WO2005008547A1 - 境界表現データからボリュームデータを生成する方法及びそのプログラム - Google Patents
境界表現データからボリュームデータを生成する方法及びそのプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005008547A1 WO2005008547A1 PCT/JP2004/010023 JP2004010023W WO2005008547A1 WO 2005008547 A1 WO2005008547 A1 WO 2005008547A1 JP 2004010023 W JP2004010023 W JP 2004010023W WO 2005008547 A1 WO2005008547 A1 WO 2005008547A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T17/00—Three dimensional [3D] modelling, e.g. data description of 3D objects
- G06T17/20—Finite element generation, e.g. wire-frame surface description, tesselation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
- G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a volume data generation method capable of storing volume data in which shape and physical properties are integrated with a small storage capacity and unifying CAD and simulation. More specifically, the present invention is often used as an input surface shape. To fit triangle patches to cells of a specified size.
- C_Simulation Coorporative Simulation
- A-CAM Advanced CAM
- D_fabrication Deterministic fabrication
- the object is determined by CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) or B_rep (Boundary Representation), taking into account the data.
- the CSG stores the entire object as a set of fine solid models, so the data is heavy and large amounts of data must be handled when implementing simulation means (software, etc.), and large computers must be used.
- simulation means software, etc.
- large computers must be used.
- B-rep since an object is represented by a boundary, the data is light and the amount of data is small, but since there is no direct information on the inside of the boundary surface, it can be directly used for deformation analysis or the like. Had an unsuitable problem.
- Solid / Surface_CAD (hereinafter referred to as S-CAD) has the following problems.
- external data composed of boundary data of an object is divided into cubic cells whose boundary planes are orthogonal by octree division, and each of the divided cells is It is divided into an internal cell 13a located inside the object and a boundary cell 13b including a boundary surface.
- 15 is a cutting point.
- the present invention by storing various physical property values for each cell, it is possible to store entity data in which shape and physical properties are integrated with a small storage capacity.
- Physical property information ⁇ History is centrally managed, and a series of processes from design to processing, assembly, testing, evaluation, etc. Data related to the process can be managed with the same data, and CAD and simulation can be integrated.
- volume CAD a surface that closely resembles a curved surface having high curvature without forming gaps or an undesirably accurate triangle is maintained as a triangular mesh in a volume CAD while maintaining continuity with cells in contact with each other.
- Cell internal data that can be divided can be formed from external data.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-230054, “Method of storing entity data integrating shape and physical properties”
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-370040, "Method and program for converting three-dimensional shape data into cell internal data", not disclosed
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-44528, "Method for Generating Surface Grid of Object"
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-131313, “Multimedia Data Identification Method and Program", Unpublished
- Non-Patent Document 1 ⁇ Kase, Y. Teshima, S. Usami, H. Ohmori, C. Teodo siu, and A. Makinouchi "Volume CAD" International Workshop on
- Non-Special Noon Document 3 Y. Teshima, S. Usami, and K. Kase, "Enumeration on Cube Cutting, Japan Conference on Discrete and Computational Geometry, 2002, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 87-88,
- Non-Special Noon Document 4 C.M.Hoffmann, "The Proolems of accuracy and robustness in geometric computation. Computer, 22 (3): pp31-41,
- Non-Patent Document 5 T. Ju, F. Losasso, S. Shaefer, J. Warren, "Dual Cont pp339—346
- Non-special language reference 6 WJ Shroeder, ⁇ A Topology Modifying Progressive Decimation Decimation Algoritm ”, Proc. Visuallizatin97, pp205—212, Oct. 1997
- Patent Document 7 WJ Shroeder, JA Zarge and WE Lorensen, "De cimation of Triangle Meshes", Proc. Siggraph 92, pp65-70, July 1992
- Non-Patent Document 8 K. J. Renze and J. H. Oliver, Generalized Surface and Volume Decimation for Unstructured Tessellated Domains ", Pro c. VRAIS96, ppl l l-121, Mar 1996
- Non-Patent Document 9 B. Hamman, A Data Reduction Scheme for Triangulated Surfaces, "CAGD, 11 (2)
- Patent Document 0 1. Navazo, "Extended Octtree Representation of General Solids with Plane Faces: Model Structure and Algorithms",
- Non-Patent Document 11 H. Hoppe, T. DeRose, T, Duchamp, J, McDonald, and W. Stuetzle, "Mesh Optimization, Proc .; ggraph93 , Pp. 19 -26, Aug. 1993
- Non-noon literature 12 H. Hoppe, Progressive Meshes "Proc. Siggraph96 p P99-108, Aug 1996
- Non-Patent Document 14 M. Garland and PS HEckbert," Surface Simplificat ion Using Quadric Error Metrics, ⁇ Proc. SIGGRAPH 97, pp. 209 —216, Aug. 1997.
- Patent Document 5 C. M. Hoffmann. The problems of accuracy and robustness in geometric computation. Computer, 22 (3): 31-41, 19 89.
- Non-patent text 6 K. Sughihara and M. Iri.A solid modeling system f ree from topological inconsistency.Journal of Information Processing, 12: 380-393, 1989.
- Non-Patent Document 17 A. Kela. Hierarchical octree approximations for boundary representation— based geometric models, Computer— Aided Desi gn, 21 (6): 355-362, 1989.
- Non-Patent Document 18 1.Navazo, D. Ayala and P. Brunet.A geometric modeller based on the exact octtree representation of polyhedra, Computer Graphics Forum (Eurographics '86 Proc.): 591—104, 1986.
- Non-noon literature 19 W. Lorensen and H. Cline. H. Marching cubes: hi resolution 3D surface construction algorithm.
- Non-Patent Document 20 1.Navazo, D. Ayala, and P. Brunet “A Geometric Modeller Based on the Exact Octtree Representation of Polyhedra", Computer Graphics Forum 5 pp91-104, 1986
- Non-Patent Document 21 T. Hama, M. Asakawa, M. Takamura, A. Makino ucni, C. Teodosiu, ⁇ A stable and fast new contact search algorit hm for FEM simulation of metal forming process, (to appear)
- the shape representation using cells and triangular patches adapted to the cells and the method of generating the data proposed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 1 are performed in the following three steps: (Step 1) User Calculation of intersection of cell space defined by and triangular patch as input shape (calculation of cell cutting point).
- Step 2 Generate a closed loop formed by connecting cell cutting points on the cell surface for each cell.
- the numbers are determined in order from the one that is uniquely determined based on the number of cell cutting points in the cell and the relationship with adjacent cells.
- Step 3 Triangulate the inside of the closed loop generated in each cell based on the difference from the input shape.
- this method has the following problems.
- Step 2 There is a case where the process of (Step 2) is not completed for a shape having the same complexity as the cell size.
- Step 2 The process of (Step 2) may fail because a non-manifold shape occurs in the process of gradually changing from a shape smaller than the cell size to a shape larger than the cell size.
- Non-Patent Document 12 there are various derived systems depending on the subdivision parameters and division method, and the criteria for integration. However, these methods are conversion methods that inherit the two-manifold condition and the phase condition of the original shape as they are, and are not suitable for operations such as intentionally simplification of minute shapes.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems. That is, the purpose of the present invention is to convert volume data from boundary expression data in volume CAD, which can use the phase information of the triangular patch of the input shape as it is and can simplify the shape as needed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a generating method and a program thereof.
- V—CAD Non-Patent Document 1
- CAD Non-Patent Document 1
- a means using a triangular patch is employed.
- the present invention realizes conversion from a group of triangular patches frequently used as a three-dimensional shape expression method to a group of triangular patches adapted to cells.
- Step 1 Divide the triangular patch with phase on the cell surface.
- Step 2 Among the vertices of the triangular patch with topology, those other than those on the cell edge are integrated with other vertices.
- Step 3 Optimization by approximation processing of parts that violate the conditions of (Step 2) and the V-CAD data structure conditions (the condition of one edge-one cutting point).
- Step 1 the information of the cell surface used for the division is added to the triangle vertices and used for the integration processing of (Step 2).
- Step 3 The shapes that require the processing of (Step 3) are classified into the following six types (a, b, c, dl, d2, and d3). Approximation of 'is performed.
- a triangle patch is connected between adjacent cells at three or more points, including on-surface points. Case that is disgusting.
- the pattern can be divided into three patterns (dl, d2, d3) according to the state of the triangular patch connected to each cutting point, and processing according to each state is performed. Then, the points on the edge are deleted one by one, and in the last case (d3), the cut points on the edge are deleted using two triangle groups as a set. As a result, processing is continued until the cutting point on the ridge becomes 0 or 1.
- the relevant cutting point is the interior point of the triangle and is bent at that position.
- the relevant cutting point is an interior point of the triangular patch and crosses the edge.
- the cell can be adapted to the required size without changing the Z-phase condition.
- the present invention it was possible to realize the shape expression and the physical property value expression using the octree and the triangular patches adapted to the octree cell, which were difficult with the conventional methods.
- the development of a method for adapting cells to triangular patches has made it possible to perform robustness compared to existing Brep data, as well as deformation processing power S, such as the aggregation operation of shapes represented by triangular patches.
- the phase information of the triangular patch of the input shape can be used as it is, and the shape can be simplified as necessary. Bidirectional link can be realized.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a “method of storing entity data integrating shape and physical properties” in [Patent Document 1].
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an apparatus for executing the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a data structure diagram of volume data.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an isolated polyhedron.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of on-plane point connection.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the same twill connection.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a boundary point.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a bent shape.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a penetrating shape.
- FIG. 11 A and B are schematic diagrams of processing of an isolated polyhedron (triangle patch).
- FIG. 12 A, B, and C are schematic diagrams of connected patch processing based on points on a surface and the like.
- FIG. 13 A, B, and C are schematic diagrams of boundary point processing of a plurality of cutting points.
- FIG. 14 A, B, and C are schematic diagrams of break point processing of a plurality of cutting points.
- FIG. 15 A, B, C, and D are schematic diagrams of two through-surface treatments at a plurality of cutting points.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic view of an on-plane cutting point.
- FIG. 17A is a view showing an actual shape of an industrial product (a mold part of an automobile bumper).
- FIG. 17B is a view showing an actual shape of an industrial product (a mold part of an automobile bumper).
- FIG. 17C is a diagram showing the actual shape of the industrial product (the mold part of the bumper of the automobile).
- FIG. 17D is a view showing the actual shape of the industrial product (the mold part of the bumper of the automobile).
- FIG. 17E A view showing the shape of an actual industrial product (mold parts of a bumper of an automobile).
- FIG. 17F A view showing the shape of an actual industrial product (mold parts of an automobile bumper).
- FIG. 18 A and B are diagrams showing the result of a set operation between simple shapes.
- each triangle can be managed by a cell, in a case where a structure (a thin hole or a bar, a thin plate or a gap) having a size equal to or less than the size of the cell is used, editing of the phase structure (e.g. Create / delete minute shells).
- boundary representation using conventional parametric surfaces has become a problem in CAD. Aiming at robustness of geometric operations and speeding up by parallelization, structural analysis and thermal fluid analysis using unified data are performed. It is intended for direct use in simulations such as analysis and comparison with measurement data from objects with various machining and internal structures.
- FIG. 2 is an apparatus configuration diagram for executing the method of the present invention.
- the device 10 includes an external data input means 2, an external storage device 3, an internal storage device 4, a central processing unit 5, and an output device 6.
- the external data input means 2 is, for example, a keyboard and inputs external data composed of boundary expression data of an object.
- the external storage device 3 is a hard disk, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, a compact disk, or the like, and stores volume data in which shapes and physical quantities are integrated and a generation program thereof.
- the internal storage device 4 is, for example, a RAM, a ROM, or the like, and stores operation information.
- the central processing unit 5 (CPU) intensively processes arithmetic operations, input / output, and the like, and executes programs together with the internal storage device 4.
- the output device 6 is, for example, a display device and a printer, and outputs the stored volume data and the execution result of the program.
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage device 4, and the external storage device 3 cooperate to form a data conversion unit, an association unit, a division arrangement unit, a ridge line integration unit, a state check unit, and a simplification unit, which will be described later. It functions as an allocation means and a labeling means.
- External data input from the outside includes polygon data representing a polyhedron, tetrahedral or hexahedral elements used in the finite element method, curved surface data used in a three-dimensional CAD or CG tool, or a partial surface of another solid. It can be represented by data represented by information composed of planes and curved surfaces.
- External data includes, in addition to such data (called S-CAD data), (1) data directly created by human input using V-CAD's own interface (V-interface); (2) Volume data that has internal information such as digitized data of surfaces such as measuring instruments, sensors, and digitizers, and (3) CT scans, MRI, and vota cell data generally used for volume rendering. You may.
- Solid CAD or Surfac e CAD (S-CAD) data which used to handle conventional B_rep.
- Data boundary expression data
- S-CAD Surfac e CAD
- a solid modeler using an octree [Non-Patent Document 17] and an extended octree (e.g., Extended Octree) [Non-Patent Document 18] and others
- Some forces, such as the present invention are smaller than the cell, and the structure can be simplified beyond the phase to reduce the structure in the analysis and processing of the wake. There is no mechanism to maintain the two-manifold condition without gaps even if there is a hierarchy difference between adjacent cells in the tree.
- Kitta Cube which is a data structure of a volume CAD composed of a hierarchical cell such as a bottom cell or an octant cell (Octant) and a group of triangles in the cell [Non-Patent Document 1] 2]
- Non-Patent Document 3 is presented to control the accuracy and size of triangular patches used in the downstream process, and to perform reverse engineering including not only design but also analysis, manufacturing, and internal structure.
- This paper proposes a data structure that can be used for, and a method for constructing Kitta Cube while maintaining the topological conditions by basic operations on topological triangular patches.
- the volume data means Kitta Cube which is a data structure of volume CAD.
- Patent document 7 [Non-patent document 12] [Non-patent document 19].
- Reference 10 [Non-patent document 20] [Non-patent document 21].
- Non-Patent Document 1 an octree tree and a triangular patch managed by each cell are used for shape expression
- Non-Patent Document 2 an octree tree and a triangular patch managed by each cell are used for shape expression
- Non-Patent Document 3 the positions of the vertices that make up a triangle patch (hereinafter, the triangle managed by Kitta Cube is referred to as a “cut triangle”) are limited to the vertices or edges of each cell, and the number of vertices on the edges is at most one.
- the data structure and processing are simplified.
- the data structure is as shown in Figure 3.
- the goal of the method of the present invention is also this data structure.
- a boundary cell as a cell that manages a triangle patch
- a non-boundary cell that is not related to a triangle patch. Holds the medium value.
- V—CAD data generation is performed in the following steps.
- the inside / outside determination of the non-boundary cell is performed, and then the inside / outside determination of the non-boundary cell is performed.
- an initial value is given to an arbitrary cell, and then the adjacent non-boundary cell is made to have the same medium value.
- the medium value of the non-boundary cell is set at the vertex shared with the non-boundary cell.
- a known medium value is added to the diagonal lines of the cells that do not intersect. In the case where the cutting point exists on the cell vertex, the medium value with the larger azimuth occupied by the medium value in the cell is adopted.
- the phase is held for the triangular patch with phase.
- Hoppe [Non-Patent Document 11] [Non-Patent Document 12], Shroe der [Non-Patent Document 7], Renze [Non-Patent Document 8], Hamman [Non-Patent Document 9], etc. have been proposed as simplification and the reverse operation.
- the topological structure is modified while maintaining the dimorphism of the triangular patch. (Hole creation / disappearance / shell separation / integration).
- Intermediate-Triangle is used as intermediate data.
- the phased intermediate triangle is composed of hierarchically structured data of phased intermediate edges (Intermediate-Edge) and phased intermediate vertices (Intermediate_Vertex).
- the phased intermediate vertex is the index data of the cell containing the vertex.
- the vertices type BODY
- cell face FACE_YZ, FACE—ZX, FACE—XY,
- cell vertex EDGE—X, EDGE_Y, EDGE_Z,
- VERTEX vertex
- FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of the method of the present invention. Among these steps, an overview of the process and general process steps are described here.
- the S-CAD data in this figure that is, the boundary expression data, is input to the external storage device 3 or the internal storage device 4 of the computer by the external data input means 2 prior to step 1.
- Step 1 Mosaic (data conversion)
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage device 4, and the external storage device 3 cooperate to execute the data conversion step by the data conversion means. That is, in step 1, the B_rep data is solidified (merging of boundary lines of the surface), and the surface shape is converted into a triangular patch with phase based on this. At this time, in the case where the original B_rep data has poor accuracy and solidification does not work well, the phase cannot be connected well when converting to a triangular patch with phase, and there are cases where holes are made in the triangular patch However, for this, filling is performed by triangulating the polygon where there is a gap with a diameter smaller than the specified threshold.
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage device 4, and the external storage device 3 jointly execute the association step by the association means. That is, in step 2, in order to speed up the cutting point calculations due to the cell surface, rough force Ji of association rectangular parallelepiped along a coordinate axis that circumscribes the triangle contains any triangle cell prospect (Bounding Box) This is performed using
- Step 3 Calculation of intersection and splitting of the twill line (division arrangement)
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage device 4, and the external storage device 3 cooperate to execute the division arrangement step by division arrangement means.
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage device 4, and the external storage device 3 cooperate to execute the edge integration step by the edge integration means.
- Kitta Cube uses the following method at the end of edge integration. It is determined whether the following items are satisfied. (Ridge-based point management)
- the shape around the vertex is approximated by the method described in 4.4 to obtain a shape that can be represented by a triangular patch in the cell.
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage device 4, and the external storage device 3 jointly implement the simplification step by the simplification means.
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage unit 4, and the external storage unit 3 jointly execute the cell allocation step by the cell allocation unit. That is, in step 6, each triangle and its vertex are allocated to a cell with reference to the index data of the vertex.
- the data structure of Kitta Cube shown in Fig. 3 is generated.
- Step 7 Cell Inside / Outside Judgment (Labeling)
- the central processing unit 5, the internal storage device 4, and the external storage device 3 jointly carry out a labeling step by a labeling means. That is, in step 7, the attribute value of the cell is set using the adjacent relationship between the cells.
- Step 7 the method described in [Patent Document 4] is applied. That is, there is a space division step (D) for dividing each vertex of each cell into a plurality of spaces partitioned by boundary data.
- This space division step (D) consists of a non-boundary cell setting step (D1) in which a different space number is set for every non-boundary cell for each space partitioned by the boundary data, and each vertex of the boundary cell is defined by the boundary data.
- boundary cell setting step (D2) which sets the space numbers of adjacent non-boundary cells that are not partitioned.
- a vertex that matches the boundary data is set to one of the space numbers of two adjacent non-boundary cells.
- a non-boundary cell setting step (D1) sets the space numbers of adjacent non-boundary cells that are not partitioned.
- V_CAD Data volume data
- the purpose is to divide the triangular patch with phase floating in space by the cell plane so that all triangles are placed inside the cell and on the boundary.
- each vertex is included from the attribute values up to BODY-VERTEX and their coordinate values, depending on the force and inability of each vertex on any surface.
- Cell index data is added.
- the intersection of the intermediate edge with phase and the plane including the cell surface is calculated, and the intersection is registered as a new intermediate vertex with phase. Then, the attribute value and the index data of the cell to which the point belongs described in 4.1 are added in order.
- Non-Patent Document 12 As shown in [Non-Patent Document 12] and the like, ridge line integration without changing the phase is performed. Also
- edges are added as conditions under which edges can be merged in order to limit the vertices of triangles to the cell vertices or cell vertices.
- the internal points are integrated into points with arbitrary attribute values.
- the on-plane point is integrated with the on-plane point, ridge top point, or cell vertex.
- the ridge ridge point is integrated with the remaining force, ridge ridge point or cell vertex.
- a value obtained by putting the attribute value tl on the vertical axis and the attribute value t2 on the horizontal axis of the table is used as a flag. If the conditions in the following table are satisfied, the attribute value t2 is integrated toward the attribute value tl.
- the priority is determined in order of decreasing volume change according to the value of Quadric Error Metric (QEM) described in [Non-Patent Document 14].
- QEM Quadric Error Metric
- the pattern can be divided into three patterns depending on the state of the triangular patch connected to each of the intermediate vertices with phase, and by performing processing according to each state, the points on the ridge can be determined. Eliminate points one by one, and for the last case (d3), remove the topological intermediate vertices on the edge using two triangle groups as a set. As a result, the process continues until the number of topological intermediate vertices on the ridge becomes zero or one.
- the relevant intermediate vertex with phase is the interior point of the triangular patch, and the penetrating shape crosses the edge (Fig. 10)
- the processing in the simplification step is branched according to each case.
- the points on the cell edge / cell surface are changed to on-surface points or in-body points in order to perform edge line integration again.
- the ID of the surface and the index data are set by looking at the index data in the direction to be integrated in the next step (the vertex in contact with P).
- the process After performing these processes, if the on-plane points / in-body points remain, or if the process of adding on-surface points or in-vivo points is being performed, the process returns to the edge line integration process.
- the cell inner surface can be freely configured by preparing cells and triangular patches with topology.
- the shape operation such as set operation processing is also referred to every cell or only 1P contact neighborhood as pointed out by Kela [Non-Patent Document 17]. Processing can be achieved by simply repeating local operations as much as possible. [0099] Further, for example, a set operation can be performed in the following steps, and much more robust calculation can be performed than a set operation of S-CAD using a NURBS surface.
- Step 1 Operation between non-boundary cells
- Step 2 Calculation of non-boundary cell versus boundary cell
- Table 3 shows the correspondence table.
- Object Base_Tool.
- Boundary of the target shape which inherits the information of the boundary cell, either Base or Tool. (Negative) indicates that the inner surface of the boundary cell is inverted and taken over.
- the triangles intersect / coexist / overlap in the same cell area.
- the following processing is performed.
- the merged triangle patches are sequentially connected to the phased triangle patches.
- V-CAD data created by performing these processes is attached to Figs. 17A-F, 18A and 18B.
- Figs. 17A-F show actual industrial product shapes (vehicle bumper mold parts).
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EP04747489A EP1645979A4 (en) | 2003-07-16 | 2004-07-14 | METHOD AND PROGRAM FOR GENERATING VOLUME DATA FROM LIMITROPHE REPRESENTATION DATA |
US10/595,047 US7372460B2 (en) | 2003-07-16 | 2004-07-14 | Method and program for generating volume data from boundary representation data |
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JP2003275055A JP4381743B2 (ja) | 2003-07-16 | 2003-07-16 | 境界表現データからボリュームデータを生成する方法及びそのプログラム |
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EP1857949A1 (en) * | 2005-03-09 | 2007-11-21 | Riken | Boundary surface information creating method and program |
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CN110796693A (zh) * | 2019-09-11 | 2020-02-14 | 重庆大学 | 一种工业ct切片图像直接生成二维有限元模型的方法 |
CN110796693B (zh) * | 2019-09-11 | 2023-03-21 | 重庆大学 | 一种工业ct切片图像直接生成二维有限元模型的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN100468418C (zh) | 2009-03-11 |
CN1849608A (zh) | 2006-10-18 |
US7372460B2 (en) | 2008-05-13 |
EP1645979A1 (en) | 2006-04-12 |
US20070057938A1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
EP1645979A4 (en) | 2011-09-28 |
JP4381743B2 (ja) | 2009-12-09 |
JP2005038219A (ja) | 2005-02-10 |
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