WO2009144267A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von lithium-vanadium-oxiden und ihre verwendung als kathodenmaterial - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von lithium-vanadium-oxiden und ihre verwendung als kathodenmaterial Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009144267A1 WO2009144267A1 PCT/EP2009/056520 EP2009056520W WO2009144267A1 WO 2009144267 A1 WO2009144267 A1 WO 2009144267A1 EP 2009056520 W EP2009056520 W EP 2009056520W WO 2009144267 A1 WO2009144267 A1 WO 2009144267A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- vanadium oxide
- water
- solution
- suspension
- Prior art date
Links
- RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] Chemical class [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 title description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 79
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- UNTBPXHCXVWYOI-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;oxido(dioxo)vanadium Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-][V](=O)=O UNTBPXHCXVWYOI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000003682 vanadium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021392 nanocarbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical group C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical group [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052792 caesium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical group [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical group [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 50
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 47
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 44
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 29
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 20
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 17
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 15
- -1 lithium vanadates Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 13
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 7
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910003206 NH4VO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical class [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017488 Cu K Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017541 Cu-K Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920006370 Kynar Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony trioxide Chemical compound O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920005987 OPPANOL® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021541 Vanadium(III) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021542 Vanadium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QUEDYRXQWSDKKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M [O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[OH-] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[OH-] QUEDYRXQWSDKKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium molybdate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- 239000011609 ammonium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018660 ammonium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940010552 ammonium molybdate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- JCCYXJAEFHYHPP-OLXYHTOASA-L dilithium;(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O JCCYXJAEFHYHPP-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 1
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006242 ethylene acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005648 ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940071264 lithium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium stearate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(O)C([O-])=O GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;formate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C=O XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003146 methacrylic ester copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000131 polyvinylidene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CMZUMMUJMWNLFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium metavanadate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][V](=O)=O CMZUMMUJMWNLFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- GRUMUEUJTSXQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium dioxide Chemical compound O=[V]=O GRUMUEUJTSXQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PSDQQCXQSWHCRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium(4+) Chemical class [V+4] PSDQQCXQSWHCRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005287 vanadyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000166 zirconium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G31/00—Compounds of vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G31/00—Compounds of vanadium
- C01G31/02—Oxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Definitions
- the lithium vanadium oxide is preferably combined with at least one electrically conductive material, as described, for example, in WO 2004/082047.
- Example 7 Lii, iV 3 0 8 with 1, 5 wt .-% carbon black and 7.8 wt .-% graphite
- the suspension B was slowly added to the 90 0 C hot solution A.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2011511009A JP2011523614A (ja) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-05-28 | リチウムバナジウム酸化物の製造方法及びリチウムバナジウム酸化物を正極材料として使用する方法 |
DE212009000070U DE212009000070U1 (de) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-05-28 | Lithium-Vanadium-Oxide und ihre Verwendung als Kathodenmaterial |
US12/995,291 US20110084238A1 (en) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-05-28 | Process for preparing lithium vanadium oxides and their use as cathode material |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP08157361 | 2008-05-30 | ||
EP08157361.0 | 2008-05-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009144267A1 true WO2009144267A1 (de) | 2009-12-03 |
Family
ID=40999902
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2009/056520 WO2009144267A1 (de) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-05-28 | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithium-vanadium-oxiden und ihre verwendung als kathodenmaterial |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110084238A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2011523614A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20110022601A (de) |
DE (1) | DE212009000070U1 (de) |
TW (1) | TW201002623A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2009144267A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2408712B1 (de) | 2009-03-17 | 2015-05-13 | Basf Se | Synthese von lithiumeisenphosphaten unter hydrothermalen bedingungen |
KR101269710B1 (ko) * | 2009-03-27 | 2013-05-30 | 가부시키가이샤 히타치세이사쿠쇼 | 도전성 페이스트 및 그것을 사용한 전극 배선을 구비하는 전자 부품 |
CN102803133B (zh) | 2009-06-24 | 2016-01-06 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 制备LiFePO4-碳复合材料的方法 |
WO2011032880A1 (en) | 2009-09-21 | 2011-03-24 | Basf Se | Aqueous acidic etching solution and method for texturing the surface of single crystal and polycrystal silicon substrates |
CN102509782A (zh) * | 2011-11-23 | 2012-06-20 | 陕西科技大学 | 一种锂电池正极材料LiV3O8的微波水热制备方法 |
EP2784847B1 (de) * | 2013-03-26 | 2015-09-30 | Belenos Clean Power Holding AG | Oberflächenmodifiziertes lithiumhaltiges H2V3O8 |
CN104124445B (zh) * | 2014-07-01 | 2017-03-08 | 三峡大学 | 一种NiV3O8锂离子电池负极材料及其制备方法 |
CN104332604B (zh) * | 2014-11-05 | 2016-08-24 | 上海纳米技术及应用国家工程研究中心有限公司 | 一种锂电负极材料钛酸锂的制备方法 |
KR101914332B1 (ko) * | 2015-06-30 | 2018-11-01 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 마그네슘 전지용 전극 활물질, 이의 제조 방법, 이를 포함하는 전극, 및 상기 전극을 포함하는 마그네슘 전지 |
JP6259433B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-14 | 2018-01-10 | 太平洋セメント株式会社 | 二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法 |
WO2018084652A2 (ko) * | 2016-11-03 | 2018-05-11 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 리튬이온이차 전지 |
US11251430B2 (en) | 2018-03-05 | 2022-02-15 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | ϵ-VOPO4 cathode for lithium ion batteries |
CN111106335B (zh) * | 2019-12-20 | 2022-05-03 | 三峡大学 | 一种锂离子电池复合负极材料的制备方法 |
JP2024055325A (ja) * | 2022-10-07 | 2024-04-18 | 日本ケミコン株式会社 | リチウムバナジウム酸化物結晶体の製造方法、リチウムバナジウム酸化物結晶体、電極材料及び蓄電デバイス |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002013291A2 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2002-02-14 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Trivanadium oxide hydrate compositions |
JP2007173096A (ja) * | 2005-12-22 | 2007-07-05 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | リチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法 |
DE60307655T2 (de) * | 2002-09-13 | 2007-08-16 | Mssa | Verfahren zur herstellung von kristallinem lithiumoxid/vanadiumoxid-pulver |
JP2008052970A (ja) * | 2006-08-23 | 2008-03-06 | Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd | 電極材料の製造方法及び正極材料並びに電池 |
JP2008123826A (ja) * | 2006-11-10 | 2008-05-29 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 蓄電デバイス |
WO2008125647A2 (de) * | 2007-04-16 | 2008-10-23 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumreichen metalloxiden |
Family Cites Families (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3929504A (en) | 1974-12-18 | 1975-12-30 | Honeywell Inc | Rechargeable power source |
US3970473A (en) | 1975-06-12 | 1976-07-20 | General Electric Company | Solid state electrochemical cell |
IT1231750B (it) | 1989-05-12 | 1991-12-21 | Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche | Accumulatori al litio ad alta energia e potenza e relativo metodo di produzione |
JPH02288068A (ja) | 1989-04-26 | 1990-11-28 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解液二次電池 |
JPH03225760A (ja) * | 1990-01-30 | 1991-10-04 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解質二次電池 |
JPH03289049A (ja) * | 1990-04-05 | 1991-12-19 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解質二次電池 |
US5326545A (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1994-07-05 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Method of making lithium battery electrode compositions |
US5334334A (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1994-08-02 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Method of preparing lithium battery electrode compositions |
US5520903A (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1996-05-28 | Chang; On K. | Method of making lithium metal oxide cathode active material |
US5549880A (en) | 1994-03-31 | 1996-08-27 | Koksbang; Rene | Method of making lithium-vanadium-oxide active material |
US5616309A (en) * | 1995-12-01 | 1997-04-01 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Vanadium oxide-based cathode active material and method of making same |
US5976489A (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1999-11-02 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Method for preparing lithium manganese oxide compounds |
US5700598A (en) * | 1996-07-11 | 1997-12-23 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Method for preparing mixed amorphous vanadium oxides and their use as electrodes in reachargeable lithium cells |
JP3445906B2 (ja) * | 1996-09-24 | 2003-09-16 | 富士通株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用の正極活物質、その製造方法及び正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池 |
JP3621555B2 (ja) * | 1997-04-24 | 2005-02-16 | 株式会社リコー | 二次電池用電極および該電極を用いた二次電池 |
US6177130B1 (en) * | 1998-03-02 | 2001-01-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method of preparing lithiated vanadium oxide-coated substrates of optical quality |
SG86325A1 (en) * | 1998-06-23 | 2002-02-19 | Univ Singapore | Method for preparing a cathode material and electrochemical cell having a cathode based on same |
US6136476A (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2000-10-24 | Hydro-Quebec Corporation | Methods for making lithium vanadium oxide electrode materials |
US6322928B1 (en) | 1999-09-23 | 2001-11-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Modified lithium vanadium oxide electrode materials and products |
US6528033B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2003-03-04 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Method of making lithium-containing materials |
FR2831715B1 (fr) * | 2001-10-25 | 2004-03-19 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Oxyde de lithium et de vanadium, son utilisation comme matiere active d'electrode |
JP2003331840A (ja) * | 2002-05-15 | 2003-11-21 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法,並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 |
FR2852148B1 (fr) | 2003-03-07 | 2014-04-11 | Batscap Sa | Materiau pour electrode composite, procede pour sa preparation |
EP2079664A2 (de) * | 2006-10-11 | 2009-07-22 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung oberflächenmodifizierter nanopartikulärer metalloxide, metallhydroxide und/oder metalloxidhydroxide |
CN100480189C (zh) * | 2007-02-09 | 2009-04-22 | 合肥工业大学 | 锂离子电池正极材料Li1+xV3O8的制备和掺杂方法 |
DE102007012725A1 (de) * | 2007-03-16 | 2008-09-18 | Basf Se | Polynäres Metalloxidphosphat |
DE102007012722A1 (de) * | 2007-03-16 | 2008-09-18 | Basf Se | Polynäres Metall-Vanadiumoxidphosphat |
-
2009
- 2009-05-27 TW TW098117820A patent/TW201002623A/zh unknown
- 2009-05-28 US US12/995,291 patent/US20110084238A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-05-28 WO PCT/EP2009/056520 patent/WO2009144267A1/de active Application Filing
- 2009-05-28 DE DE212009000070U patent/DE212009000070U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-05-28 JP JP2011511009A patent/JP2011523614A/ja active Pending
- 2009-05-28 KR KR1020107028132A patent/KR20110022601A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002013291A2 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2002-02-14 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Trivanadium oxide hydrate compositions |
DE60307655T2 (de) * | 2002-09-13 | 2007-08-16 | Mssa | Verfahren zur herstellung von kristallinem lithiumoxid/vanadiumoxid-pulver |
JP2007173096A (ja) * | 2005-12-22 | 2007-07-05 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | リチウム2次電池用負極活物質の製造方法 |
JP2008052970A (ja) * | 2006-08-23 | 2008-03-06 | Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd | 電極材料の製造方法及び正極材料並びに電池 |
JP2008123826A (ja) * | 2006-11-10 | 2008-05-29 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 蓄電デバイス |
WO2008125647A2 (de) * | 2007-04-16 | 2008-10-23 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumreichen metalloxiden |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
JOUANNEAU S ET AL: "Influence of the Morphology on the Li Insertion Properties of Li1.1V3O8", JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY, CAMBRIDGE, GB, vol. 13, 1 January 2003 (2003-01-01), pages 921 - 927, XP002332072, ISSN: 0959-9428 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20110022601A (ko) | 2011-03-07 |
JP2011523614A (ja) | 2011-08-18 |
TW201002623A (en) | 2010-01-16 |
US20110084238A1 (en) | 2011-04-14 |
DE212009000070U1 (de) | 2011-01-13 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO2009144267A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithium-vanadium-oxiden und ihre verwendung als kathodenmaterial | |
EP2528862B1 (de) | Substituiertes lithium-mangan-metallphosphat | |
EP2681786B1 (de) | Lithium-titan-mischoxid | |
EP2528863B1 (de) | Substituiertes lithium-mangan-metallphosphat | |
EP3337764B1 (de) | Lithium-nickel-mangan-basierte übergangsmetalloxidpartikel, deren herstellung sowie deren verwendung als elektrodenmaterial | |
JP4804045B2 (ja) | リチウム鉄複合酸化物の製造方法 | |
EP1379468A2 (de) | Binäre, ternäre und quaternäre lithiumphosphate, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung | |
TW201417380A (zh) | 鋰離子二次電池用電極材料、此電極材料的製造方法及鋰離子二次電池 | |
JP2011523614A5 (de) | ||
DE112011102161T5 (de) | Herstellungsverfahren für eine Verbindung auf Grundlage von Lithiumsilicat | |
JP2007230784A (ja) | リチウム鉄複合酸化物の製造方法 | |
EP2561567A2 (de) | Kohlenstoffhaltiges verbundmaterial enthaltend eine sauerstoffhaltige lithium-übergangsmetallverbindung | |
DE112020000018T5 (de) | Immobilisiertes chalkogen und seine verwendung in einer wiederaufladbaren batterie | |
JP5604216B2 (ja) | リン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法 | |
EP2146931B1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumreichen metalloxiden | |
EP1204601B1 (de) | Lithiumoxid enthaltende lithiuminterkalationsverbindungen | |
DE102018205398A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mischoxid-Pulvern sowie ein Mischoxid-Pulver | |
EP4176472B1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenstoff-beschichteten siliciumpartikel für lithiumionen- batterien | |
EP1216202B1 (de) | Lithiummanganoxid enthaltende lithiuminterkalationsverbindungen | |
AT522061B1 (de) | Herstellungsverfahren für Lithiumvanadiumphosphat | |
EP3580794A1 (de) | Redispergierbare partikel basierend auf siliciumpartikeln und polymeren | |
JP2023103787A (ja) | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質粒子混合体 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 09753922 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2011511009 Country of ref document: JP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 12995291 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20107028132 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 09753922 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |