で得た粒子のXRDパターンを図14に示す。比較のために、AZTS、Ag8SnS6及び立方晶ZnSの回折パターンも示してある。図14から明らかなように、この粒子の回折パターンは、AZTSの回折パターンとよく一致していた。図15に、この粒子のTEM像を示す。図15から明らかなように、サイズが10~30nmの球状粒子が生成していることが分かった。以上のことから、反応温度300℃で加熱することで、AZTSナノ粒子が生成することが明らかとなった。
Claims (14)
- 周期表第11族元素の単体又はその化合物、周期表第12族元素の単体又はその化合物、周期表第14族元素の単体又はその化合物及び周期表第16族元素の単体又はその化合物を脂溶性溶媒に入れた混合液を用意し、該混合液を加熱することにより半導体ナノ粒子を得る、半導体ナノ粒子の製法。
- 前記周期表第11族元素がCu,Ag又はAuであり、前記周期表第12族元素がZn又はCdであり、前記周期表第14族元素がSi,Ge,Sn又はPbであり、周期表第16族元素がO,S,Se及びTeからなる群より選ばれた1種以上である、
請求項1に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法。 - 前記周期表第11族元素がCuであり、前記周期表第12族元素がZn、前記周期表第14族元素がSnであり、周期表第16族元素がS及びSeの少なくとも一方である、
請求項1に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法。 - 前記周期表第11族元素がAgであり、前記周期表第12族元素がZn、前記周期表第14族元素がSnであり、周期表第16族元素がS及びSeの少なくとも一方である、
請求項1に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法。 - 前記混合液を240~300℃で加熱する、
請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法。 - 前記脂溶性溶媒は、炭素数4~20の炭化水素基を有する含窒素化合物である、
請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法。 - 前記加熱後の混合液を冷却したあと生成物を分離し、該分離した生成物を有機溶媒に入れて半導体ナノ粒子溶液とする、
請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法。 - 前記加熱後の混合液を冷却したあと生成物を分離し、該分離した上澄み液にナノ粒子が不溶又は難溶な溶媒を添加して沈殿を発生させ、該沈殿を集めて有機溶媒に入れて半導体ナノ粒子溶液とする、
請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の半導体ナノ粒子の製法により製造された半導体ナノ粒子。
- 周期表第11族元素、周期表第12族元素、周期表第14族元素及び周期表第16族元素で構成される結晶構造を持つ、半導体ナノ粒子。
- スタンナイト型若しくはそれと類似の結晶構造を持つか、又は、スタンナイト型若しくはそれと類似の結晶構造のうち前記周期表第11族元素及び前記周期表第14族元素の一部が前記周期表第12族元素に置換された構造を持つ、
請求項10に記載の半導体ナノ粒子。 - 前記周期表第11族元素がCu,Ag又はAuであり、前記周期表第12族元素がZn又はCdであり、前記周期表第14族元素がSi,Ge,Sn又はPbであり、周期表第16族元素がO,S,Se及びTeからなる群より選ばれた1種以上である、
請求項10又は11に記載の半導体ナノ粒子。 - 前記周期表第11族元素がCuであり、前記周期表第12族元素がZn、前記周期表第14族元素がSnであり、周期表第16族元素がS及びSeの少なくとも一方である、
請求項10又は11に記載の半導体ナノ粒子。 - 前記周期表第11族元素がAgであり、前記周期表第12族元素がZn、前記周期表第14族元素がSnであり、周期表第16族元素がS及びSeの少なくとも一方である、
請求項10又は11に記載の半導体ナノ粒子。
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JPWO2010098369A1 (ja) | 2012-09-06 |
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JP5649072B2 (ja) | 2015-01-07 |
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