WO2009019238A1 - Katalysator und verfahren zur entschwefelung von kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen gasen - Google Patents
Katalysator und verfahren zur entschwefelung von kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen gasen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009019238A1 WO2009019238A1 PCT/EP2008/060195 EP2008060195W WO2009019238A1 WO 2009019238 A1 WO2009019238 A1 WO 2009019238A1 EP 2008060195 W EP2008060195 W EP 2008060195W WO 2009019238 A1 WO2009019238 A1 WO 2009019238A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- catalyst according
- silver
- pores
- desulfurization
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene Chemical compound C1CCSC1 RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 64
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 16
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 6
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- -1 cyclic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- AZUYLZMQTIKGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[6-[4-(5-chloro-6-methyl-1H-indazol-4-yl)-5-methyl-3-(1-methylindazol-5-yl)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one Chemical compound ClC=1C(=C2C=NNC2=CC=1C)C=1C(=NN(C=1C)C1CC2(CN(C2)C(C=C)=O)C1)C=1C=C2C=NN(C2=CC=1)C AZUYLZMQTIKGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- DNJIEGIFACGWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanethiol Chemical compound CCS DNJIEGIFACGWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002898 organic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001923 cyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009965 odorless effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylthiol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)S WMXCDAVJEZZYLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8603—Removing sulfur compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/48—Silver or gold
- B01J23/50—Silver
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8926—Copper and noble metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/64—Pore diameter
- B01J35/647—2-50 nm
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
- C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
- C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
- C10L3/101—Removal of contaminants
- C10L3/102—Removal of contaminants of acid contaminants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
- B01D2253/104—Alumina
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/30—Physical properties of adsorbents
- B01D2253/302—Dimensions
- B01D2253/31—Pore size distribution
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/104—Silver
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/209—Other metals
- B01D2255/2092—Aluminium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
- B01D2256/24—Hydrocarbons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/30—Sulfur compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
- H01M8/0675—Removal of sulfur
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to a catalyst and to processes for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon-containing gases, in particular for use in fuel cell systems.
- Hydrocarbon gases such as.
- natural gas in addition to the normally naturally occurring sulfur compounds and sulfur compounds that are added to these gases for safety reasons.
- natural gas is primarily desulfurized by catalytic hydrogenation, with the addition of hydrogen.
- this desulfurization method is not meaningful for small and very small applications, especially for fuel cells in the domestic sector, so that here mainly on an adsorptive method for purifying the gas stream is used.
- Natural gas has the advantage of large-scale availability, especially in highly industrialized countries, as a dense supply network exists. In addition, natural gas has a hydrogen / carbon ratio which is favorable for hydrogen production.
- natural gas describes a variety of possible gas compositions that can vary widely depending on the locality: natural gas can consist almost exclusively of methane (CH 4 ) but can also contain significant amounts of higher hydrocarbons all hydrocarbons from ethane (C2H6) understood, regardless of whether it is linear saturated and unsaturated, as well as cyclic or even aromatic hydrocarbons. Typically, the proportions of higher hydrocarbons in the higher molecular weight and higher vapor pressure natural gas decrease. For example, ethane and propane are usually found in the low percentage range, while hydrocarbons with more than ten carbon atoms usually contain only a few ppm in natural gas. Among the higher hydrocarbons are also cyclic compounds such. The carcinogenic benzene,
- Toluene and xylene can occur in concentrations of> 100 ppm.
- gas impurities and impurities which may contain heteroatoms, occur in the natural gas.
- sulfur compounds which may occur in low concentrations. Examples include hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbon dioxide sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS 2 ).
- Methane or natural gas are odorless gases which are non-toxic but which, in combination with air, can lead to ignitable mixtures. In order to be able to detect an escape of natural gas immediately, natural gas is mixed with foul-smelling substances in a low concentration which, as a so-called odorant, cause the characteristic odor of natural gas.
- LPG liquefied petroleum gas
- the hydrocarbon-containing gas is passed in a straight pass at room temperature through an adsorber, which completely removes all possible sulfur components.
- the adsorber should preferably be operable at room temperature and at normal pressure. Since the adsorber should be suitable for operating natural gas of different composition, it is also important that only the sulfur-containing components are adsorbed from the natural gas and the co-adsorption of higher hydrocarbons is suppressed to a negligible extent. Only under these conditions, it is possible to achieve high adsorption capacity for sulfur-containing compounds, which corresponds to sufficiently long service life. As a result, the frequent replacement of the adsorber medium can be avoided.
- zeolites in their pore system readily adsorb all the higher hydrocarbons occurring in the gas stream.
- cyclic see hydrocarbons, such as.
- benzene are fully adsorbed and can be enriched in the zeolite to the range of a few wt .-%.
- US-A-2002/0159939 discloses a two-stage catalyst bed consisting of an X-zeolite for removing odorants and then a nickel-based catalyst for removing sulfur-containing components from natural gas for operation in fuel cells.
- a disadvantage of this process is that COS can not be removed directly, but only after previous hydrolysis to H2S.
- inorganic carriers preferably aluminum oxide
- a mixture of the oxides of elements of groups IB, IIB, VIB and VIIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements preferably a mixture of Cu, Fe, Mo, to remove sulfur compounds.
- Zn oxides proposed. Again, the sulfur compounds are first hydrolyzed to H2S.
- organosulphur compounds such as COS and CS2 contained in gas mixtures are quantitatively removed with sulfur oxides or nitrogen oxides in the presence of catalysts, compounds of the Sc, Y, the lanthanides, actinides or mixtures thereof being used as catalysts on z.
- B alumina can be used.
- the catalysts are dried at their production at 100 to 1000 0 C and sintered.
- a direct oxidation of the sulfur components into elemental sulfur or into sulfates takes place on a supported, inter alia alumina, copper catalyst comprising at least one further catalytically active element selected from the group Fe, Mo, Ti, Ni, Co, Sn , Ge, Ga, Ru, Sb, Nb, Mn, V, Mg, Ca and Cr.
- WO 2007/021084 describes a copper-zinc-aluminum composite as desulfurization agent, which is calcined at 200 to 500 0 C.
- the methods of the prior art solve the problem of undesirable co-adsorption of occurring in the gas stream in particular cyclic hydrocarbons, such as. As benzene, not in the pore system of the catalyst.
- Another disadvantage is that the adsorption of higher hydrocarbons may lead to pyrophoric adsorbents, i. h, that they can catch fire in the presence of a source of ignition when removing the used catalyst.
- the present invention was therefore based on the object to develop a catalyst which has a high absorption capacity for sulfides, disulfides and cyclic odorants, in particular tetrahydrothiophene (THT) and at the same time suppresses the co-adsorption of benzene.
- THT tetrahydrothiophene
- the object has been achieved according to the invention in that for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon-containing gases, a catalyst containing a support material, except activated carbons and zeolites, and a silver-containing active composition is used, the catalyst having a special pore structure.
- Articles of the invention are a catalyst for the desulfurization of hydrocarbonaceous gases, comprising a support material, except activated carbons and zeolites, and a silver-containing active composition, wherein the catalyst has a pore structure with a maximum number of pores in a pore diameter range of 6 to 11 nm, and methods for its production.
- the invention further relates to the use of this catalyst for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon-containing gases, in particular in fuel cell applications, and to a process for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon-containing gases.
- the catalyst according to the invention may contain as carrier material all materials considered useful by the person skilled in the art for these purposes, with the exception of activated carbons and zeolites, if they have the pore structure required according to the invention.
- carrier material an aluminum oxide is advantageously used, which may optionally contain impurities typical of alumina. More preferably, a pure ⁇ -alumina is used.
- the catalyst according to the invention contains as active component at least silver, advantageously additionally copper.
- the active components are preferably present in the catalyst as an oxide. The following information on metal loading (metal contents) of the catalyst is calculated on the pure metal.
- the catalyst according to the invention advantageously has a silver content of at most 5% by weight, preferably less than 4% by weight and particularly preferably 2 to 3% by weight, and optionally a copper content of at most 5% by weight, preferably less than 4 Wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.5 to 3 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
- the total content of the active composition is at most 10 wt .-%, preferably less than 8 wt .-% and particularly preferably 2.5 to 6 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the catalyst.
- a preferred composition of the catalytically active system comprises on an alumina support, advantageously a ⁇ -alumina support, 2 to 3% by weight of Ag and 1 to 2% by weight of Cu, in each case based on the total weight of the catalyst.
- the active component and / or the carrier material can be doped with small amounts which can be used for these purposes and are known to the person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.
- the catalyst according to the invention has a pore structure with a maximum number of pores in a pore diameter range of 6 to 11 nm.
- the catalyst contains at least 50%, preferably at least 60% and more preferably at least 80% pores in this size range.
- the catalyst according to the invention has only a small number of pores smaller than 6 nm.
- the catalyst contains at most 25%, preferably at most 20% and more preferably at most 10% pores in this size range. It preferably contains virtually no pores smaller than 6 nm.
- the catalyst of the invention has only a small number of pores greater than 1 1 nm.
- the catalyst contains at most 25%, preferably at most 20% and more preferably at most 10% pores in this size range. It preferably contains virtually no pores greater than 11 nm.
- the pore structure of the catalyst material is determined in a manner known to the person skilled in the art by measurements of porosimetry, for example with mercury porosimetry measurement, for example by means of measurements of porosimetry.
- a catalyst having such a pore structure ensures that the sulfur components contained in the hydrocarbon-containing gas can be completely removed, without causing a substantial co-adsorption of higher hydrocarbons. In particular, the benzene uptake is suppressed.
- the catalyst according to the invention has a high absorption capacity for sulfur compounds such as sulfides, disulfides and cyclic sulfur compounds, in particular cyclic odorants, preferably tetrahydrothiophene (THT). It is at least 0.6 wt% THT, i. 0.6 g THT / 100 g catalyst.
- the required pore structure is achieved by a calcination of the catalyst material at 500 to 800 0 C, preferably at 550 to 750 0 C. If this temperature level is maintained, mainly pores with a diameter of 6 to 11 nm are formed.
- Calcining at a lower temperature results in a pore structure with a maximum number of pores in a pore diameter range of less than 6 nm, which leads to a significant adsorption of benzene and higher hydrocarbons.
- Calcining at a higher temperature results in a pore structure with a maximum number of pores in a pore diameter range above 11 nm, which leads to a significantly lower capacity of adsorbed sulfur species, especially tetrahydrothiophene.
- the catalysts of the present invention can be prepared by well known methods other than observing the specific calcining temperature as described above, such as precipitation, impregnation, mixing, kneading, sintering, spraying, spray drying, ion exchange or electroless deposition, preferably by precipitation, impregnation , Mixing, sintering or spray-drying, especially preferred by precipitation or impregnation, in particular by impregnation.
- the active components and optionally doping elements preferably in the form of their salts / hydrates, brought into solution and then applied in a suitable manner, for example by impregnation, on the alumina support.
- the catalyst is dried, calcined, optionally reduced and optionally passivated.
- the production of moldings from pulverulent raw materials can be carried out by customary methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, tableting, aggregation or extrusion.
- the impregnation with copper salt solution if used, can also take place before impregnation with silver salt solution.
- the simultaneous impregnation with a silver and copper salt solution is possible.
- the result is a catalyst which is excellently suitable for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon-containing gases. It is able to adsorb the sulfur-containing components from the hydrocarbon-containing gas, in particular natural gas, and to suppress the co-adsorption of higher hydrocarbons to a negligible extent. It is thereby possible to achieve high adsorption capacities for sulfur-containing compounds and thus sufficiently long service lives, whereby the frequent replacement of the adsorber medium can be avoided. Besides that is the catalyst of the invention for the purification of hydrocarbon-containing gases of different composition suitable.
- the inventive method for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon-containing gases is carried out using such a catalyst described above.
- the hydrocarbonaceous gas is passed in straight passage through this catalyst.
- the process is particularly preferably operated at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure.
- the catalyst according to the invention advantageously has a content of higher hydrocarbons, in particular a benzene content, of less than 0.1% by weight.
- the catalyst according to the invention has a benzene content of less than 0.1% by weight after tetrahydrothiophene breakthrough.
- the uptake capacity of the catalysts is calculated from the average THT concentration of the test gas and the time to which no breakthrough of THT is detected in the online GC.
- Runtime is the time to which no sulfur compound is detected at the GC.
- the gas volume corresponds to the test gas flow under standard conditions.
- THT capacity of the catalyst depends on the concentration due to the physisorptive interaction, only THT concentrations corresponding to a realistic odorization of the gas networks are used for the testing.
- the test gas used is therefore a gas stream with an average of 3 ppm by volume of THT and 60 ppm by volume of benzene.
- the sulfur components are completely removed. Completely within the meaning of this invention means a distance below the currently possible detection limit when measured by GC, which is 0.04 ppm.
- the method and the catalyst according to the invention are outstandingly suitable in particular for use in fuel cell applications.
- the method according to the invention can be connected upstream of the reforming stage.
- the hydrocarbon-containing gas used for the purification of hydrogen after the purification according to the invention can be fed directly into the reformer or directly into the fuel cell.
- the method according to the invention is suitable for all known types of fuel cells, such as low-temperature and high-temperature PEM fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), MCFC fuel cells (molten carbonate) and high-temperature fuel cells (SOFC).
- PEM fuel cells low-temperature and high-temperature PEM fuel cells
- PAFC phosphoric acid fuel cells
- MCFC fuel cells molten carbonate
- SOFC high-temperature fuel cells
- the inventive method is particularly suitable for use in stationary and mobile applications.
- Preferred applications in the stationary sector for example, fuel cell systems for the simultaneous generation of electricity and heat, such as combined heat and power plants (so-called CHP units), preferably in the domestic energy supply.
- CHP units combined heat and power plants
- the system is suitable for purifying gas streams for the desulphurisation of natural gas for gas engines.
- the method for purifying hydrocarbons for fuel cells in passenger cars (PKW), trucks (trucks), buses or locomotives, preferably cars and trucks, more preferably cars are used. It is indifferent whether the fuel cells are used only for on-board power generation or for the drive.
- Alumina powder was mixed with Cu nitrate and Ag nitrate in a blender, diluted with water and acidified some formic acid. The amount of Cu and Ag nitrate was calculated so that the calcined catalyst carried an active mass of 2 wt% copper and 2 wt% silver. The resulting mass was mixed with additional water, kneaded to a strandable mass and then extruded. The strands were dried at 120 ° C. and then calcined at different temperatures, as indicated in Examples 1 a) to 1 c), for several hours.
- Example 1a Calcination of Catalyst from Example 1 at 450 ° C.
- the resulting catalyst had a total pore volume of 0.34 ml / g and a surface area of 235.4 m 2 / g
- the catalyst had a pore structure with a maximum of pore diameter at 5.6 nm (values from Hg porosimetry) - Figure 1a / 1 b
- the resulting catalyst has a total pore volume of 0.38 ml / g and a surface area of 201, 64 m 2 / g
- the catalyst had a pore structure with a maximum of pore diameter at 7.3 nm (values from Hg porosimetry) - Figure 2a / 2b
- the resulting catalyst has a total pore volume of 0.22 ml / g and a surface area of 57.3 m 2 / g
- the catalyst had a pore structure with a maximum pore diameter at 12 nm (values from Hg porosimetry) - Figure 3a / 3b
- Table 1 shows the pore distribution in the samples from Examples 1a-1c.
- the percentage of total pores includes the pores which are in the claimed pore diameter range of 6 to 11 nm and more preferably are suitable for the adsorption of THT without co-adsorption of benzene. Table 1
- Figure 4 shows the dependence of the pore distribution on the calcination temperature in the samples from Examples 1a-1c.
- All catalysts or adsorbers were used as 1.5 mm extrudates.
- the reactor was a heatable stainless steel tube, which was flowed through from top to bottom. Per experiment, 40 ml of catalyst were used.
- the gas was enriched in a saturator with an average of 3 ppm by volume of THT and 60 ppm by volume of benzene and passed over the catalyst at a volume flow of 250 standard liters per hour (corresponds to a GHSV of 6250 Ir 1 ). All measurements were taken at standard pressure (1013 mbar) and room temperature. Pre-treatment of the catalyst (eg reduction) is not necessary.
- a commercial gas chromatograph was used, which had a two-column circuit and two detectors.
- the first detector a flame ionization detector (FID) was used to detect individual hydrocarbons in natural gas, especially benzene.
- the second detector a flame photometric detector (FPD), was sensitive to sulfur compounds and allowed detection of such compounds up to a practical detection limit of 0.04 ppm.
- FPD flame photometric detector
- Tetrahydrothiophene was chosen as the model substance for organic sulfur compounds, since it is known that cyclic sulfur compounds, in contrast to terminal sulfur compounds, are very difficult to remove by adsorption.
- Comparative Examples 2 and 3 show a significantly higher volume-related capacity of THT, however, both materials adsorb large amounts of benzene. Due to the legal regulations, these should be classified as toxic substances, which plays an important role in the disposal of used adsorbents.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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JP2010519444A JP2010535613A (ja) | 2007-08-09 | 2008-08-04 | 炭化水素含有ガスの脱硫触媒及び脱硫方法 |
US12/672,219 US20100233054A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 | 2008-08-04 | Catalyst and process for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon-comprising gases |
EP08786809A EP2178623A1 (de) | 2007-08-09 | 2008-08-04 | Katalysator und verfahren zur entschwefelung von kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen gasen |
CA2694776A CA2694776A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 | 2008-08-04 | Catalyst and process for the desulfurization hydrocarbon-comprising gases |
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EP07114114.7 | 2007-08-09 |
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US (1) | US20100233054A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2178623A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2010535613A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20100041878A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2694776A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2009019238A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7994370B2 (en) | 2008-10-02 | 2011-08-09 | Basf Se | Method for depletion of sulfur and/or compounds containing sulfur from a biochemically produced organic compound |
JP2011240273A (ja) * | 2010-05-19 | 2011-12-01 | Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corp | 吸着剤及びその製造方法、並びに燃料の脱硫方法 |
EP2474358A1 (de) * | 2011-01-07 | 2012-07-11 | General Electric Company | Katalysator und Herstellungsverfahren dafür |
US9687819B2 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2017-06-27 | General Electric Company | Catalyst and method of manufacture |
Families Citing this family (3)
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CN102170953B (zh) * | 2008-09-01 | 2015-02-04 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 吸附剂材料和含烃气体脱硫的方法 |
US8889587B2 (en) * | 2009-08-31 | 2014-11-18 | General Electric Company | Catalyst and method of manufacture |
CN104640806B (zh) | 2012-08-21 | 2017-04-12 | 托普索公司 | 从硫化氢中回收氢的方法 |
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DE4104202A1 (de) * | 1991-02-12 | 1992-08-13 | Bayer Ag | Katalysatoren zur entfernung von schwefelverbindungen aus technischen gasen, verfahren zu deren herstelllung sowie deren verwendung |
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US20020159939A1 (en) * | 2001-04-27 | 2002-10-31 | Plug Power Inc. | Gas purification system |
WO2007093526A2 (de) * | 2006-02-14 | 2007-08-23 | Basf Se | Adsorptionsmasse und verfahren zur entfernung von co aus stoffströmen |
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- 2008-08-04 WO PCT/EP2008/060195 patent/WO2009019238A1/de active Application Filing
- 2008-08-04 JP JP2010519444A patent/JP2010535613A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-08-04 CA CA2694776A patent/CA2694776A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-08-04 EP EP08786809A patent/EP2178623A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-08-04 US US12/672,219 patent/US20100233054A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-08-04 KR KR1020107005251A patent/KR20100041878A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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FR1523685A (fr) * | 1967-05-19 | 1968-05-03 | Chevron Res | Procédé d'élimination des constituants nocifs des gaz d'échappement ou de cheminées |
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US4640908A (en) * | 1983-01-31 | 1987-02-03 | Rhone-Poulenc Specialites Chimiques | Catalyst for the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and process for the preparation of the catalyst |
US5214014A (en) * | 1988-09-26 | 1993-05-25 | Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Deodorizing catalyst |
FR2654364A1 (fr) * | 1989-11-13 | 1991-05-17 | Hitachi Ltd | Catalyseur pour realiser l'oxydation ou la decomposition d'un gaz contenant des constituants odoriferants, procede et applications utilisant un tel catalyseur. |
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US7994370B2 (en) | 2008-10-02 | 2011-08-09 | Basf Se | Method for depletion of sulfur and/or compounds containing sulfur from a biochemically produced organic compound |
US9687819B2 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2017-06-27 | General Electric Company | Catalyst and method of manufacture |
JP2011240273A (ja) * | 2010-05-19 | 2011-12-01 | Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corp | 吸着剤及びその製造方法、並びに燃料の脱硫方法 |
EP2474358A1 (de) * | 2011-01-07 | 2012-07-11 | General Electric Company | Katalysator und Herstellungsverfahren dafür |
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JP2010535613A (ja) | 2010-11-25 |
CA2694776A1 (en) | 2009-02-12 |
US20100233054A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
EP2178623A1 (de) | 2010-04-28 |
KR20100041878A (ko) | 2010-04-22 |
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