WO2010050197A1 - 有機薄膜太陽電池 - Google Patents
有機薄膜太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010050197A1 WO2010050197A1 PCT/JP2009/005693 JP2009005693W WO2010050197A1 WO 2010050197 A1 WO2010050197 A1 WO 2010050197A1 JP 2009005693 W JP2009005693 W JP 2009005693W WO 2010050197 A1 WO2010050197 A1 WO 2010050197A1
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- Prior art keywords
- organic
- layer
- solar cell
- film solar
- organic thin
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- AICOOMRHRUFYCM-ZRRPKQBOSA-N oxazine, 1 Chemical compound C([C@@H]1[C@H](C(C[C@]2(C)[C@@H]([C@H](C)N(C)C)[C@H](O)C[C@]21C)=O)CC1=CC2)C[C@H]1[C@@]1(C)[C@H]2N=C(C(C)C)OC1 AICOOMRHRUFYCM-ZRRPKQBOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001420 photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000548 poly(silane) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005023 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960002796 polystyrene sulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011970 polystyrene sulfonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N serine Chemical compound OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005266 side chain polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- GQUJEMVIKWQAEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(III) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]O[Ti]=O GQUJEMVIKWQAEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
- H10K2101/30—Highest occupied molecular orbital [HOMO], lowest unoccupied molecular orbital [LUMO] or Fermi energy values
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- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/40—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising a p-i-n structure, e.g. having a perovskite absorber between p-type and n-type charge transport layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
- H10K85/633—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6576—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only sulfur in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. benzothiophene
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic thin film solar cell.
- An organic thin film solar cell is a device that shows an electrical output with respect to light input, as represented by a photodiode or an imaging device that converts an optical signal into an electrical signal, or a solar cell that converts optical energy into electrical energy, It is a device that exhibits a response opposite to that of an electroluminescence (EL) element that exhibits an optical output with respect to an electrical input.
- solar cells have attracted a great deal of attention as a clean energy source in recent years against the background of fossil fuel depletion and global warming, and research and development have been actively conducted.
- silicon solar cells represented by single crystal Si, polycrystal Si, amorphous Si, etc. have been put into practical use.
- Organic solar cells are basically composed of an n layer for transporting electrons and a p layer for transporting holes, and is roughly classified into two types depending on the material constituting each layer.
- a n-layer in which a sensitizing dye such as ruthenium dye is adsorbed on the surface of an inorganic semiconductor such as titania and an electrolyte solution is used as a p-layer is called a dye-sensitized solar cell (so-called Gretzell cell), and has a conversion efficiency.
- Gretzell cell dye-sensitized solar cell
- an organic thin film solar cell In general, the operation process of an organic thin film solar cell consists of (1) light absorption and exciton generation, (2) exciton diffusion, (3) charge separation, (4) carrier movement, and (5) electromotive force generation. ing.
- organic substances have few absorption characteristics that match the solar spectrum, and many have low carrier mobility, so that high conversion efficiency cannot often be achieved.
- an organic thin film solar cell is a complete solid-state element, it is affected by the film properties of the organic thin film. Furthermore, there has been a problem affected by the material molecules forming the organic thin film.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an organic co-deposited film of phthalocyanines and perylene imides.
- phthalocyanines and perylene imides are extremely difficult to control the deposition rate during vacuum deposition because of their sublimation characteristics, and short circuits are not possible. There was a problem with a high probability of occurring.
- phthalocyanines have a problem that the deposition temperature is high and the energy required for device fabrication is large.
- Patent Document 2 discloses an organic solar cell including a hole blocking layer having an ionization potential larger than the ionization potential of compound semiconductor particles contained in an active layer.
- the ionization potential is a value that reflects the energy level of holes, and does not stipulate the energy level or movement of electrons.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an organic thin-film solar cell exhibiting highly efficient photoelectric conversion characteristics.
- the following organic thin film solar cell and the like are provided.
- the one or more organic layers are two or more organic layers; 2.
- each of the two or more organic layers is made of any one of the two or more organic compounds. 4).
- the one or more organic layers include a p-layer; 4.
- the organic thin-film solar cell according to 4, wherein an energy gap Eg of the main organic compound forming the p layer is Eg ⁇ 3 eV. 6).
- an organic thin film solar cell exhibiting highly efficient photoelectric conversion characteristics can be provided.
- the organic thin film solar cell of the present invention includes a pair of electrodes and one or more organic layers (for example, a p layer, an n layer, an i layer, a p material, and n) composed of two or more organic compounds sandwiched between the pair of electrodes.
- the difference ( ⁇ Af) in the affinity level of two main organic compounds among the two or more organic compounds satisfies the following formula (a). 0.5 eV ⁇ Af ⁇ 2.0 eV (a)
- the “main two kinds of organic compounds” means the organic compound having the highest composition ratio (molar ratio) and the second highest composition ratio (molar ratio) among all the organic compounds forming the organic layer. ).
- the p layer and the n layer which are organic layers, are formed of the organic compound X, the organic compound Y, and the organic compound Z, and the organic compound
- the composition ratio of X, organic compound Y, and organic compound Z is 50%, 30%, and 20%, respectively, the two main organic compounds are organic compound X and organic compound Y.
- the accuracy of the composition ratio can be 0.1%.
- any two of the four types of organic compounds may satisfy the formula (a).
- the two or more organic compounds are preferably not metal complexes.
- the metal complex include phthalocyanines.
- the cell structure of the organic thin film solar cell of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has a structure having one or more organic layers between a pair of electrodes.
- a specific cell structure includes a structure having the following configuration on a stable insulating substrate. (1) Lower electrode / p layer / n layer / upper electrode (2) Lower electrode / p layer / i layer (or a mixed layer of p material and n material) / n layer / upper electrode (3) Lower electrode / p material And a mixed layer / upper electrode of n material and a structure in which the p layer and the n layer having the configurations (1) and (2) are reversed. Moreover, you may provide a buffer layer between an electrode and an organic layer as needed.
- a structure having the following configuration can be given. (4) Lower electrode / buffer layer / p layer / n layer / upper electrode (5) Lower electrode / p layer / n layer / buffer layer / upper electrode (6) Lower electrode / buffer layer / p layer / n layer / buffer Layer / Top electrode
- the organic thin film solar cell of the present invention is preferably a mixed layer in which any one of the one or more organic layers is a mixture of two or more organic compounds.
- the organic thin-film solar cell of the present invention preferably has two or more organic layers, and each of the two or more organic layers is composed of any one of two main organic compounds.
- each of the two or more organic layers is composed of any one of two main organic compounds.
- one or more organic layers include a p-layer, and at least one of the two main organic compounds is a main organic compound that forms the p-layer.
- the energy gap Eg of the main organic compound forming the p layer is preferably Eg ⁇ 3 eV, and more preferably Eg ⁇ 2.5 eV. When the energy gap Eg of the organic compound forming the p layer satisfies Eg ⁇ 3 eV, light absorption in the operation process can be further increased.
- the “main organic compound forming the p layer” refers to an organic compound having the highest composition ratio (molar ratio) among all the organic compounds forming the p layer.
- the affinity level and energy gap of an organic compound can be measured by the following method.
- the organic compound to be measured is vacuum-deposited to form an organic compound layer having a thickness of 50 nm, and the measurement result of FIG. 1 is obtained by using an atmospheric photoelectron spectrometer (for example, AC-1 or AC-3 manufactured by Riken Keiki Co., Ltd.).
- the ionization potential (Ip) of the organic compound can be determined.
- a spectroscopic device for example, UV-3100 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation
- the absorption characteristic of FIG. 2 is obtained, and the energy gap (Eg) of the organic compound is determined from the absorption edge wavelength ( ⁇ edge). can do.
- it is not limited to the said measuring method.
- each parameter can be determined separately by an analysis method according to the measuring method.
- organic thin film solar cell of the present invention known members and materials used in organic thin film solar cells can be used. Hereinafter, each component will be described.
- the organic compound layer includes a p layer, an i layer, a mixed layer of p material and n material, and an n layer. It is preferable to use an organic compound that functions as an electron donor for the p layer and an organic compound that functions as an electron acceptor for the n layer.
- the two main organic compounds are preferably a combination of an organic compound that functions as an electron donor and an organic compound that functions as an electron acceptor.
- Examples of the organic compound that functions as an electron donor include organic compounds having an amino group, a carbazolyl group, or a condensed aromatic polycyclic moiety, such as Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-355358, Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-283102, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-121275. And compounds described in 2008-34764 and the like.
- organic compounds having an amino group, carbazolyl group or condensed aromatic polycyclic moiety By using the organic compound having the amino group, carbazolyl group or condensed aromatic polycyclic moiety in the p layer, it is preferable for hole transport in the carrier transport process of the operation process.
- organic compound having the amino group, carbazolyl group or condensed aromatic polycyclic moiety are shown below.
- fullerene derivatives such as C 60, carbon nanotube, perylene derivatives, polycyclic quinone, quinacridone, the polymeric CN- poly (phenylene - vinylene), MEH-CN-PPV
- Examples include —CN group or CF 3 group-containing polymers, their —CF 3 substituted polymers, poly (fluorene) derivatives, and the like.
- fullerene derivatives such as C 60 and C 70 , carbon nanotubes, and perylene derivatives are preferably used.
- the organic compound that functions as an electron acceptor is preferably a material having a high electron mobility or a material having a low electron affinity. By using a material having a small electron affinity for the n layer, a sufficient open-circuit voltage can be realized.
- an n-type characteristic inorganic semiconductor compound can be used for the n layer, and the hole layer functions as a hole acceptor.
- Compounds can be used.
- n-type characteristic inorganic semiconductor compounds include n-Si, GaAs, CdS, PbS, CdSe, InP, Nb 2 O 5 , WO 3 , Fe 2 O 3 and other doped semiconductors and compound semiconductors; titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), Examples thereof include titanium oxides such as titanium monoxide (TiO) and dititanium trioxide (Ti 2 O 3 ); and conductive oxides such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO 2 ).
- the n-type characteristic inorganic semiconductor compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more, preferably titanium oxide, particularly preferably titanium dioxide.
- mTPD N, N′-bis (3-tolyl) -N, N′-diphenylbenzidine
- N, N′-dinaphthyl-N N Amine compounds represented by '-diphenylbenzidine (NPD), 4,4', 4 "-tris (phenyl-3-tolylamin
- polymer compound examples include main chain conjugated polymers such as polyhexylthiophene (P3HT) and methoxyethylhexyloxyphenylene vinylene (MEHPPV), and side chain polymers represented by polyvinylcarbazole. .
- P3HT polyhexylthiophene
- MEHPPV methoxyethylhexyloxyphenylene vinylene
- side chain polymers represented by polyvinylcarbazole.
- the i layer can be formed by mixing the material of the p layer and the material of the n layer.
- any of the pair of electrodes (upper electrode and lower electrode) of the organic thin film solar cell of the present invention may be any electrode that transmits light.
- at least one of the pair of electrodes transmits light with a wavelength of 300 to 800 nm.
- the rate is 10% or more.
- the transmittance of the electrode can be measured by a transmittance measuring device (for example, a spectroscopic device (UV-3100 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation)).
- electrodes made of a known conductive material can be used.
- an electrode made of a metal such as tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), gold (Au), osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), or the like can be used.
- an electrode made of a metal such as silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), indium (In), calcium (Ca), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li), Mg: Ag,
- An electrode made of a binary metal such as Mg: In, Al: Li, and an electrode connected to the P layer can be used.
- At least one electrode of the solar cell be sufficiently transparent with respect to the sunlight spectrum.
- the said transparent electrode can be formed by using a well-known electroconductive material and ensuring predetermined translucency by methods, such as vapor deposition and sputtering.
- one of the electrodes includes a metal having a high work function and the other includes a metal having a low work function.
- the material used for forming the buffer layer is preferably a compound having sufficiently high carrier mobility so that the short-circuit current does not decrease even when the film thickness is increased.
- an aromatic cyclic acid anhydride represented by NTCDA shown below for a low molecular compound and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxy) thiophene: polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS), polyaniline: camphorsulfonic acid (PANI: CSA), and other known conductive polymers.
- the buffer layer can also have a role of preventing excitons from diffusing to the electrodes and being deactivated. Inserting a buffer layer as an exciton blocking layer in this way is effective for increasing efficiency.
- the exciton blocking layer can be inserted on either the anode side or the cathode side, or both can be inserted simultaneously.
- a material for a hole barrier layer or a material for an electron barrier layer which are known for use in an organic EL device
- a preferable material for the hole blocking layer is a compound having a sufficiently large ionization potential
- a preferable material for the electron blocking layer is a compound having a sufficiently small electron affinity.
- bathocuproin (BCP), bathophenanthroline (BPhen), and the like which are well-known materials for organic EL device applications, can be used as the cathode-side hole barrier layer material.
- inorganic semiconductor compounds exemplified as the n-layer material may be used as the material for the buffer layer, and C-type inorganic semiconductor compounds such as CdTe, p-Si, SiC, GaAs, and WO 3 may also be used. Can be used.
- the substrate is preferably a substrate having mechanical and thermal strength and transparency, and examples thereof include a glass substrate and a transparent resin film.
- the transparent resin film include polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, nylon, and polyether ether.
- Ketone polysulfone, polyethersulfone, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene , Polyvinylidene fluoride, polyester, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyimide, polypropylene, etc. It is below.
- each layer of the organic thin film solar cell of the present invention is not particularly limited. Specifically, dry film forming methods such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, plasma, and ion plating, and wet film forming methods such as spin coating, dip coating, casting, roll coating, flow coating, and inkjet can be applied.
- a preferable forming method is a vacuum evaporation method.
- a known resistance heating method is preferable, and for forming a mixed layer, for example, a film forming method by simultaneous vapor deposition from a plurality of evaporation sources is preferable. More preferably, the substrate temperature is controlled during film formation.
- a material for forming each layer is dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent to prepare a light-emitting organic solution to form a thin film, and any solvent can be used.
- the solvent include halogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, and ethers such as dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and anisole.
- Solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, cyclohexanol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, ethylene glycol, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, hexane, octane, decane, tetralin, etc.
- Examples thereof include hydrocarbon solvents, ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and amyl acetate. Of these, hydrocarbon solvents or ether solvents are preferable. These solvents may be used alone or in combination. In addition, the solvent which can be used is not limited to these.
- the thickness of each layer is not particularly limited, but can be set to an appropriate thickness. In general, it is known that the exciton diffusion length of an organic thin film is short, and if the film thickness is too thick, the exciton is deactivated before reaching the heterointerface, which may reduce the photoelectric conversion efficiency. On the other hand, if the film thickness is too thin, pinholes and the like are generated, and sufficient diode characteristics cannot be obtained, so that conversion efficiency may be reduced.
- the film thickness of each normal layer is suitably in the range of 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m, but more preferably in the range of 5 nm to 0.2 ⁇ m.
- an appropriate resin or additive may be used in the organic layer of the organic thin-film solar cell for improving film formability and preventing pinholes in the film.
- Usable resins include polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polysulfone, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, cellulose and other insulating resins and copolymers thereof, poly-N-vinyl. Examples thereof include photoconductive resins such as carbazole and polysilane, and conductive resins such as polythiophene and polypyrrole.
- the additive include an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, and a plasticizer.
- Example 1 A glass substrate with an ITO transparent electrode with a thickness of 25 mm x 75 mm x 0.7 mm (transmittance of 60% or more for light with a wavelength of 300 to 800 nm) is subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, followed by UV ozone cleaning. Conducted for 30 minutes.
- the glass substrate with the transparent electrode line after the cleaning is mounted on the substrate holder of the vacuum deposition apparatus, and the compound 1 is deposited by resistance heating vapor deposition on the surface on which the transparent electrode line as the lower electrode is formed so as to cover the transparent electrode. Then, a film was formed at 0.5 ⁇ / s to form a p-layer having a thickness of 30 nm.
- fullerene (C 60 ) was deposited by resistance heating vapor deposition, and a film was formed at 0.5 ⁇ / s to form an n layer having a film thickness of 60 nm on the p layer.
- BCP was deposited by resistance heating, a 10 nm thick buffer layer was formed on the n layer, and metal Al was deposited on the buffer layer as a 100 nm thick film as an upper electrode to produce an organic thin film solar cell.
- the area was 0.05 cm 2 .
- Table 1 shows the composition ratio (molar ratio) of the organic compounds used for forming the organic layers (p layer, n layer, and buffer layer).
- the IV characteristics of the produced organic thin film solar cell were measured under AM1.5 conditions (incident intensity (Pin) 100 mW / cm 2 ).
- Table 1 shows the open circuit voltage (Voc), the short circuit current density (Jsc), the fill factor (FF value), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency ( ⁇ ) of the organic thin film solar cell, which are obtained results.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency was derived from the following formula.
- a thin film made of Compound 1 having a thickness of 50 nm was formed, and the ionization potential (Ip) of this film was measured using an atmospheric photoelectron spectrometer (for example, AC-3 manufactured by Riken Keiki Co., Ltd.).
- the electron affinity Af was calculated in the same manner, and ⁇ Af was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Examples 2 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 An organic thin-film solar cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the p-layer was formed using the organic compound shown in Table 1 instead of Compound 1 and the organic layer was formed at the composition ratio shown in Table 1. evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the conversion efficiency greatly changes with ⁇ Af as the boundary between 0.5 eV and 2 eV, and the organic thin film solar cell has a high conversion efficiency in the region of 0.5 ⁇ Af ⁇ 2.0 eV. I understand.
- Examples 8 to 14 and Comparative Example 4 An organic thin-film solar cell was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound shown in Table 2 was used instead of Compound 1 and a p-layer was formed at the deposition temperature shown in Table 2 and the area was 0.5 cm 2. Ten of each were prepared. The IV characteristics of the 10 organic thin-film solar cells thus prepared were measured under AM1.5 conditions (incident intensity (Pin) 100 mW / cm 2 ). As a result, when the IV characteristic curve of the obtained organic thin film solar cell has a linear characteristic passing through the origin as shown in FIG. 3, for example, it was defined that the organic thin film solar cell was short-circuited. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the organic compound constituting the p layer is not a metal complex as compared with the case where the organic compound constituting the p layer is copper phthalocyanine which is a metal complex (Comparative Example 4) (Example 8). It can be seen that the number of short-circuited organic thin-film solar cells is reduced in (14) to (14). That is, an organic solar cell with a high yield can be manufactured by removing a metal complex as an organic compound constituting the p layer.
- Example 15 An organic thin film solar cell was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the p-layer was formed using compound 11 instead of compound 1.
- the composition ratio (molar ratio) of the compound 11, fullerene, and BCP was 6: 8: 3.
- Voc 0.33V
- Jsc 3.6 mA / cm 2
- FF 0.44
- ⁇ 0.52%
- ⁇ Af 1.2 eV.
- the main organic compound forming the p layer is preferably an amino group, a carbazolyl group, or a condensed fragrance. It can be seen that this is an organic compound having a group polycyclic moiety.
- Example 16 A glass substrate with an ITO transparent electrode having a thickness of 25 mm ⁇ 75 mm ⁇ 0.7 mm was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, and then UV ozone cleaning was performed for 30 minutes.
- the glass substrate with the transparent electrode line after the cleaning is mounted on the substrate holder of the vacuum deposition apparatus, and the compound 4 is resistance-heat-deposited on the surface on which the transparent electrode line as the lower electrode is formed so as to cover the transparent electrode. Then, a film was formed at 1 ⁇ / s to form a 5 nm thick p-layer.
- Fullerene was deposited by resistance heating, and a film was formed at 1 ⁇ / s to form an n layer having a thickness of 45 nm on the i layer.
- BCP was deposited by resistance heating, a 10 nm thick buffer layer was formed on the n layer, and metal Al was deposited as an upper electrode on the buffer layer at a thickness of 80 nm to produce an organic thin film solar cell. The area was 0.5 cm 2 .
- the composition ratio (molar ratio) of compound 4, fullerene and BCP used for forming the organic layer was 2: 3: 1.
- At least one organic layer is a mixed layer having two or more organic compounds. I understand that.
- the organic thin film solar cell of the present invention can be used as a power source for watches, mobile phones, mobile personal computers and the like.
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Abstract
Description
従来、実用化されてきたのは、単結晶Si、多結晶Si、アモルファスSi等に代表されるシリコン系太陽電池であるが、高価であることや原料Siの不足問題等が表面化するにつれて、次世代太陽電池への要求が高まりつつある。このような背景の中で、有機太陽電池は、安価で毒性が低く、原材料不足の懸念もないことから、シリコン系太陽電池に次ぐ次世代の太陽電池として大変注目を集めている。
n層としてチタニア等の無機半導体表面にルテニウム色素等の増感色素を単分子吸着させ、p層として電解質溶液を用いたものは、色素増感太陽電池(所謂グレッツエルセル)と呼ばれ、変換効率の高さから、1991年以降精力的に研究されてきたが、溶液を用いるため、長時間の使用に際して液漏れする等の欠点を有していた。そこでこのような欠点を克服するため、電解質溶液を固体化して全固体型の色素増感太陽電池を模索する研究も最近なされているが、多孔質チタニアの細孔に有機物をしみ込ませる技術は難易度が高く、再現性よく高変換効率が発現できるセルは完成していないのが現状である。
一方、n層、p層ともに有機薄膜からなる有機薄膜太陽電池は、全固体型のため液漏れ等の欠点がなく、作製が容易であり、稀少金属であるルテニウム等を用いないこと等から最近注目を集め、精力的に研究がなされている。
1.一対の電極と、
前記一対の電極間に挟持された2種以上の有機化合物からなる1以上の有機層を有し、
前記2種以上の有機化合物のうち、主たる2種類の有機化合物のアフィニティーレベルの差(ΔAf)が下記式(a)を満たす有機薄膜太陽電池。
0.5eV<ΔAf<2.0eV ・・・(a)
2.前記1以上の有機層のうち、少なくとも1つの有機層が2種以上の有機化合物が混合してなる混合層である1に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
3.前記1以上の有機層が2以上の有機層であり、
前記2以上の有機層のそれぞれが、前記2種以上の有機化合物のいずれか1つからなる1に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
4.前記1以上の有機層がp層を含み、
前記主たる2種類の有機化合物の少なくとも1つが、p層を形成する主たる有機化合物である1~3のいずれかに記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
5.前記p層を形成する主たる有機化合物のエネルギーギャップEgがEg≦3eVである4に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
6.前記p層を形成する主たる有機化合物が、アミノ基、カルバゾリル基又は縮合芳香族多環部位を有する有機化合物である4又は5に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
7.前記2種以上の有機化合物が金属錯体ではない1~6のいずれかに記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
0.5eV<ΔAf<2.0eV ・・・(a)
上記式(a)は、正常に電荷が移動するための条件である。
例えば、下部電極/p層/n層/上部電極の構成を有する有機薄膜太陽電池において、有機層であるp層及びn層が有機化合物X、有機化合物Y及び有機化合物Zで形成され、有機化合物X、有機化合物Y及び有機化合物Zの組成比が、それぞれ50%、30%及び20%である場合、主たる2種類の有機化合物は有機化合物X及び有機化合物Yとなる。
上記組成比の精度は0.1%とすることができる。
(1)下部電極/p層/n層/上部電極
(2)下部電極/p層/i層(又はp材料とn材料の混合層)/n層/上部電極
(3)下部電極/p材料とn材料の混合層/上部電極
及び上記(1)及び(2)の構成のp層とn層を逆にした構造が挙げられる。
また、必要に応じて、電極と有機層の間にバッファー層を設けてもよい。例えば、上記構成(1)にバッファー層を設けた場合、下記構成を有する構造が挙げられる。
(4)下部電極/バッファー層/p層/n層/上部電極
(5)下部電極/p層/n層/バッファー層/上部電極
(6)下部電極/バッファー層/p層/n層/バッファー層/上部電極
例えば太陽光は、紫外から可視域、さらには赤外以上の長波長域にわたる広波長域スペクトルであって、特に500~700nm域の強度が強いので、有機薄膜太陽電池が上記要件を満たすことにより、太陽光をより効率的に吸収できる。
尚、本発明において、「p層を形成する主たる有機化合物」とは、p層を形成する全ての有機化合物のうち、1番高い組成比(モル比)を有する有機化合物をいう。
測定対象の有機化合物を真空蒸着して膜厚50nmの有機化合物層を形成し、大気下光電子分光装置(例えば理研計器製AC-1又はAC-3)を用いることで、例えば図1の測定結果が得られ、有機化合物のイオン化ポテンシャル(Ip)を決定できる。
また、上記有機化合物層について分光装置(例えば島津製作所製UV-3100)を用いることで、例えば図2の吸収特性が得られ、吸収端波長(λedge)から有機化合物のエネルギーギャップ(Eg)を決定することができる。このようにして得られたIp及びEgから、有機化合物のアフィニティーレベル(Af=Ip-Eg)を算出することができる。
但し、本発明では、上記測定法に限定されない。用いる有機化合物が上記測定装置の範囲外の場合は、別途、上記測定法に準じた分析方法により、各パラメータを決定できる。
有機化合物層は、p層、i層、p材料とn材料の混合層及びn層を含む。p層には電子供与体として機能する有機化合物を用い、n層には電子受容体として機能する有機化合物を用いることが好ましい。
本発明では、主たる2種類の有機化合物が、電子供与体として機能する有機化合物と電子受容体として機能する有機化合物の組み合わせであると好ましい。
p層に上記アミノ基、カルバゾリル基又は縮合芳香族多環部位を有する有機化合物を用いることにより、動作過程のキャリア輸送過程における正孔輸送に好ましい。
上記受容体のうち、好ましくは、C60、C70等のフラーレン誘導体、カーボンナノチューブ、ペリレン誘導体を用いる。
上記n型特性無機半導体化合物は、1種又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよく、好ましくは酸化チタンを用い、特に好ましくは二酸化チタンを用いる。
本発明の有機薄膜太陽電池の一対の電極(上部電極及び下部電極)は、いずれか一方が光を透過する電極であればよく、例えば一対の電極の少なくとも一方が波長300~800nmの光に対する透過率が10%以上である。尚、電極の透過率は透過率測定装置(例えば分光装置(島津製作所製UV-3100))により測定することができる。
p層と接続する電極としては、例えば錫ドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)、金(Au)、オスミウム(Os)、パラジウム(Pd)等の金属からなる電極が使用できる。
n層と接続する電極としては、例えば銀(Ag)、アルミニウム(Al)、インジウム(In)、カルシウム(Ca)、白金(Pt)、リチウム(Li)等の金属からなる電極、Mg:Ag、Mg:In、Al:Li等の二成分金属系からなる電極、及び上述のP層と接続する電極が使用できる。
一対の電極は、電極の一方が仕事関数の大きな金属を含み、他方が仕事関数の小さな金属を含むと好ましい。
有機薄膜太陽電池は、一般に総膜厚が薄い場合が多いため、上部電極及び下部電極が短絡して、セル作製の歩留まりが低下するおそれがある。当該短絡は、バッファー層を積層することで防止することができる。
具体的には、有機EL素子用途で公知な材料であるバソクプロイン(BCP)、バソフェナントロリン(BPhen)等が陰極側の正孔障壁層材料として挙げられる。
基板は、機械的、熱的強度を有し、透明性を有する基板が好ましく、例えばガラス基板及び透明性樹脂フィルムが挙げられる。
上記透明性樹脂フィルムとしては、ポリエチレン、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、エチレン-ビニルアルコール共重合体、ポリプロピレン、ポリスチレン、ポリメチルメタアクリレート、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルブチラール、ナイロン、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリサルホン、ポリエーテルサルフォン、テトラフルオロエチレン-パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体、ポリビニルフルオライド、テトラフルオロエチレン-エチレン共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン、ポリビニリデンフルオライド、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリウレタン、ポリイミド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリイミド、ポリプロピレン等が挙げられる。
本発明の有機薄膜太陽電池の各層の形成方法は、特に限定ない。具体的には、真空蒸着、スパッタリング、プラズマ、イオンプレーティング等の乾式成膜法やスピンコーティング、ディップコート、キャスティング、ロールコート、フローコーティング、インクジェット等の湿式成膜法を適用することができる。好ましい形成方法は、真空蒸着法である。
上記溶媒としては、例えば、ジクロロメタン、ジクロロエタン、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素、テトラクロロエタン、トリクロロエタン、クロロベンゼン、ジクロロベンゼン、クロロトルエン等のハロゲン系炭化水素系溶媒や、ジブチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、アニソール等のエーテル系溶媒、メタノールやエタノール、プロパノール、ブタノール、ペンタノール、ヘキサノール、シクロヘキサノール、メチルセロソルブ、エチルセロソルブ、エチレングリコール等のアルコール系溶媒、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、エチルベンゼン、ヘキサン、オクタン、デカン、テトラリン等の炭化水素系溶媒、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、酢酸アミル等のエステル系溶媒等が挙げられる。なかでも、炭化水素系溶媒又はエーテル系溶媒が好ましい。また、これらの溶媒は単独で使用しても複数混合して用いてもよい。尚、使用可能な溶媒は、これらに限定されるものではない。
一般に有機薄膜の励起子拡散長は短いことが知られており、膜厚が厚すぎると励起子がヘテロ界面に到達する前に失活してしまうため、光電変換効率が低くなるおそれがある。一方、膜厚が薄すぎるとピンホール等が発生して充分なダイオード特性が得られないため、変換効率が低下するおそれがある。通常の各層の膜厚は、それぞれ1nmから10μmの範囲が適しているが、5nmから0.2μmの範囲がさらに好ましい。
使用の可能な樹脂としては、ポリスチレン、ポリカーボネート、ポリアリレート、ポリエステル、ポリアミド、ポリウレタン、ポリスルフォン、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリメチルアクリレート、セルロース等の絶縁性樹脂及びそれらの共重合体、ポリ-N-ビニルカルバゾール、ポリシラン等の光導電性樹脂、ポリチオフェン、ポリピロール等の導電性樹脂を挙げられる。
また、添加剤としては、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、可塑剤等が挙げられる。
25mm×75mm×0.7mm厚のITO透明電極付きガラス基板(波長300~800nmの光に対して透過率60%以上)をイソプロピルアルコール中で超音波洗浄を5分間行なった後、UVオゾン洗浄を30分間実施した。洗浄後の透明電極ライン付きガラス基板を真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに装着し、下部電極である透明電極ラインが形成されている側の面上に化合物1を抵抗加熱蒸着し、透明電極を覆うようにして0.5Å/sで成膜して、膜厚30nmのp層を形成した。次に、フラーレン(C60)を抵抗加熱蒸着し、0.5Å/sで成膜してp層上に膜厚60nmのn層を形成した。BCPを抵抗加熱蒸着し、n層上に膜厚10nmのバッファー層を形成し、さらに上部電極として金属Alをバッファー層上に膜厚100nmで蒸着し、有機薄膜太陽電池を作製した。面積は0.05cm2であった。
尚、有機層(p層、n層及びバッファー層)の形成に用いた有機化合物の組成比(モル比)を表1に示す。
尚、光電変換効率は下記式によって導出した。
化合物Bについても同様にして電子親和力Afを算出し、ΔAfを算出した。結果を表1に示す。
化合物1の代わりに表1に示す有機化合物を用いてp層を形成し、表1に示す組成比で有機層を形成した他は、実施例1と同様にして有機薄膜太陽電池を作製し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
化合物1の代わりに表2に示す化合物を用いて、表2に示す蒸着温度でp層を形成し、面積を0.5cm2とした他は実施例1と同様にして、有機薄膜太陽電池をそれぞれ10個作製した。
作製した10個の有機薄膜太陽電池をAM1.5条件下(入射強度(Pin)100mW/cm2)でI-V特性を測定した。その結果、得られた有機薄膜太陽電池のI-V特性曲線が、例えば図3に示すように原点を通る線形特性を有する場合を、有機薄膜太陽電池がショートしたと定義した。結果を表2に示す。
化合物1の代わりに化合物11を用いてp層を形成した他は実施例1と同様にして有機薄膜太陽電池を作製し、評価した。
尚、化合物11、フラーレン及びBCPの組成比(モル比)は、6:8:3であった。
その結果、Voc=0.33V、Jsc=3.6mA/cm2、FF=0.44、η=0.52%及びΔAf=1.2eVであった。
25mm×75mm×0.7mm厚のITO透明電極付きガラス基板をイソプロピルアルコール中で超音波洗浄を5分間行なった後、UVオゾン洗浄を30分間実施した。洗浄後の透明電極ライン付きガラス基板を真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに装着し、下部電極である透明電極ラインが形成されている側の面上に化合物4を抵抗加熱蒸着し、透明電極を覆うようにして1Å/sで成膜して、膜厚5nmのp層を形成した。次に、化合物4を0.2Å/sで及びフラーレンを0.2Å/sで共蒸着し、p層上に膜厚15nmのi層を形成した(混合比:化合物4:フラーレン=2:3(モル比))。フラーレンを抵抗加熱蒸着し、1Å/sで成膜してi層上に膜厚45nmのn層を形成した。BCPを抵抗加熱蒸着し、n層上に膜厚10nmのバッファー層を形成し、さらに上部電極として金属Alをバッファー層上に膜厚80nmで蒸着し、有機薄膜太陽電池を作製した。面積は0.5cm2であった。
尚、有機層の形成に用いた化合物4、フラーレン及びBCPの組成比(モル比)は、2:3:1であった。
この明細書に記載の文献の内容を全てここに援用する。
Claims (7)
- 一対の電極と、
前記一対の電極間に挟持された2種以上の有機化合物からなる1以上の有機層を有し、
前記2種以上の有機化合物のうち、主たる2種類の有機化合物のアフィニティーレベルの差(ΔAf)が下記式(a)を満たす有機薄膜太陽電池。
0.5eV<ΔAf<2.0eV ・・・(a) - 前記1以上の有機層のうち、少なくとも1つの有機層が2種以上の有機化合物が混合してなる混合層である請求項1に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
- 前記1以上の有機層が2以上の有機層であり、
前記2以上の有機層のそれぞれが、前記2種以上の有機化合物のいずれか1つからなる請求項1に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。 - 前記1以上の有機層がp層を含み、
前記主たる2種類の有機化合物の少なくとも1つが、p層を形成する主たる有機化合物である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。 - 前記p層を形成する主たる有機化合物のエネルギーギャップEgがEg≦3eVである請求項4に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
- 前記p層を形成する主たる有機化合物が、アミノ基、カルバゾリル基又は縮合芳香族多環部位を有する有機化合物である請求項4又は5に記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
- 前記2種以上の有機化合物が金属錯体ではない請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の有機薄膜太陽電池。
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PCT/JP2009/005693 WO2010050197A1 (ja) | 2008-10-30 | 2009-10-28 | 有機薄膜太陽電池 |
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US (1) | US20110259425A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2348556A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5580976B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20110079695A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102197504A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2010050197A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
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WO2011138902A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子 |
WO2011138889A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子 |
WO2011138935A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子 |
WO2013102985A1 (ja) * | 2012-01-06 | 2013-07-11 | 出光興産株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子及び有機薄膜太陽電池モジュール |
CN103430343A (zh) * | 2011-03-31 | 2013-12-04 | 出光兴产株式会社 | 有机薄膜太阳能电池及有机薄膜太阳能电池模块 |
WO2014203840A1 (ja) * | 2013-06-21 | 2014-12-24 | 国立大学法人九州大学 | 赤色発光材料、有機発光素子および化合物 |
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EP2383813A4 (en) * | 2009-01-23 | 2012-08-01 | Toray Industries | MATERIAL FOR LIGHT EMITTING ELEMENT AND LIGHT EMITTING ELEMENT |
EP2984690B1 (en) * | 2013-04-12 | 2020-02-19 | The Regents of the University of Michigan | Organic photosensitive devices with exciton-blocking charge carrier filters |
US10276817B2 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2019-04-30 | University Of Southern California | Stable organic photosensitive devices with exciton-blocking charge carrier filters utilizing high glass transition temperature materials |
WO2016027675A1 (ja) * | 2014-08-20 | 2016-02-25 | 東レ株式会社 | 光電変換素子ならびにそれを用いたイメージセンサ、太陽電池、単色検知センサおよびフレキシブルセンサ |
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CN105152122B (zh) * | 2015-06-25 | 2017-06-23 | 北京科技大学 | 一种无机/有机半导体纳米复合结构及其制备方法和应用 |
CN108376715B (zh) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-11-12 | 绍兴文理学院 | 一种有机-无机电荷转移复合物红外光吸收材料及其制备方法 |
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Cited By (11)
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WO2011138902A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子 |
WO2011138889A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子 |
WO2011138935A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-10 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子 |
JP2011254070A (ja) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-12-15 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 有機光電変換素子 |
CN103430343A (zh) * | 2011-03-31 | 2013-12-04 | 出光兴产株式会社 | 有机薄膜太阳能电池及有机薄膜太阳能电池模块 |
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WO2013102985A1 (ja) * | 2012-01-06 | 2013-07-11 | 出光興産株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子及び有機薄膜太陽電池モジュール |
WO2014203840A1 (ja) * | 2013-06-21 | 2014-12-24 | 国立大学法人九州大学 | 赤色発光材料、有機発光素子および化合物 |
JPWO2014203840A1 (ja) * | 2013-06-21 | 2017-02-23 | 株式会社Kyulux | 赤色発光材料、有機発光素子および化合物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2348556A4 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
EP2348556A1 (en) | 2011-07-27 |
JP2010109161A (ja) | 2010-05-13 |
US20110259425A1 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
CN102197504A (zh) | 2011-09-21 |
JP5580976B2 (ja) | 2014-08-27 |
KR20110079695A (ko) | 2011-07-07 |
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