WO2004110057A1 - 広ダイナミックレンジイメージセンサ - Google Patents
広ダイナミックレンジイメージセンサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004110057A1 WO2004110057A1 PCT/JP2004/007869 JP2004007869W WO2004110057A1 WO 2004110057 A1 WO2004110057 A1 WO 2004110057A1 JP 2004007869 W JP2004007869 W JP 2004007869W WO 2004110057 A1 WO2004110057 A1 WO 2004110057A1
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- dynamic range
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/741—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by increasing the dynamic range of the image compared to the dynamic range of the electronic image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/50—Control of the SSIS exposure
- H04N25/57—Control of the dynamic range
- H04N25/58—Control of the dynamic range involving two or more exposures
- H04N25/587—Control of the dynamic range involving two or more exposures acquired sequentially, e.g. using the combination of odd and even image fields
- H04N25/589—Control of the dynamic range involving two or more exposures acquired sequentially, e.g. using the combination of odd and even image fields with different integration times, e.g. short and long exposures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/71—Charge-coupled device [CCD] sensors; Charge-transfer registers specially adapted for CCD sensors
- H04N25/75—Circuitry for providing, modifying or processing image signals from the pixel array
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/78—Readout circuits for addressed sensors, e.g. output amplifiers or A/D converters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to expansion of a dynamic range in an image sensor.
- Fig. 1 (a) shows the signal accumulation and signal readout timing of a general CMOS image sensor
- Fig. 1 (b) shows the signal accumulation and readout timing of a CMOS image sensor that performs burst reading (centralized reading). ). This is the case where the number of pixels in the vertical direction is 5 pixels, and the vertical blanking period is not considered.
- the signal for one horizontal line is read by taking the time obtained by dividing the time TF of one frame by Nv, The signal readout from all pixels is read out over one frame time.
- the signal reading time for one horizontal line is shortened, and signal reading from all pixels is performed intensively in a short time.
- This method of reading requires signals to be read at high speed, resulting in problems such as increased power consumption.However, the timing deviation at the start of signal charge accumulation differs from that of the conventional method. Since the number is relatively small, there is an advantage that distortion when capturing an object having a large motion is relatively small.
- the conventional technology (8) is based on the reading method shown in Fig. 1 (a). When reading out the signal of the n-th row that has been stored for a long time, only ⁇ rows are read in the direction already read from that row. By reading out the signals in the shifted rows, it also reads out short-time accumulated signals equivalent to ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (reading time for one horizontal line) and combines them to create a wide dynamic range. It is intended to realize an image sensor.
- the long-time accumulation signal and the short-time accumulation signal are read out simultaneously and in parallel, it is possible to determine in real time whether short-time accumulation and reading out are to be performed, for example, from the information of all the pixels that have been accumulated for a long time. Adaptive processing cannot be performed.
- the present invention relates to a wide dynamic range image sensor based on signal burst reading (centralized reading), and also proposes an adaptive multiple sampling method.
- a signal that has been stored for a long time is read out from the image sensor at high speed, and then a signal that has been stored for a short time is burst-read out. After that, the signal that has been stored for a shorter time is burst-read. Repeat these if necessary.
- An image sensor with a wide dynamic range by reading and combining these signals with different accumulation times.
- Figure 1 shows the timing of signal accumulation and readout of a general CMOS image sensor, and the timing of signal accumulation and readout in burst readout (for 5 vertical pixels, LA: signal accumulation period, LR: signal readout period).
- Figure 2 shows the timing of signal accumulation and readout (when the number of vertical pixels is 5.
- LA Long-time accumulation signal accumulation period
- SA Short-time accumulation signal accumulation period
- VSA Very short-time accumulation signal accumulation period
- LR Long-term accumulated signal readout period
- SR Short-term accumulated signal readout period
- VSR Very short-term accumulated signal readout period
- the numbers are the corresponding row numbers of the image array.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a wide dynamic range image sensor.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing control signal timings when the number of vertical pixels is four.
- Fig. 5 is a configuration diagram when there are two readout circuits.
- FIG. 6 is a configuration diagram of a wide dynamic range image sensor when the four components of the primary color filter are output in parallel.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of a state transition diagram for adaptive dynamic range setting.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a processing circuit that adaptively changes the dynamic range.
- Fig. 10 shows a column noise canceling circuit H that can select 1x and 4x gain. It is.
- FIG. 11 is a state transition diagram for setting a gain.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the synthesis of nonlinear response characteristics using the long-time accumulated signal LA and the three types of short-time accumulated signals (SA1, SA2, SA3).
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a process for obtaining the conversion characteristics of FIG.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing operations of writing and reading to and from the memory.
- FIG. 15 is a processing block diagram for writing a video signal and a zone number indicating an accumulation time.
- the present invention provides a wide dynamic range image sensor with features that solve the problems of the prior art.
- the present invention is based on burst reading shown in FIG. 1 (b).
- a wide dynamic range image sensor is realized by reading and combining signals with multiple storage times, such as long-time storage, short-time storage, and shorter time storage.
- FIG. 2 is a timing chart of signal accumulation and reading of the wide dynamic range image sensor according to the present invention. This example shows a case where the number of pixels in the vertical direction is 5 pixels. Let ⁇ ⁇ be the total time to read out the signal that has been stored for a long time.
- the time required for the centralized read-out for all pixels is at most the frame period. Must be less than 1/2.
- 1/4 or 1/6 of the frame period is considered to have high practical value.
- it is appropriate to perform up to two types of short-time storage and in the case of 1/6 of the frame period, it is appropriate to perform up to three types of short-time storage. It is possible to capture an image with a wide dynamic range while adaptively changing whether or not the short-time accumulation is performed with the short-time accumulation time.
- Ns the number of burst readings of the short-time accumulated signal.
- Ns 2 because burst reading is performed twice for short-time accumulation and shorter-time accumulation signals.
- T R the ratio of T R, i.e., T AI - and / T R a N R.
- the maximum dynamic range expansion rate for a general image sensor that performs long-time accumulation over one frame period is TF / T ASMIN (m), and is as follows.
- Tf (N V N tool + N R )
- ASMN 3
- Ns 3
- Nv the number of vertical pixels
- Figure 3 shows the block diagram.
- Figure 4 shows the timing of the control signal in case 2.
- T AS (1) T R
- T AS (2) 2 T ".
- VTRG 1 and VTRG 2 two trigger signals (VTRG 1 and VTRG 2) given to the vertical shift register (in FIG. 3, a chain of flip-flops marked with a D symbol) are shown in FIG.
- VTRG 1 is a trigger Me other read burst
- VTRG 2 the trigger signal der giving the vertical shift register provided in the dedicated to generate a reset signal for a short time accumulation than T R You.
- Burst reading has a higher reading speed, which may increase power consumption.
- the power consumption of the A / D converter increases.
- the reading circuit and the A / D converter do not need to be operated except during the reading time in one frame period, so it is possible to reduce the power consumption by cutting the input power. it can.
- the current value for normal operation is set to a current value that is reduced to about 1/10 in standby mode, so that the power in standby mode can be reduced without making the circuit unstable. It can be greatly reduced.
- the reading speed becomes high, the operating speed may not be enough with only one reading circuit.
- two reading circuits or As shown in Fig. 6, a method of providing four systems is also conceivable.
- the R, B, Gl, and G 2 components of a primary color filter in a Bayer array are read out to four readout circuits, and horizontal readout is performed in parallel. It can be carried out.
- the deviation of the characteristics of the four readout circuits can be corrected at the same time as the processing for the color signal is performed, and there is no waste.
- the ADC in FIG. 6 is an A / D converter.
- a wide dynamic range image sensor based on such burst readout can reduce motion distortion and obtain a wide dynamic range image. Suitable for applications requiring a range.
- Another advantage of this method is that since long-time and short-time images can be obtained independently, short-time image capturing conditions can be set based on image information obtained by long-time storage, or short-time It is possible to determine in real time whether time accumulation imaging is necessary.
- FIG. 7 shows the 10 states under different imaging conditions and the dynamic range values obtained in each state.
- SO is a case where only signal accumulation and reading are performed for a long time, and the dynamic range in each state is based on the dynamic range at this time.
- LS means a long-time accumulation signal
- SA 1, SA 2, and SA 3 mean a short-time accumulation signal, but the values in Fig. 7 indicate that SA 1 corresponds to LA, SA 2 corresponds to SA 1, SA 3 indicates the ratio of the accumulation time to SA 2.
- the short-time accumulation signal is read, the long-time accumulation time is shortened by that much, and the sensitivity is reduced by that much, so the effect is included in the calculation of the dynamic range.
- Fig. 8 shows a state transition diagram when imaging is performed while setting the dynamic range to the optimal value in real time when short-time accumulation is performed up to twice, that is, when S0 to S6 are used. Show.
- This is an overflow flag OF that indicates whether the long-time accumulated signal and the first and second short-time accumulated signals exceed the maximum amplitude that can be obtained.
- OF ⁇ _F 2 the dynamic maximum value of the first and second short-time accumulation signal, indicating whether the maximum or amplitude sufficiently smaller than that can be handled, underflow flag UFI, using UF 2, the imaging condition To set.
- FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a process for setting a dynamic dynamic range.
- the output Y of the A / D converter (ADC) is compared with the set threshold value Tue, and the number of pixels exceeding the threshold is counted by a counter. This is were the N (Y, T L), which, if the threshold value T 3 or more set, the overflow Rofuragu to 1.
- N Y, T L
- the underflow flag with respect to the output Y of the ADC is compared with the threshold value T 2 is set, counting the number of pixels that exceeds the T 2 counter. this N (Y, T 2 ). If this is less than or equal to the set threshold T 3 , set the underflow flag to 1.
- the threshold value T 2 is set, counting the number of pixels that exceeds the T 2 counter. this N (Y, T 2 ). If this is less than or equal to the set threshold T 3 , set the underflow flag to 1.
- burst reading for example, from a state in which the entire illuminance is low and the imaging continues with only the long-time accumulated signal, it is determined whether the long-time accumulated signal is saturated even if it suddenly becomes bright. Immediately after that, it is possible to shift to the reading state of the accumulated signal for a short time, and an image can be obtained without saturation.
- Expressions (1) and (2) may be expressed as follows. Instead of generating an overflow or underflow flag or making the actual state transition once per frame, only when it occurs continuously over several frames, once for multiple frames Just to do.
- Figure 1 shows an example of a column noise cancellation circuit that switches the gain between 1x and 4x Shown in o.
- the capacitance connected to the input side becomes 4 C
- the capacitance C connected between the input and output of the inverting amplifier Amplification is made 4 times by the ratio of
- the input 3 C is cut off, and the capacitance ratio becomes 1, so that a 1-fold amplification is performed.
- the reset level and the signal level from the pixel are alternately applied to the input.
- the signal level is given first, and at that time, the switch controlled by ⁇ 1 in Fig. 10 is turned on, and the signal at the input capacitance is Sample levels.
- the switch controlled by ⁇ ⁇ is turned off, and the reset level is applied to the input.
- the difference between the input level and the reset level is amplified and output, and the noise cancel operation is performed.
- a reset level is applied first, and then a signal level is applied.
- the gain setting of 4 can be used for both reading long-time accumulated signals and reading short-time accumulated signals. It is effective to apply to it.
- As a method of switching the gain between 1x and 4x for the long-time accumulated signal it is effective to use a histogram calculated from the signal obtained by reading out the long-time accumulated signal one frame before and all pixels. .
- Fig. 9 shows the configuration of the processing circuit for that purpose. The method will be described.
- the output Y of ADC the image of N gradation is divided into M areas.
- the histogram H (i) is initialized for i2 0,..., M ⁇ 1. That is,
- the gain of the column amplifier can be varied only for a signal that has been stored for a long time, or may be similarly applied to a signal that has been stored for a short time.
- a histogram for determining the gain of the column amplifier when reading the long-time accumulation signal of the next frame is obtained both from the method using the long-time accumulation signal in the current frame and the method using the short-time accumulation signal. Can be considered.
- the condition judgment for the state transition in Fig. 11 is satisfied over multiple frames.
- the frequency of state transition may be reduced so that the state transition is performed only once for multiple frames.
- the average value of the histogram for the short-time accumulated signal obtained as described above can be used not only for setting the gain of the column amplifier but also for setting an adaptive dynamic range.
- equation (2) the following equation is changed.
- Equation 9 Means the average value of the histogram obtained for the luminance signal Y. An underflow flag is generated based on whether this is less than or equal to the set threshold value TL.
- the long-time accumulation signal and a plurality of types of short-time accumulation signals are efficiently written to the memory and read out from the memory, thereby lowering the frequency of the digitized video signal.
- a method for outputting will be described.
- a case where a long-time accumulated signal and three types of short-time accumulated signals are read from an image sensor will be described.
- the FS for each accumulated signal is set to a value slightly lower than the level at which the signal is completely saturated.
- the output Z to be written to the memory is determined as follows.
- S is a gain constant for long-time accumulated signals. That is, first, a signal obtained by applying a certain gain to a long-time accumulated signal is set as an output candidate.
- 7 ⁇ L is a gain constant and an offset for the first short-time accumulation signal. This means that if the value written to the memory does not exceed the F value, the long-time accumulation signal is rewritten into the memory, and if it exceeds, the short-time accumulation signal is replaced with the short-time accumulation signal. At this time, in order to connect the two regions continuously, gain is obtained by subtracting the offset from Y, and then shifted by F.
- the output Z ⁇ to be written to the memory is determined by the following equation.
- FIG. 13 shows the configuration of a processing circuit for performing such processing.
- Registers 1, 2, and 3 in the figure correspond to (1), (2), (3), and (4), respectively, for the long-time accumulated signal, the first, second, and second short-time accumulated signals. Output the value written in the frame.
- the comparator outputs the following values as outputs C to inputs A and B.
- the digital output speed is adjusted to the pixel clock frequency of the image sensor using two frame memories.
- the operation is shown in Fig. 14 (a).
- LA is the long-term accumulation signal
- SA1, S A2, and S A3 are the periods during which the short-time accumulation signal is written to the memory.
- the corresponding pixel signal has already been written to the frame memory.
- the read signal is read into the register 4 and the operation result is written into the same pixel signal of the frame memory again.
- Output from frame memory to the outside takes one frame time.
- the control signals OD and EV representing even and odd frames as shown in Fig. 14 (a)
- writing and reading to and from the image sensor are performed.
- Complementary operation and external output from the memory enable frame memory Force The output to the outside can be read over l frames.
- the image sensor performs signal accumulation operation for a long time, The signal is read from the frame memory and output using the period during which no signal is output.
- Figure 15 shows a block diagram of the process in that case.
- the A / D converter shall have a function of outputting a saturation flag Ds that takes N bits and takes a value of 1 if it exceeds its full scale and 0 if it does not.
- a code obtained by adding Ds to the value of Y and the zone code (0 0) is written to the memory. Since (0 0) is given to the A input of the comparator, the multiplexer always selects the sensor output side (A side).
- the value of register 1 is compared with the zone code of the long-time accumulation signal stored in the memory.
- the second short-time accumulation signal and the third short-time accumulation signal are identical.
- the value of Ds is always 0. deep. Since the stored signal is not read out for a shorter time than this, there is no need to know whether the signal is saturated. If the second short-time accumulation signal is saturated, the zone code read from the memory is (11), so the sensor output side is selected and the value in the memory is updated.
- the high-speed readout reduces the timing of all pixels in comparison with the rolling CMOS image sensor rolling shutter. For this reason, distortion when an image of a moving object is reduced is reduced.
- a wide dynamic range image sensor that adaptively switches the dynamic range can be realized by burst reading out signals of long-time accumulation, short-time accumulation, and extremely short-time accumulation.
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Priority Applications (1)
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US10/558,755 US7889253B2 (en) | 2003-06-02 | 2004-05-31 | Wide dynamic range image sensor |
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JP2003-156301 | 2003-06-02 | ||
JP2003156301A JP4392492B2 (ja) | 2003-06-02 | 2003-06-02 | 広ダイナミックレンジイメージセンサ |
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WO (1) | WO2004110057A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP4392492B2 (ja) | 2010-01-06 |
US20070103569A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 |
JP2004363666A (ja) | 2004-12-24 |
US7889253B2 (en) | 2011-02-15 |
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