WO2005085224A1 - 環状カーボネート類の製造方法 - Google Patents
環状カーボネート類の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005085224A1 WO2005085224A1 PCT/JP2005/003404 JP2005003404W WO2005085224A1 WO 2005085224 A1 WO2005085224 A1 WO 2005085224A1 JP 2005003404 W JP2005003404 W JP 2005003404W WO 2005085224 A1 WO2005085224 A1 WO 2005085224A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D317/34—Oxygen atoms
- C07D317/36—Alkylene carbonates; Substituted alkylene carbonates
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
- B01J23/04—Alkali metals
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/20—Vanadium, niobium or tantalum
- B01J23/22—Vanadium
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/08—Halides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/08—Halides
- B01J27/10—Chlorides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/08—Halides
- B01J27/12—Fluorides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/138—Halogens; Compounds thereof with alkaline earth metals, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, cadmium or mercury
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/16—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr
- B01J27/18—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr with metals other than Al or Zr
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/182—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with silicon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
- B01J27/232—Carbonates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
- B01J27/25—Nitrates
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a cyclic carbonate and a catalyst used for the method. More specifically, a method for producing an epoxide and a carbon dioxide useful as an intermediate in the synthesis of an alkylene glycol / dialkyl carbonate or the like, such as an organic solvent, a synthetic fiber processing agent, a pharmaceutical raw material, an electrolyte solvent for a lithium battery, or an intermediate in the synthesis of an alkylene glycol / dialkyl carbonate And a catalyst used in the production method thereof.
- Cyclic carbonates have hitherto been produced by reacting epoxides and carbon dioxide in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst under appropriate pressurizing conditions.
- Such cyclic carbonates are important compounds widely used as organic solvents, synthetic fiber processing agents, pharmaceutical raw materials, electrolyte solvents for lithium batteries, and intermediates for the synthesis of alkylene glycol and dialkyl carbonate.
- a method is disclosed in which a crown ether is added as an additive to react an alkylene oxide and a dioxydicarbonate in the presence of a catalyst comprising a crown ether and an alkali metal halide (for example, Patent Document 5). See.) 0
- the additive when an additive such as a cyclic ether such as a crown ether is used, the additive is an organic substance, which causes decomposition or the like, and the catalyst life is not sufficient.
- solid catalysts for the purpose of simplifying the catalyst separation process.
- cation exchange resins / anion exchange resins see, for example, Patent Documents 7, 8, and 9.
- Basic layered conjugates such as hydrated talcite (see, for example, Patent Document 10), rare earth compounds (for example, see Patent Document 11), tungstic acid molybdenum or molybdenum acid hydride.
- a production method using a solid catalyst such as a heteropolyacid mainly comprising a substance (see, for example, Patent Document 12) is disclosed.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Publication No. 63-17072 (page 1-2)
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 55-145623 (page 1)
- Patent Document 3 JP-A-11-335372 (page 2)
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-251189 (pages 2, 6)
- Patent Document 5 JP-A-56-128778 (page 12)
- Patent Document 6 US Pat. No. 5,405,977 (pages 7-8)
- Patent Document 7 JP-A-3-120270 (page 1)
- Patent Document 8 JP-A-7-206846 (page 2)
- Patent Document 9 JP-A-7-206848 (page 2)
- Patent Document 10 JP-A-11 226413 (page 2)
- Patent Document 11 JP-A-2002-363177 (page 2)
- Patent Document 12 JP-A-7-206847 (page 2)
- Patent Document 13 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-96074 (page 2)
- the present invention has been made in view of the above situation, and includes an organic solvent, a synthetic fiber processing agent, a pharmaceutical raw material, an electrolyte solvent for a lithium battery, an intermediate in the synthesis of an alkylene glycol dialkyl carbonate, and the like. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing cyclic carbonates which can be used for various applications of the present invention, and which is advantageous in terms of catalyst life and equipment.
- cyclic carbonates are synthesized from epoxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. Focusing on the above-mentioned efficiency, by reacting at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element with a metal oxide as a catalyst, It has been found that cyclic carbonates can be produced with high yield and high selectivity without adding an aprotic polar solvent or the like.
- Such a reaction step includes (1) reacting in the presence of an oxide catalyst containing a metal oxide and at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal elements and alkaline earth metal elements. And Z or (2) at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element is an alkali metal salt and Z or an alkaline earth element. It is a metal salt, and the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are preferably dissolved in the reaction system, and are preferably reacted in a form in which they are brought into contact with the metal oxide. .
- the oxidized catalyst in the step (1) at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element is supported on the metal oxidized product. It is preferable to use a composite oxidized product. Among them, it is preferable to use an oxidized product containing an alkali metal element and at least one element selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, and B. Such a catalyst has excellent thermal stability, It has been found that the cyclic carbonate can be obtained with high efficiency because the recovery is easy.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are present in the form of a solution in a reaction solution containing epoxide and carbon dioxide, and the reaction solution is brought into contact with a metal oxide. It is preferable to react in form ⁇ .
- the alkali metal salt and Z or alkaline earth metal salt are preferably at least one halide selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide.
- the present inventors have also found that the catalytic activity and the reaction rate are improved as compared with the case where the metal oxide is not present, and that the yield is improved particularly at a milder reaction temperature than the prior art. Furthermore, by allowing a mild reaction temperature, side reactions are suppressed, and by-products containing halogen are sufficiently suppressed.
- reaction method that can moderate the reaction temperature or a reaction method that does not contain halogen can prevent halogen from being mixed into the product cyclic carbonate regardless of whether it is a homogeneous catalyst or a heterogeneous catalyst.
- Very preferred to avoid, for example, can be problematic in electrolyte solvent applications
- incorporation of halogen into the cyclic carbonate can be sufficiently avoided, and this is a very environmentally advantageous production method, and the present invention has been achieved.
- the present invention is a method for producing cyclic carbonates, which comprises a step of reacting an epoxide with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction step comprises the steps of reacting an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element.
- a process for producing cyclic carbonates which is carried out in the presence of at least one element selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide and a metal oxide.
- the above-mentioned reaction step is a step of reacting in the presence of an oxide catalyst containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element and a metal oxide.
- At least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal elements and alkaline earth metal elements is an alkali metal salt and Z or an alkaline earth metal salt; It is preferable that the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are dissolved in the reaction system and are reacted in a form in which they are brought into contact with the metal oxide.
- the present invention also relates to a cyclic carbonate containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal, and reacting in the presence of an inorganic salt that is not a halide. It is also a manufacturing method.
- the present invention further provides an inorganic salt that is not a halide and contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element.
- the epoxide in the present invention may be any so-called epoxy compound containing at least one three-membered ring structure composed of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
- epoxy compound containing at least one three-membered ring structure composed of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
- the following general formula (1) [0014] [Formula 1]
- R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are the same or different and each are a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent and has 15 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aryl Or a cycloalkyl group or an arylalkyl group, and R 1 to R 4 may be bonded to each other.).
- Preferred examples of the substituent include a halogen atom, a dialkyl group, an amino group, a nitro group, a carboxy group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxy group, an acetyloxy group, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, and a sulfone group.
- ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, butyl ethylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, styrene oxide and the like are preferable.
- the cyclic carbonates produced in the present invention are appropriately set depending on the epoxide as a raw material, and have the following general formula (2);
- Examples of the compound represented by the general formula (2) include ethylene carbonate and propylene. Carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene ethylene carbonate, cyclohexene carbonate, styrene carbonate and the like.
- a catalyst represented by the following reaction formula (1) is used in the presence of at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element and a metal oxide.
- reaction formula (1) cyclic carbonates will be produced.
- R 1 R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are the same as those in the general formula (1).
- the lower limit of the molar ratio of the epoxide to the diacid carbon (epoxide Z diacid carbon) at the time of preparation in the case of the Notch reaction or at the entrance of the flow reaction is 1Z20. It is preferable that When the ratio is less than 1Z20, the conversion ratio of epoxide and the selectivity of cyclic carbonate formation are improved, but the cost of recovering unreacted carbon dioxide may increase. More preferably, it is 1Z10, and even more preferably, it is 1Z5.
- the upper limit is preferably lZi.
- the selectivity of cyclic carbonate may decrease, or the conversion of epoxide may decrease, and a complicated recovery step of unreacted epoxide may be required. More preferably, it is 1 / 1.05, and still more preferably, it is 1 / 1.1.
- the preferred range is 1Z20-1Z1, more preferably 1 / 10-1 / 1.05, and still more preferably 1 / 5-1 / 1.
- the metal oxide is preferably an oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, zinc, magnesium and zirconium. More preferably, K An oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon and aluminum, more preferably an oxide containing a silicon atom, and most preferably silicon dioxide (silicon). is there.
- the catalytic activity is higher than when no metal oxide is present.
- the reaction rate is improved, and the yield at low temperature is further improved.
- an oxide catalyst containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element and a metal oxide is used.
- step (1) a form in which an oxide catalyst comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element and a metal oxide is present.
- an alkali metal and z or an alkaline earth metal element and a metal oxide which do not constitute the oxide catalyst may be present in the reaction system in addition to the oxide catalyst.
- the alkali metal salt and Z or the alkaline earth metal salt may be in contact with the metal oxide in the reaction system.
- the alkali metal salt may be dissolved in the reaction system.
- the metal oxide is present in a form dispersed in the reaction system.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are present in the form of a solution in a reaction solution containing epoxide and carbon dioxide. A form in which the metal oxide is brought into contact with the metal oxide filled in the flow reactor is preferable.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are present as being dissolved in a reaction solution containing the epoxide and carbon dioxide, and are present in a form dispersed in the reaction solution of the batch reactor.
- the form in which it comes into contact with the metal oxidized product is also one of the preferred forms.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are preferably an alkali metal salt catalyst and a Z or alkaline earth metal salt catalyst.
- the oxidizing catalyst in the step (1) is a solid oxide containing these elements.
- a composite oxide or an oxide sulfide in which an alkali metal salt and Z or an alkaline earth metal salt are supported on a metal oxide is preferable to use.
- Such an oxidizing catalyst preferably contains silicon.
- silicon is preferably contained as a main component of the metal oxide.
- the oxide catalyst is preferably a solid oxide obtained by supporting an alkali metal salt on silicon dioxide (silica) and calcining it. Is preferred. More preferred are silica-based composite oxides containing an alkali metal element and silica as essential components.
- a method for producing cyclic carbonates comprising a step of reacting an epoxide with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction step comprises an oxide containing an alkali metal element and silicon.
- a method for producing cyclic carbonates obtained by reacting in the presence of a catalyst is also a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the composition ratio of the metal element to at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element and a metal oxide is represented by the following atomic ratio: It is more preferably 1Z100-1Z1, more preferably 1Z50-1Z1.5, even more preferably 1Z30-1Z2.
- a silica-based composite oxide is preferable, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal elements and alkaline earth metal elements is alkali.
- Metallic elements are preferred.
- the atomic ratio between the alkali metal element and the silicon element (alkali metal atom Z silicon atom) be the above composition ratio.
- the at least one element selected from the group consisting of the alkali metal elements and the alkaline earth metal elements is preferably an alkali metal element, more preferably Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs. More than one may be contained.
- the oxidizing catalyst further contains one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb and Bi. More preferably, it contains P. That is, an iridium catalyst comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element and a metal hydride, further comprising P, As, Sb and It preferably contains one or more elements selected from the group consisting of:
- the oxide catalyst is an oxide catalyst in which at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal elements and alkaline earth metal elements is supported on the metal oxide. Is preferred.
- the oxide catalyst preferably used in the present invention comprises, as a metal oxide, at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element, and P, As, Sb and It carries one or more elements selected from the group.
- Such an oxidizing catalyst includes an aqueous solution of at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element in a metal oxide, and a group consisting of P, As, Sb and Bi forces. It is preferable that the metal oxide is supported with an aqueous solution of at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal salt and an alkaline earth metal salt. And obtained by impregnating an aqueous solution of one or more oxo acids and / or Z or oxo acid salts selected from the group consisting of P, As, sb, and the like, drying, and then firing in air. Is preferred.
- the oxide catalyst preferably contains an alkali metal element and a silicon oxide.
- the form in which the oxide catalyst is obtained by supporting an alkali metal element and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, and B on a silicon oxide is described below. This is one of preferred embodiments of the present invention.
- alkali metal salt and Z or the alkaline earth metal salt include carbonate, nitrate, sulfate, and the like of at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal elements and alkaline earth metal elements.
- Acetate, oxalate, phosphate and the like can be used.
- As the acid salt, oxo acid and Z or oxo acid salt of P are preferred. More specifically, orthophosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, phosphoric acid It is preferable to use sodium hydrogen, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, cesium phosphate, cesium hydrogen phosphate, cesium dihydrogen phosphate, or the like.
- a catalyst containing an alkali metal and silicon is preferable.
- the catalyst of the present invention may be further supported on an arbitrary carrier.
- the carrier include silica, alumina, silicon carbide, clay minerals (such as montmorillonite), silica alumina, and zirconium.
- the carrier is not limited to these.
- the above-mentioned oxidized catalyst has a specific surface area of 100 m 2 / g or less.
- the active component of the catalyst is eluted into the carbonate liquid phase, so that the life of the catalyst may be shortened, or the cyclic carbonate may not be obtained with sufficient yield and selectivity.
- It is more preferably at most 50 m 2 Zg, further preferably at most 20 m 2 Zg, further preferably at most 15 m 2 Zg, particularly preferably at most 10 m 2 Zg.
- Examples of the metal oxidized product include the following general formula (3):
- X represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Al, Zn, and Zr forces.
- M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal elements and Z or alkaline earth metal elements.
- Y represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, and Bi.
- A, b, and c represent the atomic ratio of each element.
- the compound is
- C is a numerical value determined by the values of a and b and the bonding state of each constituent element.
- the most preferred form of the metal oxidized product is that X is Si and Z or Y force.
- the metal oxide is preferably used in the steps (1) and Z or (2), and preferably functions as a metal oxide catalyst.
- At least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element is an alkali metal salt and Z or an alkaline earth metal salt;
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are preferably dissolved in the reaction system and are preferably reacted in the form of contact with the metal oxide.
- (A) a salt containing no halogen element and Z or (B) a salt containing a halogen element are preferable.
- Salts that do not contain halogen elements include phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates, sulfites, vanadates, and manganates. More preferred are organic salts such as inorganic salts, formate, acetate, butyrate, valerate, oxalate, citrate, tartrate, benzoate, thiocyanate, cyanate and the like.
- inorganic salts such as phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, nitrate, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, sulfate, sulfite, vanadate, manganate, and more preferably Phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates, most preferably phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, Nitrate, carbonate and bicarbonate.
- salt containing a halogen element a salt with a halide such as fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide is preferred.
- the alkali metal salt and Z or alkaline earth metal salt power (A) at least one selected from the group consisting of phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, nitrate, carbonate and hydrogen carbonate power A form comprising a salt of the species and Z or (B) at least one halide selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide are preferred forms of the present invention.
- A at least one selected from the group consisting of phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, nitrate, carbonate and hydrogen carbonate power
- a form comprising a salt of the species and Z or
- B) at least one halide selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide are preferred forms of the present invention.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt in the step (2) are preferably alkali metal salts.
- the cation component of such an alkali metal salt potassium and Z or cesium components are particularly preferred.
- the alkali metal salt and Z or alkaline earth metal salt used in the present invention are in the form of a salt, and therefore are composed of a cation and an anion.
- the aion site is preferably PO 3 —, H PO—, CO 2 —, or HCO—.
- the a-on site is preferably F-, Cl-, Br-, or ⁇ , and the force-ion site is K + or Cs +. Is preferred.
- the above-mentioned cation and the aion force may be appropriately selected.
- KCO, CsCO, KPO, CsPO, and KI are examples of alkali metal salts. preferable.
- a catalyst having a carbonate-forming activity other than the alkali metal salt and Z or the alkaline earth metal salt should be present together with the alkali metal salt and Z or the alkaline earth metal salt and the metal oxide. Is also a preferred form. Examples of other carbonate catalysts include quaternary ammonium salts and phosphonium salts.
- the alkali metal salt and Z or the alkaline earth metal salt may be used in the reaction system ( (In the reaction solution), and the metal oxide exists in a form dispersed in the reaction system, or at least a part of the dissolved alkali metal salt and Z or alkaline earth metal is a metal acid. It is preferable that the metal oxide is adsorbed on the surface of the stalk and the metal oxide is dispersed and present in the reaction system.
- alkali metal salts and Z or alkaline earth metal salt those not adsorbed to the metal oxide are present separately from the metal oxide in the reaction system, and This is different from the form supported on the top and the form of the composite oxide.
- alkali metal salts and Z or alkaline earth metal salts are dissolved in the reaction system, and metal oxides are dispersed in the reaction system. Exists in form.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are in a state of being dissolved in the reaction solution and in contact with the metal oxide fixed in the reactor.
- the form in which the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are in contact with the metal oxide is not limited to these forms.
- the at least one element selected from the group consisting of the alkali metal element and the alkaline earth metal element is an alkali metal salt and Z or an alkaline earth metal salt, and the alkali metal salt and Z or
- the method for producing cyclic carbonates in which the alkaline earth metal salt is present in the form of a solution in the reaction system and is brought into contact with the metal oxide is also a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the metal oxide used in the step (2) is an oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, and zirconium. Is preferred. More preferably, it is an acid containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon and aluminum, and more preferably an oxide containing a silicon atom. And most preferably, silicon dioxide (silica).
- K PO and Cs CO are used as alkali metal salts.
- the alkali metal salt By reacting the alkali metal salt in a state of being dissolved in the reaction system and contacting it with silica as a metal oxide, it is possible to suitably synthesize an epoxide and a carbon dioxide cyclic carbonate. it can. It is also preferable to use KI as the alkali metal salt and silica as the metal oxide.
- the non-progenogen-based alkali metal salt homogeneous catalyst and the Z- or halogen-based alkali metal salt homogeneous catalyst are dissolved in the reaction system and reacted in a form in which the silica is brought into contact with the silica.
- the reaction rate, the activity and the activity of the catalyst, and the yield under the reaction temperature condition can be improved as compared with those in the absence of coexistence.
- reaction mode in the present invention generally used methods such as a stirring method and a fixed bed method can be used, and any method such as a batch method, a semi-batch method, and a continuous flow method can be used.
- the reaction mode in the above mode (2) is a mode in which a metal oxide is filled in a reaction tube of a continuous flow reactor and a raw material liquid in which an alkali metal salt and Z or an alkaline earth metal salt are dissolved is passed. It is preferred to take.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are present in the form of a solution dissolved in a reaction solution containing epoxide and carbon dioxide, and the reaction solution is immobilized.
- a preferred form is to contact the metal oxide filled in the bed flow reactor.
- the reaction temperature is not particularly limited, but is preferably room temperature (20 ° C)-300 ° C.
- the temperature is more preferably from 20 to 250 ° C, still more preferably from 80 to 230 ° C, and particularly preferably from 100 to 200 ° C.
- the reaction temperature can be lowered. Therefore, when a halogen-containing catalyst such as KI is used, In addition, the formation of organic halides can be sufficiently suppressed. More preferably, it is 100-150 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is determined by the equipment cost of the pressure-resistant device used for the reaction, which is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 50 MPa, more preferably 110 to 30 MPa.
- the reaction conditions may be within the above range, but are more preferably performed under subcritical or supercritical conditions of carbon dioxide.
- the supercritical condition refers to a region exceeding the critical temperature and critical pressure specific to a substance.
- the condition is a temperature of 31 ° C or more and a pressure of 7.3 MPa or more.
- the subcritical condition refers to a condition region below the critical pressure near the critical point (subcritical condition), specifically, a region where the temperature is 30 ° C or more and the pressure is 5 MPa or more.
- the amount of the catalyst to be used can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as the type of the reactor used, the type of epoxide as a raw material, the reaction temperature, the reaction pressure, and the desired productivity.
- the amount of the catalyst is preferably 11 loo in terms of mass ratio to the epoxide used as the raw material (raw epoxide Z catalyst). If it is less than 1, the yield will be improved, but the catalyst may not be able to act efficiently enough.If it is more than 100, the reaction may take a long time to reduce the productivity. is there. More preferably, it is 2-50, and still more preferably, it is 3-30.
- the amount of the alkali metal salt and Z or alkaline earth metal salt used as a catalyst is determined by the mass ratio of the epoxide used as a raw material (raw material).
- Epoxide catalyst and preferably 1 to 1,000. If it is less than 1, the yield will be improved, but the catalyst may not be able to act efficiently enough.If it is more than 1,000, the time required for the reaction may be long and the productivity may be reduced. There is. More preferably, it is 2-800, and still more preferably, it is 3-500. Further, the amount of the metal oxide to be used is preferably 1 to 200 in terms of mass ratio to the amount of the raw material epoxide (raw material epoxide Z metal oxide).
- the reaction step (2) is performed with a metal oxide.
- the amount of the alkali metal salt and / or Z or alkaline earth metal salt used as the catalyst is determined by the mass ratio to the epoxide used as the raw material (raw epoxide Z catalyst).
- it is 1000. More preferably, it is 2-800, and still more preferably, it is 3-500.
- the amount of metal oxide used is 0.1 lh- 1 in space velocity (WHSV, flow rate of epoxide at reactor inlet (kgZhr) Z metal oxidized product (kg)) expressed as mass ratio to raw material epoxide. — 10h—preferably 1 .
- Good Ri preferably, 0. 15h- 1 - is 8h- 1, more preferably, 0. 2h- 1 - is a 5h- 1.
- the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are supplied to the fixed bed reactor together with the raw material epoxide, and the metal oxide contacts the metal oxide and the reaction proceeds.
- one of the preferred embodiments is to recycle a part of the generated cyclic carbonate to the inlet of the reactor. In this case, the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt are collected together with the recycled carbonate and recycled to the reactor inlet.
- the reaction time is preferably 0.1 to 30 hours when the reaction is carried out using a batch reactor. More preferably, it is 120 hours.
- the average residence time of the reaction solution in the reactor is preferably 3 minutes to 12 hours. More preferably, it is 5 minutes to 1 hour.
- the form of the metal oxidized product is not particularly limited, but is usually preferably a fine powder, spherical, cylindrical or ring-shaped particles having an average particle diameter of about 0.1 to 10 mm. is there.
- Pretreatment of the catalyst is not particularly necessary, but preferably before the reaction, at room temperature to 600 ° C, more preferably at 200 to 500 ° C, in a vacuum exhaust or in a stream of an inert gas such as helium, argon, or nitrogen. It is preferable to perform calcination in an oxygen stream or air, and the pretreatment of such a catalyst can improve the yield of cyclic carbonate.
- a cyclic carbonate in the above reaction, can be obtained with a high yield and a high selectivity even in the absence of a solvent without requiring an auxiliary additive such as a solvent. Further, the yield and selectivity of the cyclic carbonate can be improved by removing the added carohydrate such as a solvent.
- a solvent that does not affect the reaction is preferred, for example, dimethylformate.
- aprotic polar solvents such as amide, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylacetamide and the like.
- cyclic carbonates for example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, cyclohexene carbonate, styrene carbonate and the like.
- the cyclic carbonate yield and selectivity can be improved by adding the cyclic carbonate as a product to the reaction system in advance. At this time, a mode in which a part of the produced carbonate is used as a solvent is also preferable.
- ethylene carbonate is used as a solvent for safety and ease of analysis, but it is not always necessary to use a solvent in the embodiment.
- the catalyst used for the above reaction conditions and the like may be any catalyst as described above.
- the present invention is also an oxide catalyst containing an alkali metal element and silicon and used in the above-mentioned method for producing a cyclic carbonate.
- Preferred is an oxidized product containing an alkali metal, silicon, and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, and. More preferably, it is an oxide containing p.
- Such an oxidizing catalyst can provide a cyclic carbonate with a high yield and a high selectivity without requiring the addition of a protic solvent / a non-protonic polar solvent or the like, and has a high thermal stability. It is excellent, does not contain halogen in its components, and easily separates the catalyst after the reaction.
- the preparation method is also simple, and for example, as described above, it can be obtained by impregnating an aqueous solution containing the element to be contained in the catalyst with silica gel or the like, evaporating it to dryness, and calcining this. is there.
- Conventional catalysts used for the production of cyclic carbonates may be prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method or the like, in which case the preparation operation is complicated, but the catalyst of the present invention is also advantageous in this respect. Things. Further, by using such a catalyst in the production method of the present invention, a production method that is industrially advantageous and environmentally advantageous can be obtained.
- a method of using the oxide catalyst for the production of cyclic carbonates including the step of reacting the above-described epoxide with carbon dioxide is also a preferred embodiment of the present invention. .
- the present invention is a method for producing cyclic carbonates, which further comprises a step of reacting an epoxide with carbon dioxide, wherein the reaction step comprises the step of reacting an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element. Containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of The present invention also provides a method for producing cyclic carbonates by reacting in the presence of an alkali metal salt and Z or an alkaline earth metal salt, which does not have the above. That is, the alkali metal salt and the Z or alkaline earth metal salt include at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element, and are not halogen halides. is there.
- the above-mentioned reaction step contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element, and is reacted in the presence of an inorganic salt that is not a halogenated compound. It is preferable that.
- the inorganic salt contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal elements and alkaline earth metal elements, and is not a halogenated compound. For this reason, there is obtained an advantage that substantially no halogen is mixed in the product and corrosion of the reactor does not occur.
- the inorganic salt is preferably an inorganic salt containing an alkali metal element or an alkaline earth metal element. That is, it is preferable to use an inorganic salt of an alkali metal and Z or an alkaline earth metal which is not a halide (halide) as a catalyst.
- an inorganic salt is one in which the cation of the inorganic salt is an alkali metal and Z or an alkaline earth metal, and the ion of the inorganic salt is not a halogen element, and the counter ion is other than a halogen element.
- An inorganic salt is a salt of an inorganic acid, such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid, which is a salt of an acid containing no carbon atom (but carbonic acid is included in the inorganic acid).
- An inorganic salt that is not a halide (no, ride) means an inorganic salt that does not substantially contain a halogen element in its chemical structure, but excludes an inorganic salt that contains a halogen element as an impurity. is not.
- the inorganic salt may contain a trace amount of a halogen element as an impurity or may contain, for example, a halogen element of 500 ppm or less as long as the action and effect of the present invention are exerted. ! / ,.
- the above-mentioned arone is not particularly limited as long as it is not a halogen element, and the above-mentioned inorganic salt may be a phosphate, a hydrogen phosphate, a dihydrogen phosphate, a nitrate, or a carbonate. salt, It preferably contains at least one salt selected from the group consisting of bicarbonate and hydroxyide. That is, the alkali metal salt and Z or the alkaline earth metal salt are at least selected from the group consisting of phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and hydroxides.
- the form containing one kind of salt is one of the preferable forms of the present invention.
- the above-mentioned inorganic salt is more preferably a phosphate, a hydrogen phosphate, a carbonate or a hydrogen carbonate, further preferably a phosphate or a carbonate, and particularly preferably a carbonate.
- a tungstate, a vanadate, a manganate, a sulfate and the like can also be suitably used.
- inorganic salts include CO 3 —, HCO-1, PO 3 —, HPO 3 —, HP
- O-, NO-, WO 2 -, VO-, SO 2 - is preferably OH- and MoO 2.
- a halide-free carbonate can be synthesized substantially by using an element other than halogen as an arone of an inorganic salt.
- the cation component of the inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr) and alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra). At least one element selected is preferred. Among these, Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs are more preferable, K and Cs are more preferable, and Cs is particularly preferable. Thus, Cs is the best metal species, followed by K, followed by Na and Li, followed by the higher activity.
- the form in which the inorganic salt is a potassium and Z or cesium salt is one of the preferred forms of the present invention.
- the above-mentioned inorganic salt is a combination of the above-mentioned cation component and the a-one component.
- the inorganic salt may include a plurality of cation components and an arn component, or may include one kind of cation component and an arn component. Also, these inorganic salts do not work even if they contain water of crystallization.
- the above inorganic salts include Li CO, Na CO, K CO, Rb CO, Cs CO, MgCO, Ca
- Alkaline or alkaline earth metal carbonates such as CO, LiHCO, NaHCO, KHCO, R
- Oxyhydrogen salt Li PO, Na PO, K PO, Rb PO, Cs PO, Mg (PO), Ca (PO ) Etc., alkali or alkaline earth metal phosphates, Li HPO, Na HPO, K K, R
- Alkaline or alkaline earth phosphate water such as HPO, Cs HPO, MgHPO, CaHPO
- Raw salt LiH PO, NaH PO, KH PO, RbH PO, CsH PO, Mg (H PO), C
- alkali or alkaline earth dihydrogen phosphates such as 24242424242424242a (HPO). More preferred
- the inorganic salt is dissolved in the reaction solution during the reaction, and the reaction proceeds.
- the reaction pressure, the reaction solvent and the like are the same as those in the case where the catalyst comprising the alkali metal element and the metal oxide is used.
- the use amount of the above-mentioned catalyst is set based on the mass of the inorganic salt.
- the reaction temperature in the reaction step in which the reaction is performed in the presence of the inorganic salt is not particularly limited, but is preferably room temperature (20 ° C) to 300 ° C.
- the temperature is more preferably from 20 to 250 ° C, still more preferably from 80 to 230 ° C, and particularly preferably from 100 to 200 ° C.
- the amount of the catalyst is preferably 1 to 1000 in terms of the mass ratio of the epoxide used as the raw material (raw epoxide Z catalyst). If it is less than 1, the yield is improved, but the catalyst may not be able to act sufficiently efficiently. If it exceeds 1,000, the time required for the reaction may be prolonged and the productivity may be reduced. More preferably, it is 2-800, more preferably 3-500.
- the amount of the catalyst is set based on the mass of the inorganic salt.
- the present invention is also a cyclic carbonate obtained by the method for producing a cyclic carbonate, wherein the cyclic carbonate has a halogen concentration of lppm or less.
- the cyclic carbonate contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element, and is produced by a production method including a reaction step of reacting in the presence of an inorganic salt that is not a halogenated compound.
- the reaction components do not substantially contain halogen, the resulting cyclic carbonates can also have a concentration of l and logen of lppm or less, and must be V-free and halogen-free. Can do.
- the cyclic carbonate is obtained by a production method including a reaction step comprising reacting at least one element selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal element and an alkaline earth metal element with a metal oxide.
- the reaction temperature can be lowered by the addition of metal oxides such as silica, and as a result, the generation of halogen-containing by-products is suppressed, so that a cyclic carbonate having a low halogen concentration can be obtained.
- halogen concentration exceeds lppm, for example, when used in an electrolyte application for a lithium battery or the like, a problem such as a decrease in the performance of a lithium battery may occur. It causes corrosion of the equipment.
- the halogen concentration is more preferably 0.5 ppm or less, and still more preferably 0.1 ppm or less.
- the method for measuring the halogen can be measured by ion chromatography.
- the invention's effect can be measured by ion chromatography.
- the method for producing cyclic carbonates of the present invention has the above-mentioned constitution, and comprises an organic solvent, a synthetic fiber chemical agent, a pharmaceutical raw material, an electrolyte solution solvent for lithium batteries, and an intermediate for synthesizing alkylene glycol and dialkyl carbonate. Can be obtained from epoxide and carbon dioxide with extremely high efficiency and high selectivity. Further, the production method of the present invention does not require the addition of an aprotic polar solvent or the like, and provides a cyclic carbonate with high yield and high selectivity.
- the present invention is a method for economically producing halogen-free cyclic carbonates in an environmentally friendly and industrially very advantageous manner.
- PC Propylene carbonate
- a 200 ml autoclave equipped with a stirrer was charged with 17 g of propyleonoxide, 3 g of cesium phosphate as a catalyst, and 70 g of ethylene carbonate as a solvent, and then charged with carbon dioxide and sealed. Thereafter, the inside of the autoclave was heated to 190 ° C. while stirring, and the internal pressure was adjusted to 14 MPa by further filling with carbon dioxide, followed by a reaction for 6 hours. After cooling, the remaining carbon dioxide was released, and the reaction mixture was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the yield of propylene carbonate. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the Cs-P-Si composite oxidized product was prepared by the following method. Dissolve CsNO (13.OOg) and NH H PO (6.13 g) in pure water (65 mL)
- the Cs—Si composite acidified product is prepared by dissolving CsNO (6.50 g) in pure water (33 mL).
- silica beads CariACT Q-30, 10-20mesh, manufactured by Fuji Silicon Chemicals Co., Ltd.
- SiZCs 5Zl.
- Propylene carbonate was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the Cs-Si composite oxide was used as a catalyst. Table 2 shows the results.
- SmOCl was prepared by calcining SmCl ⁇ 6 ⁇ in air at 600 ° C for 6 hours.
- Propylene carbonate was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 10 except that this SmOCl was used as a catalyst.
- the SmOCl catalyst was compressed and pulverized to 36-60 mesh (250-425 m), evacuated at 300 ° C for 3 hours, and charged in an autoclave under an Ar atmosphere. Table 2 shows the results.
- solution B solution B was added slowly while stirring solution A at room temperature. Further, the pH was adjusted to 10 by adding a 2 M aqueous NaOH solution. Aged at 65 ° C for 1 hour, filtered, washed with water, dried at 110 ° C overnight, and calcined in vacuum at 400 ° C for 4 hours.
- Propylene carbonate was synthesized in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 except that this Mg—A1 composite oxide was used as a catalyst. The Mg-Al composite oxide was compressed and pulverized to 36-60 mesh (250-425 ⁇ m), evacuated at 300 ° C for 3 hours, and then subjected to an auto-tarve under Ar atmosphere. I charged. Table 2 shows the results.
- Propylene carbonate was synthesized in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that MgO (manufactured by Ube Materials Co., Ltd., 1000A, purity 99.98% or more) was used as a catalyst. MgO was compressed and pulverized to 36-60 mesh (250-425 ⁇ m), evacuated at 500 ° C for 3 hours, and then charged into an autoclave under an Ar atmosphere. Table 2 shows the results.
- MgO manufactured by Ube Materials Co., Ltd., 1000A, purity 99.98% or more
- the experiment was performed by changing the reaction temperature to 60-140 ° C.
- Table 3 shows the yields of propylene carbonate obtained in Example 13 and Comparative Example 5.
- Example 14 The reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 13 and Comparative Example 5, except that the reaction temperature was 180 ° C and the catalysts shown in Table 4 were used.
- Table 4 shows the yields of cyclic carbonate obtained in the silica coexistence system (Example 14) and the silica non coexistence system (Comparative Example 6).
- Example 15 and Comparative Example 7 Synthesis and analysis were performed under the same conditions as in Example 13 and Comparative Example 5, except that the reaction temperature was 180 ° C and the catalysts shown in Table 5 were used.
- Table 5 shows the yields of propylene carbonate obtained in the system with silica (Example 15) and the system without silica (Comparative Example 7).
- CsOAc indicates cesium acetate.
- Table 8 shows the results of the system coexisting with silica (Example 18) and the system coexisting with silica (Comparative Example 10).
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Abstract
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JP2008001659A (ja) * | 2006-06-23 | 2008-01-10 | Univ Of Tsukuba | 環状カーボネート直接合成方法およびこれによって製造された環状カーボネート |
JP4604200B2 (ja) * | 2006-06-23 | 2010-12-22 | 国立大学法人 筑波大学 | 環状カーボネート直接合成方法およびこれによって製造された環状カーボネート |
JP2011102006A (ja) * | 2009-11-11 | 2011-05-26 | Dainichiseika Color & Chem Mfg Co Ltd | 熱可塑性ポリオレフィン樹脂表皮材 |
CN102766129A (zh) * | 2012-08-03 | 2012-11-07 | 湖南凯美特气体股份有限公司 | 碳酸丙烯酯的制备方法 |
WO2015008853A1 (ja) | 2013-07-19 | 2015-01-22 | 丸善石油化学株式会社 | 環状カーボネートの連続的製造方法 |
KR20160033099A (ko) | 2013-07-19 | 2016-03-25 | 마루젠 세끼유가가꾸 가부시키가이샤 | 고리형 카보네이트의 연속적 제조 방법 |
JPWO2015008853A1 (ja) * | 2013-07-19 | 2017-03-02 | 丸善石油化学株式会社 | 環状カーボネートの連続的製造方法 |
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JP2018515676A (ja) * | 2015-05-27 | 2018-06-14 | ヘンケル・アクチェンゲゼルシャフト・ウント・コムパニー・コマンディットゲゼルシャフト・アウフ・アクチェンHenkel AG & Co. KGaA | 環状カーボネート類を合成する方法 |
CN113117745A (zh) * | 2021-04-13 | 2021-07-16 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种无金属催化剂的制备方法及应用 |
CN113117745B (zh) * | 2021-04-13 | 2022-05-27 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种无金属催化剂的制备方法及应用 |
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TWI318976B (ja) | 2010-01-01 |
CN1926125A (zh) | 2007-03-07 |
KR20070024481A (ko) | 2007-03-02 |
JP4858973B2 (ja) | 2012-01-18 |
TW200530212A (ja) | 2005-09-16 |
JPWO2005085224A1 (ja) | 2007-12-13 |
CN1926125B (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
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