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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/196—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino group being directly attached to a ring, e.g. anthranilic acid, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, chlorambucil
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C229/00—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/38—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C229/00—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/40—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of at least one six-membered aromatic ring and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/42—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of at least one six-membered aromatic ring and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton with carboxyl groups linked to the six-membered aromatic ring, or to the condensed ring system containing that ring, by saturated carbon chains
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C229/00—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/52—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/54—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton with amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C229/60—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton with amino and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring with amino and carboxyl groups bound in meta- or para- positions

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds and their salts specific to the PPAR receptors and the EGF receptors and their use in the medical field.
• the compounds and their salts according to the present invention can be used advantageously for the prevention and treatment of tumours expressing the PPARY receptors (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors) and the EGF receptors (Epidermal Growth Factor receptors) such as tumours of the: oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, prostate, breast, uterus and appendages, kidneys and lungs.
• the compounds and their salts according to the invention can be used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, in particular chronic intestinal diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative rectocolitis.
• the PPARY receptors are nuclear receptors (group of approx. 50 transcription factors) which control the expression of many genes that are important for the regulation of lipid metabolism, the synthesis of insulin and the processes of carcinogenesis and inflammation.
• Boll AW Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127: 1121-1123
• Boeffler HP Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 1-9
• ligands of the PPARY receptors e.g. troglitazone
• PPARY receptors e.g. troglitazone
• mucosal inflammatory response in animal models of IBD (Tanaka T et al., Cancer Res 2001; 61 : 2424-2428).
• transmembrane receptor with tyrosine-kinase EGF activity is expressed to a very high degree in activated form in various types of neoplasms (Mendelsohn J, Endocr Relat Cancer 2001 ; 8: 3-9) (Harari PM, Endocr Relat Cancer 2004; 11 : 689-708).
• EGF enhances the migration and invasiveness of various cell types connected with lesions at the level of interactions with the extracellular matrix (Brunton et al., Oncogene 1997; 14: 283-293).
• the present invention provides a novel class of compounds that are suitable for the prevention and treatment of cancer and of chronic inflammation by the modulation of specific receptors such as the PPARY receptors and the EGF receptors.
• the present invention relates to novel and inventive medical and therapeutic uses of a series of compounds In so far as any of these compounds are not known, the invention also relates to these compounds.
• the present invention relates to compounds comprising the general formula (I)
• Ri and R 2 which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising - H or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or together form an aromatic or aliphatic ring with 5 or 6 atoms;
• Y and Z which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising - H, -OH, -COOH, -OR 3 , -CH(OR 3 )COOH, in which R 3 is selected from H, phenyl, benzyl , -CF 3 or -CF 2 CF 3 , vinyl, allyl and a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• the present invention also relates to a subgroup of compounds, of general formula (Ia)
• R 1 and R 2 which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising - H or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• Y and Z which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising - H, -OH, -COOH, -OR 3 , -CH(OR 3 )COOH, in which R 3 is selected from -H and a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Z and Y are different.
• at least one of Y or Z terminates in -COOH.
• Y or Z (and in some embodiments at least one of Y or Z, and in some embodiments, only one of Y or Z) is -COOH. In some embodiments of the invention, Y or Z (and in some embodiments at least one of Y or Z, and in some embodiments, only one of Y or Z) is -CH(OR 3 )COOH.
• the present invention also relates to compounds according to both formula (I) and (Ia), except wherein Y and Z, which may be identical or different, are selected from the group comprising -H, -COOH, -OR 3 , -CH(OR 3 )COOH. Therefore, in some embodiments of the invention, Z or Y may not be -OH. In such embodiments of the invention, compounds 10 and 11 are excluded.
• the group NRiR 2 when Z is -OCH 3 and Y is -COOH, the group NRiR 2 is connected at the 4' position. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, the compound 22 is excluded.
• the aforementioned linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms can be selected from -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -C n H 2n-I -
• the compounds of formula (I) and (Ia) can be selected from the group comprising
• the compounds according to the present invention can be used advantageously in the medical field. Therefore the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds as defined above as active principles in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or adjuvants.
• the present invention relates, moreover, to the use of the compounds as defined above for the preparation of a medicinal product for the prevention and treatment of tumours expressing the PPAFty receptors and the EGF receptors such as, for example, tumour of the oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, prostate, breast, of the uterus and its appendages, of the kidneys and of the lungs.
• tumours expressing the PPAFty receptors and the EGF receptors such as, for example, tumour of the oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, prostate, breast, of the uterus and its appendages, of the kidneys and of the lungs.
• the invention relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention for the preparation of a medicinal product for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as, for example, Crohn's disease and ulcerative rectocolitis.
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be H according to the following formula (II)
• R 1 , R 2 , X and Y are defined above.
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 3 according to the following formula (III)
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 2 CH 3 according to the following formula (IV)
• R 1 , R 2 , X and Y are defined above.
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 2 CH 3 according to the following formula (V)
• R 1 , R 2 , X and Y are defined above.
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 3 according to the following formula (Vl)
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 3 according to the following formula (Vl)
• R 1 , R 2 , X and Y are defined above.
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 2 CH 3 according to the following formula (VII)
• R 1 , R 2 , X and Y are defined above.
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 2 CH 3 according to the following formula (VIII)
• R 3 of the compounds of formula (I) can be -CH 3 according to the following formula (IX)
• R 1 , R 2 , X and Y are defined above.
• the compounds of formula (I) can be selected from the group comprising
• the compounds according to the present invention can be used advantageously in the medical field. Therefore the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds as defined above as active principles in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or adjuvants.
• the present invention relates, moreover, to the use of the compounds as defined above for the preparation of a medicinal product for the prevention and treatment of tumours expressing the PPARY receptors and the EGF receptors such as, for example, tumour of the oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, prostate, breast, of the uterus and its appendages, of the kidneys and of the lungs.
• the invention relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention for the preparation of a medicinal product for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as, for example, Crohn's disease and ulcerative rectocolitis.
• the present invention also relates to methods of treatment of humans and/or mammals (including rodents, farm animals, domestic pets, mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, sheep, cows, horses).
• the molecules of the present invention were derived from molecular modeling work using mesalazine as a basis and all chemically feasible variations were evaluated in order to achieve the best score (affinity and activation of the receptor) in computer docking experiments. Consequently, it is believed that the compounds of the present invention that show comparable function and/or activity to mesalazine do so through similar biological pathways. It is believed that similar characteristics to mesalazine inherent in the molecules of the invention confer upon the molecules a similar activity in relation to the EGF pathway.
• Figure 1 shows the structures of compounds 20, 23, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39 and 40.
• Figure 2 PPARy activity by treatment with compounds.
• Figures 3-4 Effect of the specified substances on the proliferation of human colon carcinoma cell lines (i.e. HT29, HT115 and DLD1). Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of substances (0.5-10 mM)) for 48 hours and the proliferation was determined by using a colorimetric assay for the measurement of BrdU incorporation. Optical density (OD) was determined at 450 nm using an ELISA reader. Data indicate the mean ⁇ SD of 3 separate experiments.
• FIG. 5 Docking of (R) Compound 34 to PPAPy receptor (amino acid residues labeling and hydrogen bonding is shown).
• FIG. 7 Docking of (R) Compound 35 to PPAPy receptor (amino acid residues labeling and hydrogen bonding is shown).
• Figure 8 Docking of (S) Compound 35 to PPAPy receptor (amino acid residues labeling and hydrogen bonding is shown).
• FIG. 10 Docking of (S) Compound 39 to PPAPy receptor (amino acid residues labeling and hydrogen bonding is shown).
• Figure 11 Docking of mesalamine to PPAPy receptor (amino acid residues labeling and hydrogen bonding is shown).
• Step 2 2-Methyl-4-(3-nitrobenzylidene)oxazol-5(4H)-one (52.Og, 0.224mol) was mixed with 3M hydrochloric acid (1.3L) and the suspension stirred at 100 0 C for 6h. The resulting suspension was stirred at RT overnight then the suspended solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 40ml), then dried in vacuo to give 2-hydroxy-3-(3- nitrophenyl)acrylic acid (29.3g).
• Step 2 Solutions of 2-(4-acetamidophenyl)-trichlorocarbinol (14.Og, 49.5mmol) in methanol (330ml) and potassium hydroxide (13.8g, 250mmol) in methanol (150ml) were combined and the mixture heated to 70-80 0 C for 3hr. After cooling, the KCI by-product was removed by filtration then concentration of the filtrate in vacuo gave 2-(4- acetamidophenyl)-2-methoxyacetic acid (14g) as a white solid.
• 2-(3-Nitrophenyl)-trichlorocarbinol (2Og, 74mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (74ml) and a solution of potassium hydroxide (20.7g, 369mmol) in absolute ethanol (150ml) was added slowly. The solution was heated at reflux for 4hr, allowed to cool and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid and the product extracted in ethyl acetate (x 3). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 2-ethoxy-2-(3- nitrophenyl)acetic acid as a brown solid (6.4g, 28.4mmol, 38%).
• Step 1 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde (53.7g, 0.356mol), N-acetylglycine (49.9g, 0.427mol) and sodium acetate (37.9g, 0.463mol) were mixed with acetic anhydride (168g, 1.78mol) and the resulting mixture heated with stirring to 12O 0 C for 6 hrs, giving a dark suspension. The mixture was then cooled to RT overnight, resulting in the formation of a precipitated solid. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water (15Og) and the resulting suspended solid was collected by filtration.
• Methyl 2-methoxy-3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylate (7.8g, 32.8mmol) was dissolved in IMS (156ml). A solution of NaOH (1.44g, 36.1 mmol) in water (78ml) was added and the mixture stirred at ambient temperature (18 0 C) for 18hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 1 M HCI (120ml) and the resulting precipitated solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 100ml) and partially suction dried on the filter for 30 mins, followed by vacuum oven drying at 18 0 C for 18hr.
• Dimethyl sulfate (13.23g, 105mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of 2-hydroxy-3-(3- nitrophenyl)acrylic acid (10.5g, ⁇ O.Ommol) and caesium carbonate (39.1g, 120mmol) in DMF (105ml) to form a clear, pale yellow mixture, which was stirred at RT overnight.
• the resulting dark red suspension was concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between water (100ml) and dichloromethane (150ml). The organic layer was separated, further washed with water (2 x 100ml), dried over sodium sulphate and filtered through silica gel.
• (+)-2-ethoxy 3-(4'-Aminophenyl)-propionic acid was obtained as an off-white solid (11.2g, 69%).
• Step 3 Diethyl sulfate (12g, 78.2mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of 2-hydroxy-3-(3- nitrophenyl)acrylic acid (6.1g, 30.0mmol) and caesium carbonate (29.3g, 90mmol) in DMF (61 ml) to form a clear, pale yellow mixture, which was stirred at RT overnight.
• the resulting dark red suspension was heated to 50 0 C for 4h then concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between water (100ml) and dichloromethane (150ml). The organic layer was separated, further washed with water (2 x 100ml), dried over sodium sulphate and filtered through a silica gel pad.
• the resulting yellow solution was evaporated to dryness in vacuo to give ethyl 2-ethoxy-3-(3-nitrophenyl)acrylate as a yellow solid (5.6g, 72%).
• the structure of the human PPARy ligand-binding domain was obtained from its complexed X-Ray crystal structure with the tesaglitazar (AZ 242) available in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (1171) (4,5). Flexible docking of the compounds into the receptor active site was performed using GOLD software (6). The most stable docking models were selected according to the best scored conformation predicted by the GoldScore (6) and X-Score scoring functions (7). The complexes were energy-minimized using the Powell method available in Maximin2 procedure with the Tripos force field and a dielectric constant of 4.0 until the gradient value reached 0.01 kcal/mol.A. The anneal function was used defining around the ligand a hot region (10 A) and an interesting region (15 A).
• the present invention provides a method to resolve the compounds into enantiomers.
• the resolution method for compound 32 is shown schematically in Figure 11.
• PPRE peroxisome proliferator response elements
• Figure 2 represents all the results obtained for each molecule assessed in 2 or 3 experiments done in triplicate. Reproducibility between the different experiments is good and similar to data described in the literature.
• HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell lines
• HT-115 human colon carcinoma cell lines
• DLD-1 cyclooxigenase-2
• HT-115 cells express a biologically active COX-2
• HT-29 cells express a non-functional COX-2 isoform
• DLD-1 are COX-2-deficient cells. It is believed that these molecules are also active on cells that do not express COX-, and thus the molecules of the present invention may be used in cells which do not express COX-2 for the purposes of treating tumours and other applications as herein described.
• HT-29 and DLD-1 cells were cultured in McCoy and RPM11640 media respectively, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) and 50mg/ml gentamycin.
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• P/S penicillin/streptomycin
• HT- 115 were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 15% FBS and 1 % P/S. Cells were maintained in a humidified incubator at 37°C, in the presence of 5% CO2.
• single-cell suspensions were plated at 2 x 103 cells/well (4 x 103 cells/well for HT115) in 96-well culture dishes in medium containing 0.5% FBS and allowed to adhere. The non-adherent cells were then removed, and fresh medium containing 0.5% FBS was added into each well. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of the specified substances. Each substance was dissolved as a 25 mM stock solution in culture medium containing 0.5% FBS, and the pH of each stock solution was adjusted to 7.4, if necessary, with NaOH. Substances were used at a final concentration ranging from 0.5 to 10 mM.
• the compounds differed in their ability to inhibit colon cancer cell growth. Results are summarized in Table 1 where the percentage of inhibition of growth of DLD-1 cells by the specified compounds is shown.
• the substance 20 exhibits a marked antiproliferative effect in a dose-dependent fashion, in each of the three cell lines tested ( Figures 3 & 4). More than 90% of cell growth inhibition was seen when compounds were used at a final concentration of 10 mM. The ability of the compound 20 to significantly inhibit cell growth was seen when used at a final concentration of 5 or 10 mM.
• the compounds 34 and 39 slightly reduced the cell growth when used at high doses (10 mM) ( Figure 4), but differences among groups were not statistically significant. Similarly, no inhibition in cell growth was seen in cultures added with the substances 35, and 40 (see Table 1).
• This first set of examples of the invention shows the ability of four optimized molecules 34, 39, 35 and 40 at concentration of 1mM, to increase the PPARy activity in transfected HT-29 cells, displaying an activity similar or superior to 5- ASA at 3OmM and rosiglitazone at 10 "5 M.
• the second set examples of the invention shows that the compounds affect the inhibition of the growth of the colon cancer cell lines, HT-29, HT-115 and DLD1 to varying degrees.
• the compounds differed in their ability to inhibit colon cancer cell growth.
• the substance 20, exhibits a marked anti-proliferative effect on cell lines tested.
• molecules of the present invention are also active on cells that do not express COX-2, and thus the molecules of the present invention may be used in cells which do not express COX-2 for the purposes of treating tumours and other applications as herein described.

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