WO2009099217A1 - 太陽電池素子の製造方法および太陽電池素子 - Google Patents
太陽電池素子の製造方法および太陽電池素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009099217A1 WO2009099217A1 PCT/JP2009/052109 JP2009052109W WO2009099217A1 WO 2009099217 A1 WO2009099217 A1 WO 2009099217A1 JP 2009052109 W JP2009052109 W JP 2009052109W WO 2009099217 A1 WO2009099217 A1 WO 2009099217A1
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
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- H01L21/225—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities using diffusion into or out of a solid from or into a solid phase, e.g. a doped oxide layer
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- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PIN type, e.g. amorphous silicon PIN solar cells
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a thin film solar cell, and more particularly to a thin film solar cell having a pin junction structure made of an amorphous material mainly composed of silicon.
- a thin-film solar cell has a p-type layer (semiconductor layer having p-type conductivity type), an i-type layer (non-doped semiconductor layer), an n-type layer (n-type) each composed of an a-Si: H film on a substrate.
- the semiconductor layer having the conductivity type is laminated by a plasma CVD method to have a pin junction.
- Thin film solar cells are roughly classified into a substrate type and a superstrate type from the viewpoint of the arrangement relationship between the substrate and the film configuration in which the p-type layer side is the light incident side.
- a substrate-type thin film solar cell has an electrode layer formed on a support substrate, and an n-type layer, an i-type layer, and a p-type layer of silicon film are formed on the electrode layer. And having a structure in which a transparent electrode layer is laminated thereon.
- a super straight type thin film solar cell has a silicon substrate of a p-type layer, an i-type layer, and an n-type layer in order on a conductive substrate having a glass substrate and a transparent conductive film formed on the glass substrate. And a structure in which an electrode layer is stacked thereon.
- the dopant diffuses from the n-type layer (in the case of the substrate type) or the p-type layer (in the case of the super straight type) into the i-type layer during the film formation process by the plasma CVD method.
- the electric field at the n / i interface (in the case of the substrate type) or the p / i interface (in the case of the super straight type) becomes insufficient, and the separation efficiency of carriers generated in the vicinity of the p / i interface decreases. Loss of solar cell characteristics (for example, a decrease in current density Jsc) occurs.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-263728
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 09-223807
- a pin junction structure unit composed of a-Si: H having a wide band gap is formed on the light incident side in the order of the p-type layer, the i-type layer, and the n-type layer from the light incident side, and the band gap is narrow.
- a tandem thin film solar cell in which a pin junction structure unit made of ⁇ c-Si is formed in the order of a p-type layer, an i-type layer, and an n-type layer from the light incident side has attracted attention.
- the unit is configured to have a super straight type structure.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for improving this characteristic degradation by a technique called a counter-doping method for a substrate type a-Si: H thin film solar cell. This is because boron is uniformly doped during the formation of the i-type layer, and the influence of phosphorus diffused from the lower n-type layer to the i-type layer is offset to make the internal electric field of the i-type layer as uniform as possible. This is a technique for improving the decrease in current density Jsc. Further, Patent Document 1 discloses a method of forming an i-type layer after contacting the boron-containing gas after forming an n-type layer and depositing boron on the surface of the n-type layer instead of the counter-doping method. Has been.
- Patent Document 2 an extremely thin silicon layer (about 8 nm) containing boron, which is called a barrier layer, is formed after forming an n-type layer for a substrate-type a-Si: H thin film solar cell. Later, a method of forming an i-type layer has been proposed. However, even if the methods disclosed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 are applied to a super straight type a-Si: H thin film solar cell, a sufficient effect cannot be obtained.
- Patent Document 3 thin film solar cells formed of microcrystalline silicon (hereinafter referred to as ⁇ c-Si) as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-31518 (Patent Document 3) cause characteristic deterioration due to the same cause. It has been. However, even if the technique disclosed in Patent Document 3 is applied to a super straight type a-Si: H thin film solar cell, a sufficient effect cannot be obtained.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a thin-film solar cell having improved element characteristics as compared with the prior art.
- the manufacturing method of the solar cell element concerning one form of this invention is the process of preparing the transparent substrate in which the transparent conductive film was formed, the process of attaching an n-type dopant on a transparent conductive film, And sequentially forming a p-type layer, an i-type layer, and an n-type layer.
- the n-type dopant passes through the inside of the p-type layer from the interface between the transparent conductive film and the p-type layer and reaches the interface between the p-type layer and the i-type layer, and further, the i-type layer. Diffuse in (tailing). Since the influence of the diffusion of the p-type dopant from the p-type layer to the i-type layer is canceled by the diffusion of the n-type dopant, a super straight type solar cell element having a high current density and excellent characteristics can be realized.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell element 10.
- FIG. 1 The cross-sectional structure of the solar cell element when the transparent conductive layer 2 having fine irregularities on the surface is formed on the flat transparent substrate 1 and each layer after the p-type layer 3 is formed is schematically shown.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating the configuration of a plasma CVD film forming apparatus 100.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the analysis result by SIMS of the solar cell element 10 which performed the n-type dopant introduction
- DELTA concentration arithmetic mean value
- a solar cell element 10 is formed by laminating a transparent conductive layer 2, a p-type layer 3, an i-type layer 4, an n-type layer 5, and an electrode layer 6 in this order on a transparent substrate 1 such as a glass substrate.
- a transparent substrate 1 such as a glass substrate.
- the p-type layer 3, the i-type layer 4, and the n-type layer 5 may be collectively referred to as a silicon thin film layer.
- the transparent conductive layer 2 is made of, for example, SnO 2 and has a thickness of about 500 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the transparent conductive layer 2 can be formed by, for example, a thermal CVD method or a sputtering method.
- the p-type layer 3 is a semiconductor layer having p-type conductivity and has a thickness of about several nm to 20 nm.
- the p-type layer 3 has, for example, a configuration in which boron (B) as a dopant is contained in a concentration of about 10 19 to 10 21 (cm ⁇ 3 ) in an a-Si: H film.
- the i-type layer 4 is a non-doped semiconductor layer that functions as a photoactive layer, and has a thickness of about 200 nm to 300 nm.
- the i-type layer 4 is made of, for example, an a-Si: H film.
- the i-type layer 4 is slightly n-type due to containing an n-type dopant at about 1 ⁇ 10 16 / cm 3 or less or due to the presence of defects inside. In the case of presenting, it is treated as being substantially i-type (intrinsic type).
- the i-type layer 4 contains an n-type dopant at about 5 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less.
- the i-type layer 4 may be doped with a p-type dopant in order to cancel the expression of conductivity due to internal defects.
- the n-type layer 5 is a semiconductor layer having n-type conductivity and has a thickness of about several nm to 20 nm.
- the n-type layer 5 has a configuration in which, for example, phosphorus (P) is contained as a dopant at a concentration of about 10 19 to 10 21 (cm ⁇ 3 ) in an a-Si: H film.
- the electrode layer 6 is composed of two layers, for example, a transparent conductive layer and an Ag film.
- the electrode layer 6 is formed to an appropriate thickness by, for example, a sputtering method.
- the solar cell element 10 is a super straight type in which an electromotive force generated by photoelectric conversion of light incident from the transparent substrate 1 side is extracted by the electrode layer 6 and the electrode connected to the transparent conductive layer 2. It is a thin film solar cell.
- a buffer layer made of amorphous Si or amorphous SiC may be provided between the p-type layer 3 and the i-type layer 4.
- the solar cell element 10 has a p-type layer on the light incident side.
- the i-type layer is non-doped, but its physical properties are slightly n-type, so that the electric field strength is higher at the p-type layer / i-type layer interface than at the n-type layer / i-type layer interface. This is because the carrier recombination speed can be further lowered by forming the p-type layer / i-type layer interface on the light incident side where more light is generated.
- minority carriers can be electrons with high mobility.
- the solar cell element 10 may have fine irregularities on the surface of the transparent conductive layer 2 when the transparent conductive layer 2 is formed on the flat transparent substrate 1 (not shown), for example (FIG. 2). Since the transparent conductive layer 2 has surface irregularities, each layer formed on the transparent conductive layer 2 also has an irregular shape. Further, fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the transparent substrate 1 itself. It is preferable that the unevenness has an average height and an average period of about 100 to 200 nm.
- the silicon thin film layer of the solar cell element 10 can be formed using a plasma CVD apparatus.
- the plasma CVD apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 3 is a parallel plate type plasma CVD apparatus.
- As the plasma CVD apparatus 100 for example, a general plasma CVD apparatus that forms a film by forming a raw material gas into a plasma, such as an inductively coupled CVD apparatus or a microwave CVD apparatus, can be used.
- a base substrate S which is a film formation substrate, is placed on a tray 103 provided on a lower electrode 102 provided in a reaction chamber 101.
- the base substrate S can be heated to a predetermined temperature necessary for film formation by a heating means.
- An upper electrode 104 is provided in the reaction chamber 101 in parallel with the lower electrode 102.
- the upper electrode 104 is a shower head electrode provided with a large number of source gas inlets 105.
- a source gas supplied from a gas supply source 106 is introduced into the reaction chamber 101 through the source gas inlet 105 in accordance with the composition of the film to be deposited.
- a predetermined plasma excitation voltage can be applied to the upper electrode by a high frequency power source 107.
- a decompression means 108 such as a vacuum pump for decompressing the inside of the reaction chamber 101 is also provided.
- silane (SiH 4 ) gas diluted with hydrogen (H 2 ) gas is supplied as a source gas.
- SiH 4 silane
- H 2 hydrogen
- B 2 H 6 gas and PH 3 gas are further mixed as dopant gases, respectively.
- ⁇ Diffusion of phosphorus from the transparent conductive layer / p-type layer interface a part of boron doped in the p-type layer 3 is diffused to the i-type layer 4.
- the silicon thin film layer is formed by the plasma CVD method, the film surface is always exposed to plasma during the film formation. For this reason, even when only film growth appears to occur, when attention is paid to the film surface, a film formation phenomenon occurs while etching and deposition are constantly occurring.
- the dopant of the base layer from the film formation surface is mixed into the i-type layer that is the growth layer thereon, and boron tailing to the i-type layer 4 occurs.
- an n-type dopant introduction process is performed prior to the formation of the p-type layer 3 during the production of the solar cell element 10. Thereby, the characteristic deterioration of the solar cell element resulting from dopant diffusion can be reduced.
- the n-type dopant introduction treatment is a treatment in which a small amount of phosphorus, which is an n-type dopant, is attached to the surface of the transparent conductive layer 2 at the start of formation of the p-type layer 3.
- the adhesion of phosphorus is controlled so that the concentration of phosphorus distributed in the p-type layer 3 by subsequent diffusion is one order or more smaller than the concentration of boron doped in the p-type layer 3. Thereby, it is difficult to weaken the function of the p-type layer 3.
- a higher current density Jsc than in a solar cell element produced without performing the n-type dopant introduction process Is obtained.
- the solar cell element 10 manufactured using the tray that has not been cleaned (uncleaned tray) as it is after the pin junction unit was formed most recently was manufactured using the cleaned tray (cleaned tray).
- the current density Jsc is improved as compared with the solar cell element.
- FIGS. 4 and FIG. 5 show the results of analysis by SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) in the depth direction of the solar cell element 10 subjected to the n-type dopant introduction treatment (analysis from the electrode layer 6 side and detection of the etching depth). The result of obtaining the relationship with the strength).
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
- the horizontal axis in FIGS. 4 and 5 is referred to as the x-axis
- the vertical axis is referred to as the y-axis.
- the numerical value shown on the horizontal axis of FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 is a standard, and is not absolute.
- the x-axis negative direction (the direction from the right to the left in the drawing) is the direction from the transparent conductive layer 2 to the p-type layer 3, the i-type layer 4, and the n-type layer 5.
- the solar cell element 10 in which irregularities were previously formed on the surface of the transparent conductive layer 2 was used as an analysis target.
- n-type dopant introduction treatment a phosphorus-containing gas is introduced into the reaction chamber 101 before the p-type layer 3 is formed, and the surface of the transparent conductive layer 2 is plasma-treated to form silicon.
- a solar cell element 10 having a thin film layer was used.
- n-type dopant introduction treatment a method in which the tray 103 in which the pin junction unit is formed is used as it is without being washed is used, and the solar cell element 10 in which the silicon thin film layer is formed is used. It was.
- the thickness of the p-type layer 3 was 8 nm
- the thickness of the i-type layer 4 was 300 nm
- the thickness of the n-type layer 5 was 20 nm.
- a buffer layer made of amorphous SiC having a thickness of about 5 nm is formed between the p-type layer 3 and the i-type layer 4.
- the concentrations of boron and phosphorus (atomic concentrations) in FIGS. 4 and 5 are content values in silicon determined based on a calibration curve measured in advance using a standard sample.
- the spatial height position in the depth direction of each layer in the analysis region differs depending on the analysis position.
- One of the causes is that it is not constant within the analysis area.
- the analysis in the depth direction is performed by performing the sputtering from the upper side to the lower side in the thickness direction. In this case, even if the position Xa in the depth direction is reached, the analysis region RE does not reach the p-type layer 3 as a whole, but only the vicinity of the local position P reaches the p-type layer 3 and still remains in the analysis region.
- FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show the result of averaging the concentration distribution in the depth direction of each point in the analysis region with respect to the analysis region.
- the peak PK1a for boron exists only in the range of x ⁇ about ⁇ 200 nm in FIG. 4 and in the range of x ⁇ about ⁇ 240 nm in FIG. Is almost down to the background level.
- shoulders (peak shoulders) SD1a and SD1b are confirmed in the left half of the peaks PK1a and PK1b for boron, respectively. This is due to the tailing of boron from the p-type layer 3 to the i-type layer 4.
- the formation position of the shoulder SD1a is an average start position of boron tailing. Since the tailing distance confirmed from FIGS. 4 and 5 is sufficiently larger than the thickness of the buffer layer, although the diffusion amount is reduced by the buffer layer, boron is added to the i-type layer 4. It is understood that it has reached. Therefore, both FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show that boron has diffused to the range closer to the i-type layer 4 than this average starting position.
- the profile has peaks PK3a and PK3b not only at the peaks PK2a and PK2b but also at substantially the same positions as the boron peaks PK1a and PK1b. Yes. Further, shoulders SD2a and SD2b are formed at approximately the same positions as the shoulders SD1a and SD1b. This is considered to be due to the concentration distribution derived from phosphorus atoms given to the surface of the transparent conductive layer 2 by the n-type dopant introduction treatment. Also in the range from the average start position of boron tailing to the i-type layer 4 side, phosphorus is detected at a slightly higher concentration than the background position.
- the phosphorus diffused to the i-type layer 4 in this way is understood to cancel the influence of boron diffused to the i-type layer 4 as well, it is substantially B-doped (other than that compensated with phosphorus). Since the concentration (acceptor concentration) is steep at the p / i interface, the electric field strength in the i layer near the interface is increased, and as a result, a high current density Jsc is realized.
- FIG. 6A schematically shows the distribution of boron and phosphorus in the depth direction at a certain point such as a vertical line at the point Q in FIG. 2 in the solar cell element 10 according to the present embodiment. .
- a certain point such as a vertical line at the point Q in FIG. 2 in the solar cell element 10 according to the present embodiment.
- the concentration of boron in the p-type layer is substantially constant, and a part of boron is diffused in the i-type layer.
- phosphorus diffuses gradually from the interface between the transparent conductive layer and the p-type layer toward the i-type layer, it is considered that as a result, it has a concentration distribution as shown in FIG. It is done. Note that the diffusion range of phosphorus is wider than the diffusion range of boron.
- FIG. 6B shows the depth direction at a certain point when a solar cell element is produced by providing a silicon-doped i ′ layer between a p-type layer and an i-type layer.
- 1 schematically shows the distribution of boron and phosphorus.
- boron diffuses into the i ′ layer and further into the i-type layer
- phosphorus also diffuses from the i ′ layer toward the i-type layer, but phosphorus is more in the i-type layer than boron.
- phosphorus is widely distributed in the i-type layer.
- the function of the photoactive layer of the i-type layer is weakened, and an ideal electric field strength distribution at the pi interface cannot be obtained, so that the current density Jsc cannot be improved.
- n-type dopant introduction treatment is performed prior to formation of the p-type layer when a super-straight type thin-film solar cell formed by forming a thin film layer from amorphous silicon is produced. Then, phosphorus diffuses from the interface between the transparent conductive layer 2 and the p-type layer 3 to the p-type layer 3 and further to the i-type layer 4. Counteract. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a super straight type solar cell element having better characteristics than conventional ones.
- a voltage is applied to the lower electrode 102 and the upper electrode 104 by the high-frequency power source 107 to turn the PH 3 / H 2 gas into plasma and attach an n-type dopant (phosphorus atom) to the surface of the transparent conductive layer 2.
- the phosphorus concentration over the interface between the p-type layer 3 and the i-type layer 4 can be adjusted by appropriately adjusting the gas dilution rate and the plasma treatment time.
- “to be placed on the lower electrode 102” includes the case of being placed directly on the lower electrode 102 and the case of being placed via the tray 103 or the like.
- the transparent substrate 1 on which the transparent conductive layer 2 is formed as the base substrate S is placed on the tray 103. At that time, a partial region of the tray 103 is It is exposed without being covered with the transparent substrate 1. This area is referred to as a margin area E. It can be said that the margin area E is an area that is exposed to the plasma gas space during the film forming process but the transparent substrate 1 is not placed thereon.
- the margin region E is not covered.
- a p-type layer, an i-type layer, and an n-type layer are stacked.
- the tray 103 in which the layer structure is also formed in the margin area E is cleaned before the next use, and the deposits in the margin area E are removed, and used for the next use.
- the tray 103 (unwashed tray) in which the n-type layer is formed on the outermost surface of the margin region E is used as it is for the next formation of the solar cell element 10, so that the transparent conductive layer 2 is formed. And, in turn, diffusion of phosphorus into the p-type layer 3 and the i-type layer 4 is realized.
- the silicon thin film layer for forming the solar cell element 10 is formed using such an uncleaned tray 103, immediately after the start of film formation, hydrogen radicals in the plasma atmosphere excited inside the film formation chamber.
- the n-type layer adhering to the surface of the margin region E is etched, and phosphorus in the n-type layer is taken into the surface of the transparent conductive layer 2 and the p-type layer 3 in the initial stage of film formation.
- a p-type layer is also formed on the margin region E of the tray 103 and formed on the surface of the margin region E.
- the n-type layer is covered.
- the introduction of phosphorus into the p-type layer 3 due to the etching of the n-type layer formed in the margin region occurs for a limited time immediately after the start of the formation of the p-type layer 3. Therefore, the n-type dopant introduction process can be performed in the initial stage of forming the silicon thin film layer.
- a phosphorus-containing member for example, a powder containing high-purity phosphorus in a quartz plate or a pellet of phosphorus
- a quartz dish may be placed and the formation of the p-type layer 3 may be started.
- the phosphorus-containing member is reactively etched by hydrogen radicals that are components of the plasma gas, and phosphorus is supplied into the plasma gas.
- a p-type layer is also formed in the margin region E, and the exposed phosphorus-containing member is covered. 3 Occurs for a limited time immediately after the start of formation.
- the phosphorus-containing member preferably contains red phosphorus from the viewpoint of efficiently performing etching with hydrogen plasma. Further, in order to suppress the variation in phosphorus concentration in the silicon thin film layer of the solar cell element 10, when the phosphorus-containing member is placed in the margin region E, the transparent substrate 1 is provided at a plurality of locations around the transparent substrate 1. It is desirable to place the phosphorus-containing member at regular intervals.
- an n-type silicon substrate can be used instead of the phosphorus-containing member.
- n-type silicon substrate for example, a silicon polycrystalline cast block having a phosphorus concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 20 (cm ⁇ 3 ) is produced by a casting method, and this is processed into a silicon substrate having a thickness of about 100 ⁇ m by a multi-wire saw. It is a preferable example to use a finely pulverized product. In pulverization, it is preferable to pulverize with a quartz rod in a quartz mortar to avoid contamination.
- a phosphorous acid aqueous solution is spray-coated on the base substrate S or the margin region E of the tray 103 to attach a compound containing phosphorus. Also good.
- the phosphorus-containing compound attached to the surface is reactively etched by hydrogen radicals, which are components of the plasma gas, and phosphorus is supplied into the plasma gas.
- the optimum range for the concentration difference between the i-type layer 4 and the phosphorous and boron is specified rather than the optimum concentration range for the i-type layer 4 separately.
- each layer of the solar cell element 10 is formed on the transparent conductive layer 2 having an uneven surface.
- a concentration distribution in which the state in the depth direction is averaged is obtained, and based on this, the optimum range of the concentration difference is estimated.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the concentration distribution (averaged) in the depth direction of boron and phosphorus based on SIMS analysis, which is the same as that shown in FIG. However, the concentration distribution for silicon is omitted.
- the position where the level first falls to the background level in the range of x ⁇ X0 is visually identified.
- x X1.
- the position of the shoulder SD2a in the boron concentration distribution may be X0, and when the profile is traced toward the i-type layer 4, the position that first falls to the background level in the range of x ⁇ X0 may be X1.
- the value having the larger absolute value is set as the value of X0 and X1.
- the concentration difference ⁇ C between the boron concentration Cb and the phosphorus concentration Cp is calculated for each point in all the analysis depth regions in the range of X1 ⁇ x ⁇ X0, and the arithmetic average value thereof ⁇ Cav is obtained.
- the concentration difference arithmetic average value ⁇ Cav is used as an evaluation value representing the concentration difference between boron and phosphorus in the i-type layer 4. Note that X0 and X1 are visually identified, but in the density difference arithmetic average value ⁇ Cav, the identification errors of the values of X0 and X1 need not be considered. In particular, in the case of X1, since it is specified in a low concentration region near the background, even if the determination position is slightly shifted, there is almost no influence on the concentration difference arithmetic average value ⁇ Cav.
- FIG. 8 shows a plurality of solar cell elements 10 manufactured by performing the n-type dopant introduction process in the first process and producing the PH 3 / H 2 mixed gas dilution rate and plasma processing time under the conditions shown in Table 1.
- the relationship between the density difference arithmetic average value ⁇ Cav and the current density Jsc is shown.
- the maximum current density Jsc was 20.6 mA / cm 2 .
- the concentration difference arithmetic average value ⁇ Cav is transparent so that it is in the range of 1.1 ⁇ 10 17 (cm ⁇ 3 ) ⁇ ⁇ Cav ⁇ 1.6 ⁇ 10 17 (cm ⁇ 3 ). If an n-type dopant introduction treatment in which the adhesion of phosphorus to the surface of the conductive layer 2 is controlled is performed, the effect of improving the current density Jsc can be sufficiently obtained.
- the concentration difference arithmetic average value ⁇ Cav has a direct correlation with the current density Jsc, but depends on a plurality of condition parameters.
- the shoulder of the peak specifying X0 is hardly confirmed.
- the value of X0 of other solar cell elements created under the same conditions is used. This is because solar cell elements produced under the same conditions have almost the same thickness of each layer and diffusion behavior of boron and phosphorus, and the presence or absence of a shoulder is considered to be due to the difference in the uneven state of the analysis region.
- the above-described embodiment is directed to a super straight type thin film solar cell in which a silicon thin film layer is formed of a-Si: H.
- the improvement in characteristics by the n-type dopant introduction treatment is that the silicon film is a-Si.
- a-SiGe H
- the i-type layer 4 and the n-type layer 5 has a two-layer structure of a layer made of a-Si: H and a layer made of ⁇ -Si: H.
- the above-mentioned effects can be obtained in the same manner.
- a pin junction structure made of a-Si: H on a light incident side transparent substrate is formed on the basis of the technique of the above-described embodiment. Then, a pin junction structure made of ⁇ c-Si having a narrower band gap is formed on the tandem thin film solar cell. Moreover, it is good also as a 3 junction type 3 tandem-type thin film solar cell using SiGe and SiC.
- Example 1 the solar cell element corresponding to the five data points in FIG. 8 was obtained by performing the n-type dopant introduction treatment by the first method described above.
- the transparent substrate 1 a commercially available glass substrate having a SnO 2 film formed in advance on its surface was prepared. On the surface of the SnO 2 film, there was formed a concavo-convex structure having a concavo-convex height that naturally occurs when the SnO 2 film is formed by the thermal CVD method and an average concavo-convex period of about 100 to 200 nm.
- the glass substrate has a square shape with a side of 100 mm in plan view.
- the glass substrate was placed on the cleaned tray 103 in the reaction chamber 101 of the parallel plate plasma CVD apparatus 100, and an n-type dopant introduction process was performed. Specifically, a voltage was applied at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and an applied power was 0.125 W / cm 2 to excite the plasma, thereby depositing phosphorus atoms of the n-type dopant on the SnO 2 film.
- the substrate temperature was 220 ° C., and the pressure in the reaction chamber 101 was 210 Pa.
- n-type dopant introduction treatment was performed under the five conditions shown in Table 1 for the combination of the flow rate ratio of PH 3 gas / H 2 gas and the plasma treatment time.
- the p-type layer 3, the i-type layer 4, and the n-type layer 5 were formed in this order by the plasma CVD film forming apparatus 100 on each of the five types of glass substrates subjected to such n-type dopant treatment.
- the film forming process including the n-type dopant treatment and the p-type layer 3 of the next process is continuously performed in the plasma CVD film forming apparatus 100 without being exposed to the atmosphere.
- a buffer layer having a thickness of about 5 nm is formed between the p-type layer 3 and the i-type layer 4.
- the p-type layer 3 is formed by vacuum-reducing the inside of the reaction chamber 101 by the decompression means 108, and using SiH 4 gas / H 2 gas / B 2 H 6 gas / CH 4 gas as a source gas at a flow rate of 10 /
- the high-frequency power source 107 applied a plasma voltage to the upper electrode 104 so that the frequency was 13.56 MHz and the input power was 0.025 W / cm 2 .
- the substrate temperature was 220 ° C., and the pressure in the reaction chamber 101 was 200 Pa.
- the plasma voltage application time was adjusted so that the thickness of the p-type layer 3 was 8 nm.
- the supply flow rate of each gas described above is determined so that the atomic concentration of boron in the p-type layer 3 is about 10 19 to 10 21 (cm ⁇ 3 ).
- the i-type layer 4 is formed by supplying SiH 4 gas / H 2 gas as a source gas at a flow rate of 50/200 sccm, except that the p-type layer 3 is formed at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and the input power is 0. It was carried out by applying a plasma voltage so as to be 0.025 to 0.05 W / cm 2 .
- the substrate temperature was 200 ° C.
- the pressure in the reaction chamber 101 was 200 Pa.
- the film formation time was adjusted so that the thickness of the i-type layer 4 was 300 nm.
- the formation of the n-type layer 5 subsequent to the formation of the i-type layer 4 is performed by supplying SiH 4 gas / H 2 gas / PH 3 gas as a source gas at respective flow rates of 10/110/10 sccm. 107, the plasma voltage was applied to the upper electrode 104 so that the frequency was 13.56 MHz and the input power was 0.05 W / cm 2 . The substrate temperature was 220 ° C., and the pressure in the reaction chamber 101 was 266 Pa. The film formation time was adjusted so that the thickness of the n-type layer 5 was 20 nm. The supply flow rate of each gas described above is determined so that the atomic concentration of phosphorus in the n-type layer 5 is about 10 19 to 10 21 (cm ⁇ 3 ).
- a transparent conductive layer as an electrode layer 6 and an Ag film were then formed in this order by a sputtering method.
- the film thickness of such a transparent conductive layer is, for example, 10 nm, and the film thickness of the Ag film is about 0.5 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 1 is a result of a solar cell element obtained by performing an n-type dopant introduction treatment with a flow rate ratio of PH 3 gas / H 2 gas of 1/99 sccm and a plasma treatment time of 1 sec. From the SIMS analysis results, not only boron doped at the time of forming the p-type layer 3 but also phosphorus at the time of introducing the n-type dopant prior to the formation of the p-type layer 3 is more than the average starting position of boron tailing. It was confirmed that it diffused to the range on the i-type layer 4 side.
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Example 1 When the result of Example 1 is compared with the result of Comparative Example 1, the concentration difference arithmetic average value ⁇ Cav is in the range of 1.1 ⁇ 10 17 (cm ⁇ 3 ) ⁇ ⁇ Cav ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ 10 17 (cm ⁇ 3 ). It was confirmed that the effect of improving the current density Jsc can be sufficiently obtained if the n-type dopant introduction treatment is performed so that
- Example 2 the solar cell element 10 was obtained by performing the n-type dopant introduction treatment by the above-described second method.
- Example 1 a glass substrate having a SnO 2 film formed on the surface was prepared, and the glass substrate was placed on the tray 103 in the reaction chamber 101 of the plasma CVD film forming apparatus 100.
- the tray 103 is an unwashed tray in which the tray 103 in which the pin junction unit is formed in the previous process is used in this embodiment without being washed.
- the tray 103 has a margin region E around it in a state where the glass substrate is placed.
- Example 2 similarly to Example 1, the p-type layer 3, the i-type layer 4, and the n-type layer 5 were sequentially formed. Thereafter, an electrode layer 6 was formed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- FIG. 5 shows the result of such analysis. Also in the present embodiment, as in the case of the first embodiment, not only boron doped at the time of forming the p-type layer 3 but also phosphorus given by the n-type dopant introduction process prior to the formation of the p-type layer 3 Thus, it was confirmed that the boron diffused to a range closer to the i-type layer 4 than the average starting position of boron tailing.
- Example 2 A total of 16 solar cell elements were produced in the same procedure as in Example 2 except that a washed tray was used instead of the unwashed tray. About each, the current-voltage characteristic was measured with the solar simulator, and the current density Jsc was calculated
- Table 3 shows the current density Jsc of the solar cell elements produced in Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 as relative values when the average value for the 16 solar cell elements of Example 2 is 100. .
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Abstract
Description
太陽電池素子10は、例えばガラス基板などの透明基板1の上に、透明導電層2と、p型層3とi型層4とn型層5と、電極層6とが、この順に積層形成された構造を有する。なお、以降において、p型層3とi型層4とn型層5とを、シリコン薄膜層と総称することがある。
太陽電池素子10のシリコン薄膜層は、プラズマCVD装置を用いて形成できる。図3に示したプラズマCVD装置100は、平行平板型プラズマCVD装置である。プラズマCVD装置100としては、たとえば、誘導結合型CVD装置、マイクロ波CVD装置など、原料ガスをプラズマ化して成膜を行う一般的なプラズマCVD装置を使用することが可能である。
本実施の形態に係るスーパーストレート型の太陽電池素子10は、p型層3にドープされたホウ素の一部が、i型層4にまで拡散している。ここで、プラズマCVD法によるシリコン薄膜層形成の際、成膜途中においては、膜表面は常にプラズマに晒されている。このため、膜の成長のみが起こっているようにみられる場合であっても、膜表面に着目すると、絶えずエッチングと堆積が同時に生じながら成膜現象が起こっている。よって、i型層の成膜時に、成膜表面より下地側層のドーパントが、その上の成長層であるi型層にまで混入し、i型層4へのホウ素のテーリングが起こる。本実施の形態では、太陽電池素子10の作製の途中、p型層3の形成に先立ち、n型ドーパント導入処理を行う。これにより、ドーパントの拡散に起因した太陽電池素子の特性劣化を低減できる。
次に、n型ドーパント導入処理について、以下に説明する。
プラズマCVD成膜装置100におけるシリコン薄膜層の形成は、まず、反応室101内の下部電極102上に、透明導電層2が形成された透明基板1を載置してヒータにて加熱する。次に、減圧手段108によって反応室101内を真空減圧する。その後、処理ガスとしてのPH3/H2混合ガス(n型ドーパント供給ガスであるPH3ガスをH2ガスで希釈したガス)を上部電極104の原料ガス導入口105から反応室101内に導入する。そして、下部電極102と上部電極104とに高周波電源107によって電圧を印加することで、PH3/H2ガスをプラズマ化して、透明導電層2の表面にn型ドーパント(リン原子)を付着させる。第1の方法は、ガスの希釈率やプラズマ処理時間を適宜に調整することでp型層3とi型層4との界面にかけてのリン濃度を調製することができる。ここで、「下部電極102上に~載置」とは、下部電極102上に直接載置される場合と、トレー103等を介して載置される場合とを含む。
プラズマCVD装置100においてシリコン薄膜層を形成する際、トレー103には下地基板Sとして透明導電層2が形成された透明基板1が載置されるが、その際に、トレー103の一部領域は、透明基板1で覆われずに露出している。この領域をマージン領域Eと称する。マージン領域Eは、成膜処理の間、プラズマガス空間に暴露されているが透明基板1が載置されない領域であるともいえる。
上述した第2の方法の他の例として、リン含有部材(例えば石英製小皿に入れた高純度のリンを含有する粉末や、リンのペレットなど)を、洗浄済みのトレー103のマージン領域Eに石英製小皿を載置し、p型層3の形成を開始してもよい。係る場合、p型層3の形成開始時に、プラズマガスの成分である水素ラジカルにより、リン含有部材が反応エッチングされ、プラズマガス中にリンが供給される。また、p型層3の形成が進行するにつれてマージン領域Eにもp型層が形成され、露出していたリン含有部材が覆われるので、p型層3へのリンの導入は、p型層3形成開始直後のごく限られた間に起こる。
第3の方法の他の例として、リン含有部材に代えて、n型シリコン基板を用いることも可能である。
第2の方法の他の例として、シリコン薄膜層の形成に先立ち、下地基板S、もしくはトレー103のマージン領域Eに、リン酸水溶液をスプレー塗布することで、リンを含有する化合物を付着させてもよい。
また、電流密度Jscをさらに向上させるために、リンとホウ素とについてそれぞれ単独にi型層4における濃度の最適範囲を特定するよりも、i型層4における両者の濃度差についての最適範囲を特定し、係る範囲内の濃度が実現されるように、リンおよびホウ素の拡散状態を制御することが好ましい。
上述の実施の形態は、a-Si:Hにてシリコン薄膜層を形成するスーパーストレート型の薄膜太陽電池を対象としているが、n型ドーパント導入処理による特性の向上は、シリコン膜がa-Si:Hとμc-Siの混在するような中間的な状態のシリコン薄膜層、および光吸収のバンドギャップを調整する目的でゲルマニウムを混合させた水素化アモルファスシリコンゲルマニウム(a-SiGe:H)薄膜層や、水素化アモルファスシリコンカーバイド(a-SiC:H)薄膜層を用いて形成されるスーパーストレート型の薄膜太陽電池に対しても有効である。あるいはさらに、p型層3、i型層4、およびn型層5の少なくとも1つを、a-Si:Hからなる層とμ-Si:Hからなる層との二層構造とする場合においても、上述の効果を同様に得ることができる。
本実施例では、上述の第1の方法にてn型ドーパント導入処理を施すことにより、図8の5つのデータ点に対応する太陽電池素子を得た。
n型ドーパント導入処理を行わなかった以外は、図4に分析結果を示した太陽電池素子と同じ条件で、16個の太陽電池素子を作製した。それぞれについて、ソーラーシミュレータにて電流電圧特性を測定して、電流密度Jscを求めた。表2は、係る電流密度Jscとその平均値とを示している。
本実施例では、上述の第2の方法にてn型ドーパント導入処理を施すことにより太陽電池素子10を得た。
未洗浄トレーに代えて洗浄済トレーを用いるようにした他は、実施例2と同様の手順で、計16個の太陽電池素子を作製した。それぞれについて、ソーラーシミュレータにて電流電圧特性を測定し、電流密度Jscを求めた。
Claims (9)
- 透明導電膜が形成された透明基板を用意する工程と、
前記透明導電膜の上にn型ドーパントを付着させる工程と、
前記透明導電膜の上にp型層、i型層、およびn型層を順次形成する工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法であって、
前記透明導電膜に前記n型ドーパントを付着させる工程は、n型ドーパント供給ガスをプラズマ化する工程と、
前記プラズマ化されたn型ドーパントを前記透明導電膜に付着する工程と、
を有することを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 請求項2に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法であって、
前記n型ドーパント供給ガスが、PH3ガスをH2ガスで希釈したガスである、
ことを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法であって、
プラズマCVD装置内のトレーに前記透明基板を配置する工程をさらに有し、
前記透明導電膜に前記n型ドーパントを付着させる工程が、
前記透明基板で被覆されていない前記トレーの領域にリン供給源を載置する工程と、
前記p型層の形成時に生起したプラズマガスにて前記リン供給源をエッチングする工程と、
前記p型層の形成時に前記プラズマガス中にリンを含有させる工程と、
前記透明導電膜にリンを付着させる工程と、
を有することを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 請求項4に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法であって、
前記リン供給源が、前記透明基板で被覆されていない前記トレーの領域に設けられたリン含有部材である、
ことを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 請求項4に記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法であって、
前記リン供給源が、リンがドープされた非晶質系シリコンである、
ことを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 請求項1ないし請求項6のいずれかに記載の太陽電池素子の製造方法であって、
前記透明導電膜の上に前記n型ドーパントとしてリンを付着させ、前記太陽電池素子の深さ方向の濃度分布に基づいて特定される、前記i型層におけるホウ素の拡散範囲内におけるホウ素とリンの濃度差の算術平均値ΔCavを、
1.1×1017(cm-3)≦ΔCav≦1.6×1017(cm-3)
とする工程を有する、
ことを特徴とする太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - プラズマCVD装置内のトレーに第一の透明導電膜が形成された第一の透明基板を配置する工程と、前記第一の透明導電膜と、前記第一の透明基板で被覆されていない前記トレーの領域上にn型ドーパントを付着させる工程と、前記第一の透明導電膜の上にp型層、i型層、およびn型層を順次形成する工程と、により第一の太陽電池素子を製造した後、
第二の透明導電膜が形成された第二の透明基板を用意する工程と、
前記第二の透明基板を前記トレー上に配置する工程と、
前記第二の透明導電膜の上に、前記第一の太陽電池素子のn型層の形成の際に、前記第一の透明基板で被覆されていない前記トレーの領域に付着した非晶質系シリコンからなるn型層を用いて、n型ドーパントを付着させる工程と、
前記第二の透明導電膜の上にp型層、i型層、およびn型層を順次形成する工程と、
により第二の太陽電池素子を製造する太陽電池素子の製造方法。 - 透明基板と、
前記透明基板の上に形成された透明導電膜と、
前記透明導電膜の上に積層形成された、いずれもアモルファスシリコンからなるp型層、i型層、およびn型層と、
前記n型層の上に形成された導電層と、
を備え、
前記太陽電池素子の深さ方向の濃度分布に基づいて特定される、前記i型層におけるホウ素の拡散範囲内におけるホウ素とリンの濃度差の算術平均値ΔCavが、
1.1×1017(cm-3)≦ΔCav≦1.6×1017(cm-3)
である、
ことを特徴とする太陽電池素子。
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US12/866,011 US20110036394A1 (en) | 2008-02-06 | 2009-02-06 | Method of Manufacturing Solar Cell Device and Solar Cell Device |
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US20100330734A1 (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2010-12-30 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Solar cell and manufacturing method thereof |
US9178098B2 (en) * | 2012-02-29 | 2015-11-03 | The Boeing Company | Solar cell with delta doping layer |
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