WO2004051760A1 - 焦電体素子及びその製造方法並びに赤外線センサ - Google Patents
焦電体素子及びその製造方法並びに赤外線センサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004051760A1 WO2004051760A1 PCT/JP2003/015564 JP0315564W WO2004051760A1 WO 2004051760 A1 WO2004051760 A1 WO 2004051760A1 JP 0315564 W JP0315564 W JP 0315564W WO 2004051760 A1 WO2004051760 A1 WO 2004051760A1
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- pyroelectric
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- electrode layer
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- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
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- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
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- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 41
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- ZRPAUEVGEGEPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C=1C=NN(C=1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 ZRPAUEVGEGEPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-oxo-2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect
- H10N15/10—Thermoelectric devices using thermal change of the dielectric constant, e.g. working above and below the Curie point
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
- G01J5/34—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors using capacitors, e.g. pyroelectric capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect
- H10N15/10—Thermoelectric devices using thermal change of the dielectric constant, e.g. working above and below the Curie point
- H10N15/15—Thermoelectric active materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pyroelectric element, a method for manufacturing the same, and an infrared sensor.
- the pyroelectric element has a structure in which a pair of electrodes is provided on a substrate, and a polarized pyroelectric thin film is provided between the pair of electrodes.
- a polarized pyroelectric thin film is provided between the pair of electrodes.
- a first electrode layer 11 is provided on a substrate 10 as shown in a cross-sectional view of FIG.
- An intermediate layer 12 made of an oxide thin film having a salt (NaCI) type crystal structure such as 1 ⁇ 1; 0, ⁇ 0 0 , 1 ⁇ 16 0, etc.
- a pyroelectric thin film 13 oriented on the (00 1) plane is provided, and a second electrode layer 14 is provided on the pyroelectric thin film.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-220185 discloses that a substrate is coated with Pt to form an electrode, and a PZT-based ferroelectric organometallic compound precursor is applied thereon and thermally decomposed. A technique for forming a body thin film is described.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-304974 discloses that a Pt electrode oriented on a (111) plane is formed on a silicon substrate, and a PLZT-based pyroelectric thin film is formed on the Pt electrode (111). ) A technique for forming a film by orienting it on a surface is described.
- the present invention is to solve such a conventional problem, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a pyroelectric element having good crystallinity and orientation of a pyroelectric thin film, little variation in pyroelectric characteristics, and low manufacturing cost. With the goal. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a pyroelectric element having a small number of production steps and a good yield during mass production. It is another object of the present invention to provide an infrared sensor that is low in cost and has little variation in characteristics. Disclosure of the invention
- the pyroelectric element of the present invention includes: a first electrode layer; a pyroelectric layer provided on the first electrode layer; and a second electrode layer provided on the pyroelectric layer.
- the layer comprises T i, C o, N i, M g, F e, C a, S r, M n, B a and A l and at least one additive selected from the group of these oxides.
- the pyroelectric layer has the following formula:
- the pyroelectric layer has a thickness of 0.5 m or more and 5 m or less.
- the first electrode layer is provided on a substrate, and the substrate has an average thermal expansion coefficient of 110% to 300% of an average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer. Is preferred.
- the first electrode layer is provided on a substrate, and the substrate has an average thermal expansion coefficient of 20% to 100% of an average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer. Is preferred. More preferably, the pyroelectric layer has the formula:
- the first electrode layer comprises at least one noble metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Pd and Ru, and Ti, Co, Ni, Mg, Fg. e, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ba and AI, and at least one additive selected from the group of these oxides.
- the content of the seed additive is preferably more than 0 and no more than 2 Omo I% based on the noble metal.
- the method for producing a pyroelectric element according to the present invention comprises the steps of: forming a substrate on a substrate by using Ti, Co, Ni, Mg, Fe, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ba, AI, and a group of these oxides.
- a thickness of 0.5 m or more and 5 m or less on the first electrode layer
- the second step is preferably performed by a sputtering method.
- An infrared sensor includes a pyroelectric element, and an output terminal that outputs an electric signal from the pyroelectric element.
- the pyroelectric element includes a first electrode layer; A pyroelectric layer provided on the electrode layer, and a second electrode layer provided on the pyroelectric layer, wherein the first electrode layer comprises: ⁇ ⁇ , Co, Ni, A precious metal containing at least one additive selected from the group consisting of Mg, Fe, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ba, and AI, and oxides thereof; , Expression
- It contains a pyroelectric substance having a bevelskite-type crystal structure having a composition represented by the formula, and has a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 5 m or less.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a pyroelectric element according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a manufacturing process diagram of the pyroelectric element according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the infrared sensor according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional pyroelectric element.
- FIG. 5 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- FIG. 6 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 2 and Comparative Example 4.
- FIG. 7 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 3 and Comparative Example 5.
- FIG. 8 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 4 and Comparative Example 6.
- FIG. 9 is a table showing the characteristics of Example 5 and Comparative Example 7.
- FIG. 10 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 6 and Comparative Examples 8 to 10.
- FIG. 11 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 7 and Comparative Example 11;
- FIG. 12 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 8 and Comparative Example 12.
- FIG. 13 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 9 and Comparative Example 13.
- FIG. 14 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 10 and Comparative Examples 14 to 16.
- FIG. 15 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 11 and Comparative Example 17.
- FIG. 16 is a chart showing the characteristics of Example 12 and Comparative Example 18.
- FIG. 17 is a table showing the characteristics of Example 13 and Comparative Example 19. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- the pyroelectric thin film constituting the pyroelectric element is a bevelovskite-type crystal preferentially oriented to the tetragonal (00 1) plane, the pyroelectric properties of the pyroelectric element are improved.
- the substrate or intermediate layer which is the lower layer of the pyroelectric thin film is
- the crystallinity of the pyroelectric thin film is obtained by using a substance oriented on the (00 1) plane, or by using a sol-gel method as described in JP-A-11-220185. Although the orientation is improved, there are some problems as described above.
- the pyroelectric thin film constituting the pyroelectric element is a belovskite-type crystal preferentially oriented on the (111) plane of the rhombohedral structure, the polarization axis is in the (111) axis direction. It has been conventionally known that the pyroelectric characteristics of a pyroelectric element are improved. As described in JP-A-7-307496, the crystallinity and orientation of the pyroelectric thin film are improved by forming a Pt electrode oriented on the (111) plane on a silicon substrate. However, there are some problems as described above.
- the lower electrode (first electrode layer) forming the pyroelectric thin film (pyroelectric layer) has Ti, Co, Ni, M g ;, F e, C a, S r, M r! , Ba and AI (these are base metals) and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of oxides of these base metals improve the crystallinity and orientation of the pyroelectric thin film I found that I can do it.
- the orientation plane of the pyroelectric thin film depends on the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate. That is, when the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is larger than the thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric thin film, a compressive stress is generated in the pyroelectric thin film during cooling from the process of forming the pyroelectric thin film to room temperature. Therefore, if the (001) plane is oriented in the direction perpendicular to the substrate and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate is smaller than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the pyroelectric thin film, it is cooled to room temperature from the pyroelectric thin film forming step. The tensile stress is generated in the pyroelectric thin film in between, so that the thin film is oriented in the (100) plane in a direction perpendicular to the substrate.
- the pyroelectric thin film is oriented to the (00 1) plane, and therefore, when the substrate is a tetragonal perovskite crystal. Has a polarization axis perpendicular to the substrate and an upper electrode formed on a pyroelectric thin film.
- the polarization between the (second electrode layer) and the lower electrode (first electrode layer) is maximized.
- a substrate such as silicon having a smaller thermal expansion coefficient than the pyroelectric thin film
- the polarization axis is parallel to the substrate and the top of the pyroelectric thin film is formed on the pyroelectric thin film.
- the polarization axis is inclined at an angle of about 57 ° with respect to the substrate. Polarization occurs between the electrode layers.
- the (100) plane orientation of the pyroelectric layer becomes strong and the recrystallization becomes good, so that even if the polarization axis is oblique, The polarization generated between the first and second electrode layers is large, and excellent pyroelectric characteristics can be obtained.
- a first electrode layer 2 is provided on a substrate 1.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 is provided on the first electrode layer 2, and the second electrode layer 6 is further provided thereon. That is, the pyroelectric element of the present embodiment is formed on the substrate 1 in the order of the first electrode layer 2, the pyroelectric layer 4, and the second electrode layer 6.
- the first electrode layer 2 is composed of ⁇ , Co, ⁇ , Mg, Fe, Ca, Sr, Mr! , Ba and A I and at least one additive 3 selected from the group of these oxides and a noble metal.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 has the formula
- the pyroelectric substance is (Pbn- ⁇ LajTid / ⁇ O, where 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2 (hereinafter, the substance represented by this composition formula is referred to as PLT)
- the pyroelectric body is preferentially oriented to the tetragonal (00 1) plane. It has a lobskite-type crystal structure, and the pyroelectric substance is (P b (1 - y) L a y ) (Z rx T i (1 - x) ) (1 O 3 where 0.55 ⁇ x ⁇ 0 8, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2
- the pyroelectric body has an aperture bouskite-type crystal structure preferentially oriented to the (100) plane of the rhombohedral structure.
- preferential orientation to the (00 1) plane means that the pyroelectric layer 4 is preferentially oriented to the (00 1) plane in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the first electrode layer 2. This means that the proportion occupied by the (00 1) plane is larger than the proportion occupied by other crystal orientation planes.
- the first surface of the electrode layer 2 of the present embodiment aluminum (AI) and some are exposed additive 3 consisting of at least one oxide Al Miniumu (AI 2 0 3) ⁇ pyroelectric body
- AI oxide Al Miniumu
- the pyroelectric layer 4 is formed on the first electrode layer 2, and the exposed additive 3 is used as a crystal nucleus to form a tetragonal crystal.
- the (00 1) plane is preferentially oriented for crystal growth.
- the pyroelectric thin film 5 formed on the portion where the additive 3 does not exist on the surface is amorphous or
- the pyroelectric thin film in which the (01) plane of the tetragonal crystal is preferentially oriented becomes dominant.
- the pyroelectric thin film 5 oriented in the plane hardly grows in the thickness direction, and the tetragonal
- the (00 1) surface is covered with a pyroelectric thin film with preferential orientation. Such a phenomenon was first discovered by the present inventors.
- the additive 3 is composed of at least one of aluminum and aluminum oxide, and the aluminum is reacted on the surface of the first electrode layer 2 by high-temperature heating before forming the pyroelectric layer 4. Reacts with oxygen in it to form aluminum oxide.
- Pb in the pyroelectric substance tries to bond with oxygen atoms of aluminum oxide in the additive 3, so that the first electrode Aluminum oxide nuclei on the surface of layer 2 Oxygen atoms and Pb atoms are regularly arranged.
- the (00 1) plane has priority in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the first electrode layer 2. It is considered to be an oriented pyroelectric thin film with good crystallinity.
- the pyroelectric body is LZT having a Zr of 55 to 80%
- the exposed additive 3 is crystallized.
- the (100) plane of the rhombohedral structure grows preferentially and grows.
- the pyroelectric thin film 5 formed on the portion where the additive 3 does not exist on the surface is amorphous or oriented to the (110) plane, but the pyroelectric layer 4 grows. Accordingly, the pyroelectric thin film in which the (100) plane of the rhombohedral structure is preferentially oriented becomes dominant.
- the amorphous or pyroelectric thin film 5 oriented in the (110) plane has almost no thickness in the thickness direction. It does not grow and the (100) plane of the rhombohedral structure is covered by the preferentially oriented pyroelectric thin film. Such a phenomenon is also found for the first time by the present inventors, and the mechanism to be estimated is the same as the above-described mechanism.
- the amount c of the additive 3 with respect to the noble metal in the first electrode layer 2 is preferably 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 20 mo I%. That is, at least one of aluminum and aluminum oxide is preferably more than 0 and 2 Omol% or less with respect to the noble metal. If the amount of Additive 3 is 0, a preferentially oriented pyroelectric thin film cannot be formed on the (0 0 1) plane of the tetragonal crystal or the (1 0 0) plane of the rhombohedral structure, and exceeds 20 mo I o / o The (111) plane of the tetragonal crystal or the (110) plane of the rhombohedral structure, and a crystal phase or amorphous other than the tetragonal.
- the (100) plane of the pyroelectric body cannot be formed on the surface of the first electrode layer 2, and the pyroelectric body formed thereon has a tetragonal (01) plane or a rhombohedral (1) plane. It is considered that preferential orientation cannot be performed on the (00) plane.
- the lower limit of the amount of the additive 3 is 0.1 moI because of the ease of forming a pyroelectric thin film preferentially oriented on the (00 1) plane of the tetragonal crystal or the (100) plane of the rhombohedral structure. % Or more, more preferably 1. OmoI% or more.
- the noble metal exposed on the surface of the first electrode layer 2 The area ratio between the metal and the additive 3 is almost equal to the amount ratio between the noble metal and the additive 3.
- the maximum length of the additive 3 exposed on the surface of the first electrode layer 2 is preferably not more than 0.002 m. If the maximum length is larger than 0.002 im, it is not preferable from the viewpoint of the crystallinity of the pyroelectric thin film. If the maximum length is 0.1 nm or more, a pyroelectric thin film having high crystallinity and orientation can be obtained.
- the thickness of the pyroelectric thin film 5 oriented to the amorphous, (111) plane or (110) plane is controlled to 0.05 m or less by controlling the formation conditions of the pyroelectric thin film. Is preferred. If the thickness is larger than 0.05 ⁇ m, the crystallinity and orientation of the pyroelectric layer 4 become insufficient, which is not preferable. It is difficult to make this thickness smaller than 0.001 m.
- aluminum (AI) forms an intermediate oxide different from the oxidizing metals ⁇ ⁇ , Co, Ni, Mg, Fe, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ba, etc. without forming a stable aluminum oxide (a 1 2 ⁇ 3) during formation of the pyroelectric thin film. For this reason, the crystallinity and orientation of the pyroelectric layer formed thereon are improved. In other words, when the pyroelectric element is completed, all aluminum is in the form of aluminum oxide.
- the additive 3 is composed of at least one of aluminum and aluminum oxide.
- the additive 3 ⁇ ⁇ , Co, Ni, Mg, Fe , C a, S r, M n, and B a and at least one additive selected from the group of these oxides
- the pyroelectric layer 4 is similarly oriented, and its mechanism Is also considered to be the same as in the case of aluminum and aluminum oxide. Therefore, at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Co, Ni, Mg, Fe, Ca, Sr, Mn, and Ba for the noble metal in the first electrode layer 2 and oxides thereof.
- the amount c of one additive is 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 20mo I%.
- the first electrode layer 2 mainly includes a noble metal. Precious metals are preferably used as electrodes because they are not easily oxidized. Specifically, the first electrode layer 2 preferably has at least one noble metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Pd and Ru as a component.
- the thickness of the pyroelectric layer 4 is suitably 0.5 to 5 m. At less than 0.5 jim, the degree of orientation of the tetragonal (001) plane or (100) plane of the rhombohedral structure is low. This is not preferred because the properties are reduced.
- the average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate 1 of the present invention is 110% or more and 300% or less of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer 4 or 20% or more and 100% or less. Is desirable. That is, assuming that the average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate 1 and the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer 4 are) 3, 1.1; S ⁇ a ⁇ 3 yS, or 0.2) 8 ⁇ Preferably, ⁇ 8.
- the average coefficient of thermal expansion is the average of the coefficients of thermal expansion in a temperature range of 20 to 700 ° C.
- the substrate 1 contracts more than the pyroelectric layer 4 during the cooling process to room temperature, and the substrate 1
- the compressive stress is applied to the pyroelectric layer 4 to promote the preferential orientation of the (01) plane, or the substrate 1 contracts less than the pyroelectric layer 4 and the substrate 1 This is because a tensile stress is applied to the layer 4 to promote preferential orientation of the (100) plane. If the average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate 1 is less than 110% of that of the pyroelectric layer 4, the compressive stress applied to the pyroelectric layer 4 is small, and the preferential orientation of the (001) plane is not promoted.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 has a tetragonal perovskite-type crystal structure
- the pyroelectric layer 4 has a rhombohedral belovskite-type crystal structure having a large Zr composition ratio. From In this case, the (100) plane is preferentially oriented, and polarization is generated between the two electrodes in this case as well.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 may be composed of a rhombohedral berovskite-type pyroelectric body. Also, cracks and peeling occur in the electrode layers 2 and 6 and the pyroelectric layer 4, which is not preferable.
- the electrode layers 2, 6 and the pyroelectric layer 4 are not preferably cracked or peeled off.
- the first step S 1 is a step of forming the first electrode layer 2 on the substrate 1.
- Examples of the method for forming the first electrode layer 2 include vacuum evaporation, sputtering, electron beam evaporation, and laser ablation.
- the first electrode layer 2 is made of a noble metal containing at least one of aluminum and aluminum oxide.
- the noble metal is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Pd and Ru.
- At least one of aluminum and aluminum oxide is scattered as an additive 3 in the noble metal of the first electrode layer 2.
- the size of the portion of the additive 3 exposed on the first electrode layer 2 is formed so that the maximum length is 0.002 m or less.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 grows with the tetragonal (00 1) plane preferentially oriented using the additive 3 as a crystal nucleus.
- the additive 3 in the first electrode layer 2 is preferably more than 0 and no more than 20 mol% with respect to the noble metal.
- a second step S2 is a step of forming the pyroelectric layer 4 on the first electrode layer 2.
- Examples of the method for forming the pyroelectric layer 4 include a sputtering method, an electron beam evaporation method, and a laser ablation method.
- This pyroelectric layer 4 has the formula
- the pyroelectric body has a bevelskite-type crystal structure having a composition represented by Thereby, excellent pyroelectric characteristics can be obtained.
- the pyroelectric body formed on the surface of the first electrode layer 2 on the portion where the additive 3 is not present becomes amorphous or is oriented to the (111) plane or the (110) plane.
- the thickness is set so that the thickness is 0.05 m or less.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 is formed so as to have a thickness of 0.5 to 5 m. At less than 0.5 m, the degree of orientation of the tetragonal (00 1) plane or the rhombohedral (100) plane of the pyroelectric layer 4 is low, and when it exceeds 5 jum, the heat capacity of the pyroelectric layer 4 decreases. This is undesirable because the response increases in pyroelectric characteristics.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 is formed on the first electrode 2 at 500 to 700 ° C. and cooled to room temperature. Therefore, when the pyroelectric substance is PLT or PLZT with Zr of 0 to 20%, use substrate 1 whose average thermal expansion coefficient of substrate 1 is 110 to 300 of the average thermal expansion coefficient of pyroelectric layer 4. In the cooling process to room temperature, the substrate 1 shrinks more than the pyroelectric layer 4, and compressive stress is applied to the pyroelectric layer 4 to promote the preferential orientation of the (00 1) plane, which is preferable.
- the pyroelectric body is PLZT with Zr of 55-80%
- the pyroelectric layer 4 becomes This is more preferable because it is more contractive and a tensile stress is applied to the pyroelectric layer 4 to promote preferential orientation of the (100) plane.
- a third step S3 is a step of forming the second electrode layer 6 on the pyroelectric layer 4.
- the second electrode layer 6 may be made of a metal such as Pt, Au, Cu, or the like, or a conductive metal or alloy such as Ni—Cr alloy. Examples of the method for forming the second electrode layer 6 include vacuum evaporation, sputtering, electron beam evaporation, and laser ablation.
- the pyroelectric layer 4 is directly formed on the first electrode layer 2 without forming an intermediate layer, the number of steps is smaller than that of the conventional manufacturing method. Reducing fluctuations and improving the yield during mass production.
- the first and third steps S 1 and S 3 are performed by a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method, and the second step S 2 is performed by a sputtering method.
- the yield during mass production is improved.
- at least one of aluminum and aluminum oxide, Ti, Co, Ni, Mg, Fe, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ba and Al, and their oxidation At least one selected from the group of objects may be used.
- the infrared sensor includes a pyroelectric element 21 and two output terminals 25 and 26 for outputting an electric signal from the pyroelectric element 21.
- the pyroelectric element 21 includes a first electrode layer 2 provided on the substrate 1, a pyroelectric layer 4 provided on the first electrode layer 2, and a pyroelectric layer 4 provided on the first electrode layer 2. And the second electrode layer 6 provided on the substrate.
- the components and the manufacturing method of the pyroelectric element 21 are as described above. Further, a part of the substrate 1 is removed by etching so that the first electrode layer 2 is directly irradiated with infrared rays.
- Output terminals 25 and 26, which are metal wirings, are connected to the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 6, respectively.
- 23 is an insulating film.
- the pyroelectric element 21 is irradiated with infrared rays from outside to change the temperature of the pyroelectric element 21.
- the polarization state of the pyroelectric body changes according to the temperature change.
- the output terminals 25 and 26 it can be used as an infrared sensor.
- a first electrode layer, a pyroelectric layer, and a second electrode layer are sequentially formed on an inexpensive glass, stainless steel, alumina, silicon substrate, or the like by a sputtering method or the like.
- a sputtering method or the like In addition to improving the yield during mass production, it can be easily manufactured at low cost, and the crystallinity and orientation of the pyroelectric layer are good, and the variation in pyroelectric characteristics is reduced.
- An infrared sensor that is inexpensive and has excellent pyroelectric properties can be obtained.
- Thickness 1 Omm, the average thermal expansion coefficient of 90 X 1 0_ 7 Z ° C Seo one da-lime glass or Ranaru substrate, using a target composed of the AI from 2m o I% containing the P t alloy A first electrode layer having a thickness of 0.20 m was formed by a sputtering method for 15 minutes while applying a high frequency power of 20 OW in an argon gas of 1 Pa while heating the substrate to 400 ° C.
- this first electrode layer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, it had a (111) plane orientation, and when analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the AI content was 2.2 moI%.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- a pyroelectric layer having a thickness of 3.0 m was formed.
- the pyroelectric layer grew and crystallized with AI scattered on the surface of the first electrode layer, and was oriented to the (00 1) plane.
- AI in forming the pyroelectric layer a first electrode layer exposed to the surface the end with magnitude 0. 002 m following AI 2 0 3, and the pyroelectric layer (00 1) plane
- the crystals were oriented and grown.
- the pyroelectric body is oriented to the (1 1 1) plane in the part where AI is not present, but its thickness is 0.02 m or less, and the thickness of the pyroelectric layer is 3.O im
- a pyroelectric layer having good crystallinity and orientation could be formed in one manufacturing process.
- composition of the pyroelectric layer of this example is analyzed by an X-ray microanalyzer
- the content of La was 10mo1%, which was the same as that of the target, and it was confirmed that the composition of the pyroelectric layer was substantially the same as that of the target.
- composition is a mixture of:
- this pyroelectric layer When the crystal structure of this pyroelectric layer was analyzed by an X-ray diffraction method, it showed a (001) plane-oriented tetragonal vacancy-type crystal structure with a degree of orientation of 1 000/0.
- I (00 1) is the intensity of the diffraction peak at which 22 appears at about 22 ° when using Cu-K ray in X-ray diffraction
- ⁇ ⁇ (hk I) is the X-ray diffraction
- 20 when the Cu-K line is used is the sum of the diffraction peak intensities from the respective crystal planes of 10 to 70 °.
- the (002) plane and the (200) plane are equivalent to the (00 1) plane and the (100) plane, and are not included in ⁇ I (h k I).
- the average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate in this example is 14.5% of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer, and the compressive stress is applied to the pyroelectric layer to give preferential orientation of the tetragonal (00 1) plane. Are being promoted.
- a second electrode layer made of Ni—Cr having a thickness of 0.2 rn was formed on the pyroelectric layer by sputtering.
- an infrared sensor having the form shown in FIG. 4 was manufactured. Further, in this pyroelectric element, a pyroelectric current flowing between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer at the time of temperature change was measured with a pA meter, and a pyroelectric coefficient was calculated. The dielectric constant ⁇ 'is between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, by the LCR meter Li 1 k Eta Zeta, measuring the capacitance under the condition of 1 V, calculated. Dielectric loss, The pyroelectric characteristics were measured with an LCR meter under the same conditions. Was.
- Example 2 Pt was used for the first electrode layer, a 0.2 m Mg0 intermediate layer was formed on the first electrode layer, and the other conditions were the same as those of Example 1. A pyroelectric element was manufactured.
- the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example exhibited a (001) plane tetragonal, tetragonal, open mouth cubic crystal structure, and the degree of plane orientation was 80%.
- Example 1 the pyroelectric characteristics of Comparative Example 1 are shown in FIG.
- the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 1 is twice as large as Comparative Example 1, the relative dielectric constant is 0.73 times smaller, the dielectric loss is 0.46 times smaller, and the pyroelectric element
- the pyroelectric coefficient / dielectric constant which is a figure of merit, is about 2.7 times, and in each case, Example 1 is superior to Comparative Example 1 and has excellent characteristics as a pyroelectric element. It is clear that it has.
- Example 1 when 100 pyroelectric elements of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were manufactured, a yield of more than 5.0 (average value of Comparative Example 1) was found to be 99% in Example 1. It was 50% in Comparative Example 1. Variations in pyroelectric coefficient ⁇ , to the values shown in FIG. 5, 0. 5 X 1 0 _ 8 in Example 1, a 1. 1 X 1 0 8 In Comparative Example 1, towards the Example 1 However, the variation in pyroelectric characteristics was smaller than in Comparative Example 1, the number of production steps was smaller, and the yield in mass production was improved.
- Example 2 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 1 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made of only Pt containing no AI.
- Example 1 had better characteristics as a pyroelectric element than Comparative Example 2. (Comparative Example 3)
- Example 3 in place of the substrate made of soda lime glass in Example 1, the average thermal expansion coefficient of the 5 XI 0_ 7 Z ° C, about 8.1% of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer A pyroelectric element having the same configuration as in Example 1 was manufactured except that quartz glass was used for the substrate.
- the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example showed a (100) plane-oriented tetragonal ⁇ -mouth bouskite-type crystal structure.
- the pyroelectric element of Comparative Example 3 had a crack between the electrode layer and the pyroelectric layer and could not be used as an infrared sensor.
- FIG. 5 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of this comparative example.
- Example 1 As is clear from the table, the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 1 was 2.5 times larger than that of Comparative Example 3, the relative dielectric constant was 0.42 times smaller, the dielectric loss was 0.35 times lower, and the performance was high. The index is about 5.7 times, and in each case, Example 1 is superior to Comparative Example 3, and it is clear that Example 1 has superior characteristics as a pyroelectric element.
- the first electrode layer in this example 1 and 5 0 1% content and I r film having a thickness of 0. 25 m, the pyroelectric layer, thickness 2.5 teeth 1 ⁇ 1 chome film ( 0.96
- composition of the pyroelectric layer is given by the formula
- the pyroelectric layer in this example was preferentially oriented to the (00 1) plane, and the degree of orientation was 98%.
- the electrode thin film showed a (111) plane orientation and the AI content was 5.Omol%.
- a sintered target of P LMT La addition amount 5 mo I%, Mg addition amount 4 mo I%) was used, and while the substrate was heated to 600 ° C, argon and oxygen were used.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, the substrate temperature was room temperature, in a vacuum of 5 X 1 0 one 4 P a, evaporated by irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of P t pyroelectric It was formed on the body layer.
- Example 2 Before the formation of the second electrode layer, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 1. The chemical composition was almost the same as that of the target. 00 1) The crystal had a tetragonal perovskite crystal structure with a plane orientation degree of 98 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2.
- Example 4 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 2 was manufactured, except that the first electrode layer was made only of Ir containing no A I.
- the (111) plane was the preferred orientation, and the degree of orientation of the (001) plane was 7% or less.
- FIG. 6 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Example 2 and Comparative Example 4.
- Example 2 has better characteristics as pyroelectric element than Comparative Example 4 at 34 times.
- alumina having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used as a substrate.
- Average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is 80 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C , 1 33% of the average thermal Rise expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer in this example was a Pd film containing 8 moI% of AI and having a thickness of 0.3 m, and the pyroelectric layer was a PLZT thin film (Pb) having a thickness of 3.5 m. 95 L a 0 .
- the second electrode layer has a thickness of was C u film of 0. 05 m.
- the first electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, while heating the substrate to 400 ° C, 5 1 0_ 4 in P a vacuum, Peretz Bok obtained by mixing P d and AI in a ratio of 9: 1
- the sample was simultaneously evaporated while being irradiated with an electron beam, and formed on the substrate by vacuum evaporation.
- This first electrode layer is an amorphous Pd containing 8 mOI% of AI.
- Example 1 Before forming the second electrode layer, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the chemical composition of the pyroelectric layer is the same as that of the target.
- the crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer was a tetragonal, square-bottle-force type crystal structure having a (00 1) plane orientation degree of 95%.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, the substrate temperature was room temperature, in a vacuum of 5 X 1 0_ 4 P a, and evaporating the C u while irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of C u It was formed on the pyroelectric layer.
- Comparative Example 5 As Comparative Example 5, a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 3 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made only of Pd containing no AI.
- the (111) plane had a preferred orientation, and the orientation of the (001) plane was 3% or less.
- FIG. 7 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Example 3 and Comparative Example 5.
- Example 3 has better characteristics as a pyroelectric element than Comparative Example 5.
- Example 3 when 100 pyroelectric elements of Example 3 and Comparative Example 5 were manufactured, the yield of which the pyroelectric coefficient was 2.0 (average value of Comparative Example 5) was 100% in Example 3. % And 50% in Comparative Example 5. Variations in pyroelectric coefficient ⁇ , to the values shown in FIG. 7, 0. 7 X 1 0- 8 in Example 3, a 1. 0 X 1 0- 8 in Comparative Example 5, Example 3 The pyroelectric characteristics had less variation, the number of production processes was smaller, and the yield in mass production was improved.
- a crystallized glass having a thickness of 1. Omm was used as a substrate.
- Average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is 1 20 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C, is 200% of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer in this example 1 2 0 3 1 0 1% content and thickness and R u film of 0.5 4 ⁇ m
- the pyroelectric layer thickness of 1. 5 m P LMT film and (0. 92 ⁇ P b 0. as L a 0. ⁇ 5 T i 0. 962 SO 3 ⁇ + 0. 08 M n O 2)
- the second electrode layer a thickness of 0.2 ⁇ One film was used.
- the first electrode layer using a sputtering apparatus, mixing powders and AI 2 0 3 powder R u, by using the target Bok obtained by press molding, heating Shinano the substrate to 500 ° C La, 0 In a 0.5 Pa argon atmosphere, sputtering was performed for 10 minutes while applying a high-frequency power of 100 W to the target.
- the first electrode layer was a Ru film containing Al 2 O 3 in an amount of 1. Omol% and the (111) plane was preferentially oriented.
- Example 1 Before forming the second electrode layer, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the crystal structure was a tetragonal open mouth cubic crystal structure having a (00 1) plane orientation degree of 96%.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum deposition device, in a vacuum of 5 1 0- 4 P a, board temperature to room temperature, the vacuum deposition method by irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of A u It was formed on the pyroelectric layer.
- Comparative Example 6 except that the first electrode layer consisted of only R u not containing AI 2 0 3, to produce a pyroelectric device having the same structure as that of Example 4.
- the (111) plane was preferentially oriented, and the degree of orientation of the (001) plane was 10% or less.
- FIG. 8 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Example 4 and Comparative Example 6.
- Example 4 has better characteristics as a pyroelectric element than Comparative Example 6.
- Example 5 when 100 pyroelectric elements of Example 4 and Comparative Example 6 were manufactured, the yield of which the pyroelectric coefficient was 0.7 (the average value of Comparative Example 6) or more was 100% in Example 4. %, 50% in Comparative example 6, the variation ⁇ of the pyroelectric coefficient, with respect to the values shown in FIG. 8, example 4 0. 4 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - 8, in Comparative example 6 0 ⁇ 5 X 1 0 — 8 and Example 4 is better than Comparative Example 6. Less variation in pyroelectric characteristics, fewer production processes, and improved yield in mass production. (Example 5)
- a soda-lime glass having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used as a substrate.
- Average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is 90 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C , is about 1 50% of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer in this example was a Pt film containing 18 mo I% of AI and having a thickness of 0.1
- the pyroelectric layer was a MgO-added PLZT thin film having a thickness of 3.2 ⁇ m. (0.9 ⁇ (Pb o.8 L a o.2) (Zr 019 T i 076 ) Os ⁇ +0.1 MgO), and the second layer has a thickness of 0.05 m Pt film.
- composition of the pyroelectric layer is given by the formula
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, the substrate temperature was room temperature, 5 X 1 0- 4 P a evaporated by irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of P t in a vacuum of pyroelectric Shape on layer Done.
- Example 2 Before forming the second electrode layer, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the chemical composition was the same as that of the target, and the crystal structure was (00 1 ) A tetragonal perovskite crystal structure with a degree of plane orientation of 97%.
- Example 7 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 5 was manufactured, except that the first electrode layer was made only of Pt containing no AI.
- the (111) plane was preferentially oriented, and the orientation degree of the (001) plane was 10% or less.
- FIG. 9 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Example 5 and Comparative Example 7.
- Example 5 As is clear from FIG. 9, in Example 5, the pyroelectric coefficient was about 4 times larger, the relative permittivity was 0.32 times smaller than Comparative Example 7, the dielectric loss was 0.2 times lower, and the figure of merit was about 5 times. It is 13 times, and it is clear that Example 5 has more excellent characteristics as a pyroelectric element than Comparative Example 7.
- Example 5 when 100 pyroelectric elements of Example 5 and Comparative Example 7 were manufactured, the yield with a pyroelectric coefficient of 2.5 (average value of Comparative Example 7) was 97% in Example 5.
- Comparative example 7 has a value of 50%, and the variation of the pyroelectric coefficient is 0.6 ⁇ ⁇ 8 in Example 5 and 0.8 ⁇ 10 0 ⁇ in Comparative example 7, with respect to the values shown in FIG. In Example 5, the variation in pyroelectric characteristics was smaller, the number of production steps was smaller, and the yield in mass production was improved.
- Thickness 1 Omm, the average thermal expansion coefficient of 9 O x 1 0 _ 7 Z ° C for soda-lime glass or Ranaru substrate, using a target composed of a T i from 2mo I% containing the P t alloy
- the first electrode layer having a thickness of 0.20 m was formed by a sputtering method for 15 minutes while applying high-frequency power of 200 W in a 1 Pa argon gas while heating the substrate to 400 ° C.
- this first electrode layer When this first electrode layer is analyzed by X-ray diffraction, it has a (111) plane orientation, and when analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the Ti content is 2.1 mo I%. there were.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- _ a 0 10 Ti 0 975 O 3) was formed on the first electrode layer.
- _ a 0 10 Ti 0 975 O 3) was formed on the first electrode layer.
- a pyroelectric layer having a thickness of 3.0 im was formed by sputtering for 3 hours while applying a high frequency power of 25 OW.
- the pyroelectric layer crystal-grows with Ti scattered on the first electrode layer as a nucleus and is oriented to the (01) plane. Since T i is easily oxidized, when forming the pyroelectric layer, the size of the portion exposed on the first electrode layer becomes titanium oxide of 0.002 im or less, and the pyroelectric layer is The crystal was grown while being oriented on the (001) plane.
- T i does not exist, it is oriented to the (1 1 1) plane, but its thickness is 0.02 m or less, and by setting the thickness of the pyroelectric layer to 3.0 jtm, A pyroelectric layer with good crystallinity and orientation was formed in one manufacturing process.
- the La content was 1 OmoI%, the same as the target.
- composition is a mixture of:
- this pyroelectric layer When the crystal structure of this pyroelectric layer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, it showed a tetragonal perovskite-type crystal structure with (01) plane orientation, and the degree of orientation was 100%.
- the average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate in this example is 14.5% of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer, and the compressive stress is applied to the pyroelectric layer to give preferential orientation of the tetragonal (0 0 1) plane. Is being promoted.
- a 0.2 m-thick second electrode layer made of Ni—Cr was formed on the pyroelectric layer by sputtering.
- an infrared sensor having the form shown in FIG. 4 was manufactured. Further, in this pyroelectric element, a pyroelectric current flowing between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer when the temperature changed was measured by a pA meter, and a pyroelectric coefficient was calculated.
- the dielectric constant ⁇ r was calculated by measuring the capacitance between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer under the conditions of 1 kHz and 1 V using an LCR meter. The dielectric loss was measured under the same conditions using an LCR meter. (Comparative Example 8)
- the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example has a tetragonal perovskite crystal structure with a (00 1) plane orientation, a thickness of 3.0 ⁇ m, and a degree of (00 1) plane orientation of 80%. %Met.
- FIG. 10 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Example 6 and Comparative Example 8. This value indicates the average value of 100 pyroelectric elements of this example or the comparative example manufactured. As is clear from FIG.
- the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 6 is 1.7 times larger than that of Comparative Example 8, the relative dielectric constant is as small as about 0.68 times, the dielectric loss is as low as 1 Z3, and The pyroelectric coefficient, which is the figure of merit of the electric element, is about 2.5 times that of the dielectric constant, indicating that it has excellent characteristics as a pyroelectric element and an infrared sensor.
- Comparative example 8 5 0 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 the variation ⁇ of the pyroelectric coefficient, to the value of 1 in 0, 0.2 1 0 one 8 in example 6, in Comparative example 8 1.
- 0 X 1 0- 8 the variation in pyroelectric properties is small, the production process is small, and the yield in mass production is improved.
- Example 9 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 6 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made only of Pt containing no Ti.
- the pyroelectric layer of Comparative Example 9 the (111) plane was preferentially oriented, the film thickness was 3.2 m, and the degree of orientation of the (001) plane was 10% or less.
- the pyroelectric characteristics are as follows: the pyroelectric coefficient is 1/7 that of Example 6, the relative permittivity is about 2.7 times, the dielectric loss is 6 times, and the pyroelectric coefficient is 1 Z 19, which clearly shows that Example 6 has excellent characteristics as a pyroelectric element.
- Comparative Example 1 0, soda lime glass in Example 6, about 8. Quartz glass base is 1% of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the 5 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C pyroelectric layer
- a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 6 except that the pyroelectric element was replaced with a plate was manufactured.
- the pyroelectric layer of Comparative Example 10 had a (100) plane orientation, that is, a tetragonal bevelskite-type crystal structure oriented in the a-axis, and had a film thickness of 2.9 m.
- the (00 1) plane orientation that is, c-axis orientation, was used, and the axis of orientation was different from that of Comparative Example 10.
- the degree of orientation of the (00 1) plane of Comparative Example 10 was 5% or less.
- the pyroelectric coefficient is about 2.4 times larger than Comparative Example 10, the relative dielectric constant is 0.43 times smaller, and the dielectric loss is 0.29 times smaller.
- the pyroelectric coefficient and relative permittivity are 5.7 times, which clearly indicates that the pyroelectric element has excellent characteristics.
- stainless steel having a thickness of 0.25 mm and a diameter of 4 inches was used as the substrate.
- the average thermal expansion coefficient of this substrate is 180 X 10-7Z ° C, which is 300% of that of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer in Examples was set to I r film thickness had a ⁇ 0 of 0. 25 5 0 I% containing, P LMT thin pyroelectric layer has a thickness of 2. (0.96 (P bo. 95 L a o .. 5 Ti 0 9875 O 3 ⁇ + 0.04 MgO ), and the thickness of the second electrode layer is
- composition of the pyroelectric layer is given by the formula
- the pyroelectric layer in this example was preferentially oriented to the (00 1) plane, and the degree of orientation was 98%.
- the first electrode layer uses an Ir target and a Co target, and mixes 1 Pa of argon and oxygen while heating the substrate to 400 ° C with a multi-element sputtering device.
- the 1r film exhibited (111) plane orientation, and the Co content was 5. Omo I%.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, the substrate temperature was room temperature, in a vacuum of 5 X 1 0- 4 P a, evaporated by irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of P t pyroelectric It was formed on the body layer.
- the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 6.
- the chemical composition was the same as that of the target, and the crystal structure was (00 1 )
- the crystal had a tetragonal perovskite crystal structure with a plane orientation degree of 98%.
- Example 11 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 7 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer of Example 7 was made of only Ir containing no Co.
- the (111) plane has a preferred orientation, and the degree of orientation of the (001) plane is 7 o /. It was below.
- FIG. 11 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Example 7 and Comparative Example 11.
- the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 7 is 11 times larger than that of Comparative Example 11, the relative permittivity is about 14, the dielectric loss is as small as about 1 Z6, and the pyroelectric coefficient is The specific dielectric constant is about 44 times, which clearly indicates that it has excellent characteristics as a pyroelectric element.
- Example 7 when 100 pyroelectric elements of Example 7 and Comparative Example 11 were manufactured, the yield of the pyroelectric coefficient of 0.9 or more, which is the average value of Comparative Example 11 of 0.9, was 99% in Example 7, 50% Comparative example 1 1, the variation of the pyroelectric coefficient ⁇ , relative to the value in FIG. 1 1, 0.3 1 0 8 in example 7, Comparative example 1 1 0. 5 X 1 0 8, which means that there is little variation in pyroelectric characteristics and the yield during mass production has improved.
- 0.5 mm thick alumina was used as the substrate.
- Average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is 80 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C , a 1 3 3% of that of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer in this example contains 8 mI% of Ni having a thickness of 0.3 jUm.
- P d film having, a PLZT thin film of pyroelectric layer has a thickness of 3. 5 m (P b. 95 L ao 05 Z r o .. 9875 T i ⁇ . 8887 5 0 3), the second electrode
- the layer was a Cu film having a thickness of 0.05 ⁇ m.
- the first electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, while heating the substrate to a 4 0 0 ° C, in a vacuum of 5 X 1 0- 4 P a, the ratio of P d and N i a 9: 1
- the mixed pellets were simultaneously evaporated while irradiating an electron beam to the pellets, and formed on a substrate by a vacuum evaporation method.
- This first electrode layer had an amorphous crystal structure containing 8 mol% of Ni.
- the pyroelectric layer uses a sintered target of P L Z T (Zr addition amount: 10mo 1%), and is heated in a mixed atmosphere of argon and oxygen while heating the substrate to 65 ° C.
- the chemical composition of the pyroelectric layer is the same as that of the target.
- the crystal structure was a tetragonal, open-mouthed cubic crystal structure with a (001) plane orientation degree of 92%.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, the substrate temperature was room temperature, in a vacuum of 5 X 1 0_ 4 P a, pyroelectric evaporated while irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of C u Formed on the layer.
- Example 12 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 8 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made only of Pd containing no Ni.
- the (111) plane was the preferred orientation, and the degree of orientation of the (001) plane was 5% or less.
- the film thickness was 3.8.
- FIG. 12 shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Example 8 and Comparative Example 12.
- the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 8 is 6 times larger than that of Comparative Example 12, the relative dielectric constant is about 13, the dielectric loss is as low as about 1 to 5, and the pyroelectric coefficient is Z.
- the relative permittivity is It is about 22 times, and it is clear that the pyroelectric element has excellent characteristics.
- each pyroelectric element was an average value of Comparative Example 12 and the yield of 2.0 or more was 100% in Example 8.
- 50% Comparative 1 2 the variation of the pyroelectric coefficient ⁇ , relative to the value in FIG. 1 2, in example 8 5 X 1 0 8, be 0. 8 X 1 0 8 in Comparative example 1 2
- a crystallized glass having a thickness of 1. Omm was used as a substrate.
- Average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is 1 20 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C, 00% of that of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer was a Ru film having a thickness of 0.4% and a width of 83%
- the pyroelectric layer was a PLMT film (thickness of 1.5 m).
- 0.92 ⁇ P as La 0. Is Ti 0.9 0.95 ⁇ 5 0 3 ⁇ +0.08 ⁇ ⁇ 0 2
- the second electrode layer was a 1_1 film having a thickness of 2 times.
- the first electrode layer is formed by mixing a RLI powder and a Ba powder using a sputtering apparatus, using a target formed by press molding, and heating the substrate to 500 ° C. with 0.5 Pa. It was formed by sputtering for 10 minutes while applying a high-frequency power of 100 W to the target in an argon atmosphere.
- the first electrode layer was a Ru film containing (Ba) at 1.0 mo I%, and the (111) plane was preferentially formed.
- the chemical composition of the pyroelectric layer is given by the formula (1-z) ⁇ (P b L a y ) Ti i-O 3 ⁇ + z AOn,
- the crystal structure was a tetragonal perovskite crystal structure with a (00 1) plane orientation degree of 95%.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum deposition apparatus the substrate temperature was room temperature, 5 X 1 0 - 4 vacuum of P a, by vacuum evaporation by irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of A u It was formed on the pyroelectric layer.
- Example 13 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 9 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made of only Ru containing no Ba.
- the (11 1) plane of the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example was preferentially oriented, the degree of orientation of the (001) plane was 10% or less, and the film thickness was 1.6.
- Example 9 The pyroelectric characteristics of Example 9 and Comparative Example 13 are shown in FIG.
- the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 9 is 11 times larger than that of Comparative Example 13; the relative dielectric constant is about 1 Z3; the dielectric loss is as low as about 17; The relative dielectric constant is about 32 times, and it is clear that the pyroelectric element has excellent characteristics.
- ⁇ Also when 100 pyroelectric elements of Example 9 and Comparative Example 13 are manufactured, 100 The electrical coefficient is 0.7% or more, which is the average value of Comparative Example 13 and 100% in Example 9, 50% in Comparative Example 13, and the variation ⁇ of the pyroelectric coefficient is for the value, 0.3 1 0_ 8 in example 9, a 0. 4 X 1 0_ 8 in Comparative example 1 3, improving the yield in mass production even with a small variation less production of pyroelectric properties did.
- the substrate was heated to 400 ° C and sputtered for 15 minutes in a 1 Pa argon gas while applying a high-frequency power of 200 W to produce a 0.20 m thick first electrode. A layer was formed.
- this first electrode layer is analyzed by X-ray diffraction, the (200) and (111) planes are mixed, and when analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the Ti The content was 5.0 m ⁇ 1%, the same as that of the alloy target.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the pyroelectric layer crystal-grows with Ti scattered on the surface of the first electrode layer as a nucleus and is oriented in the (00 1) plane.
- T i is T i 0 2 where the height of the portion exposed on the surface of the first electrode layer is 0.002 m or less, and the pyroelectric layer has a (100) plane.
- the crystals were oriented and grown.
- the pyroelectric layer is oriented to the (110) plane in the portion where Ti does not exist, but its thickness is 0.02 m or less, and the thickness of the pyroelectric layer is 3.0 By setting it to ⁇ m, a pyroelectric layer with good crystallinity and orientation could be formed in one manufacturing process.
- the content of La is 1 OmoI, which is the same as that of the target. / ⁇ , and the ratio between Zr and Ti is 55: 45moI ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2, which is the same as that of the target.
- the composition of the pyroelectric layer is almost the same as that of the target. It was confirmed.
- composition is a mixture of:
- I (100) is the intensity of the diffraction peak at which 20 appears around 22 ° when using Cu-K ray in the X-ray diffraction method
- ⁇ I (k I) is the intensity of the diffraction peak in the X-ray diffraction method.
- 20 using the Cu-K line is the sum of the diffraction peak intensities from the respective crystal planes of 10 to 70 °.
- the (200) and (002) planes are equivalent to the (100) and (001) planes, and are not included in ⁇ I (hkI).
- the average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate in this example is 43% of the average thermal expansion coefficient of the pyroelectric layer, and a tensile stress is applied to the pyroelectric layer to obtain a (100) It promotes preferential orientation of the surface.
- a second electrode layer made of Ni-Cr with a thickness of 0.2 m was formed on the pyroelectric layer by a sputtering method.
- an infrared sensor having a form as shown in FIG. 3 was manufactured. First, an insulating film made of polyimide is formed so that a part of the second electrode layer of the pyroelectric element is exposed, and then an extraction electrode from the second electrode layer is formed. Subsequently, after a lower portion of the pyroelectric element of the silicon substrate is removed by etching, an extraction electrode from the first electrode layer is formed. In this manner, two output terminals for outputting an electric signal from the pyroelectric element were formed.
- the pyroelectric element is irradiated with infrared rays from the outside to change the temperature of the pyroelectric element, and the temperature change changes the polarization state of the pyroelectric layer.
- the performance as an infrared sensor was evaluated by extracting the charge generated at this time by the output terminal. Specifically, the temperature of the infrared sensor itself was changed, and the pyroelectric current flowing at that time was measured from the output terminal with a pA meter to calculate the pyroelectric coefficient.
- the relative permittivity ⁇ r of the pyroelectric layer is calculated by measuring the capacitance between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer at 1 kHz and 1 V using an LCR meter. did.
- the dielectric loss t an S was measured by an LCR meter under the same conditions.
- Figure 14 shows these pyroelectric characteristics.
- FIG. 14 also shows the pyroelectric characteristics of Comparative Examples 14 to 16 below.
- the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example exhibited a perovskite-type crystal structure having a (100) plane-oriented rhombohedral structure, and the degree of plane orientation was 75%.
- An infrared sensor of Comparative Example 14 was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, and the pyroelectric characteristics were evaluated. did.
- Example 10 As is clear from FIG. 14, the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 10 was about 2.1 times larger than that of Comparative Example 14, the relative dielectric constant was 0.84 times smaller, and the dielectric loss was 0.15 times.
- Example 10 100 infrared sensors were manufactured for each of Example 10 and Comparative Example 14 and the ⁇ % of the figure of merit indicating the variation in sensor characteristics was compared. In Comparative Example 14, the value was 12.8%. Example 10 had less variation in characteristics than Comparative Example 14, the number of production steps was small, and the yield in mass production was improved.
- Example 15 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 10 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made only of Ir containing no Ti.
- Example 10 has better characteristics as a pyroelectric element than Comparative Example 15.
- Example 10 100 infrared sensors of Example 10 and Comparative Example 15 were manufactured, and the figure of merit ⁇ / 0 indicating the variation of the sensor characteristics was compared.
- Comparative Example 15 showed 8.8%, and Example 10 had less variation in characteristics than Comparative Example 15 and improved the yield in mass production.
- Example 16 a Pt electrode having a film thickness of 100 nm and oriented in the (111) plane was formed on the silicon substrate of Example 10 according to Patent Document 4, and a real electrode was formed thereon.
- a PLZT-based pyroelectric thin film having the same composition as in Example 10 was formed.
- the formed PLZT thin film is preferentially oriented to the (111) plane, it has another crystal plane (110). 0) and (110) planes, the degree of (111) plane orientation remains at 75%, and the peak intensity of the (111) plane is (110) in Example 10. 0)
- the surface peak intensity was about 1 Z 10.
- Example 10 As is clear from FIG. 14, the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 10 is 1.67 times larger than that of Comparative Example 16, the relative dielectric constant is 0.76 times smaller, and the dielectric loss is 0.23. The coefficient of performance was about 2.2 times that of Example 10. Example 10 was superior to Comparative Example 16 in both cases, and Example 10 was superior as a pyroelectric element. It is clear that it has characteristics.
- Example 10 100 infrared sensors of Example 10 and Comparative Example 16 were manufactured, and the ⁇ % of the figure of merit indicating the variation in sensor characteristics was compared.
- Comparative Example 16 showed 7.2%, and Example 10 exhibited less variation in characteristics than Comparative Example 16 and improved the yield in mass production.
- a Pyrex glass substrate having a thickness of 0.5 mm and a square of 2 O mm was used as the substrate.
- Average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is 3 2 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C, a 3% of the size of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer in this example was a Pt film containing 2 moI% of Co and having a thickness of 0.25 m, and the pyroelectric layer was a ⁇ ⁇ thin film having a thickness of 2.5 ⁇ m. (P b Z r. 6. T i o. 40 O 3) and then, the second electrode layer, a thickness was set to P t film of 0. 1 fl m.
- composition of this pyroelectric layer is given by the formula
- the pyroelectric layer in this example was preferentially oriented to the (100) plane, and the degree of orientation was 95%.
- the data Ge' Bok of P t, the high-frequency power of 5 OW to target Bok of C o Then, it was formed by sputtering for 20 minutes while discharging at the same time.
- the electrode thin film showed (111) and (200) planes, and the Co content was 1. 9 mo I%.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, the substrate temperature was room temperature, in a vacuum of 5 X 1 0_ 4 P a, pyroelectric evaporated by irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of P t Formed on the layer.
- the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 10, and the chemical composition was substantially the same as that of the target.
- the crystal had a rhombohedral bevelskite crystal structure with a degree of plane orientation of 980/0.
- Example 17 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as in Example 11 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made of only Pt containing no Co.
- the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example had a random orientation, and the degree of orientation of the (100) plane was 15% or less.
- Example 11 Using the pyroelectric elements of Example 11 and Comparative Example 17 thus manufactured, an infrared sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 10.
- Figure 15 shows the results of evaluating the performance of this infrared sensor.
- Example 11 has better characteristics as an infrared sensor than Comparative Example 17. Further, 100 infrared sensors were manufactured for each of Example 10 and Comparative Example 16 and the ⁇ % of the figure of merit indicating the variation in the sensor characteristics was compared. In Comparative Example 17, it was 10.5%, and Example 11 had less variation in characteristics than Comparative Example 17 and the yield in mass production was improved.
- a silicon substrate having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used as the substrate.
- Average thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is 2 6 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C, a 4 3 percent of the size of the pyroelectric layer.
- the first electrode layer in this embodiment is a Pd film containing 15 moI% of AI and having a thickness of 0.3 ⁇ m, and the pyroelectric layer is formed of a 3.5 g thick MgO layer.
- the second electrode layer was a ⁇ 1_1 film having a thickness of 0.05.
- Pd and AI were mixed at a ratio of 9 to 1 in a vacuum of 5 x 10 " 4 Pa using a vacuum evaporation apparatus while heating the substrate to 400 ° C.
- the mixed pellets were simultaneously evaporated while being irradiated with an electron beam, and formed on a substrate by vacuum evaporation.
- This first electrode layer was Pd having an amorphous structure containing 15 mO I% of AI.
- the pyroelectric layer was formed using a sintered target of MgZO-added PLZT.
- Example 10 Before forming the second electrode layer, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 10.
- the chemical composition of the pyroelectric layer is the same as that of the target.
- the crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer was a perovskite crystal structure having a rhombohedral structure with a (100) plane orientation degree of 950/0.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, the substrate temperature was room temperature, 5 X 1 0 one 4 P In the vacuum of a, Cu was evaporated while irradiating the Cu pellets with an electron beam to form on the pyroelectric layer.
- Example 18 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 12 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made only of Pd containing 25 I of A I ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2.
- the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example was a film in which a bevelskite crystal structure with random orientation and low peak intensity and a peak of lead oxide were mixed, and the orientation degree of the (100) plane calculated from all peaks was calculated. It was less than 3%.
- Example 12 Using the pyroelectric elements of Example 12 and Comparative Example 18 thus manufactured, an infrared sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 10.
- Figure 16 shows the results of evaluating the performance of this infrared sensor.
- Example 12 has better characteristics as a pyroelectric element than Comparative Example 18.
- Example 12 100 infrared sensors were manufactured for each of Example 12 and Comparative Example 18 and the ⁇ % of the figure of merit indicating the variation in the sensor characteristics was compared.
- Comparative Example 17 it was 18.5%, and Example 12 had less variation in characteristics than Comparative Example 18, and the yield in mass production was improved.
- the average thermal expansion coefficient of the c substrate thickness as the substrate was used Pyrex glass 1.
- 0 mm is 32 X 1 0- 7 Z ° C , 5 3 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 of the pyroelectric layer Is the size of
- the first electrode layer in this example was a Ru film containing 1 mol% of Sr and having a thickness of 0.4 / m, and the pyroelectric layer was formed of MnO 2 having a thickness of 1.5 m.
- the second electrode layer was a re-film having a thickness of 0.2.
- the first electrode layer is formed by mixing a Ru powder and a Sr powder using a sputtering apparatus, using a target formed by press molding, and heating the substrate to 500 ° C. It was formed by sputtering for 10 minutes in a 0.5 Pa argon atmosphere while applying a high-frequency power of 10 OW to the target.
- the first electrode layer was made of an amorphous Ru film containing Sr at 1.0 Omo I%.
- PZT ZrZTi ratio of 55 to 45moI%) sintered body target and Mn target using a multi-source sputtering apparatus
- Example 10 Before forming the second electrode layer, the chemical composition and crystal structure of the pyroelectric layer were examined in the same manner as in Example 10.
- the second electrode layer using a vacuum deposition device, in a vacuum of 5 X 1 0_ 4 P a, board temperature to room temperature, the vacuum deposition method by irradiating an electron beam to Perez Bok of A u It was formed on the pyroelectric layer.
- Example 19 a pyroelectric element having the same configuration as that of Example 13 was manufactured except that the first electrode layer was made of only Ru containing no Sr.
- the pyroelectric layer of this comparative example exhibited random orientation, and the degree of orientation of the (00 1) plane was 30% or less.
- Example 13 Using the pyroelectric elements of Example 13 and Comparative Example 19 thus manufactured, an infrared sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 10.
- Figure 17 shows the results of evaluating the performance of this infrared sensor.
- the pyroelectric coefficient of Example 13 is 4.5 times that of Comparative Example 19. It is large, its relative dielectric constant is as small as 0.63 times, its dielectric loss is 0.097 times, its figure of merit is about 7.2 times, and the pyroelectric substance of Example 13 is higher than that of Comparative Example 19. It is clear that the device has excellent characteristics.
- Example 12 100 infrared sensors were manufactured for each of Example 12 and Comparative Example 18 and their performance indices indicating the variation in sensor characteristics were compared.
- Comparative Example 17 the value was 10.5%.
- Example 12 the variation in characteristics was smaller than that in Comparative Example 18, and the yield in mass production was improved.
- the PLT thin film (P b. 9 .L a. ! O T i o. O 3), the PLMT thin fl trillions (0. 9 6 ⁇ P bo 95 L ao 05 T is O 3 ⁇ + 0.04 M g O) and (0.92 ⁇ P b o. as L a o. is T i o. aez sO a ⁇ + 0.08 M n O z ) the PLZT thin film (P b o. es L a o. os Z r o. oge s T ie ss? 5 0 and (0.
- A is Mg or Mn
- n 1 when A is Mg
- n 2 when A is Mn
- the first electrode layer of the pyroelectric element Pt containing 2.2 moI% of AI, Ir containing 5 mol% of AI, and 8 moI% of AI were used.
- the P d, a l 2 0 3 was contained 1% I mo R u, AI and 1 8 mo I% containing the P t, T i and 5 mo l 0 / o containing the I r, C o the 2m o Pt containing I%, Pd containing 15 moI% AI, and Ru containing 1.0 moI% Sr have been described, but the present invention is limited to these compositions.
- noble metals containing at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Co, Ni, Mg, Fe, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ba and AI, and their oxides were obtained.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is larger than that of the pyroelectric thin film even if the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is larger than that of the pyroelectric thin film.
- the same pyroelectric property as when the thermal expansion coefficient is smaller than that of the thin film is obtained. That is, since the polarization axis of the rhombohedral belovskite-type crystal is perpendicular to the (111) plane, even when the pyroelectric thin film is oriented to the (100) plane, the (001) plane is oriented. This is because, even when the substrate is oriented, the polarization axis is inclined at an angle of about 57 ° with respect to the substrate. As described above, according to the above embodiment, the following effects can be obtained.
- a first electrode layer made of a noble metal containing various additives,
- the pyroelectric layer having a bevelskite type crystal structure and the second electrode layer in this order, the pyroelectric layer has good crystallinity and orientation, and excellent pyroelectric characteristics. Thus, a pyroelectric element is obtained.
- the pyroelectric layer has good crystallinity and orientation, It is possible to provide a method of manufacturing a pyroelectric element having excellent characteristics with a small variation in pyroelectric characteristics in a small number of production steps and a good yield in mass production.
- a first electrode layer made of a noble metal containing an additive having a thickness of 0.5 to 5 im and a chemical composition represented by the formula
- the output terminal By connecting the output terminal to a pyroelectric element in which a pyroelectric layer having a bevelskite-type crystal structure and a second electrode layer are formed in this order, it is inexpensive and has excellent pyroelectric characteristics.
- the infrared sensor can be provided. Industrial applicability
- the pyroelectric element and the infrared sensor according to the present invention are small-sized, high-sensitivity infrared detection elements that detect the temperature of an object in a non-contact and high-speed manner in fields such as home appliances, crime prevention, FA, HA, and car electronics. It is useful when used as other infrared detecting elements, etc., and has high pyroelectric properties and is inexpensive, and thus has high industrial applicability.
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Abstract
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EP03777267A EP1569284A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 | 2003-12-04 | Pyroelectric device, method for manufacturing same and infrared sensor |
US10/503,328 US20050087689A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 | 2003-12-04 | Pyroelectric device, method for manufacturing same and infrared sensor |
JP2004570733A JPWO2004051760A1 (ja) | 2002-12-05 | 2003-12-04 | 焦電体素子及びその製造方法並びに赤外線センサ |
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WO2014080577A1 (ja) * | 2012-11-26 | 2014-05-30 | パナソニック株式会社 | 赤外線検出装置 |
JP2016532864A (ja) * | 2013-08-01 | 2016-10-20 | ピレオス リミテッドPyreos Ltd. | ピクセルを備えたマイクロシステムの製造方法 |
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KR100612266B1 (ko) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-08-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 페이지 폭 프린터 헤드 조립체, 잉크 카트리지, 잉크젯 프린터 및 페이지 폭 프린터 헤드의 제어방법 |
JP5989296B2 (ja) * | 2010-04-28 | 2016-09-07 | ソニー株式会社 | 赤外線撮像装置 |
RU2476952C2 (ru) * | 2010-10-07 | 2013-02-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет им. Х.М. Бербекова" | Электронно-оптический преобразователь |
RU2468463C1 (ru) * | 2011-05-04 | 2012-11-27 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет им. Х.М. Бербекова | Способ изготовления пироэлектрической мишени |
DE102012105036A1 (de) * | 2012-06-12 | 2013-12-12 | Pyreos Ltd. | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Mikrosystems |
JP2016065767A (ja) * | 2014-09-24 | 2016-04-28 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | テラヘルツ波検出装置、カメラ、イメージング装置、および計測装置 |
JP2016092336A (ja) * | 2014-11-10 | 2016-05-23 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 焦電体、焦電素子、焦電素子の製造方法、熱電変換素子、熱電変換素子の製造方法、熱型光検出器、熱型光検出器の製造方法および電子機器 |
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US6361825B1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2002-03-26 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Micro-bolometer cell structure |
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- 2003-12-04 US US10/503,328 patent/US20050087689A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-04 KR KR1020047010662A patent/KR20050083545A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-12-04 JP JP2004570733A patent/JPWO2004051760A1/ja active Pending
- 2003-12-04 EP EP03777267A patent/EP1569284A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-12-04 WO PCT/JP2003/015564 patent/WO2004051760A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
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JPH08139307A (ja) * | 1994-11-02 | 1996-05-31 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 強誘電体薄膜形成用電極 |
JPH08133738A (ja) * | 1994-11-04 | 1996-05-28 | Ube Ind Ltd | 焦電体結晶膜の製造方法 |
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WO2014080577A1 (ja) * | 2012-11-26 | 2014-05-30 | パナソニック株式会社 | 赤外線検出装置 |
JP2016532864A (ja) * | 2013-08-01 | 2016-10-20 | ピレオス リミテッドPyreos Ltd. | ピクセルを備えたマイクロシステムの製造方法 |
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JPWO2004051760A1 (ja) | 2006-04-06 |
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US20050087689A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
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