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  • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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  • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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  • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
  • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a chemical compound of the formula Nib M 1 c M2 d (O) ⁇ (OH) y , a process for their preparation, and their use as a precursor for the production of cathode material for lithium secondary batteries.
• Lithium secondary batteries with nonaqueous electrolyte fluids have the desired properties.
• This type of secondary battery is characterized by a positive electrode whose active material can reversibly store and release lithium ions.
• suitable active substances for the positive electrodes of such secondary batteries there are known composite oxides each containing lithium and at least one transition metal. Examples are LiCoCb, LiNiC> 2 or also However, these materials have several disadvantages.
• the LiCoCb which is currently the most commonly used in lithium secondary batteries, is burdened by a very high cobalt price.
• nickel is less expensive than cobalt, however, the high nickel-containing active compositions have the disadvantage that they used in secondary batteries, causing insufficient thermal stability of the battery.
• JP 10-27611 has been proposed to improve the electrochemical properties of an at least bimetallic mixed hydroxide used as a precursor for the synthesis of lithium mixed metal oxide.
• the Elements of nickel and cobalt include, among others, the elements aluminum and manganese as the third metallic component for co-precipitation of the mixed metal hydroxide. It is recommended that the amount of the doping elements (metallic components except for nickel) is 10 to 30 mol% of the total metal amount.
• Partial oxidation of the elements Co (II) and manganese (II) is believed to occur by vigorous stirring during the precipitation reaction by the inclusion of air, resulting in a reduction of the tap density for the co-precipitated mixed hydroxide.
• a high stirring speed is recommended, resulting in a rubbing mechanism between the particles.
• the interaction between abrasion and particle growth should be a guarantee for the production of spherical particles. It is therefore obvious that the desired abrasion leads to a limitation of the average particle size of the secondary particles.
• US 2002/0053663 A1 discloses the co-precipitated nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxides, the emphasis being placed on being able to synthesize a co-precipitated nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide with a high tap density.
• the hydroxide serves as a precursor for the lithium mixed metal oxides, which in turn is used as the active material in lithium secondary batteries.
• the tapped density of the lithium mixed metal oxide is in turn of great importance and is significantly influenced by the tapping density of the precursor. In addition to the tap density, however, no further important parameters of the mixed hydroxide as a precursor for lithium mixed metal oxides are discussed.
• US2003 / 0054251 A1 expressly states that it is advantageous to use lithium hydroxide as the Li component, since with this Li component it is easier to control the particle shape and crystallinity than lithium carbonate.
• the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a mixed metal compound as a precursor for the production of cathode material for lithium secondary batteries, which does not have gamma-oxihydroxide structures and / or alpha-hydroxide structures, is characterized by high tap density, low sodium contents and allowing the synthesis of a high quality lithium mixed metal compound.
• the object of the present invention is furthermore to specify an economical process for the preparation of partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides. The object is achieved by a chemical compound of the formula in which
• M1 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Mg, Zn, Cu and mixtures thereof,
• Advantageous compounds are chemical compounds of the formula Ni b M1 c M2 d (O) ⁇ (OH) y, where 0.3 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.6 0.1 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4
• the sum of b, c and d is preferably equal to 1.
• Particularly preferred chemical compounds of the formula Ni b M1 c M2d (O) ⁇ (OH) y where x is a number between 0.3 and 0.6 and y is a number between 1, 4 and 1.7.
• Compounds which are part of the invention are listed in Tables 1 to 17 below. Individual compounds are designated by the number of the table, followed by the number of the combination of the variables M1, M2, b and c as in Table 1.
• compound 14.022 is the compound as described in Table 14, where the variable x defined there is combined with the combination of the variables M1, M2, b and c as in Table 1, Item No. 022.
• Table 6 :
• Table 12 :
• the chemical compounds according to the invention are partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides, later also called precursor (s).
• the parameters x and y given in the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention clearly define the average degree of oxidation over all the metallic components of the mixed metal hydroxide.
• These compounds of general formula Li a NibM1 c M2 d (O) 2 are also called end product in the following.
• the average degree of oxidation is also considered to be an indicator of the quality of the precursor for lithium secondary batteries. It is therefore necessary to precisely set this parameter during the manufacturing process. Surprisingly, it has been shown that the average degree of oxidation of the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide according to the invention must not be exceeded, in order to ensure a good further processability and ultimately a good quality of the end product. It has also been shown that the average degree of oxidation must not be too high, since at too high oxidation levels increased secondary phase, such as a gamma-oxi hydroxide may occur in the precursor. The presence of the gamma phase in addition to the desired beta phase means an inhomogeneity of the precursor and ultimately influences the homogeneity of the end product obtained therefrom. Due to the interlaminar extension of the crystal lattice to the beta phase, the existence of a gamma phase further promotes the undesirable inclusion of ionic contaminants.
• the average degree of oxidation is preferably from 2.2 to 2.7, particularly preferably
• Components is based on the method of manganese determination according to Rupp.
• FIG. 1 shows, by way of example, an X-ray diffraction spectrum (RBS) of a partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide according to the invention, which is prepared in accordance with FIG. 1
• Example 1 was prepared in which no gamma phase can be seen.
• Preferred partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention have no alpha phase.
• the presence of the alpha phase in addition to the desired beta phase means an inhomogeneity of the precursor and ultimately influences the homogeneity of the end product obtained therefrom.
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention are also distinguished by the fact that they have low sodium contents. Preferably, they contain ⁇ 2000 ppm, more preferably ⁇ 1000 ppm sodium, in particular ⁇ 500 ppm sodium.
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention are preferably present in powder form, the average particle size of the secondary particles, measured according to ASTM B822, preferably being 2 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 to 15 ⁇ m.
• secondary particles are meant particles which are composed of primary grains.
• a special feature of the Mischmetallhydroxid powder according to the invention is its high tap density, which has a direct influence directly on the tapped density of the final product, such as a lithium Mischmetalloxides. The high tap density is required to achieve a high volumetric energy density in the battery.
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide powders according to the invention preferably have a tap density, determined in accordance with ASTM B527, greater than 1.7 g / cm 3 , more preferably greater than 1.9 g / cm 3 .
• the pulverulent mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention can be prepared both in spherical and in regular (non-spherical) particle form.
• the preferred powders according to the invention are distinguished in particular by the spherical shape of the powder particles whose form factor has a value of greater than 0.7, particularly preferably greater than 0.9.
• the form factor of the secondary particles can be determined by the method described in US 5476530, columns 7 and 8 and FIG. This method determines a shape factor of the particles, which is a measure of the sphericity of the particles.
• the form factor of the particles can be determined from the SEM images of the materials.
• the shape factor is determined by the evaluation of the particle size and the particle area and the determination of the derived diameter from the respective size. The mentioned diameters arise
• the form factor of the particles f is derived from the particle circumference U and the particle surface A according to:
• FIG. 2 shows, by way of example, an image of the partially oxidized invention recorded using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide powders according to the invention have a normalized width of the particle size distribution, defined according to the formula D90-D10 D50 in which D means diameter of the powder particles, of less than 1, 8, more preferably of less than 1.2.
• D means diameter of the powder particles, of less than 1, 8, more preferably of less than 1.2.
• the invention further relates to an efficient and economical method for
• the invention therefore also provides a process for the preparation of the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention comprising the following steps:
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides of this invention can be prepared in both spherical and non-spherical particulate forms, with the preparation of the former being conducted in the presence of ammonia or ammonium salts.
• Mixed hydroxides are prepared by precipitation from aqueous metal salt solutions by adjusting the pH to 8-14, particularly preferably 9-13, by feeding alkali metal hydroxide solutions.
• the process can be carried out batchwise or continuously. In the continuous process, the simultaneous supply of metal salt solution and the alkali hydroxide solution to a precipitation reactor is carried out with continuous withdrawal of the product suspension.
• Suitable metal salts are water-soluble metal salts, for example sulfates, nitrates, halides, such as chlorides or fluorides.
• hydroxides of the alkali metals preferably sodium hydroxide, and also ammonium hydroxide are used.
• oxidation of the metals should be avoided in order to achieve a high tapped density of the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide. Therefore, the oxidation is carried out following the precipitation in another reactor.
• a method is available according to the invention which is particularly suitable with regard to easy integration into the existing production process.
• the partial oxidation of the co-precipitated Mischmetallhydroxides still take place in the product suspension.
• the process is carried out by the product suspension is transferred with the co-precipitated mixed metal hydroxide from the precipitation reactor in a downstream stirred tank.
• Into this container is introduced via an inlet tube Supplied oxidizing agent.
• Particularly suitable oxidizing agents are air,
• the reaction temperature is of the suspension in the partial oxidation preferably 25 to 65 ° C, particularly preferably 30 to 6O 0 C.
• Mischmetallhydroxides is preferably 7-13, particularly preferably 8-12.
• Residence time of the product suspension in the reaction vessel It has now been found that the residence time of 1 to 10 hours, preferably from 2 to 8
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide is continuously withdrawn.
• Mischmetal hydroxides may also be made by another method by separating the co-precipitated mixed metal hydroxides from the suspension, washing them and placing them under an oxygen-containing atmosphere, e.g. Air, to be dried.
• an oxygen-containing atmosphere e.g. Air
• the subject of the invention is thus a further process comprising the following steps: Co-precipitation of spherical mixed metal hydroxides from corresponding
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention are particularly suitable for the synthesis of end products with the chemical formula Li a NibM 1 c M2 d (O) 2 , also called end product, which are used as active material for positive electrodes in secondary batteries.
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention are designed so that the end product lithium mixed metal oxide obtainable therefrom can be prepared by a simple synthesis route.
• the subject matter of the invention is furthermore a process for the production of active materials for secondary batteries comprising the following steps: mixing a chemical compound according to one of claims 1 to 18 with a lithium - containing component, calcination and sieving of the mixture.
• the chemical conversion of the precursor proceeds to a chemical compound Li a NibM1cM2d (O) 2 , wherein M1 at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe 1 Co, Mg, Zn, Cu and mixtures thereof and / or M2 at least one Element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Al, B, Ca, Cr and mixtures thereof, with retention of the particle shape and / or particle size distribution.
• the final product can be prepared by mixing the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide of the invention with a lithium-containing component and then calcining and sieving.
• Particularly suitable lithium-containing components are lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate and / or mixtures thereof.
• the calcination can be carried out at temperatures of greater than 600 0 C, preferably greater than 700 0 C.
• the end product obtainable from the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxide according to the invention is characterized in particular by a very good screening behavior.
• the sieving yield of the end product is greater than 90%, preferably greater than 95%, particularly preferably greater than 98%.
• the partially oxidized mixed metal hydroxides according to the invention are preferably used as a precursor for cathode active material in lithium Secondary batteries, used together with materials known in the art.
• the mean oxidation states given in the following examples are determined by the Rupp method. This method is based on the method of manganese determination. In this case, higher-valent metal ions (valence +3 or +4 in this case) are reduced from iodide to metal (II) ions, the iodide oxidizing to elemental iodine. The resulting iodine is detected by titration against sodium thiosulfate standard solution. The equivalence point indication is with starch solution.
• test material 0.2 g are weighed into a 500 ml ground-glass Erlenmeyer flask on an analytical balance. Using a 50 ml graduated cylinder, add 50 ml of potassium iodide solution and 25 ml of dilute sulfuric acid. The Erlenmeyer flask is then closed with a glass stopper.
• test material is released at room temperature by occasionally pivoting the Erlenmeyer flask.
• the release time is 30 to 60 min.
• titration is carried out against sodium thiosulfate standard solution with the addition of about 5 drops of starch solution until the color changes from brown / blue to light green.
• a solution each 0.7 molar of NiSO 4 , CoSO 4 and MnSO 4 , is fed continuously to a precipitation reactor.
• a 2.5 molar NaOH solution and a 12.5% NH 3 solution are simultaneously fed continuously into the reactor. These streams are metered in such a way that an ammonia concentration of 30 g / l and a free sodium hydroxide concentration of 1.4 g / l are established in the stationary operating state. Under these conditions, a pH of 12.4 sets. The high pH ensures that the metallic components are precipitated from the metal-containing solutions as hydroxides.
• the addition of the various feed solutions results in a solids concentration in the reactor of 40 g / l. By means of external heat, the temperature in the reactor is adjusted to 50 0 C. The mean residence time of the solid in the reactor is 6 h.
• the product suspension is continuously withdrawn from the reactor, and initially fed to the laundry on a suction filter.
• the laundry is required to separate the solid from adhering contaminants.
• the thus synthesized solid has an experimentally determined average
• the tap density of the material was measured to be 1.74 g / cm 3 .
• the SEM image in FIG. 2 shows the particular sphericity as well as the pronounced compactness of the particles of the material thus synthesized.
• the determined form factor of the material is 0.85.
• the precursor to the final product was initially a mechanical mixing of the precursor with lithium carbonate technically (Chemetall).
• the molar ratio of the lithium compound to the precursor in this case was 1:05:00, 00.
• the mechanical mixture was then annealed at 890 ° C. under an oxygen-containing atmosphere for 30 hours. After calcination, the material was screened. The sieve yield was 97.5%. 2.5% of the material could not be sieved through a 50 ⁇ m sieve.
• a solution each 0.7 molar of NiSCu, CoSO 4 and MnSO 4 , is fed continuously to a precipitation reactor.
• a 2.5 molar NaOH solution and a 12.5% NH 3 solution are simultaneously fed continuously into the reactor. These streams are metered in such a way that, in the stationary operating state, an ammonia concentration of 8.3 g / l and a free sodium hydroxide solution of 0.5 g / l are established. Under these conditions, a pH of 12.0 is established. The high pH ensures that the metallic components are precipitated from the metal-containing solutions as hydroxides.
• the addition of the various feed solutions results in a solids concentration in the reactor of 80 g / l.
• the temperature in the reactor is adjusted to 45 ° C.
• the mean residence time of the solid in the reactor is 12 h.
• the product suspension is continuously withdrawn from the reactor, and first subjected to filtration and washing. The laundry is required to separate the solid from adhering contaminants. After washing of the hydroxide drying took place the solid at 70 0 C.
• the mixed hydroxide so synthesized had an experimentally determined average oxidation state across all metals of 2.07.
• the X-ray diffraction spectrum for the synthesized compound is shown in FIG.
• the precursor to the final product was initially a mechanical mixing of the precursor with lithium carbonate technically (Chemetall).
• the molar ratio of the lithium compound to the mixed metal compound in this case was 1, 07: 1, 00.
• Example 2 A comparison of the electrochemical performance data of half-cells comprising the material synthesized according to Example 1 and that according to Comparative Example 1 as the cathode active material is shown in FIG. It can be seen from the figure that a half-cell made with the substance of Example 1 exhibits better performance data than a half-cell made with the substance of Comparative Example 1.
• Example 2 A comparison of the electrochemical performance data of half-cells comprising the material synthesized according to Example 1 and that according to Comparative Example 1 as the cathode active material is shown in FIG. It can be seen from the figure that a half-cell made with the substance of Example 1 exhibits better performance data than a half-cell made with the substance of Comparative Example 1.
• Example 2 A comparison of the electrochemical performance data of half-cells comprising the material synthesized according to Example 1 and that according to Comparative Example 1 as the cathode active material is shown in FIG. It can be seen from the figure that a half-cell made with the substance of Example 1 exhibits better performance data than a half
• a solution each 0.7 molar of NiSCU COSO 4 and MnSO 4 , is fed continuously to a precipitation reactor. Simultaneously, a 2.5 molar NaOH solution and a 12.5% NH 3 solution are fed continuously into the reactor. These streams are metered in such a way that an ammonia concentration of 8 g / l and a free sodium hydroxide concentration of 0.5 g / l are established in the stationary operating state. Under these conditions, a pH of 12.0 is established. The high pH ensures that the metallic components are precipitated from the metal-containing solutions as hydroxides. The addition of the various feed solutions results in a solids concentration in the reactor of 50 g / l.
• the temperature in the reactor is adjusted to 50 0 C.
• the average residence time of the solid in the reactor is 5 h.
• the product suspension is fed continuously from the precipitation reactor to a second reactor in which the pH is adjusted to 12.0 by means of pH control and addition of 2.5 molar NaOH solution and the temperature is adjusted to 50 ° C. by means of external heat supply.
• the average residence time is set to 10 h.
• air is introduced at a flow rate of 0.5 liter / min.
• the suspension changes color from light brown in the first reactor to dark brown to black in the second reactor.
• the suspension is withdrawn continuously from the second reactor, and first fed to the laundry on a suction filter. The laundry is required to separate the solid from adhering contaminants.
• the solid is dried for 24 hours in a vacuum drying oven at 100 ° C.
• the thus synthesized solid has an experimentally determined average oxidation state across all metals of 2.39.
• the sodium content of the product is 70ppm.
• FIG. 9 only peaks, which can be assigned to a ß-structure, demonstrated. There are no other phases in the RBA spectrum.
• a solution each 0.7 molar of NiSO 4 , COSO 4 and MnS 4 , is fed continuously to a precipitation reactor. Simultaneously, a 2.5 molar NaOH solution and a 12.5% NH 3 solution are fed continuously into the reactor. These streams are metered in such a way that an ammonia concentration of 8 g / l and a free sodium hydroxide concentration of 0.5 g / l are established in the stationary operating state. Under these conditions, a pH of 12.0 is established. The high pH ensures that the metallic components are precipitated from the metal-containing solutions as hydroxides.
• the addition of the various feed solutions results in a solids concentration in the reactor of 50 g / l. By means of external heat, the temperature in the reactor is adjusted to 50 0 C. The average residence time of the solid in the reactor is 5 h.
• the product suspension is fed continuously from the precipitation reactor to a second reactor in which the pH is adjusted to 12.5 by means of pH control and addition of 2.5 molar NaOH solution, and the temperature is adjusted to 70 ° C. by means of external heat supply.
• the average residence time is set to 15 h.
• air is introduced at a flow rate of 0.5 liter / min.
• the suspension changes color from light brown in the first reactor to dark brown to black in the second reactor.
• the suspension is withdrawn continuously from the second reactor, and first fed to the laundry on a suction filter. The laundry is required to separate the solid from adhering contaminants. After the product has been washed, the solid is dried for 24 hours in a vacuum drying oven at 100 ° C.
• the thus-synthesized solid has an experimentally determined average oxidation state over all metals of 2.83.
• the sodium content of the product is 3000 ppm.
• portions of a gamma phase are detected in addition to the peaks that can be assigned to a beta structure.

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